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RC BEAM DESIGN
Based on BS 8110
Characteristic strength
Design strength
m
Given in Table 2.2
Durability
Cl. 2.2.4 and 3.1.5
Exposure conditions (Integrity of rc concrete
ability to prevent corrosion) : moderate,
severe, very severe, most severe and
abrasive (Table 3.2)
Protection a agaist corrosion of steel (Table
3.3)
Fire resistance requirement (Table 3.4)
Nominal cover
Cl. 3.3.1.1
Bar Size (Cl. 3.3.1.2)
Single Bars: nominal cover main bar diameter, d1
Paired bars: nominal cover 2 d1
Bundles bars: 2 (Aequivalent/)
Example:
Using the data given, determine:
(i) the nominal cover required to the underside of
the beam, and
(ii) the minimum width of beam required.
Data:
Exposure condition mild
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) 40 N/mm2
Nominal maximum aggregate size (hagg) 20 mm
Diameter of main tension steel 25 mm
Diameter of shear links 8 mm
Minimum required fire resistance 1.5 hours
SOLUTION
Clause 3.3.1.2 Nominal cover (main bar diameter link
diameter)
(25 8) = 17 mm
Clause 3.3.1.3 Nominal cover nominal maximum
aggregate size > 20 mm
Clause 3.3.3 Exposure condition is mild
Grade of concrete is C40
Table 3.3 Nominal cover 20 mm*
Clause 3.3.6 Minimum fire resistance = 1.5 hr
The beam is simply supported
Table 3.4 Nominal cover 20 mm
The required nominal cover = 20 mm
Concrete Capacity
The maximum compressive force which can be
resisted by the concrete corresponds to the
maximum depth permitted for the neutral axis,
as shown in Figure 5.28 (i.e. x = d/2).
Concrete Capacity
Consider the moment of the compressive force about the
line of action of Ft :
Mult,concrete = (Fc z)
where Fc = compressive force = (stress area)
= [0.45fcu (b 0.9x )]
(for the maximum concrete force x = d/2)
= [0.45fcu (b 0.45d)] = 0.2bdfcu
z = lever arm
= [d (0.5 0.45d)] = 0.775d
{Note: In general z = [d (0.5 0.9x)] }
Mult,concrete = (0.2bdfcu )(0.775d) =0.156bd2fcu
This equation can be rewritten as 0.156 =M/bd2fcu
Steel Capacity
Mult,steel = (Fs z)
where Fs = tensile force = (stress area)
= (0.95fy As)
z = lever arm
Mult,steel = 0.95fyAs z
As = M/0.95fyz
Consider z, the lever arm:
z = [d (0.5 0.9x)] ,
0.9x = 2(d z)
Mult,concrete = [0.45fcu (b 0.9x)] z (substitute for
0.9x)
= 0.9fcu b (d z) z
Steel Capacity
Mult,concrete = K bd 2 fcu
K bd 2 fcu = 0.9fcu b (d z) z
Kd 2 = 0.9fcu dz 0.9z 2
z2 dz + Kd2/0.9 = 0
The solution of this quadratic equation (ax2 + bx +
c = 0) gives an expression which can be used to
determine the lever arm, z.
Summary
Example 1:
A rectangular beam section is shown
in Figure 5.29. Using the data given,
determine the maximum ultimate
moment which can be applied to the
section assuming it to be singly
reinforced.
Data:
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu)
40 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel (fy)
460 N/mm2
Solution:
Strength based on concrete:
Mult = 0.156bd2fcu
= (0.156 250 4202 40)/106
= 275.2 kNm
Strength based on steel:
As = 1260 mm2
z = 0.775 d = 0.775 x 420 = 325.5
Mult = 0.95fyAs z
= (0.95 460 1260 325.5)/106
= 179.5 kNm
The maximum design moment which can be applied is:
Mult = 179.5 kNm
Solution:
Clause 3.3.1 Nominal cover to all steel
Clause 3.3.1.2 bar size
cover (32 8) = 24 mm
Clause 3.3.1.3 Nominal maximum aggregate size
cover 20 mm
Clause 3.3.3 Exposure condition: mild
Table 3.3 and fcu = 30 N/mm2
cover 25 mm
Clause 3.3.6 Min. fire resistance: 1 hr
beam is simply supported
Table 3.4 cover 20 mm
The required nominal cover to all steel = 25 mm
Solution
Figure 3.2 Minimum width b for 1 hour fire resistance = 200
mm adequate
Effective depth
d = (h cover link diameter bar diameter/2)
= (475 25 8 16) = 426 mm
Strength based on concrete:
Mult = 0.156bd2fcu = (0.156 250 4262 30)/106 = 212.3 kNm
Strength based on steel:
As = 2410 mm2
z = 0.775 d
Mult = 0.95fyAs z = (0.95 460 2410 0.775 426)/106
= 349.9 kNm
The maximum design moment which can be applied is: Mult =
212.3 kNm
Example 3:
The cross-section of a simply supported rectangular
beam is shown in Figure 5.31. Using the data given,
and assuming the section to be singly-reinforced,
determine the area of tension reinforcement
required to resist an applied ultimate bending
moment of 150 kNm.
Data:
Solution:
Clause 3.3.1 Nominal cover to all steel
Clause 3.3.1.2 bar size
cover = (25 10) = 15 mm
Clause 3.3.1.3 Nominal maximum
aggregate size
cover = 20 mm
Clause 3.3.3 Exposure condition: moderate
Table 3.3 fcu = 40 N/mm2
cover 30 mm
Clause 3.3.6 Min. fire resistance: 2.0 hr
beam is simply supported
Table 3.4 cover 40 mm
The required nominal cover to the main steel = 40 mm
Figure 3.2 Minimum width b for 2 hours, fire resistance
= 200 mm adequate
Figure 5.31
Solution:
Effective depth d = (h cover link diameter bar
diameter/2)
= (450 40 10 13) = 387 mm
Clause 3.4.4.4
Check that the section is singly-reinforced:
K = M/bd2fcu = 0.125 < 0.156
Since K < K the section is singly-reinforced
K
z d 0.5 0.25
0.83d 0.95d
0.9
Where
Example 3:
Solution:
Solution:
Consider the end of the beam at the support
where the shear force is a maximum = 40 kN
Clause 3.4.5.2
V
40 x103
v
0.89 N / mm 2
bv d 200 x 225
0.8 f cu 0.8 40 5.06 N / mm 2
v 0.8 f cu & 5.0 N / mm 2
Solution:
Table 3.7 To determine the required
reinforcement, evaluate vc and either adopt
minimum links throughout or use designed links.
As = area of 2/16 mm diameter bars = 402 mm 2
100 As 100x 402
0.893; d 225mm
bv d
200 x 225
Solution:
Since 0.5vc < v < (vc + 0.4), minimum links are required for the whole
length of the beam.
The cross-sectional area of the links required is given by
Option 1:
Assume 2-legged / 6 mm diameter mild steel links.
Asv = 56.6 mm2
0.95 f yv Asv 0.95x 250 x 56.6
Table 3.7 The spacing requiredsv ,
169mm
0.4bv
0.4 x200
Clause 3.4.5.5
The maximum spacing of the links 0.75d
= (0.75 x 225) = 169 mm
Adopt 6 mm diameter mild steel links @ 150 mm
centres throughout the length of the beam.
Solution:
Option 2:
Clause 3.4.5.5
The maximum spacing of the links 0.75d
= (0.75 225) = 169 mm
Assume sv = 150 mm.
Example 4:
A concrete beam is simply supported over a 7.0
m span as shown in Figure 5.49. Using the data
given, determine suitable shear reinforcement.
Data:
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) 40 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of mild steel (fyv) 250 N/mm2
Characteristic dead load (gk) 5.0 kN/m
Characteristic imposed load (qk) 30.0 kN/m
Solution:
Ultimate design load = [(1.4 5.0) + (1.6 30.0)]
= 55.0 kN/m
Ultimate design shear force at the support V =
(55.0 3.5) = 192.5 kN
Solution:
Table 3.7 : To determine the required
reinforcement evaluate vc and to determine the
requirement for either minimum links or
designed links.
Solution:
Table 3.7 Since (vc + 0.4) < v < 0.8 (fcu)
< 5 N/mm2
designed links are required
The maximum shear force which can be resisted by the
provision of minimum links is given by:
V = (vc + 0.4)bvd = (1.06 240 570)/103
= 145 kN
Solution:
Provide designed links for the first metre from each end
and minimum links elsewhere.
The cross-sectional area of the designed links required is
given by
Assuming 8 mm diameter mild steel links,
mm2 and fyv = 250 N/mm2.
Asv = 101
Solution:
Clause 3.4.5.5
The maximum spacing of the links 0.75d
= (0.75 570) = 428 mm
Adopt 8 mm diameter mild steel links @ 125 mm centres
for 1.0 m from each end of the beam.
The cross-sectional area of the minimum links required is
given by Asv =
Deflections
The basic ratios given in Table 3.9 relate
to three support conditions:
cantilevers,
simply supported beams,
continuous beams.
Example 5:
A rectangular concrete beam 250 mm wide
475 mm overall depth is simply supported over a
7.0 m span. Using the data given, check the
suitability of the beam with respect to deflection.
Data:
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) 40 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of main steel (fy) 460 N/mm2
Design ultimate bending moment at mid-span (M)
150.0 kNm
Assume the distance to the centre of the main steel
from the tension face is 50 mm
Solution:
Effective depth d = (475 50) = 425 mm
Check that section is singly-reinforced:
Solution:
Clause 3.4.6 There is no redistribution of
moments b = 1.0
Table 3.9 The beam is simply supported:
L/d = 20
Clause 3.4.6.5
M/bd 2 = (K fcu )
= (0.082 40) = 3.32 N/mm2
2 fyAsrequired 1
fs
x
291.7 N / mm 2
3 As provided
b
Interpolate from Table 3.10 0.92
Solution:
L/d x value from Table 3.10 = L/d x 0.92
Allowable deflection = 20 x 0.92 = 18.4
Actual deflection = L/d = 6000/425 = 14.12
So, the deflection is acceptable.