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Practical
Switches
Dr.ZAH, UTHM
Off-state:
The leakage current that flows in the OFF state causes the power
dissipation in the device.
Dr.ZAH, UTHM
Dr.ZAH, UTHM
td : delay time
ts: storage time
tf: fall time
tr: rise time
ton: turn-on time
toff: turn-off time
ton = td + tr
toff = ts + tf
t
v
Turnon
Turnoff
t
i
t
tr
ts
td
tf
ton
Dr.ZAH, UTHM
toff
tc
Switching characteristics of
practical devices (continued):
During the transition there
is power dissipation taking
place inside the switch.
Turn-off
t
i
Instantaneous power
dissipated is given by the
product of terminal voltage
v and terminal current i.
t
tr
ts
td
tf
ton
Power
Loss
i
v
Turn-on
toff
tc
Turn-on
loss
Conduction
loss
Power
Switch
Dr.ZAH, UTHM
Turn-off
loss
Power
lost, Ploss
Useful output
power, Pout
Gate power
input, Pgate
Switching Losses
Four types of power losses occur in a practical switch:
1. Turn-on loss
2. Conduction loss
3. Turn-off loss
4. Gate driver power input
The instantaneous power loss in a practical switch is given by the expression
p(t) = v(t).i(t)
The average power loss during a time T is
1
P
T
p( )d
0
Dr.ZAH, UTHM
i
Power
Switch
Turn-on
Turn-off
tr
1
Pon
tr
p( )d
0
Poff
t off
1
t off
p( )d
tr
td
Pcond
1
t cond
tcond
p( )d
ts
tf
ton
Power
Loss
toff
tc
Turn-on
loss
Conduction
loss
Turn-off
loss
Dr.ZAH, UTHM
10
The total energy W (in joules) dissipated in the switch in one switching
cycle is given by the sum of the areas under the power waveform during ton
and toff. Hence, the average power dissipation is
Pdiss
W
Ts
Ts
t off
ttcond
tr
p( )d p( )d p ( )d
0
0
0
fs
1
Ts
Dr.ZAH, UTHM
11
ii. so that heat removal mechanism (e.g. heat sink, radiators, coolant) can be
specified. Heat sinks and other heat removal systems are costly and bulky.
iii. losses in switches affects the system efficiency
If a power switch is not cooled to its specified junction temperature, the full
power capability of the switch cannot be realised. Derating of the power switch
ratings may be necessary.
Dr.ZAH, UTHM
12
Example
Consider a power switching device whose current and voltage
waveforms are as shown in Figure 1. Determine
(a) the turn-on energy loss
(b) the turn-off energy loss
(c) the average power dissipation.
Assume a switching frequency of 40 kHz.
250 V
100 A
1 s
3 s
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14
Dr.ZAH, UTHM
15