PHNG PHP TON T BC THANG

CHO DAO NG IU HA
Bi L Hong Ngha
Ngy 23 thng 3 nm 2015
Phng trnh Schrodinger cho dao ng t iu ha:

~ d2 (x) m 2 x2
(x) = E (x)
+
2m dx2
2

Ta c th vit li phng (1) nh sau:

#
"
2
1
~ d
+ (mx)2 (x) = E (x)
2m
i dx

(1)

(2)

Hay

1  2
p + (mx)2 (x) = E (x)
(3)
2m
Ton t nng lng cho dao ng iu ha trong khng gian mt chiu c vit nh sau:
H=


1  2
p + (mx)2
2m

(4)

Cc ton t tng b
a+ v gim b
a trong trng hp ny c nh ngha nh sau:
1
b
a+ =
(ib
p + mx)
2~m
1
b
a =
(+ib
p + mx)
2~m

(5)
(6)

Ta c:
1
(ib
p + mx) (ib
p + mx)
2~m

1  2
=
pb + (mx)2 im (xb
p pbx)
2~m

b
a b
a+ =

Vi

1  2
b v (xb
pb + (mx)2 = H
p pbx) = [x, pb] = i~
2m
Khi :
b
a b
a+ =

1 b 1
H+
~
2

(7)

Hay


1
b = ~ b
H
a b
a+
2
1

(8)

C hc lng t

Trng HSP TP.HCM

Tng t, ta c:
b
a+ b
a =

1 b 1
H
~
2

(9)

Hay


1
b = ~ b
H
a+ b
a +
2

(10)



b
a ,ba+ = 1

(11)

T (7) v (9) ta c
Mt khc, ta c:


h
i 
1
b
b
a+ , H = b
a+ , ~ b
a+ b
a +
2
Xt




1
b
a+ , ~ b
a+ b
a +
2

p dng cc cng thc sau:

h
i h
i h
i
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
A, B + C = A, B + A, C
h
i h
i
h
i
bB
bC
b = A,
bB
b C
b+B
b A,
bC
b
A,
Ta c:






1
1
= ~ b
a+ , b
a+ b
a +
b
a+ , ~ b
a+ b
a +
2
2


1
= ~ [b
a+ , b
a+ b
a ] + ~ b
a+ , +
2
= ~ [b
a+ , b
a+ ] b
a + ~b
a+ [b
a+ , b
a ] + 0
= 0 + ~b
a+ [b
a+ , b
a ]


Vi b
a+ ,ba = 1, ta c

h
i
b = ~b
b
a+ , H
a+

(12)

h
i
b = ~b
b
a , H
a

(13)

b = E
H

(14)



b
b
a+ H
=b
a+ E = Eb
a+

(15)

h
i
b
b Hb
b a+ = ~b
b = Hb
b a+ ~b
b
a+ , H = b
a+ H
a+ b
a+ H
a+

(16)

Tng t

Phng trnh Schrodinger:

b ta c:
p dng b
a+ ln H

T (12) ta c:

Do (15) tr thnh:


Bi L Hong Ngha


b a+ ~b
Hb
a+ = Eb
a+
2

C hc lng t

Trng HSP TP.HCM

b (b
H
a+ ) = (E + ~) (b
a+ )

(17)

b (b
H
a ) = (E ~) (b
a )

(18)

Tng t:
Hai phng trnh (17) v (18) cho thy: nu l nghim ca phng trnh Schrodinger ng
vi nng lng E th b
a+ v b
a l nghim ca phng trnh ny vi nng lng E + ~ v
E ~. C ngha l khi tc dng ton t b
a+ ln trng thi th nng lng ca trng thi
ny tng ln mt lng ~, cn ton t b
a lm gim nng lng ca trng thi mt lng l
~
Gi s 0 v E0 l hm sng v nng lng ca dao ng t iu ha trng thi c bn. V
E0 l mc nng lng thp nht, khng th gim c na khi tc dng b
a l 0 nn:
b
a 0 = 0

(19)

Thay (6) vo biu thc (19), ta thu c phng trnh:

d0
mx
=
0
dx
~

(20)

Phng trnh (20) c nghim l hm

mx2
0 (x) = A0 exp
2~



(21)

Dng iu kin chun ha tm A0

r


Z+
 m 1/4
mx2
~
2
1 = |A|
A=
exp
dx = |A|
2~
m
~
2

Vy hm trng thi c bn l:
0 (x) =

 m 1/4
~



mx2
exp
2~

(22)

tnh nng lng ca trng thi c bn, ta gii phng trnh Schrondinger cho trng thi c
bn
b 0 = E0 0
H


1
a+ b
a +
0 = E0 0
~ b
2
~
~ (b
a+ b
a ) 0 +
0 = E0 0
2
V b
a 0 = 0
~

0 = E0 0
2
~
E0 =
2
Vy nng lng trng thi c bn l E0 =

~
. Mc nng lng tip theo E1 cao hn mc
2

nng lng E0 mt bc l ~
~
E1 = ~ +
=
2
Bi L Hong Ngha



1
1+
~
2
3

C hc lng t

Trng HSP TP.HCM

Tng t, mc nng lng E2 cao hn mc nng lng E1 mt bc l ~



1
E2 = E1 + ~ = 2 +
~
2
Tng qut ln ta c nng lng ca dao ng iu ha cc mc nng lng l:


1
~ vi n = 0, 1,2,3 . . .
En = n +
2

(23)

Nh vy, da vo s hon v ca cc ton t, chng ta cng xc nh c cc c tr ca dao

ng iu ha. Kt qu hon ton ph hp vi vic gii phng trnh Schrodinger.
By gi ta i tm hm sng ca trng thi kch thch th n. Bng cch tc dng n ln ton t
b
a+ ln hm sng trng thi c bn
n (x) = An (b
a+ )n 0 (x)

(24)

H s An c tnh t iu kin chun ha ca hm sng khi gii bi ton dao ng bng

phng php gii tch.

Ti liu
[1] Hong Dng, Nhp mn c hc lng t, NXBGD, 1999
[2] David J. Griffiths Introduction to quantum mechanics, Second edition,
[3] L L, Phng php ton t cho m-men gc v cho dao ng iu ha

Bi L Hong Ngha