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Biology

BloodTypeTestingLab

Member:
WararatSumetawenunt111(Eye)
InchanokPrasittiphontavee111(Inn)

Material:

2MicroscopeSlides
AntiA,B,AB
Markers
Lancets
LancetDevice
Ethanol
CottonBall
3Toothpicks

Method:
1. Drawtwo1diametercirclesoneachslide
2. Useamarkertolebeleachcircles:
a. C(control)
b. A(antiA)
c. B(antiB)
d. AB(antiAB)
3. Onepersonineachgrouphastopuncturethetiphisorherfinger
4. Dropasingledropofbloodineachcircleexceptinthecontrolcircle(NOTE:shouldnot
betoolittleotherwiseitwouldbedifficulttoseetheresult.)
5. DroptheAntibodytoeachcircle:
a. A:dropsantibodyA
b. B:dropsantibodyB
c. AB:dropsantibodyAB
6. Usethetoothpicktomixthebloodwithanantibody(NOTE:usedifferenttoothpickfor
eachblood)
7. Leaveitfor10seconds
8. Observetheresultandputitinthetableresult:

Introduction:
This experiment is known as a Bloodtestingexperiment.Whenwetalkaboutblood,itis
a kind of reddish fluid flow through all parts of our body. Blood is a combination of red blood
cell, white blood cell, platelets, and plasma which circulates in veins and arteries of the human
body. It carries nutrients such as sugar to nourish the body. Also act asanexchangerwhogives
oxygen to cells and takes away carbon dioxide and waste substances from the cell. Eventually,
ourbodywillgetridofitbyanexcretionprocess.
In order to go on the testing process, we should know that everyoneofushavethesame
liquid fluid called a blood that branches into four types A,B,AB,andO.Thehumanbloodisa
kind of multiple allele for that trait. There are three different allele expresses the type of blood
A B
A
B
are I
,I
, andi.The I
andI
allelearecodominantwhileiisarecessiveone.Apossiblegeneof
A
AA
B
BB
a person who is type A blood is I
i or I
I
. ForBbloodtype would beI
iorI
I
.ForABblood
AB
typeisI
IandfinallyiiisforbloodtypeO.
Parents willpassononeoftheirallelsto eachoftheirchildrenwherethe antigenAandB
A
B
are the dominant one. Whenever I
and I
are appeared in any gene. The phenotype would
automatically show only A and B bloodtypeasthey aredominant.However,iftherearebothof
A
B
the I
and I
in one gene, the phenotype would be the AB blood type because they are
codominantwherebothcharacteristicsappeared.
There is another exception for the inherited blood whichduetotheHantigen too.TheH
antigen is a precursor antigen that was came before A and B antigens. For example, when the
gene in our cell order that he A allele should become antigen A, the Aallelewillproducesome
kind of enzyme that would modified the H antigen to become antigen A. It depends on each A
and B antigen thatwhoscarrythedominant(H)orrecessive(h)allelefromHantigen.Ifboththe
recessiveallelefromHantigenwereinherited,neitherAnorBantigenproduced,gavearesultof
Obloodtype.
Most of the time, the blood type testing does so that a person will give or receive blood
from other people. The transfusion also be done for checking if a person or two is relatives.
Human blood is classified by an absence or presence of protein substance that stuck on the
surface of a blood cell called antigen. Since we were born, each cell in our bodies contains a
nucleus, and so does the red blood cell. In the beginning, a red blood cell still has a nucleus
which uses to store genetic information or gene. These genes are the cause of protein called
antigen to be produced. There aretwokindsofantigen.Theyare AandBantigen.AlleAmakes
antigen A and allele B makes antigen B. Thus, peoplewhoaretypeAbloodhasantigenA,type
B blood has antigen B, type ABbloodhasbothantigenAandB.Andforpeople whoaretypeO
bloodwillhasneitherantigenAnorB.
In our blood is not only contained an antigen but also the antibody too. The antibody is
part of the plasma protein containing in a blood molecule. Its also called as immunoglobulins

which the size, weight, shape, and several proties has been considered. In fact, it willonlyreact
with a specific antigen that they have never met before. There are two kinds of antibodies in
human blood which are antibody A and antibody B. The way we use to identify blood type is
that in blood type A which contain antigen A will getantiBpresentinitsplasma.Inbloodtype
B which contain antigen B will get anitA, blood typeABwhichcontainsantigenofbothAand
B will get no antibody. And ontheotherhandsforblood typeOwhogotnoantigenwillcontain
bothofantiAandantiB.
So, the purpose of this experiment is to be able to identify the ABO blood type. By
observe the antigen and antibodies can help us tell its blood type. We would simplyknowwhat
type of bloodisbyacoagulation.WhenantigenAexposestoantiA,itwillcoagulateassameas
whenantigenBexposestoantiB.
Again, the antibody in blood will onlyreactwiththesametypeofantigenthatwillresult
inbloodtocoagulate.Thatswhythereshouldbeabloodtypetestingbeforetransfusionprocess.

Result:

figure1:Waitfor10secondsafterputtedantibodies

figure2:controlandBcircleonslidefigure3:AandABcircleonslide

State:Coagulation/Nocoagulation

Control

Nocoagulation

A(AntiA)

Nocoagulation

B(AntiB)

Coagulation

AB(AntiAB)

Coagulation

table1:resultafterputtedantibodiesintoeachcirclewithblood

Discussion:
We were all born from different mothers and fathers who have a different blood type.
Eventually, our human blood classified into four types that some of them responded with each
other in a negative way. Thats why blood testing method is necessary to prevent unwanted
bloodcombiningthatwouldcauseacoagulationofblood.
Since the blood types are inherited from our parent. Each of them gave us one of their
alleles, so we would have one allele from ourmotherandanotheronefromthefather.Theseare
examples of the blood heredity of Eye and Inn that proved and confirmed their relation with
parents even they are their children or not. Eyes mother got a type O blood, Eyes father got a
type B blood,andEyegotbloodtypeB.So,thepossibleallesforEyesmomcannotbeanything
B
BB
elsebutii.ForEyesdadandEyewhogotthesametypeBbloodmayhasI
iorI
I
.
In this case, she can conclude that shes really their daughter with both of their alleles
combined, one from her mom and one from her dad(table2 and table3). As you can see in the
table belowshowsthatitspossibleforEyetogeteitherBorObloodtypebecauseshetakesone
allele from each ofherparents.WhetherEyewillgetBorOdependsonherfatherthatwillhave
heterozygous or homozygous gene. If hes heterozygous, the chance that Eye willhaveBblood

type would be 50%. If its homozygous, the chance will be 100% Bbloodtypeofheterozygous
B
gene(I
i.)

B
I

B
I
i

B
I
i

B
I

B
I
i

B
I
i

table2:PunettsquareofEyesblood(homozygousdad)

B
I

B
I
i

B
I
i

ii

ii

table3:PunettsquareofEyesblood(heterozygousdad)

For Inn blood type, he has O blood type and his mother has AB blood type. He doesnt
know his father blood type. According to Bombay phenotype, bjust knowing his mother blood
type and his blood type lets us know that he got a recessiveformofallefortheHantigenfrom
both of his parents. Inns parents might have both of heterozygous allel for the HantigenorHh
and only the recessive one was inherited. Sothisway,itspossiblethateachofthemwouldgive
Inn one of theirrecessiveallelforHantigen.ThiswillcauseInntohashomozygousofrecessive
allel (hh.) In this case, he will be automatically has a type O bloodbecausehehasnoantigenA
orantigenBproduced.
AB
So, we can only predict that Inns mother got I
I
with a heterozygous allel from H
antigen thats why his moms blood type still apeared AB not O. For Inns father, we didnt
know his blood type that we can only tell thatInnsdadshouldhaveaheterozygousallefromH
antigen for sure. As we can see from table 4 below that Inns father must carry only
heterozygous allel for H antigen that the recessive one would possibly pass on to Inn. So the
possibilityofInnsparenttoproducehhchildis25%.

A(H)

B(h)

?(H)

HH

Hh

?(h)

Hh

hh

table4:InnsfamilyPunettsquare

The goal of thisexperimentis identifiedwhichtypeoftheunknownbloodbelongsto.As


we mentioned at first that in our bloodcomposedofredbloodcell,whitebloodcell,plalete,and
plasma (a wateryfluid partinblood).Onthemembraneofaredbloodcell,thereareantigensfor
each ABO blood type that woulddeterminethetypeofablood.Also,therearenotonlyantigens
whichclassifiedtheblood,theantibodiescontainingintheplasmadotoo.
The antigens on the blood cell membranes act as the active site while the antibodies
containing within the plasma act as the substrate. The same type of antigens and antibodies
would be able to fit on each otherandreacts.Itcanbesimplycomparedtoakeyandalockasif
they are the same type,theywouldbeabletobindandunlockthelock.Justliketheantigensand
antibodies, if they can fit together like the Aantigen and antiA, it will cause the coagulation of
blood which is harmful to our body. As the antibodys propertyitselfistorecognizeandprotect
thecellfromthestrangercellortheonetheyhaventmetbefore.Thatsthereasonwhyifwehas
Aantigen,withtheantiBnotantiA.Otherwisetheywouldkilleachotherandcausethebodyin
ahugetroublebythefactthatbloodflowthroughallpartsofourbody.

Conclusion:
The experiment was nicely completed by using Eyes blood to find out for her blood
type. The result we got after the experiment was that a drop of bloodintheBcirclecoagulated.
By the coagulation of a blood in the B circle lets us know that she would have B blood type.
Another thing that can confirm our conclusion was a bloodintheABcirclealsocoagulatedtoo.
It is because her blood contained B antigen that would react with the purely antiB and also
antiABcausedabloodclump.
There was an error during the experiment. It was the blood that wasnt came out much
enough to drop on four of the circles. However, we tried to kind ofslippedorpulledonthearm
oftheonewhogotpunctured.

References:
Anthro.palomar.edu,.(2015).
HumanBlood:ABOBloodTypes
.Retrieved17March
2015,from
http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/ABO_system.htm
Anthro.palomar.edu,.(2015).
ModernHumanVariation:BombayPhenotype
.Retrieved
17March2015,from
http://anthro.palomar.edu/blood/Bombay_pheno.htm
Dean,L.(2005).Bloodgroupantigensaresurfacemarkersontheredbloodcell
membrane.
NationalCenterForBiotechnologyInformation(US)
.Retrievedfrom
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2264/
EncyclopediaBritannica,.(2014).
bloodgroup::Theimportanceofantigensand
antibodies
.Retrieved17March2015,from
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:8kyYhSWd5G0J:www.britannic

a.com/EBchecked/topic/69795/bloodgroup/256882/Theimportanceofantigensandanti
bodies+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=th
MedicalNewsToday,.(2014).
Whatisblood?Whatdoesblooddo?
.Retrieved17March
2015,from
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196001.php

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