HOWTO - Program Library HOWTO

David A. Wheeler
1.20, 11 2003
HOWTO ,

Linux.
(static), (shared) (
dynamically loaded ) .
_________________________________________________________

1.
2. (static)
3. (shared)
3.1.
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.2.
3.3.
3.3.1. LD_LIBRARY_PATH
3.3.2. LD_DEBUG
3.3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
4. (Dynamically Loaded - DL)
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.

dlopen()
dlerror()
dlsym()
dlclose()

5.
5.1. nm
5.2. (constructor)
(destructor)
5.2.1. _init _fini
(/)
5.3.
(scripts )
5.4. (Symbol versioning)
(Version scripts)
5.5. GNU libtool
5.6.
5.7.

5.8. C++ C
5.9. C++
5.10. Linux Standard Base (LSB - Linux)
5.11.
(shared)
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.
6.7.

libhello.c
libhello.h
demo_use.c
script_static
script_shared
demo_dynamic.c
script_dynamic

7.
8.
1.
HOWTO

Linux,
GNU. " ''
(compiled) (
),
.
,
(recompilation),
(update).
:
(static), (shared),
(dynamically loaded - DL).
,
(executable)
.
,

. , ,

.
(format)
(
) '
,
.
HOWTO
.

(developers) ,
,
(update)

. ,


. ' , ,

 (upgrading)
,
. , ,

. C++
,
"C++ mini- howto".

(dynamically linked
libraries - DLLs)
(shared) , DLL

(DL),
DLL
.
, HOWTO DLLs Linux.
HOWTO

/ GNU/Linux : ELF (Executable and
Linking Format). GCC GNU (GNU GCC
toolset)
ELF - ,
Linux
a.out (
2.6 ). ,
.

,
GNU libtool
,
Linux \ . GNU Libtool
script ( ) ,

(.., )
, , . Linux,
GNU Libtool
HOWTO.
(portable interface) ,
portability wrappers (
). GNU Libtool ,
"libltdl". ,
glib (
glibc) dynamic module loading
( ).
glib
http://developer.gnome.org/doc/API/glib/glib-dynamic-loading-o
f-modules.html. , Linux

HOWTO.
Linux,
HOWTO
.
( "" ) HOWTO
http://www.dwheeler.com/program-library, and it has been
Linux
(http://www.tldp.org). (C) 2000

 David A. Wheeler
GPL (Gerneral Public License) -
.
_________________________________________________________
2. (static)

object files ( ) - ,
".a".
ar
(archiver).
,
( ).
, ,
, .

(link to programs),
recompilation
,

.
,
,
.
developers

,
(
,

). ,
ELF
( 1-5%)

,
, .
,
object files ,
:
ar rcs my_library.a file1.o file2.o
object files:
file1.o file2. my_library.a,
my_library.a, .

, ar(1).
, ,
, .

(compilation and linking process)
.
gcc(1) ,
() -l
.
info (info:gcc).

 GCC - -l
linker (
..
), '
.
.
-l
, linkning,
.
linker ld(1) ,
-l -L, ,

GCC (1) LD (1)
.
_________________________________________________________
3. (shared)

.
,
,
.
,
Linux :
* (update) ,

,
--
*
,
.
*

_________________________________________________________
3.1.

,
.
,
"soname" ,
(real name), .

.
_________________________________________________________
3.1.1.
,
"soname". soname "lib",
, ".so"
( - ".")
interface
( ,
C "lib").
( (fully-qualified) soname


-
, - soname
(symbolic link)
" " .
"
",
.
soname , (minor
number), , (release
number).
. minor release
(configuration control ),

.


, .
,
, ( "linker
name"), soname
.

.
,
,
soname. ,
,
(
).
,

ldconfig(8). ldconfig
sonames
, cache
/etc/ld.so.cache ( ).
ldconfig linker names (
) -
, linker name
symbolic link " " soname
. linker name
soname,

(linking).
H. J. Lu ldconfig linker
names.

, '
(
) . , ldconfig

,
linker
.
, /usr/lib/libreadline.so.3

 soname, ldconfig
(realname)
/usr/lib/libreadline.so.3.0.
linker, /usr/lib/libreadline.so
o
/usr/lib/libreadline.so.3.
_________________________________________________________
3.1.2.

(filesystem).
(open source software) GNU
-
info:standards#Directory_Variables. GNU
, ,
/usr/local/lib
(
/usr/local/bin).

.
(Filesystem Ierarchy
Standards - FHS)
(. http://www.pathname.com/fhs). FHS,

/usr/lib,
/lib

/usr/local/lib.

- GNU

, FHS (

,
). :
( - bugs)
"", "local"
() (/usr/local), ""
,
(package managers)

.

,
/usr/local/libexec (
/usr/libexec). Red-Hat-""
/usr/local/lib "'
" -
/etc/ld.so.conf .
(standard)
/usr/X11R6/lib -Windows, ....
/lib/security PAM modules,
(
).
_________________________________________________________
3.2.


GNU

glibc,
Linux,
ELF program loader
( ) .

Linux,

/lib/ld-linux.so.X ( ).
, ,

.

/etc/ld.so.conf.
"" RedHat , ,
/usr/local/lib
/etc/ld.so.conf. bug (),
/usr/local/lib /etc/ld.so.conf
""
RedHat-derived .
,
,

/etc/ld.so.conf -
(standard
set), (preloading).
, , ""
(patches) -
.

, ,
(.o
) /etc/ld.so.preload;
"-"
.
patches -
.

,
caching.
ldconfig (8) ,
/etc/ld.conf, (sets up)

(dynamic link directoriew),
(standard conventions),
"" /etc/ld.so.cache,
.
.
"" :
ldconfig
DLL , ,
DLL - ldconfig

. ,
, dynamic loader
/etc/ld.so.cache
.
, FreeBSD

 cache. FreeBSD, ELF cache

/var/ld- elf.so.hints a.out cache
/var/run/ld.so.hints. ldconfig
(8),
.
_________________________________________________________
3.3.

,
.
_________________________________________________________
3.3.1. LD_LIBRARY_PATH

, . Linux,
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
,
, ,
(default) .
(debugging)
""
. LD_PRELOAD

"" ,
/etc/ld.so.preload.
/lib/ld-linux.so loader. ,
LD_LIBRARY_PATH Unix,
- ,
HP- UX
SHLIB_PATH, ,
LIBPATH (
,
).
LD_LIBRARY_PATH
,

-

"Why LD_LIBRARY_PATH is bad",

http://www.visi.com/~barr/ldpath.html
,

.
LD_LIBRARY_PATH, Linux
(program loader)
. ,

LD_LIBRARY_PATH,
:
/lib/ld-linux.so.2 --library-path PATH EXECUTABLE
ld-linux.so ,
, ,
-
.
_________________________________________________________

3.3.2. LD_DEBUG
GNU C loader
LD_DEBUG. "" dl
.
:
export LD_DEBUG=files
command_to_run

,
(dependencies) , SOs
. LD_DEBUG "bindings",

(symbol binding), "libs"
(library search paths),
"versions",
(version dependencies).
LD_DEBUG "help"
,
. , LD_DEBUG
,
debugging testing.
_________________________________________________________
3.3.3.

,
(loading process) - LD
_ RTLD _.
debugging (loader
process) .
' -
' ,

loader ( GCC).

(DLLs)
setuid/setgid (
permissions set), .
, GNU loader (
),
setuid setgid, (
)
. loader
setuid

setgid
credentials
("") - uid euid
, gid egid ,
setuid/setgid (
)
(linking).
GNU glibc ,

/elf/rtld.c

sysdeps/generic/dl-sysdep.c.
uid gid euid egid,
,
. Unix-

 :
setuid/setgid
.
_________________________________________________________
3.4.

. ' , object files
GCC
(flags) -fPIC -fpic.
-fPIC -fpic "
" (position independent code),
-
. soname
-Wl gcc. -Wl
linker (
-soname ) -
-Wl , ,
(white spaces) .

:
gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,your_soname \
-o library_name file_list library_list
, object files
(a.o b.o)
.
debugging (-g - -ggdb
debugging
gdb) (warnings - Wall), , ,
.
(compilation) object files (
-c),
fPIC:
gcc -fPIC -g -c -Wall a.c
gcc -fPIC -g -c -Wall b.c
gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libmystuff.so.1 \
-o libmystuff.so.1.0.1 a.o b.o -lc
:
* "" (strip) ,
-fomit-frame-pointer
compiler, , .
,

debuggers (
) .
* -fPIC -fpic
. -fPIC - fpic
.
-fPIC ,
-fpic (

, PIC -fPIC
, '
-fpic).
-fpic ,

 (platform-dependent),
(globally
visible symbols), . linker
" " (
)

. , -fPIC .
* , gcc
(object file)
"- Wl,
-export-dynamic". ,
(dynamic symbol table)
.
( ELF)
((. ld(1)
).

" ", , DL
-
(...

"" -
symbol, ,
.. 4.5, cos symbol
math ). "
",
.
"- rdynamic" "- Wl,
-export-dynamic", Linux,
ELF (ELF documentation),
"- rdynamic" gcc
-linux .
,

-

,

.
(linking option)
"rpath" ld,
runtime ( )
. gcc,
rpath :
-Wl,-rpath,$(DEFAULT_LIB_INSTALL_PATH)

client ,
LD_LIBRARY_PATH (
)
,
.
_________________________________________________________
3.5.
,
.

 (.. /usr/lib) ldconfig(8).

' ,
. ,
, link
soname realname (
versionless soname, soname
".so",
). :
ldconfig -n directory_with_shared_libraries
, ,
linker

-l -L .

standard (..
/usr/lib),
. ,
,

... .
(flag) -L gcc
.
" rpath" ( ),


standard.
. ,
LD_LIBRARY_PATH,


.
bash, my_program
:
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=.:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH my_program

/,
"" object file
LD_PRELOAD -

( ).
(update)
-
(API),
soname.
,
. ,

soname,

, (.,
".orig"),
wrapper script

() .
, "" ,

,
,

. wrapper script
:
#!/bin/sh
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/my_lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
exec /usr/bin/my_program.orig $*

""
--- (backwards-compatible)
soname
.
" "
" ".

ldd
(1). , ,
ls :
ldd /bin/ls
,
(


():

sonames
ls ),
.
dependencies

* /lib/ld-linux.so. ( N
1, 2).
.
* libc.so. ( N 6).
C.
C (
),

.
: ldd
. ldd (1),
ldd ( )
( ELF,
LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS) .

ldd
(
ldd). , , ldd
.
_________________________________________________________
3.6.
binary incompatible
("- ") ,
soname . C,

binary-incompatible :

1. ()

,
2. "" (exported data items)
(:
, '
).
3. (exported function) .
4. interface .
,
binary-compatible .
,
o Application Binary Interface (ABI, "
") , .
,
/ .
,

"" ,
,
( )
,
( ),
. :
(arrays).
C++ (
compiled-in templates / compiled dispatched ),
.
, .
""
,
C++.
, " ",
C++

. (
) C++

binary-compatibilty
("
"), Troll Tech's Technical
FAQ:
1.
( binaries
), ""
(evaluates) SuperClass::virtualFunction()
(compile-time, link-time).
2. virtual member functions
( ),
layout vtbl .
3. data members (
) ,
inline member functions.
4. class ierarchy ( ),
.
5. ' private data members (
),
layout .
6. public protected member functions

 inline.
7. public protected member function
inline.
8. inline ,
.
9. ( public,
protected private) member function
(portable) ,

.
,
C++ ,
updates

.
,

Unix-

( Linux)
,
() ,
"" ,
.
_________________________________________________________
4. (Dynamically Loaded - DL)
(, " ") (DL)
()
.
plugins modules,
plugin .
, Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM),
DL
"" (configure)
.
(interpreters)


,
.
,
just-in-time compiler multi-user dungeon (MUD).
Linux, DL ""
(format) -
object files ,
.
link-time
- ' , API
(Application Programming Interface -
) ,
"" , ,
. C
<dlfcn.h> .
Linux
Solaris
"dlopen()" API. ,
- HP- UX
shl_load (),
DLLs,

Windows

interface.

,
wrapping library
.
glib
modules (DLM, Dynamic Loading of Modules) -


. glib
http://developer.gnome.org/doc/API/glib/glib-dynamic-loading-o
f-modules.html. glib
(documentation), ' .
libltdl,
GNU libtool.

, CORBA
Object Request Broker (ORB).
API Linux Solaris,
.
developers C++
(DL), "C++ dlopen
mini-HOWTO".
_________________________________________________________
4.1. dlopen()
dlopen(3)
. C
:
void * dlopen(const char *filename, int flag);
"/" (
), dlopen()
( ). ,
:
1. (
)
LD_LIBRARY_PATH .
2.
/etc/ld.so.cache (
ld.so.conf).
3. /usr/lib.
:
a.out loader.
loader, ,
/usr/lib, /lib (. man page
ld.so(8)). ' ,

( ),

.
dlopen(), flag
RTLD_LAZY, "
(unresolved symbols)

",

RTLD_NOW, "
dlopen() ,

 , ".
RTLD_GLOBAL ,
OR flag,
(external symbols)

. debugging,
RTLD_NOW - RTLD_LAZY

(unresolved references).
RTLD_NOW
( ) -
, RTLD_LAZY
.
(..
),
( ,
, X).
dlopen() "handle"
DL
" " (opaque value). dlopen()
NULL ,
.

dlopen(), file handle.
,
("" - exports) _init,
dlopen().

. ,
"" _init _fini.
,
. ' ,

__attribute__((constructor))
__attribute__((destructor)) (
gcc). 5.2
.
_________________________________________________________
4.2. dlerror()
dlerror
(),
dlopen(), dlsym
(), dlclose ().
( ) dlerror()
NULL, .
_________________________________________________________
4.3. dlsym()

.
DL
dlsym (3),
() .
:

void * dlsym(void *handle, char *symbol);

handle dlopen(),
symbol ( NIL-terminated -
NIL). ,
dlsym() void *,
casting
(
).
dlsym() NULL .

NULL , ,
:
, ,
;
dlerror() (
), dlsym()
, dlerror()
.
:
dlerror(); /* clear error code */
s = (actual_type) dlsym(handle, symbol_being_searched_for);
if ((err = dlerror()) != NULL) {
/* handle error, the symbol wasn't found */
} else {
/* symbol found, its value is in s */
}
_________________________________________________________
4.4. dlclose()
T dlopen() dlclose(),
.
file handles,
(deallocated) dlclose()
dlopen()
. ,
.
, _fini
( ) ,

. ' ,
(export routines)

(function
attributes)
__attribute__((constructor)) __attribute__((destructor)).
5.2 .
: dlclose() 0 ,
,
man pages Linux.
_________________________________________________________
4.5.
man page
dlopen(3). math,
2.0,
( ):
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#include <dlfcn.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
void *handle;
double (*cosine)(double);
char *error;
handle = dlopen ("/lib/libm.so.6", RTLD_LAZY);
if (!handle) {
fputs (dlerror(), stderr);
exit(1);
}
cosine = dlsym(handle, "cos");
if ((error = dlerror()) != NULL) {
fputs(error, stderr);
exit(1);
}
printf ("%f\n", (*cosine)(2.0));
dlclose(handle);
}
"foo.c",
build :
gcc -o foo foo.c -ldl
_________________________________________________________
5.
5.1. nm
nm(1)
.
.
nm(1)
, ,
.
(
),
(. -l).
nm (symbol
type)
.
:
(local),

(
global,external).
T (
),
D( ), (
),
U( -
), W(" -weak- ":
,
).
,
,
"-" nm (

 ) grep
. Bourne shell,
/lib,
/usr/lib, (direct)
/usr/lib, /usr/local/lib "cos" :
nm -o /lib/* /usr/lib/* /usr/lib/*/* \
/usr/local/lib/* 2> /dev/null | grep 'cos$'
nm

info:binutils#nm.
_________________________________________________________
5.2. (constructor)
(destructor)

(initialization) "" (cleanup)
gcc__attribute__((constructor))
gcc__attribute__((destructor)). info pages gcc
. constructors
dlopen() (
main(), load time).
destructors dlclose
( exit() main(),
load time). C
(C prototypes) :
void __attribute__ ((constructor)) my_init(void);
void __attribute__ ((destructor)) my_fini(void);

gcc "- nostartfiles" "-nostdlib".

/ (
).
_________________________________________________________
5.2.1. _init _fini (/)
, _init
_fini,
. ,
,
.
-
(function attributes
constructor/destructor) ' .

_init _fini,
.

module: _init _fini. ``_init ''
(is exported) ,
( dlopen()
). C,
(defined)

_init.
_fini,
( dlclose()

 -. dlclose(),
). C
:
void _init(void);
void _fini(void);
,
".o" gcc,
gcc "- nostartfiles".
C (linking)
. ,

"multiple-definition" ("-").

modules
.
Jim Mischel Tim Gentry
_init
_fini,
.
_________________________________________________________
5.3.
(scripts )
GNU loader
(script files)
scripting ,
.
. ,
/usr/lib/libc.so :
/* GNU ld script
Use the shared library, but some functions are only in
the static library, so try that secondarily. */
GROUP ( /lib/libc.so.6 /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a )
,
texinfo scripts ld linker (ld ).
info:ld#Options
info:ld#Commands,
info:ld#Option Commands.
_________________________________________________________
5.4. (Symbol versioning)
(Version scripts)
, (external
functions) "" (bound)
, .
(out of date),
interface-
,
.
symbol versioning
( ) version scripts (
). symbol versioning,


.
ld (man) vesrion scripts

 http://www.gnu.org/manual/ld-2.9.1/html_node/ld_25.html.
_________________________________________________________
5.5. GNU libtool

,
GNU libtool
. GNU libtool
(generic library support
script).

libtool

, . interfaces
object files,
(link libraries),
(link
executables),
(debug
executables),

. libltdl,
(portability wrapper)
(dynamic loading programs).
,

http://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/manual.html
_________________________________________________________
5.6.

debugging, .
, .
object files
, debugging (

). ,
, strip(1)
. strip(1)
-
.

"-s" "-s" GNU ld - "-S"
debugger (
) , "-s"
.
gcc
"-Wl,-S" "-Wl,-s".
,
, ""
.
_________________________________________________________
5.7.
paper Whirlwind Tutorial on Creating Really
Teensy ELF Executables for Linux .

. ,

,
ELF.

_________________________________________________________
5.8. C++ C
C++,
C, C++
C "extern C".
, linker
C. , compilers C++ ""
("mangle") C++ (..,
),
C (
).

C C ++,
"extern C" ,
.
# ifndef (
- ),
, foobar.h,
C C++,
:
/* Explain here what foobar does */
#ifndef FOOBAR_H
#define FOOBAR_H
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
... header code for foobar goes here ...
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif
_________________________________________________________
5.9. C++
developers KDE
GUI C++
,
(relocations).
. Making C++ ready for the desktop
(by Waldo Bastian) .
_________________________________________________________
5.10. Linux Standard Base (LSB - Linux)
LSB project
(standards)
Linux

Linux.
http://www.linuxbase.org.

LSB- 2002,
Developing LSB-certified applications: Five steps to
binary-compatible Linux applications ' George Kraft IV
(Senior software engineer, IBM's Linux Technology Center).
,
(standardized compatibility
layer) . ,
LSB
C C++
LSB- compliant -
linker
. ,
-
LSB . ,
"lsbcc" C/C++
( lsbcc
- linking environment-
LSB ):
$ CC=lsbcc make myapplication
(or)
$ CC=lsbcc ./configure; make myapplication
lsbappchk

LSB:
$ lsbappchk myapplication

LSB (.. RPM v3.
LSB, add-on software /opt by
default). website LSB
.
_________________________________________________________
5.11.
(shared)

;

, ld
"--whole-archive"
,
.a files
.so .

--whole-archive:
gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libmylib.$(VER) -o libmylib.so $(OBJECTS) \
-Wl,--whole-archive $(LIBS_TO_LINK) -Wl,--no-whole-archive \
$(REGULAR_LIBS)
ld,
--no-whole-archive,
, gcc
standard .
Kendall Bennett
"".
_________________________________________________________
6.


(static, shared, dynamically
loaded). libhello.c ,
libhello.h . demo_use.c
caller .

scripts (script_static
script_dynamic),
. ,
demo_dynamic.c script_dynamic,

.
_________________________________________________________
6.1. libhello.c
/* libhello.c - demonstrate library use. */
#include <stdio.h>
void hello(void) {
printf("Hello, library world.\n");
}
_________________________________________________________
6.2. libhello.h
/* libhello.h - demonstrate library use. */
void hello(void);
_________________________________________________________
6.3. demo_use.c
/* demo_use.c -- demonstrate direct use of the "hello" routine */
#include "libhello.h"
int main(void) {
hello();
return 0;
}
_________________________________________________________
6.4. script_static
#!/bin/sh
# Static library demo
#
#
#
#
#
#

Create static library's object file, libhello-static.o.

I'm using the name libhello-static to clearly
differentiate the static library from the
dynamic library examples, but you don't need to use
"-static" in the names of your
object files or static libraries.

gcc -Wall -g -c -o libhello-static.o libhello.c

# Create static library.

ar rcs libhello-static.a libhello-static.o

#
#
#
#

At this point we could just copy libhello-static.a

somewhere else to use it.
For demo purposes, we'll just keep the library
in the current directory.

# Compile demo_use program file.

gcc -Wall -g -c demo_use.c -o demo_use.o
#
#
#
#

Create demo_use program; -L. causes "." to be searched during

creation of the program. Note that this command causes
the relevant object file in libhello-static.a to be
incorporated into file demo_use_static.

gcc -g -o demo_use_static demo_use.o -L. -lhello-static

# Execute the program.
./demo_use_static
_________________________________________________________
6.5. script_shared
#!/bin/sh
# Shared library demo
# Create shared library's object file, libhello.o.
gcc -fPIC -Wall -g -c libhello.c
# Create shared library.
# Use -lc to link it against C library, since libhello
# depends on the C library.
gcc -g -shared -Wl,-soname,libhello.so.0 \
-o libhello.so.0.0 libhello.o -lc
# At this point we could just copy libhello.so.0.0 into
# some directory, say /usr/local/lib.
# Now we need to call ldconfig to fix up the symbolic links.
# Set up the soname. We could just execute:
# ln -sf libhello.so.0.0 libhello.so.0
# but let's let ldconfig figure it out.
/sbin/ldconfig -n .
#
#
#
#

Set up the linker name.

In a more sophisticated setting, we'd need to make
sure that if there was an existing linker name,
and if so, check if it should stay or not.

ln -sf libhello.so.0 libhello.so

# Compile demo_use program file.
gcc -Wall -g -c demo_use.c -o demo_use.o

#
#
#
#

Create program demo_use.

The -L. causes "." to be searched during creation
of the program; note that this does NOT mean that "."
will be searched when the program is executed.

gcc -g -o demo_use demo_use.o -L. -lhello

# Execute the program. Note that we need to tell the program
# where the shared library is, using LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
LD_LIBRARY_PATH="." ./demo_use
_________________________________________________________
6.6. demo_dynamic.c
/* demo_dynamic.c -- demonstrate dynamic loading and
use of the "hello" routine */
/* Need dlfcn.h for the routines to
dynamically load libraries */
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
/* Note that we don't have to include "libhello.h".
However, we do need to specify something related;
we need to specify a type that will hold the value
we're going to get from dlsym(). */
/* The type "simple_demo_function" describes a function that
takes no arguments, and returns no value: */
typedef void (*simple_demo_function)(void);
int main(void) {
const char *error;
void *module;
simple_demo_function demo_function;
/* Load dynamically loaded library */
module = dlopen("libhello.so", RTLD_LAZY);
if (!module) {
fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open libhello.so: %s\n",
dlerror());
exit(1);
}
/* Get symbol */
dlerror();
demo_function = dlsym(module, "hello");
if ((error = dlerror())) {
fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't find hello: %s\n", error);
exit(1);
}
/* Now call the function in the DL library */

(*demo_function)();
/* All done, close things cleanly */
dlclose(module);
return 0;
}
_________________________________________________________
6.7. script_dynamic
#!/bin/sh
# Dynamically loaded library demo
# Presume that libhello.so and friends have
# been created (see dynamic example).
# Compile demo_dynamic program file into an object file.
gcc -Wall -g -c demo_dynamic.c
#
#
#
#
#
#

Create program demo_use.

Note that we don't have to tell it where to search for DL libraries,
since the only special library this program uses won't be
loaded until after the program starts up.
However, we DO need the option -ldl to include the library
that loads the DL libraries.

gcc -g -o demo_dynamic demo_dynamic.o -ldl

# Execute the program. Note that we need to tell the
# program where get the dynamically loaded library,
# using LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
LD_LIBRARY_PATH="." ./demo_dynamic
_________________________________________________________
7.

:
* "The GCC HOWTO" Daniel Barlow. ,
HOWTO

queries .
, . HOWTO
Linux
http://www.tldp.org.
* "Executable and Linkable Format", TIS
(Tool Interface Standards) (
"Portable Formats Specification"
). ELF (
Linux GNU gcc),
.
ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/ELF.doc.tar.gz
MIT,
-
"hps" -
"ps",
Postscript

.
* "ELF: ", Hongjui
Lu. ELF
Linux GNU gcc,
ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/elf.ps.gz.
* ld "Using LD, the GNU Linker",
ld .
http://www.gnu.org/manual/ld-2.9.1.
*
"info", ld
gcc.
_________________________________________________________
8.
Copyright (C) 2000 David .
Wheeler. GNU General Public License (GPL).
.
"",
, :

/
General Public License
Free Software Foundation (
.

-

GNU
2 ,
)

, -

. GNU GPL
.
GNU GPL
- , Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA
02111-1307 USA
mirroring sites,
:
* mirrors
o master site,
*

o
url

master
site,
http://www.dwheeler.com/program-library, hypertext
link ,
* (David A. Wheeler) .

bugs .
bugs ,
mirroring. o link master site,
mirror
.
sites
links -
,

updates ,

 .
, ,
,
()
.
-
" " (public domain work)
.
,
: "You must cause the modified files to carry prominent
notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any
change". ,
.
,
( David A. Wheeler),
, ,
.