RESISTORS

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of

current offered by a conductor, device or circuit. Its is
related to current as follows.
Resistance=voltage current (ohm’s law).the
resistance is expressed in ohms. The most comely used
types of resistor are
(A).carbon composition type (made either by
mixing finely ground carbon with a resin binder
and an insulating filter or depositing carbon film
onto a ceramic rod).
(B).metal resistance (made of metal film on
ceramic rod),or metal glaze(a mixture of metal and
glass)or metal oxide (a mixture of a metal and an
insulating oxide).
(C).wire wound resistors (made by winding
resistance wire onto an insulator former).
The value of resistance is either printed in
numbers or it’s put I the form of colour code bands are
around the body. In the colour code, each number from 0
to 9 has been assigned a colour according.
The first band closest to the end of resistor
reprints the first digit of the resistance and value. The
second band gives second digits and third band give a
number of zero be added to the first two digits to get the
to value of resistor. if there is o fourth band, it indicates
either a ±5%and ±10% tolerance. if the fourth b and is
absent, the tolerance is± 20%

When the value and tolerance of the resistor is printed

on the resistor body, the value of tolerances are code of
following.
F=±1% G=±2% J=±5% K=±10%
M=±20%
To illustrate this code, following example are cited:
R 68M is a 0.68Ω ±20% resistor
5k6j is a 5.6Ω ±5% resistor
82kk is a 0.82Ω ±10% resistor
Though it is possible to get resistors of any
value, they are generally available in the preferred
ranges. The most common series is E12 series in the
which the preferred values are
10,12,15,22,27,33,39,47,56,68,82.much closer value are
available in E96 series for ±1% tolerance value.
Carbon composition resistance have poor
stability and relatively poor have poor stability and
relatively poor temperature coefficient, which is of the
order of -1200ppm/c, metal film resistors exhibit
comparatively low temperature coefficient(250
ppm/c)and good stability, both when stored and under
operating condition. Carbon composition and metal
resistor are usually available in power rating of
250mw,500mw,1mw,2mw.for dissipating more heat, wire
wounded resistor are mostly employed, the power rating
begins up to 25 watts.