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EQUILIBRIUM
EQUILIBRIUM
A chemical reaction has reached equilibrium when the forward and
reverse reactions occur at equal rates (i.e. the concentration of each
product and reactant remains constant.
The rate of the forward reaction decreases as the reactants are used
up, and the rate of the product increases until the rates become
equal and equilibrium is formed.
EQUILIBRIUM
SYSTEMS AND STRESS
Le Chteliers principle tells how a system at equilibrium
reacts to an applied stress. Stress is defined as a change in
temperature, pressure, or concentration.
CONCENTRATION
When the concentration of a product or reactant is increased the
system compensates for this addition by favoring the other reaction.
Ex. Hydrogen gas is added to the equilibrium system described by
the reaction below. Which reaction is favored? Forward (Right)
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
Ex. How does the system at equilibrium described above shift if the
concentration of iodine is decreased. Reverse (Left)
PRESSURE
An increase in pressure, caused by a decrease in volume, favors the
reaction with less moles of gas. Oppositely, a decrease in pressure
causes the system to maximize moles of gas present.
Ex. How should the pressure of the system described in the reaction
shown below be manipulated to increase the concentration of
dinitrogen tetroxide. Increase (minimize moles of gas)
2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
TEMPERATURE
A system at equilibrium responds to temperature based on its
thermodynamics, whether the forward reaction is exothermic or
endothermic
Ex. How would the concentration of the chloride ion in the
endothermic reaction below change if the temperature is increased.
Endothermic = heat reactant
Heat + Co(H2O)62+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) CoCl42-(aq) + 6H2O(l)
When the heat is increased it favors the forward (left), decreasing [Cl-]
THE EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT, KEQ
For the following reaction, equilibrium is established at a
certain temperature when the following concentrations are
present: [CO2] = 0.012 M, [H2] = 0.014 M, [CO] = 0.019 M, and
[H2O] = 0.019 M. Calculate the Keq for this reaction.
CO2(g) + H2(g) CO(g) + H2O(g)
[CO][H2O] = Keq
[CO2][H2]
.
(0.019)2/[(0.012)(0.014)] = 2.15
THE EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT, KEQ
In the presence of a catalyst, methanol, CH3OH, can be prepared by the
reaction of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide at high temperatures
according to the following equation:
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
What is the concentration of methanol if [H2] = 0.080 M, [CO] = 0.025 M,
and the equilibrium constant for this reaction is 209 at 700 K.
[CH3OH] = Keq
.
[CO][H2]2
[CH3OH] = 209
.
(0.025)(0.080)2
[CH3OH] = 0.418M
THE EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTANT, KEQ
If Keq is approximately equal to 1, there are roughly equal
concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium.