Version 2.

2012 Engineering Formula Sheet

1.0 Statistics

Mode

Mean
xi

(1.1a)

x=

Place data in ascending order.

Mode = most frequently occurring value

xi

(1.4)

(1.1b)

N
n
= population mean
x = sample mean
xi = sum of all data values (x1, x2, x3, )
N = size of population
n = size of sample

If two values occur with maximum frequency the data

set is bimodal.
If three or more values occur with maximum
frequency the data set is multi-modal.
Standard Deviation

Median

Place data in ascending order.

If N is odd, median = central value
If N is even, median = mean of two central values

(1.2)

N = size of population
Range (1.5)
Range = xmax - xmin

(1.3)

xmax = maximum data value

xmin = minimum data value

s=

xi -

N
xi - x

(Population)

(1.5a)

(Sample)

(1.5b)

n 1

= population standard deviation

s = sample standard deviation
xi = individual data value ( x1, x2, x3, )
= population mean
x = sample mean
N = size of population
n = size of sample

2.0 Probability
Independent Events
P (A and B and C) = PAPBPC
Frequency

fx =

nx

(2.1)

fx = relative frequency of outcome x

nx = number of events with outcome x
n = total number of events

n!(pk )(qn-k )
k!(n-k)!

P (A or B) = PA + PB

(2.4)

P (A or B) = probability of either mutually exclusive

event A or B occurring in a trial
PA = probability of event A
(2.2)

Pk = binomial probability of k successes in n trials

p = probability of a success
q = 1 p = probability of failure
k = number of successes
n = number of trials

PLTW, Inc.

P (A and B and C) = probability of independent

events A and B and C occurring in sequence
PA = probability of event A
Mutually Exclusive Events

Binomial Probability
(order doesnt matter)

Pk =

(2.3)

Conditional Probability

(2.5)

+ ~ ~

P (A|D) = probability of event A given event D

P(A) = probability of event A occurring
P(~A) = probability of event A not occurring
P(D|~A) = probability of event D given event A did not occur

Engineering Formula Sheet

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Version 2.1

3.0 Plane Geometry

Ellipse

Rectangle

2b

Perimeter = 2a + 2b (3.9)

Circle

2a

Area = a b (3.8)

Area = ab

(3.10)

Circumference =2 r (3.1)

Area = r2

(3.2)

Triangle (3.6)
Parallelogram

Area = bh
h

Area = bh

a = b + c 2bccosA
2
2
2
b = a + c 2accosB
2
2
2
c = a + b 2abcosC
2

(3.3)

c =a +b
sin =
cos =

(3.5)

tan = ab

(3.12)
(3.13)

(3.14)

s(12 f)

(3.15)

n = number of sides

(3.6)

Area = n

(3.4)

Regular Polygons

Right Triangle
2

(3.11)

(3.7)

a
h

Trapezoid
Area = (a + b)h

h
h

(3.16)

b
h

4.0 Solid Geometry

Cube

Sphere
3

Volume = s
2
Surface Area = 6s

s
(4.1)
(4.2)

Volume = r
3
2
Surface Area = 4 r

(4.8)
(4.9)

Rectangular Prism
Cylinder

Volume = wdh
(4.3)
Surface Area = 2(wd + wh + dh) (4.4)

Volume = r h

(4.10)

Surface Area = 2 r h+2 r

(4.11)

Right Circular Cone

Volume =

r2 h

Irregular Prism

(4.5)

Surface Area = r r2 +h2

(4.6)

Volume = Ah

(4.12)

A = area of base
Pyramid

Volume =

Ah
3

A = area of base

PLTW, Inc.

(4.7)

5.0 Constants
2

g = 9.8 m/s = 32.27 ft/s

-11
3
2
G = 6.67 x 10 m /kgs
= 3.14159

Engineering Formula Sheet

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Version 2.1

6.0 Conversions
Mass/Weight (6.1)
1 kg
1 slug
1 ton
1 lb

Area (6.4)
2

1 acre = 4047 m
2
= 43,560 ft
2
= 0.00156 mi

= 2.205 lbm
= 32.2 lbm
= 2000 lbm
= 16 oz

1N
1 kip

1J

1 atm

Volume (6.5)
1L

= 3.28 ft
= 0.621 mi
= 2.54 cm
= 5280 ft
= 3 ft

1mL

= 0.264 gal
3
= 0.0353 ft
= 33.8 fl oz
3
= 1 cm = 1 cc
1psi

Time (6.3)
1d
1h
1 min
1 yr

Energy (6.10)

= 0.225 lb
= 1,000 lb

= 0.239 cal
-4
= 9.48 x 10 Btu
= 0.7376 ftlbf
1kW h = 3,600,000 J

Pressure (6.8)

Length (6.2)
1m
1 km
1 in.
1 mi
1 yd

Force (6.7)

= 24 h
= 60 min
= 60 s
= 365 d

= 1.01325 bar
= 33.9 ft H2O
= 29.92 in. Hg
= 760 mm Hg
= 101,325 Pa
= 14.7 psi
= 2.31 ft of H2O

Temperature Unit
Equivalents (6.6)

Power (6.9)

1K

1W

= 1 C
= 1.8 F
= 1.8 R

See below for

temperature calculation

1 hp

7.0 Defined Units

1J
1N
1 Pa
1V
1W
1W
1 Hz
1F
1H

= 3.412 Btu/h
= 0.00134 hp
= 14.34 cal/min
= 0.7376 ftlbf/s
= 550 ftlb/sec

= 1 Nm
= 1 kgm / s2
= 1 N / m2
=1W/A
=1J/s
=1V/A
= 1 s-1
= 1 As / V
= 1 Vs / V

8.0 SI Prefixes
Numbers Less Than One
Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
10-15
10-18
10-21
10-24

decicentimillimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-

9.0 Equations

Numbers Greater Than One

Power of 10
Prefix
Abbreviation
101
102
103
106
109
1012
1015
1018
1021
1024

d
c
m

n
p
f
a
z
y

decahectokiloMegaGigaTeraPetaExaZettaYottaForce and Moment

Temperature

F = ma
Mass and Weight

TK = TC + 273

(9.4)

M = VDm

(9.1)

TR = TF + 460

(9.5)

W = mg

(9.2)

TF =

(9.6)

W = VDw

(9.3)

V = volume
Dm = mass density
m = mass
Dw = weight density
g = acceleration due to gravity

PLTW, Inc.

Tc + 32

da
h
k
M
G
T
P
E
Z
Y

TK = temperature in Kelvin
TC = temperature in Celsius
TR = temperature in Rankin
TF = temperature in Fahrenheit

Engineering Formula Sheet

M = Fd (9.7b)

(9.7a)

F = force
m = mass
a = acceleration
M = moment
d= perpendicular distance
Equations of Static Equilibrium
Fx = 0

Fy = 0

MP = 0 (9.8)

Fx = force in the x-direction

Fy = force in the y-direction
MP = moment about point P
IED POE

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Version 2.1

9.0 Equations (Continued)

= F d

(9.9)

p=
V1

W = work
F = force parallel to direction of
displacement
d = displacement

T1
p1
T1

(9.16)

= T2

(Charles Law)

(9.17)

= T2 (Gay-Lussancs Law)
2

p1V1 = p2V2 (Boyles Law)

Power
P=

Ohms Law

Fluid Mechanics

Energy: Work

Electricity

(9.10)

P=

(9.11)

P = power
E = energy
W = work
t = time
= torque
= angular velocity

Efficiency (%) =

Pout
Pin

100% (9.12)

Pout = useful power output

Pin = total power input

(9.13)

U = potential energy
m =mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height

(9.21)

P = Qp

(9.22)

K = kinetic energy
m = mass
v = velocity

Energy: Thermal
Q = mcT

(9.15)

Q = change in thermal energy

m = mass
c = specific heat
T = change in temperature

PLTW, Inc.

1
1 1
1
+ + +
R1 R2
Rn

IT = I1 + I2 + + In
n
or IT = k=1 Ik

Mechanics

Thermodynamics

v=

a=
X=

(9.24)

P = Q = AUT
P=Q =

(9.25)

t
vf vi

U=
(9.26)

P=

vi 2 sin(2)

(9.27)

-g

v = vi + at

(9.36)

VT = V1 + V2 + + Vn
n
or VT = k=1 Vk
V = voltage
VT = total voltage
I = current
IT = total current
R = resistance
RT = total resistance
P = power

s=

(9.35)

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

p = absolute pressure
F = force
A = area
V = volume
T = absolute temperature
Q = flow rate
v = flow velocity
P = power

(9.14)

RT (series) = R1 + R2+ + Rn (9.34)

Kirchhoffs Current Law

A1v1 = A2v2

(9.28)

d = di + vit + at

K = 12 mv2

(9.33)

(9.19)
(9.20)

Energy: Kinetic

P = IV

RT (parallel) =

Q = Av

Energy: Potential
U = mgh

(9.32)

(9.18)

absolute pressure = gauge pressure

+ atmospheric pressure (9.23)

Efficiency

V = IR

(9.29)

v = vi + 2a(d di)

(9.30)

= dFsin

(9.31)

s = average speed
v = average velocity
v = velocity
vi = initial velocity (t =0)
a = acceleration
X = range
t = time
d = change in displacement
d = distance
di = initial distance (t=0)
g = acceleration due to gravity
= angle
= torque
F = force

Engineering Formula Sheet

1
R

(9.37)

(9.38)

Q
t

(9.39)

=L

(9.40)

kAT

(9.41)

A1v1 = A2v2

(9.42)

Pnet = Ae(T2 -T1 )

(9.43)

k=

PL

(9.44)

AT

P = rate of heat transfer

Q = thermal energy
A = area of thermal conductivity
U = coefficient of heat conductivity
(U-factor)
T = change in temperature
t = change in time
R = resistance to heat flow ( R-value)
k = thermal conductivity
v = velocity
Pnet = net power radiated
= 5.6696 x 10

-8

m2 K

e = emissivity constant
L = thickness
T1, T2 = temperature at time 1, time 2
CIM 4 POE 4 DE 4

Version 2.1

10.0 Section Properties

y

Moment of Inertia

Ixx =

bh3

x=

(10.1)

12

x=

Ai

and y =

and y =

(10.3)

b
3

and y =

(10.4)

x
y

Semi-circle Centroid

Complex Shapes Centroid

x=

Right Triangle Centroid

Ixx = moment of inertia of a rectangular section

about x axis

xi Ai

Rectangle Centroid

x=r

yi Ai

d y=

(10.2)

Ai

x = x-distance to the centroid

y = y-distance to the centroid
xi = x distance to centroid of shape i
yi = y distance to centroid of shape i
Ai = Area of shape i

r
3

(10.5)
x

x = x-distance to the centroid

y = y-distance to the centroid

12.0 Structural Analysis

11.0 Material
Properties

Beam Formulas
Reaction

Stress (axial)
F

Moment
(11.1)

Deflection

= stress
F = axial force
A = cross-sectional area

Reaction
Moment
Deflection

Strain (axial)

L0

Reaction
(11.2)

= strain
L0 = original length
= change in length

E=

(F2 -F1 )L0

2 1 )A

(at point of load)

PL3
EI

(at point of load)

L

RA = RB =

max

L2

max

5L
3 EI

max

(12.3)

(at center)

(12.5)

(at center)

(12.6)
(12.7)

=P

Deflection

(12.2)

(12.4)

RA = RB = P

RA =
max

(12.8)

= 2PEI(3L2 Pb
L

2)

(at

Deformation: Axial

FL0
AE

and RB =
P b
L

(12.9)

P
L

(12.10)

(at Point of Load) (12.11)

2
2

Deflection

E = modulus of elasticity
= stress
= strain
A = cross-sectional area
F = axial force
= deformation

PLTW, Inc.

max

max

Moment

(11.3)

(11.4)

(12.1)

PL

(at center)

Modulus of Elasticity

max

Moment

Reaction

E=

RA = RB =

a a+
3

(12.12)

when a b )

Truss Analysis
(12.13)

= deformation
F = axial force
L0 = original length
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity

Engineering Formula Sheet

2J = M + R

(12.14)

J = number of joints
M =number of members
R = number of reaction forces

POE 5 AE 4 CEA 4

Version 2.1

13.0 Simple Machines

Inclined Plane
Mechanical Advantage (MA)

I A=

DE

(13.1)

DR

% Efficiency= (

A A
I A

) 100

A A=

FR
FE

(13.2)

I A=

(13.6)

(13.3)

Wedge
IMA = ideal mechanical advantage
AMA = actual mechanical advantage
DE = effort distance
DR = resistance distance
FE = effort force
FR = resistance force

I A=

(13.7)

Lever
Screw
1st
Class

IMA =

C
Pitch

Pitch =
2nd
Class

(13.8)

1
(13.9)

TPI

C = circumference
r = radius
Pitch = distance between
threads
TPI = threads per inch

3rd
Class

Compound Machines
MATOTAL = (MA1) (MA2) (MA3) . . .

(13.10)

Gears; Sprockets with Chains; and Pulleys

with Belts Ratios

Wheel and Axle

GR =
Effort at Axle

dout
din

Nout
Nin

dout

out

in
out

din
in

in
out

out

(pulleys)

in

(13.11)
(13.12)

Compound Gears
B

GRTOTAL = (

Effort at Wheel

Pulley Systems
IMA = total number of strands of a single string
supporting the resistance
(13.4)
IMA =

DE (string pulled)
DR (resistance lifted)

PLTW, Inc.

(13.5)

) (C)

(13.13)

GR = gear ratio
in = angular velocity - driver
out = angular velocity - driven
Nin = number of teeth - driver
Nout = number of teeth - driven
din = diameter - driver
dout = diameter - driven
in = torque - driver
out = torque - driven

Engineering Formula Sheet

POE 6

Version 2.1

14.0 Structural Design

Steel Beam Design: Shear

Va

Vn

Steel Beam Design: Moment

(14.1)

Vn = 0.6FyAw

n
b

Mn = FyZx

(14.2)

(14.3)

Spread Footing Design

qnet = qallowable - pfooting
pfooting = tfooting 150

(14.4)

q=
Ma = internal bending moment
Mn = nominal moment strength
b = 1.67 = factor of safety for
bending moment
Fy = yield stress
Zx = plastic section modulus about
neutral axis
= allowable bending strength

Va = internal shear force

Vn = nominal shear strength
v = 1.5 = factor of safety for shear
Fy = yield stress
Aw = area of web

= allowable shear strength

15.0 Storm Water Runoff

Storm Water Drainage
Q = CfCiA

Cc =

C1 A1 + C2 A2 +
A1 + A2 +

(15.1)
(15.2)
3

Q = peak storm water runoff rate (ft /s)

Cf = runoff coefficient adjustment
factor
C = runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity (in./h)
A = drainage area (acres)
Runoff Coefficient
Adjustment Factor
Return
Period
Cf
1, 2, 5, 10 1.0
25
1.1
50
1.2
100
1.25

PLTW, Inc.

Rational Method Runoff Coefficients

Categorized by Surface
Forested
0.0590.2
Asphalt
0.70.95
Brick
0.70.85
Concrete
0.80.95
Shingle roof
0.750.95
Lawns, well drained (sandy soil)
Up to 2% slope
0.050.1
2% to 7% slope
0.100.15
Over 7% slope
0.150.2
Lawns, poor drainage (clay soil)
Up to 2% slope
0.130.17
2% to 7% slope
0.180.22
Over 7% slope
0.250.35
Driveways,
0.750.85
walkways
Categorized by Use
Farmland
0.050.3
Pasture
0.050.3
Unimproved
0.10.3
Parks
0.10.25
Cemeteries
0.10.25
Railroad yard
0.20.40
Playgrounds
0.20.35
(except asphalt
or Districts
Business
concrete)
Neighborhood
0.50.7
City (downtown)
0.70.95
Residential
Single-family
0.30.5
Multi-plexes,
0.40.6
detached
Multi-plexes,
0.60.75
attached
Suburban
0.250.4
Apartments,
0.50.7
condominiumsIndustrial
Light
0.50.8
Heavy
0.60.9

Engineering Formula Sheet

P
A

lb
ft2

(14.5)
(14.6)
(14.7)

qnet = net allowable soil bearing

pressure
qallowable = total allowable soil
bearing pressure
pfooting = soil bearing pressure
due to footing weight
tfooting = thickness of footing
q = soil bearing pressure
P = column load applied
A = area of footing

16.0 Water Supply

Hazen-Williams Formula

hf =

10.
1. 5

1. 5

LQ

d . 655

(16.1)

hf = head loss due to friction

(ft of H2O)
L = length of pipe (ft)
Q = water flow rate (gpm)
C = Hazen-Williams constant
d = diameter of pipe (in.)
Dynamic Head
dynamic head = static head
head loss (16.2)
static head = change in elevation
between source and
discharge
(16.3)

17.0 Heat Loss/Gain

Heat Loss/Gain
Q = AUT

U=

1
R

(17.1)
(17.2)

Q = thermal energy
A = area of thermal conductivity
U = coefficient of heat
conductivity (U-factor)
T = change in temperature
R = resistance to heat flow (Rvalue)

CEA 5

PLTW, Inc.

19.0 Equivalent Length of (Generic) Fittings

18.0 Hazen-Williams Constants

Version 2.1

Engineering Formula Sheet

CEA 6

Version 2.1

20.0 555 Timer Design

quaons
T = 0.693 (RA + 2RB)C

f =

(20.1)

(20.2)

duty-cycle =

(RA+ RB)
100%
(RA+2RB)

(20.3)

T = period
f = frequency
RA = resistance A
RB = resistance B
C = capacitance

21.0 Boolean Algebra

Boolean Theorems

Commutative Law

Consensus Theorems

X 0 = 0

(21.1)

XY = YX

(21.10)

X + XY = X + Y

(21.16)

X1 = X

(21.2)

X+Y = Y+X

(21.11)

X + XY = X + Y

(21.17)

X X =X

(21.3)

X + XY = X + Y

(21.18)

X X=0

(21.4)

X + XY = X + Y

(21.19)

Associative Law
X(YZ) = (XY)Z

(21.12)

X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z

(21.13)

X+0=X

(21.5)

X+1=1

(21.6)

X+X=X

(21.7)

Distributive Law

X+X=1

(21.8)

X(Y+Z) = XY + XZ

(21.14)

X=X

(21.9)

(X+Y)(W+Z) = XW+XZ+YW+YZ

(21.15)

DeMorgans Theorems
XY = X + Y

(21.20)

X+Y = X Y

(21.21)

22.0 Speeds and Feeds

N=

CS(12in.
)
ft
d

fm = ftntN

(22.1)
(22.2)

Plunge Rate = fm
N = spindle speed (rpm)
CS = cutting speed (in./min)
d = diameter (in.)
fm = feed rate (in./min)
ft = feed (in./tooth/rev)
nt = number of teeth

PLTW, Inc.

Engineering Formula Sheet

DE 5

CIM 5

Version 2.1

23.0 Aerospace
Equations

Propulsion
F N=

Forces of Flight

CD =

2D
Av2

R e=

vl

CL =

2L

Av2

= Fd

(23.1)

(23.3)
(23.4)

CL = coefficient of lift
CD = coefficient of drag
L = lift
D = drag
A = wing area
= density
Re = Reynolds number
v = velocity
l = length of fluid travel
= fluid viscosity
F = force
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
M = moment
d = moment arm (distance from
datum perpendicular to F)

vj - vo

(23.5)

I = Fave t

(23.6)

Fnet = Favg - Fg

(23.7)

a=

(23.2)

Orbital Mechanics

T = 2

(23.8)

F=

FN = net thrust
W = air mass flow
vo = flight velocity
vj = jet velocity
I = total impulse
Fave = average thrust force
t = change in time (thrust
duration)
Fnet = net force
Favg = average force
Fg = force of gravity
vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
t = change in time (thrust
duration)

(23.9)

G m

(23.11)

2R
m3

G = 6.67 1011 kg 2

a2

(23.14)

(23.15)

r2

v2
) =
2 1

(Ps +

v2
)
2 2

(23.16)

PS = static pressure
v = velocity
= density

Engineering Formula Sheet

Atmosphere Parameters
T = 15.0 - 0.006

(23.12)

K = kinetic energy
m =mass
v = velocity
U = gravitational potential energy
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
R = Distance center main body to
center of orbiting object
E = Total Energy of an orbit

PLTW, Inc.

= 2

(23.10)

E=U+K=

Ber oullis L w

Energy

G m

a2

G m

(Ps +

U=

(23.13)

a2

= eccentricity
b = semi-minor axis
a =semi-major axis
T = orbital period
a = semi-major axis
= gravitational parameter
F = force of gravity between two
bodies
G = universal gravitation constant
M =mass of central body
m = mass of orbiting object
r = distance between center of two
objects

NOTE: Fave and Favg are

easily confused.

K = 12 mv2

b2

= 1-

T + 273.1 5.256

p = 101.2
=

.0

p
0.2 6 T + 273.1

(23.17)
(23.18)
(23.19)

T = temperature
h = height
p = pressure
= density

AE 5