Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 248

J

Jl^.O
~*%&*f*4j6
t=**

\\\o

a-MUr>tu

Jl^.O
~*%&*f*4j6
t=**

\\\o

a-MUr>tu

p^-

O-pIj

^Vl

jx_l Cambridge ^L>-

>J^JI

o-JJi j-AiJL,

^ ^US^] U^J^Li

;jju!I

Lyons

^Vi r U ^L&l

^j

^ ^U5 4,

jSj

^ ^j, ^ ^
;

<j

,u

j^Ul

<U^

Reading

^Uo

iiJJl

^ j juJ ^^i ^^

<~<

I.-..

-y jji- UjX

X->L*jVl
UjjI^JI

oJ

_*U*JI

i-^-.&l

'-

4jJ

ijj

(Arabic)

ili/i/i

JJ

(English)

(Mexican)

^.j

<-jJ

o^Jl

<.

i-W^

ijJUJVl

(Itzlian)

i^S^CJl

i^^SLJi

(Swahili) aJ-^IjJI
.

<.

all

*JILjV

(Spanish)

saxon)

(Brazilian)

*S~^\

(Fijian) <JL>Jl*

(Georgian)

t,

4__*J

(Hamitic)

(Indo

European)

(Mayan) i_jLjLJl

(Romance)
t

>

(Czeck)

i-J^I

(French)

(Anglo

(Germanic) <-JL*j->Jl

fc

J^-

L-SL^<f jL-^i

t(Hopi) t(Hanundo)

(Sanskrit)

^}\

(Cockney) ^L-^JCIt

(Japanese) i-JULJl

JLJ\ aJJ

i_*LJl

(Greek) i-jLyJl

i.

<.

(German) iJLJVl

:jjj'j-'

.-..T^JI

ll

J$,*,:,.l

(Algonquian)

(Eskimo) j^-SL-Vl

i-p-jj_*Jl

(BUin) iJL^Jl

(Cushitic)

^ ^JU 1^

*-,t

...Mjjj\

iJU ^\

(Welsh) jxJu jLj pJJI

<.

(Latin)

(Pasque)

(Semitic)

i^K

(Tigre)

(C. E. Bazcll) Jjl_,

(M. Brfal)
J^,

^^-J

jl-j!

L. Austin)

(J.

(L. Bloomfield) jULi-ji

(LewisCarroll) JjjL-S"

-.,i

f<

fLj-*
fcr4J

^-Uj-i

Firbas)

(J.

C c Fries )
-

(Halliday)

jl^S"

(J. J.

^^-ij-JL,
JJU*-jt

JL-ij

(C.

J-s'j-J

c-j
(J.

^IjlJU

(J-

(W.

Katz) jjL5

(M. Joos) }j>-

(J.

Lyons) j-J^J

(E. A. Nisa) I.U

(G.

J.

Suci)

Trier) j-jI^-J

(B. L. Whorf)

Jj^

(I.

uA=^

Ji

>%

Mc

Intosh)

^JjSi

ij-^rjjf

&

(Strawson)

(H. G. Wells)

(E.

J^JI

Keenan)

(C. K.
4

Qgden)

(A. W.'Read)

(Edward Sapir)

j-j>u-

f>wLJ

jUj
.

4/

(Grimm)

(Zelling Harris)

A. Richards)>jUij

H. Tannenbawm)
t

4i^_j

(Charles Morris) ^j-uy 4(B. Malinowski)

^^
(P.

(A.

(G. Lakoff)

(Ferdinand de Saussure) j-*j-~

^Aj\jJ

(Firth)

o>

^j^^^j*

jj_JOLJl 4(C. E. Osgood)

(Plato)

J^j-

Mc. Cawley)

(Cratylus)

S. Gilbert)

(Homer)

ai

(J.

A. Fodor) jjjjj

4(Bertrand RusseU) J^tj

j^*

Fillmore) j^Jui

J.

(Rudolph Carnap) *_jLJ,L5

JLr

(Hjelmslev)

-M

(M. Bierwich)

i(HX.Cbnldm) J&j? 4 (Noam Chomsky )^$L~*^i;


4

^L-

(B. F. Skinner)

(Henry Sweet)

c(UUmann) oL_*_J,f

(L. Wittgenstein) j_-

ifj-&\ jSJ cij-^Jl JL-JI

'.>;j

Jb Jr^
'

#r?"

J /i\ ^Ui

4JUI Jj**Jd\

j >,hr*j

y*5

a iji ^1 SjL.iVl
rJ

L_

^ji

^Jj*^ jj

5J-p 4_jj_ij v^'j-^"

~\ W. si Semantics iJ^jJl jJLp

j*54i

cr^ ^
1

f* JJ

meamn & cT*^

JjVl J**UI

UNUl ^p

II

Semantics

Read J*J)

o^jj Semantick

^^j
J.P
:

iJtf jt pi-jj

cJy UJj

^i

oL-J

U<U

V^j^

fc

J <j!t

V-V^

dUi JJ o*ii

-Li

c^-j-p Jji

>ejUJl

j-^* -jtJt

*UU

M.

Bre-al

((Historical

J-jj-j

^L^

j_$]

ia^-JI cJtfj

v^

^l

j-JdL, - JjVl

J 5 *^

^iA

Oj-*Jl

iSL^U

JL-fcjJII <_*-*Jl

>

UJI
.

r^'

4_JU
4

djuk

V^ &

JjVl ^*Ui

J^ ^X ,>

J.U1

Semantics c^jW* iiNjJl

vJ>)> U^Vl

*J^S

Semantique i*K cJ-<* ^*j

,/j

J*

j^

-Reflected meanings a point in Semantics*

^UJI **

Studies in the science ofi

^Urn*

Semantics <*JS ^fiS (J

fL_* i-JjJt -_S

**^' *>

JLiu-J ,J

o*ejl

SjL-p ^

c-u^-l j>-

pLJl

(J-acHj

Semantick Philosophy

WIj-^p

^ i<JYaJI ,>i

U.jl> **jJ*ft*

i-^-Li

fU imeaning

J** -^
1

(J

^j

^ ^3^

UUj

^*Ji

^ c gt J*i*Jl >t) ,>*JJ

o*j

^>Ji ^*J .u^i

t^JJl

The meaning of meaning

V J>V j-^Jj
^jJl

*>-

j^

I.

*>>^

ii^.l

^^-ij-JU

<.

v^. r

r^ c "*

liWjJ1

V 15 iJVaJl

oxiiJI

Semantics* ^JJa^n

<JVjl)I

,Jp

Jli

JlJi

^ mt u
.

j^LJI

jb-f

j^Jij

j*

^_JL>.

JiljJ

oL^ik-AJl

y&

Ua

i_iJJl

come

^Lw

jtf

<o[

<jtS"

Guardian jLo,l*JI

_ ijoji

i^^,

SjjL^. At the Pentagon


*

_H

,_t

4_U5

ijj-wk

jiJUl jOp jl

iU5J

lw

lu

Semasiology

t -

^
i

LjJj

^Jui

^ ^JL:_1l
manoeuvre

^j

j^j
.

^^ u j^-v

5^>^>^jl J&\

flJb*i*,l

jU^I

j_HJ_-jJI UV^
reduced
j-L_stfJj

cAM

II

^L_p

semantics

to

Homclessness

K_->v-wg ^yjw ^y mobiie

tJjyu

^'UUjjfcl

^L L_^

-,* jf <J

^.yt j\

^y jf c^LU^-l

iUU jjj

-J5J j_ii

oljliVl ,Jp

i^UJl ^'L^yj

*JLi* JjVl jl^uJl

4j.-L.Vl 4LiJl oJlS" j-j-

j~* V

Semantics

^-L_>*i; ji ^j^jCi

c-*-iic_-l JOJj

Signifies

B. Malinowski

^ H. G. Wells ^L,

<)

Jli

i. -uju

^ Semantics j Semantic

^juji

V USJ|

^ Li~ j^jLiu-i U UU *LJuJl jl ^j

j_a

Semantics Ulk

j^u _ j-uaj

Jl ^y.f ol>ik-x.

Semics, Sememics, Semiotics, Semalogy

fc

pJU^u ijtjji oUOJl J j^J\ iKJL.

things to

^* J>. (Jj jU*Vl

A. Richards jijl^jj C. K. Ogden j-u>-jf <ii[

oULjVI

The shape of

>

'

^ ,_-< ^f

pi*

11

manoeuvre"

jf jliJl jl_yjj(

^L'

-_jj

dJij tJjy

Jb-

J\

^s^

J*

Ul^_

J^\ <-*i\J\ _*

JLw

Of

cJUj

US

>_^f ^>J

jjL

iJ^L^Vl ^p L^J^j

J^>

CS.j^j-*^ jj-

JaaJL oJo>- i-iJb- oai

(,

lui^l

ijSL-^Ji

JlpI

tease

jf iiV-xJi (J* *>:..,, of

UU

oUUL

J* l^*,
US J_*n J^' <U&
t

strip

^i

j-^

Jaf ijL*j j\

LiJl jJS\ t

meaning i_JJ

^ Ji V U

Lr*^ j-i* iu-

^j_Jl lx*

j* U.j l^

^.UJL.

jjjLt^.jj 0-brjf

^LJl

iLp j-* *;LJ; j> L*

oJj*

p^jwJl

mean J~LU

L^^^l

*UUII jUT

iU53l

Sj^xJl*

*1W_.^ V

J>w- oij

^ ^IsS .y ,^J jSU, V of >

-J

^ili

l^-U

^ bop ^yu

jUJl

iilii^Jl

J-U

ecdysiast

^^Jl

^jk meaning

^>Ul

o\Sj - j jUl
.

jf

siUJtf

o^ ^ ^^1

Ji

.,,.>.;

^La

oUyC roJ
_

*^
jJl

I
'

meaning j mean J,-J*- j-

oUOJa-^Ji

mean

lap IJLa

* J

jl

j^\

L_*

n^ii

J~*i

oi

LIp ^L^
'^j-^p

Jj*J ^ijl

"^

jl -Ua*f

L^l L*4^

^
^a.

^^

j^j

JJ^

,_^j

Oj-C

lS-^

^r^

1-*jjj

to

L;V

Sjl^p

j!

jf

dlj^j

o\

oi>j

JJL*^ Py ja

jl

oUjLc*j

oU^U
\T

jf

*^l

^j_>^_
Uju-

^ jj^;

Jl.

_....,

t^ J^
of

fljjbD

La mean

oU%Jl oIa
iiill

idol

jjj ^_^jl

Uj)

^j^,

^^Op

be ther tomorrow

^ J^' P^

j^

intend JUai

jj^uj (UojI meaning

obLiij[ Luiajo
.

SjLp

^-J

my meaning j* ^Xj^j

<.

<

UU

j_^>-Vl ft^aJlj

j\

jf N,

j^J

V ^9 ^Lj*>UJiw ^^ Jp

4-^-^0*^ 1^

Of

5jL-i^LJ

J>\

L_** jE

lil

^ ^^ o^^J&l ^ JU

h^r* ^x*~* J-*

<wK OV
t

<*

0L_S"

Jx"
Jtij

^>^

jf

LJ

j^

lj_J5 jl Sflj-

oJJl

^^

oL*Ij^-NI ySt

jl

Ll_L_*J l$Jl

^ ^ uy U*j
^

Ji

iiS^L.

oijUl

jJi

ii^Vl
oJL*j

jt

Ksame -ness JJLJlp

^f Jl Ut

_. J-Ulj

Uxp p\

J_*Lo

jj&

oL*>*jcJl ly^ *_JaJL>

&

t/

Jl

j*

viiL"

iiJ jf

oUJia^i*
'^i ^iLta

^epL-r* of

JjVl ^LiJl

t,

-J 4_j1b

iU^>Jl

jt

*-aj

i^lp
*Jv$

**j LjjV
..

aJUo

US'

Li-

,^

*-*!

.Ja-:...*

<^ ^^J'

J^Jl)

oU5
>

t- Ji

j-SX
t

jt

L^jj

^ v^
oUJ

i-^-i

pfJl j^j

'

^jcJl

q&m

iUS^ ^Ji ^j^

chat

j-

^g"'

*^r^
jl

L^-lj^

j\

j^j

LJip ^^^Jl ^j-i" ^_i oi[

_^-*-*-^

ot *i-j

-U

L^J[ jJ^T i_US" *jLii jl

4_^j

jl _Ji Jl
>_j ; :.^i

Sf Jl-.

ji

j,> jp oLlycJl

j'i

^ ojVl

Ljf

jJl

j-yJJI

oJ

oUOk^Jl >t& Jl >JU

silJii

<_-j

L-t _

^-M^

^^U

JP

Jl*

\..$*%'*j

v*U

^'Jl

(^Jl

JUb

oLKM

% U-^V i-J^I oJJl J achat*


i^J^i!! J a^kJB jjj liU Jt J
dJJj ^
J-jI*J1
J^ jt U~Uj
L^L

_ j-iJlSUJ iw-L

jl*^ U-j

- U-j?i^pU

^j

{(JUL iill^Jl iib^JW ^^ju Ja>Jl ,j?-B

oUA&

jy-t

f^i~ oL-s-y ^
ii-Ul j* ^UJl -yt

j^

Jl

*Ij^l-I

a!>LJI

J oJj~

jt jJi^Jl JLfcw

^pj)

(iiL^JI

U^-

Ji*

l_jt

^JS

J meaning^ mean

SjL-iVl

Jl

,*?* a;

^>^ _>
a

1^1

'-^y ^-'^*L J.
'

Uxii-L iUaJl i^ij

meaning <J^J

^ Jj_iJl js- Lewis Carroll Jjji^ <^-^

^r

J-ais

J[ <H

oL*i5"

<

j^&

JL.t

oi

'-^-*

p^^o'

^_Al^- ^^y-^ JLj-aj


.

oLp

Jj

<,

dM

j&

J**fj Alice's Adventures

Wonderland

in

"#1*

Jyt L- j*f JiVl Jj>

j_* IJL* _

Lit i

il>**. Alice

jt

j~ LjUKJ

j*

ol*lJl

V oUKJl
Jl
fc

_5

wL-^V

^^p-jI

iu^ji
t

*->\Jo?

^u

Uif

<-u:

^klL,

jc

L$JI

^t ojjj
iJi <~Ju

jl

o*****- ^fc*

honest

i_~*l

^y

^yJL

^^i

^j^-jI

4_Ji

jt

^jJLiJl JLJ^JU

oJjsj

^^1

^y\

j^

Utn

o^-i

e
.

^
<

"

J*3 u

**

-cih>t-

"

_li

j&j*

Jj-j

Jju ^i) Jj- Ji

IJb-

LJ?

jj>- ^y

iUJJ

i*Ju jl ^^-s^-) ii-iaJl


:

ij accented Sj^-uJl

^^Uj ...
>.<*

jt

Vr...'i

J^
^Ur

'-*

se **'**^ *J*iW

<>y*j Jyt

J-*i>v ^Uii fl^^i* ^!b

^-J^Jl L*-m

^u

iU>-

Ulj kIjLj>- yfcU 4Jli

^t

Jy j*

JLp - -&>i

<l*jjJl

(I ; o

^a"

J--

Lfil

dUJ jkf

(^ili^l <j ^t-

dljj>-

^-J -jL

fc

L*

*^>J

^ iU-V^

*%- <_U

j^ v-j-dl

plJii-Vl 1-U 01

oL*AU i^jJ1i t ^*Jl

*Ju^- *_ L^li Jltj!

jt

IJU

_ -*#lj

Iflt

J^ iiL*j

fj^

-jij

vj^i V

iil=^

S^ o,/n ftL^t

JiULjj

oiV

jk!3

4jV

intonation *-*^Jl J-i*

*,

clever SyfcU

jjj

J ^^

p+j

(Jut

Jtp

lit

^^Uj i-IS i^j-MLi

jt

Ju. ilL* jfj

j-^-l

\+>\

jt

J-j^

jt^

The March Hare

<J&

J^

,J**ttj

*-^v ^y

^^^i-H <J^i U^ 1^5"

jl

Jy

jl

o-j

A-kuJ

-^^ oj^i-

Lib"

i~'Ul

c/VU*^l Jl >JL ^J|

i-*i*Jl <-ljjJl

^^^J

Linguistics oJJl JU.

\Q

^ ^j^-

u(

jJriJ

iTVaJl Jlp jl

JW J*uJl

JUill

L*

,5^

f^

fPj iWoJl pJU;

^ J^b

2_JdJl

y *Sr y

iJV-Oi jJU

il^jJl (Up jt

^^

*^kuJ

jl

j-*Jl p-U> Phonetics olj-^Vl ^1*5


_

u-w?

jl

^i-j)

<if

Ji-UaJU

U^-j

I^J_>- l-U

jljjl

ijjo

^i Up

<JU^i-* j^ ti>

L.

jLC

jjjj

iJ^jJl pi*

^y

Jl

^j^ j^

^ &U ^5t

<JJI!I

^^^

LgJ _ jLiJl

'jljJVl

J^~- Jlp

j*

sign

^Li

Vb

Ut

U/l-ipL

l^j

^k

^y

Sjj^-oJU

J_A ^Jl Saussure


4j[ <tJ

i\^ v'^l oijU^I r J^^J

iJcUi

t5>"t V-L; ja

^*?^

a...,

j_:

'&Jj

JliJl

J_-

5X0* JUjN!

gibbons Jj-l>J* ^j^-w

fc

Grammar

oJLft

o">Lp JQs_a- *_u>^-l

'ly^f

-^j

jT

^^ko

^JUl^^^iJJl ^i^jJl

oL;y.

(.k^aJl <J^Jl

& Sr~j

^\ lj\SH\ ^y

j^j

^y _pjl ^U

(Signifie) S/jJj_*j (Signifiant)

ji-i-* ^}J>

^Lo

^J

(i^i> ^y

Ferdinand de _^-j

L^j

JjUj jVl

jt

a_^-1^^ _ 'u-iji* *-^i5 i_*JJl *.U_U


J_-JL> Jjjj ^_4j

olj_^>Vl pi^j
-l>-y

^;

U-^*-

--^'--

,_

./

^ju

jUJi

>

y*

%'ajej

J^aiJlj

JUai^i ,h

\*-j

jL

jUJl

*_AJl

-j_jJl

jt

Ujj_j

1,1

mAw.T

J ^t)c>j
uiUj
(,

ou^i

4_JL-SJ^/I 4_>u

<L;UJJ ^j^*? 4_jJJl

jV

^kJL, ^_^-VL|

^^ jj-?*:
i*J u-a.^aj ji

iJ^jJl -ip

jt

aju
jf

,*

^ii

jL^

j Ja.:

Uj

j^

Ji

-L

<JL^L

'

empirical

'a:.. .j

J^

ip*_*>j>*^

^y^

J LgJI J_Sj^JI

(^

jt

J-*

at

o'j^J'u

v^'

lJ:J1

Uu,

sJLifr 1$.

^w-il

^JcUl

tj-**^^ p-^j

o^

^r

^'

kind

">L^as _

^JL-jJl oLLs^Ij-* JwJ_>iJ

^Vi ju^i

iJl-^s"

^ j_>-l

JlP

_^>J

<UUV^

jp -degree i^-jjJ*

^iiJL, _

<

JI Jj-~<L* j-^-

c-Jj

N uV

-.

(toli%Jl))

Ji Jjj

iibk
oJJl

(,

r* J

^j-^-Vl oLUJI

^^*J'j

^4-ci

jiiii)

-*

**'

^iSl t^J;

<_*Ja_J

j, l^l J^iJl

(oV^-uJlj oSh-dl) J5t-Jlj


IJ^Jj

j*

jLc*Jt

c^^ L-

:lL-j

4..

-.1

oi

jji;

^ Jpj

uf

dj&

iaJL

jf ju

JL>t<Jl

je*^~*

UJuJLhJ j$L*j

j>- _ *.j^Ji a^-j

J[

^u _
y*

L^f y

bjJ

oJo-lj

iSjJj^

<>*j I^U-b 4_i-jAji oIjL-aJI jt yh i^JuJl ilj-UJ IjjJj^?


.

Ls^-

. JiVi

lb^

L*

<jp *>L^J
01

)V

^>-

jl

LjjU

^Ja-^j

jl

^- ^ . di^^UI

TjlJI

Jp

oij-^Vl

J&j

vocal organs

t,

CjIjsbU o**JaJl ^j^aJLa^Jl


iif-j <UL*. (i^J* iiU>

LJ iLi*i

Noam
.

(Langue)

^jSL-.jJ^"

(,

j-r-j--

4_iJJl

JL**i

jkJl

*L-^pf

J_^b ^UiJI

slLJiSj -

'J^j

^
J

^ 4JL-JI

_ -bJL^-

j&

^Ui

JLJ1

J_

^iJJj

iJ^

Li?-

jp

JaJl

jf

p-KJl)

SjjmJi jf iUJJl

f IkJI

JaiLJi

oJ

La

*.

U
*

UyJ

aj-UJln

<uf

jf

y. ^JJi jjUJ

5 i>Jl
Lj c

*-jLj ^r-j-^; -^

oJlpUJ i*Lp sjUI

Ufj

o^j

<j-Jk

ijf j^-4

^$k Jij

(Parole)

oullj

Chomsky

^/~~*j-~X *-jih)

l^-T^

t>*

t.

-L>

3j^L-^aJl

<.

Sj-L-iJl

iL-^i-! -

J^ jl^VL

^ j, J5 xp

^^j^'

Jl J-a;

^A

t_iki*

Jp

<.

gen6ralisations

^jjJl Of

?-^lj

.1U-j>w

ii-L-j

*.

tPj-* J-* L-*

^yjj ^^
Ja/l

01

\j*-$> j-^ill jS3

^l>^ ^.r*

^1* g* J-Ldd

aJVjJI

J j~-j lP 0*
J&

0*

a.^i 0'

5JLpL~*jj

_ _)*Ji IJu*

y*

*>L*a3 _ _^iJ jf

IJla

8.U jUf aj

(<JlS

j* fj> ^j*.

i-iL^

U1

JJi Jl

>~>*j -^p

L-Uf ^jw U-^.

(*bVl

* -.

*jJiJ

-o

oV^H

i_JuJl

t,

0>&

Jlp IJu jJJ J+Jl


-*X~J jt

Jl

performance tbVUj ((competence

jf <JJJ1

fS-j

^ai-i

l^Vl

J 0t <J <_i-3i ^JUl j-Vl Of j;P

UJJt ^ip 015 jj

J ^ ^iUi of
^S$\j

(Jlp

j;> jp

U?j-i iiL*

a-

^J

<U5Jt

_ 5j0iJi j\

'''

^if

^J J

J ^ Lr^

-^

o-i^J

a^^l

W^f
\

jkJl ij.x~j
J[

i _

^>

jl

L^j *A&i

iji)!

<*LJl ^l^iJl ^j-^rj

jJ A-JaJL;

^-LJ

LgJli

^jj

Ji LJI

4_J

LaJ

j^f*

oUl

<-il

Ap jjLJ jp
jt

J^-^'

ij-iil

L*

o-UaiJl

Jpn

UV

J_^kj_Jl

jp

^jJ_>i

i_ L-Vl ikiJl jl

yj

'

iJ^**

j-j

Ij^lli

Jj

^SJl j^

j_^.
.

fl^Uj^j)

^-* l-^L^J

,^^

J*

jJ-aj

\1

"-^

<^*ii

4-*

*?))

jl

fl

^!-

*J

>

rolj

j^j

wj

a.^Jj

jf

lJ^^l

^>lJI

Jl^Jj

((sentences

U_^>
k

(*^fl

oL-IjjUI

_^Jj

^^o-

jj^JioB

v*-*^

^L^JLj

-^*

iiJJL, oJ

^ Xyw j-^'

Jjh

1.5*

(^^JU

jiJl

i..U JL; 4_aLciJI

^Jl

La

01

it

Kjys

il

^UJI j~J1

3j-*> jl .!v

^ LJU

iJl

Jli

LpJ^, ^1

J-whJlij ((Utterances J^ia_^Jl ^Mioi 8

Humpty Dumpty

i>JL

L^j IfijUtj "-alp

UlSUl

M <-i *^Jlj

Jb

wp^

^y f/ ^t

^...j'.ll

ti^r"^ ^1

U-is- dj^i jf

^1

Jj>JVl Ji*JU Lj~xa

W"

'

V^

cJt

jj-5y ^~>-

Oj^'Vl

jf

l.j>-

L-fj

jr*

S-ApL^

w-1>j I* jl

*j^jU Oj-a.

i^ljJLil

fw>'_JJ

^l ^ jfl

J^S

i-JL

^U *J>yu

*oi*jl L*_Up

JWjJI jJJ

J*

Ji*Jl

jp U;Uj

"ay

iJV-Ui p-UJ

aJLUS"

Jj/S3Ni

^JLil jl$>Jt

..,k....

SjLp _ j^J

jt .

iJLft.'JJ

Oj'aW.n) }\ji\

^-^-)) jkJl jl

-UJ

JliJl

obU

J- J^j

<-up ^Li li*

Vf

c~J oUJl

(>

^L^

J-^

jJ 4_i0>.j) IjJj-C
^5^*-; _ Ja3i _

^I^il

UJl

L*J|j

Ojj *JVjJI

*JL5lSl

J
t

>

^JJi

OU&J

JSO

*LJp

iJYjJI

oUjli

Nli- 0j

j,U,f

^
',

^ ^jX

Jl

j^\

<J|

JS j&

Uu) i^JLJl

^&J

punctuation p^jd\j spelling ^y^^ill

l^iS"

oLJ^Jl

<sS\ jf

lx*-j

J-**'

jSJ

k* ^J^dJ (iU*Jl _^.


(

oUK J

^Vl

l-Oyv

U*l

4>JUt Of
'J*

l_^f Ux_* J>\

.~a

01 II*

^^^

^yJ

jSU; i^j**

^p gzjj

J-r**

jl >:.,.;

i^U

^ Uf

(^J^

Ul.i <s-

(i**Jl

(j^UJi

'

jLj ^

^jj

Jj^a

'j

Ui[j

^jUI

V"

.;

J*J1

JJUl J**Ul

The Spoken Language

U*.

^J

(j&

UUl i-Jp_pj n^jJOJi .UjVIi

-CI

>=*>"

^L^

SjUj) ^LiJS ii>uJl oJJl

<*-*

Jl

JJ.

^> bij ^1

jt

j ja

J*j

*5

J Jp*-

^S3l

il^Jl jJUi jf

u> ^LiSO! li*

^>

jf _

j^LUVl

^ JJUI

Jj

oiw.l

J* Juu

J*_

_,?)

^pUJI o^Jl

Y^

l*J

%^ Lj

JLW

J,

^Irf Ji^L

^1^:
^_^

^U.Ni

^Jl

-*Ji

l7

4b*

j^ iyJ|

<)^ j^-

JU^I op

j,

iyJl ^JJL

^ oU
r

^r

Jlj;

Jikil _

oJJl

.^

v ajj ~->u
t

JliJl

J_

0) prosodic JiJl -^*j


^j-a: U L^J jf
J-*-i^>

*LjO[I

4_JbNl
l-Ufc

j_a

^Li
:

(,

Para

-^-frUail J*L_Jl j^JuJl

p 'V'j

<ii^*

(jJLJl ^y.

J-

Mary going

4_p^> ^n

e |j_j>-t

jU^j

L*X-L>^ j*j

J** J* tij-^'

^Ul

^J
.

jj, ^Jt:

that hat ? ?

,,

(to iUS" tLtu-L

Jii

^ i^p

<Lj>JI

<>Juh

ajl

^i

<~y$C*Jl J5LiJ(

~}LJlj

,j}\

-UiJj

stress

J-*-*'

jL \j~J>j* ,j-a>u L*-i (^J

*U- _ J-L;

wear

to

^Ijl^-1 Ji Uj-it

Jt*

convict jjJL-ji

i^jj yVl *I-U^ Ml

U*j- _ JLlJI
tils

^Ly

linguistic _JjJt

-^l>-

fc

iconvict

<>^l

jj!

oUJS"

5jL-p

!*<

1p ^

lj^ ^jU

^,-Jj

Uj j) iUS" ^i _^U

*JL oi

_lj

J->
j^\i

IJL*

Li

N-b

j^Jl ^loiw-l OLi

iiiJl ^oLj>;

U0_jJjJ

^-L-^Lj) o_j-aII
^->J_>^ L..UP.

ULvl

(i\

^>

ju V

LgiS'tt jl

J&H

f^j^j

I^JLj

y>-_jj
L

JU- iJ

?t*">U

^j

rhythm

^1 iJL^L.j

olj_^S'i _
r

frU/lflS'

.J*.)

^j-^Ji j^>-Jl

para

L.

<Jli J^>-

linguistic

(Sj-^ <JVi L*4J ^-^Jlj

linguistic iia_-a) S^-iS *uyJ jj>

L*J* UJJ'

jli

^JL-Vl o-u J! UuU

Jjkij para

(J* -pyj

^JJi5 <U^--U ^XJi jT

aPj-JI ^~j Jj

j^ ^iUj

J- aweari Jaili

JL**

oL^*

^Ji*^

L4-U jiV, (\)

**r?~

^^

l-M-

^JL^.

i^lJl

u>

V LpOU. ii>
j-il ^ij^-j

vUl

Cr*

0*

u>.|

JjUj

^J!

^"AJlj

fOJ^J

jdl

5J>_uJl

jf

j&

^^U

jjijjl

^I^pVIj

jf !_j^_ jf

J-^

Uti viUi

U V*

J^iJl)

J^ ^_

ii^kuJI

4JJJI

JA,

Speech

ft

J[

IJla

^Ij

^>5UJ!

cJj-^

^
rr

Jij,

L*^&\

acts

JS" '-->-.:

x V

_^J| .lOp jjj,

^^ y j^ UL-f ^ ^j^CJt

-*-

Uxo^-

iii**Jl categories

wj^jjj j|

Propositions jL^-VL; ajl^Lo!\

j(j

|-,.A- ;

L_JI

Jji jL _ odjt ^ju- J| ja^;

j* \j-^ j_&

*^ jL^I ^ cJ

(V'j-"

^j|

^1*3)

^X-

(Ji_Jl

^^fli ilo^Vl j* JtjJl Ujf

jp

-L*l p^j ,^*JI jf tLpii

Wi
(>

j>.

oU_^UJ

iiJijJl ^53

(j-jjJI

J-3^') comment -*Jlj Topic {jJ>jJ\

^OUJl ^U,j

^U

j,

j^/l

iiJJl

i-*il_,

(u^ v^l

c**

^-^

^ JU-VI

.ULJ1

as^ ^ <1,ULJ j^u

il-X^Vl

-^ ^

aJjNJ-

v-i- JUpI IJu jL ^J^pt

<J

J|

iJjJl

oV

oJJi

;^J|

<]VjJ!

Arguments oLc-j_^j_*
U-.f L**

oU^^JU

U^- V.4_JdJ v-L-Vl

1-U; i-jiki^. o?>-l

^'Ltj ^>"

c/ujUl

J^ill

lj)l

iWjJl JU:

Historical Semantics

ja jJ-p Jl L. Bloomfield JiLu^L

^Ji*JI

r >J meat

>Ui>

meat

^JaJl bird ^JaJl _,**-* nestling

i*j_ull

(Narrowing) 0)

(Widening)

c-iV bitter^* biting

Yi

^Jdl

^Jhj-*^ if?*^ J -^

^Jb

^U^Jl

^J*^\ J=

(T)

(Metaphor)

J^-+)\
(r>

^c-y

SjU^-Nl

W?^

r-

!>

check

i-it* ^y ^j-*) (Metonymy) 0) <.LJ3l

(,yj

jaw

iik- fence

(*^- /

J5

Ji_^ stove

strike with

J^w^ astound

torment

5jU-

Sj^tj*-

(^j-VJ

^iwVl

-Xp^jl

Jj*Jl

heated room

^ U- knave

^jJj

(t)

^jli knight

>'

s^JL5

jUJVl

jl-LiJ

ol^-Ju

iiLftj

*jjc\\ <jV

^U- ><\U
c-L-jf J-j

|jL Vli

U.v,M

(|^->uJi)

*IjlJ^=

(j^-jijl)

Li

^j jt

<J*VjOI

0>

kill

t^jJuu

J?UoJl

<INjJ1

^j

^-^y ol^*Ji

Juno Moneta

l^jj-*

^j-^-

hW

-^

JJ ^~w I-&*
^^ J
water tanks oLJl ^jl^a jl 'j-^ jy
<*1&

L$iL>_j

(-^r^')

i_j-L>*4

thunder

admonish ,jJL*j) meneo ^-T>Ul

(W*

3Jj-1>-

^ UUl

co)

(Elevation)

(rvr ^> UJ vJ) i^iS'i V

UiT

fU

4_jy-i <-*dS c-jLS" near *L>^pb

ij-U town

iJ^JJl jIju^I

t^iaLoJl Jij-^ tj*

i*JL&

olLoj

4jj-LJl (ij_Jl tanks

boy

olj

iU53L JaJ^B money ^i


i L*jj

(Degeneration)

a./ia^ \5j~e \5j**j> <-^j^t

>

J^-Jl) (Litotes)

boy

^*-"

<

(Hyperbole) r > oJL-Jl

(^J>bU ^jJVl ^^Jl)

<T>

ii^U-) (Synecdoche)

<ii*

<pL-

vr _^
^.

^_-j

JU*V'

"- j'x'

cl>j nil- JJJ^kjl*

-^u-Ji

To

^ i iSCJ*

^ JLS.J

t^\* J- i^/^it S^i'-t^-j

*iJl jjj)

^j ^

(^/Ji^ijLJi

oU-Ll>-I j^ ouij tSj^

-j'JcOJi

_a y'L^i)

j^l

Jl-J'

^iX'jfi

^.lU^J'

Wl*j

CO

^_j Hi

i-S*

I4J

^ i^U JU*
4U

>dj y^.

>Jy

JjlJ

J ^-o- LJb.
.

<*>

^JS"

jiuJ

bathroom,

ii^JLi

(Jkj

SjLJl

j^*$\ j* flximi-NL* *i^J

<

jjUI ^y^Jl

^1

i-J^lli

L*j ^j-^L

jljo

oUik^Jl

<.>"

'

J energy iJUaJlj mass

Jl*

c-. .--<

po^Jl

jf

>JI

Jjl-J UjjJL-. JiiJj

W. C,

toilet, lavatory,

U UaL*, ^-J

4yu

j-*j G-r -il


<^>-t i_J^j

^L^-^i

privy

^.jsill

oL_U53l

<T)
-

comparative jjUJl iJJdl

<ui SjIp

jt

&

comparative OjUJij

*.

fc

l^jl;

^j

Ji>

uu

Sj-m.1 jt

jfr

J^

j-Ji*

v>*

oUJJi ;>' *b juw

j^w

<Jj>u

LJ

^'L

<^ idJ-J^Vl

x^ uj

wij-Pj

^ij _^ J* ju

^Ji

0UU1 J*^.
ancestor
'

^ p v ^Ji JUji JtUi J-r- JUGermanic v^r^ ^W^ J F ^-*>**^ 4-w^Ul


a_jjjt

^s dJi

wJ JJL-

vj-*i'

philology

tJ-iJ*

IJl-j)

jjj! / ((father

Jj^i

^ y ^' J' ^"^ ^ ^ Jj<0

jp iiiUi ^T i^ji^Ji
j_^"

j,

Of

o=;^

^y jSU^j

<r)
(

Grimm ^jr 0>l*

v'-V^'j i^JUj^Jl j* oUKIl j^ ^Uj

^^

jj^'

T1

W* >

^'

*^

^*-^

ilv -J1

*>&

<*

oUKJl

ii^

01

L^JU^

j^ J

nfish <lL_

^L,

^V J

ne\ve

**^ <X

^ -U^
"il

cJtf

sLii iJ5

^JUi

^ J*y

AJ

pen

t,

i^xll

O^^

01 ^.ia

J_^

^' -*

Cr-r^"

^ ^j
<^d

ovis

Oj-^aJl d-?- j^) ^_JLajJJ 5jUI j-JS\

OjSj

j-^i -

Ji *Lj*Ji 01

j^\ J\ >JL, . ^U^t JJ^I Uf


^ii ^^ hostile jU*dj Hguest
k

J^lkJl

0l> ftp **-j*j

O**^

Vj-^ ^L^' J-k

^Ui

^jL^-b

*lapf

- r L'

-Oijj

^--L

JUlj

<lvj^

^la
.

*J^

Vj^

of -

jJL^JI ja ij^S

o*A>w.

1*j_jS

oUJ j CjLJS JaJ o\?U

J-UJL_.j

j5J

Ju

jj

bj_i

Hfire

jU

asun

rain Ja-^>j

0L (^UJl5

c-J ^j)

Js*^l

((agriculture*

>_a,

^_>.

jf

-ujl

(IjlJU; JS\ IJub jf

jjJ&

,^

iSy.^Ji

*-*jUpU U! O^UUj

J^*U ^^\j}\
oUiS"

ilst-M^i _ j-jCj

jj.
Jj*J

Ji l^\S oUJJi oL_pj_*^


Lt-L LjV dJij ijUlJl oli%Jl

t lj_^-l

LjjO

J* -

acre 0L_J1i

s^j iUS
.

J*_,

i-LJ^Jl i_UJi_,

jlSj

L1j ftUJUtfl

j-^

(j_>JaJl

JClj

^pj) jUa-Jj^ L-Atl abeef ^LJl p->J <US"j cow

J^Vl

piscatorial

IJLaj

* i> k^Y < J^'j aager J-J^n 4_-uT)LJl

apaternal

iJU-UJ

4_d&lj

Ljjb

15^ ">Ui oLUt


ai-Vl iJU
J ^Jtf

V,

;...;

01 *>;,: LJI

i_jJu>*jNl

feather

^LJI

/Jua)

,.-5LsVl 01

ovine

<

-,

C^jj ^J

vr >-i

yVL

nday jL_^n

above Jj_9

^j^l

i^i- .

TV

1W/m

nsky

J^JiJl

Ji

jr*^!

^L>tJl

^L*

Jl >JL

OLa

^L

-I

^L*-Jl
iblkJl

oLJSOJ i^juUl JUJI

lil-jT)

I*

pjrUJI

> ^ar
Uj>j

U^

01

JJ

(tLJL&JU lJLw <JLZ3\

U^ ^Vl

uiu*

s^U-

.JUL^I ^f

J^Vl

^1 j,>
-

j|

3aP j jy

jp

Etymology Jli^iVL

^1

ju-VL

Ui

JUi^Vl JU^il

IJU

UjiVl

JjU;

of

^^

JiVl

oLJLtnfl ^y ^J5_, Cratylus u Jj\^ Plato Oj-W-iT Sj.>l~


J
0>
j-*%
L^ bj^. j&
J_i*jlj < viiU ljLu l$J Oy^jjl
i

j^

jjSj L.

UU oUKJl

AJt>U

cJ

j^KJ

I4J

jlyb ^UJI ^^^Jjj JLJL iJLjl ^.Jwj ^JJi

((Gooseberry

Jp ik:^

_JL*t!t

^-^b <Uj

USj

((Strawberry <JjIjJi

a-Lp

jJJ U

JU

jJ>

(geese jjl

i_U&

^ ^ jf ^pj) j_^}\ iLJ straw JU!l JUjc-L, ^U.


OjaJ^, wi^ ^LJi ^
(J^> jj}\ straw JiJlj l^ ^Ss

jJ( straw

i-JS

01

(greek

J) nwomb ^jn 4_U

^JlJjJl

doaf l^Lpjd ij>

i_*j -J o-iL5 jj

~<-,y^\ 01

0V

>ii

J^>b /

L> jlio

^*<~x

(,

L^l

ajj a_^*f ji <jb

.^

^U

ju>.

J 0^ V

4Ua 0j-&

Up- Ij^o

^LJ^Jl ^L*Jij ^'UiJl

jHjl.

((hysterical

^-

^b

ulady sjl- 5_JSj lord _U-b 4-JS" Ot jf

j^-UJl

0l*

a^^LJb-B

J~. Jp_ JjU;


^-

L^J

ilstf

Jajy

J^ ^^t Uw,

.Ij^JI

o^Vl
^i,
((

jSU* ^

Jl

jjciJi

Of Jb

Of

oli

^ ju^Vi 01

jj;

^jj

^*

<-Jf

o-i_i*l a*

iLiM

Li>-j

J^iiJl
Ju-Jjjl

<J^^

4^1

Ulii ^U)l

*iW

.Ul* i,j ())

jLtiVU

^
cJlS
l+f

Uit-

Ljjl

X* \>

SC_ iiUl
j-S"

^-j

'

^ j>

^yJl jLS

y>

u^ ob

*JjLkJl

V-^JI

lil

fl

j!li>JJ

<Jlj

Sfjf

c-i;

Uk^.

RlSl

c-lj-Ul

iil! i_J-^^JI

jt _

VV

^i^j

la*

^yi j-*^l

_ jj

UJ

is

i-Jdji

the

l-L*

jjX

-^

y>

(,dice

^j^j j^p

jf

Y*

shears

^jLJ!

iWxJl

i_Jl

^JUl *^jLiU

J~jti\ UiUl Jlp j^

tense of

j_^_ jf

^jjj

IJL.J

^^^ ^

'aJ^j}\ U-ljjJl jf

^ ^JcJl

{J

J^

oSj

diachronic

j__ JUj

paM

flwasit

& Lj

s^L^Ji

J^uLi Jjajju fU a>^ j-ijiUl

JaiiJi

j^Jaj^

J^

1^

x^LJL,

ybj Hj ((Ought

J~J

jUl^>Jl JliJi

JLUJI

^U! ^1 J i]^ ,-tf


UK ^ L^ cut Jai ^>; ^JL5

iJiJi o-^Luil

J*

Jy

jjj

j^f*

nsilly

ikJl U*^jl oUJJl oii ^KJi 4jU

*>L^i_>JlVii ^/i^l

<*r-

jjj

U>jJJ

cp ^-^J iS^

jwilj i^-

^Ij

jf

L^ U.JJ

JlOU

^L

(.scissors

nice distinction

J^iJl .

^Ji UK,

ne

UK jL

sniceu

UJt>Ul)

J>U

J^vj

4L^ ^J

U-jU-j

jf

UKj

^ai-i

jL_-

l^jl- U.1^ jSJ

(nnescius

^c

Uuh-

jjj

uprecise

^U;

U-jLj

owe j,x

is tht>

xV

iiiJl

Jl ^Jj

^.Ut-J V

jl

U^,

J^i

j*

i*>Ji

^-uijl

^Ul

plural of die Sy>j ^>.

i'UJI

Xj>_

^_j

^j

LiSf

Aa ^s

UiJl jf

*UU /j
jf ^k-..j
,

^p

AiJ

^Uj j

U-jUJl

U-ljjj!

(U* j-*J

J* I)

ijJuJt

Ui^Jl

*.. J

j*

'^Ul

oLJJJi wi^j

J]

aXjj-L U_Ja> Sja>-

vjjA V-^<
1

LS

^ii.' 1

jcJj

>" JJ

(YTA

Tfa

I-

J^r^' <j*

*^

^SjSj. ^.jU
oJJ!

^ ^

J~*UJI J^aiJI

jf

Jl~U\ .l^Vlj ^JVjJI

a^;

jf

(JU ^-IjJlJ

^J-^i ^i^^Vi oVb~

Uf

^Ul

Js!Ji^\

UjVI

^ ^ij j^

x* <^f

<J

v^U!

(J^JL L.U,f

J-*

ilj^UJl

L~

-^1

jj-C Vt s-*u

jl

ji .

gr^JJI

ji

Sfjt

Rudolph Carnap ^Ujtf _Lp xicJl iJUl

jf

01*^1

LU\ J^~>

.-U

'vrj^\

J* oU>J ^: j UJb
Wl J-~'

!!

'n

^ _*

ji

U^' NL^ ^D-U A>J Jjj

>

ji iHr.

jjX

Ji

^5

jL5 t lj

JL-;

-S~^\

^bs

*i

jl Jb

jJUJl jL-i

ji

J*

V/
^.

<j"5U

_i*~UJij

J - <J

'

^'

- tj

(J bl ^1 J>y6 ji ji

_ SJJLi

i~~JL,

j&

)*J>\ jJj

-lJIjL-*

jLw

j^ju

Ji <JI

b*

*il

aJ

O, _

*_~^ - ^~^.

-'c

>

L*bU

^W*

:JlJ,

i^ii

> J^'

iJL>u ji ,j5Uj

^i>-. <J^1 oi

c^ ^ -^ <-^

bLJ v-uJi j^j-^j j>j-^

ol

^^ '-^
u^ ^
^
^

JJi U
b
vJ^ ^ ^-J1
C
t^' ^
J^ll >i ^j ^ *^l
J^ ^^ 8a^"
1

'

Up iUl Jl
ou> c<r ii ji JjUv- ^> r^ -j^

oU^j. cyt,

^ ^i ^1^1
:

$~~

'

^J

? Ijjb

Jj

LJLC* ^y

^^ J* J^

*^ ^ ^

oUUJl

,-JUJ!

iiquantuin mechanics '<&\

JJ*^ j~*j-^

y~ J*

j~S

,JU3I

.*

>i)

Njti

j-JJI

Ji

^ 0-*^- ^

^L)^J ^.a>JI i>Jlj

rr

Ji

^-J

-*

r1

J'

^-

jf 4JI SjLiVl

OS UjsJ

'

jJ~
0*

^>

-* c^_ ^^Uj,

,>
-

^L^

UU,

o^,

V >^Jl uX!

Iji-M- Jlj,

-^' j- >
r^J

<

iJ- JI

'^

>>~ ,JU

^L^

UIp

UgJ

^
^u^

L_^->L,

\#\ jj| jf

-Lyy j*. Jl _

j-^'

J,>

^ Up

^^ ^Ljjj

jJLbJIi

^ L.oiU>.

*Ub l^i

jlpI^

^l ^

^JJl

^ J-M ^ ^ ^
L

L.

*liJ|

Ij|

i!^U jOp

-uj

>vi

U^

ik^ j^^j

JU,
ju>

o>^j!

^j^

U^ JjL^ ^U- j^ J*j />l ^^


ul* oL jwi j^ ^_ ^ U
<^ ^ _^_ rVj y
>JI)
Jli

Jl

ji

>

H>JU

BJ

JL-

^;

J_^_

4JJJI flOiU-J

u_*

^JUL

Signs, language and*

^jj|

JVjJI

^NjJ! (Jp ^iJ|

4_,L_5

^ dUi,

Llp

^J| j<^

^JU

^>

CharIes Morris

^j^-..

^ ^^ ^1 jjj ^j-i fU^ ^JUl ..behavior


J > US U>
^U Jx* / JI >rj oL.**JL
^Ji >^j UkJl
JL^! o.^L ^ ^ j _^ rUaJ
U* y^> o^
J,
^ ^U UUl > ^ ^f ^i
^L^JI

li_*

lil

jli

L.j

jL

<J]

)yj_

(.behaviourist

^Ul,

.LhjVl !.La

,i,

^JLiUJ a^; ^j^_,

rr

tjJJ

(^^1)

(VA

^
.

J} j{

^^

v\ w^ OVx'i Jj^

cr-

J*>^

J-*^

1^4*

(denoted

^ j>. ^-w

-^ /^'
1

X^ jy^^\ J jL^jl j^

4_J1

^ fe U

jc J(

signify

^J

*i>j

Osgood

C. E.

denote

sigm

fj***^.

fl

p.

^L

jij-JLp

/ 'J^ j-*f

^JU,

^L;

j\

JUL.

c_JL5CJl

UU; ^L>^.

<.

&J

J l^loicu-l **

eU*;l iiliAj

^jj| ,The measurement of meaningi

JVxJl aJL^JIi Ji
i-J^I y^Vl JJu Sl!>
l?

oUJj

flj^u-l j-*; jf

H. Tannenbawm fj-^Ly

oLKJl

<*^j Jifj

jj--jjti 4^ilf

\jJjl^j

ji 4_j

j,J,

jf

(.

ji jj*

y^j U j_a jL^lj .sign o^Ul, ^ J>J| oLJS


asignified Up J^JjuJIi
^ jLJ| li* J J L^> <JL>-j

V*-" L*

ot

^Father

Ji

Ji*

JI ^kJL,

ybf

G.

J.

Suci

olU*

JUJ! 1>

^-Ui

ju^ ^jj

(? ^j_>. j[

^jj
il^,

qU z
i

^ ^ Lu gjbJI c-
e- ^
JUii^li ^^l ^p Uji J^i
u
^^Jl ^ J-UJU
^j

Lij^i

la.* jf

^Ijl

jlJ

J* (^'j-"

*-lj^\

J^rjU J^f

'^ J* j-*
jL*jf ajij

i^^iJ
U,

(J

-i

P-a-oJl

l^-^L,

jf

jUiJ

<J

^^Jl

^^Jlj
6

UU

^>-^Jl jlj-*

L^ ^kL-

^!l

jf

emotive

LJJU

JUf

JUJI

dstateman

^Wl

iiUj

iyjj il^J <~Jl

^Ut

sop

V-Lk^Vln oVL>JL
J*i ij

^-UJli

J^ J* oLJJl _ ip^
^_ ^-yOJl jU ^Ui ^j

JLuJl
4_jf

Ja_jf) Kconnotattonal ^'..o.-VrJU jf

j^r^u ^-j ((politician

-*

a^j-j

vW'

JJ.L,

^JL-f

Jfcl^lj -uLiJ!

oUp

^ jj5( ^ J* ^j^ j j^JU ^o>


oLp^UJ o^^^<;^ U
oljLtf-Vl
J aUJioJl
4^Lofc!

j-Jl

IopIj LaU^jI

communication JUaJ^I

rt

<>_J^

_ a1a_j

JjV

^ WtfU Lit

> ^i j^

lkJl
f

>> 0- ^J -^ <J
(o^U of aa Oj* jjj
S

J|

f >J^

jt

Jk)l

of

.^i

iJL^JI

j^"
t,4*

JJi; of

^f^J

JJ .L^iJli

^jLo

li> oV

,> ta-J jt j^.

tff)

Noise Uij.jjl

IJU

0jfi
uf

^LJI

meaning

jV

ro

l^J|

Ui

Redundancy

^Uij o^Si

.^i j^j,
j} i^^j,
j^ Uxp i.^U
4

^uJL,

^L.y^j, JLmj

l^j^_ j,

Ji,

^ ^ oUiUj ^

j^ o~J ^1
c

1*

^ ^f i^j

uioii

^^

JUa;V1

^l .U^

. jf

Aj,^ Jl>

Jy

^Ul

oL.>JI

ilL^i .1^1

L^ ^y, |_ b

^k^j

wU-j

j,LJI JLiJl

^^

iJ^oJi

J L_>, L_* ^J,


UjJl 4^-j Js.

5>J

oLvUJIl

^ JUI W>U

o^iJi

^ y Ji-Vl ^Jl oU"

^1

y >\)\ J

;f

^ ^jLo

JU:VI

Uij

^
>-

J*J.>I

l*f jj.

<^Jl

jf

vilS

^.j.
j

^_^

U^UJI

iJVAj|

^L-^l ji.

fcr^'

Wall

(JLp

JU-

The scope of Semantics

y ^j^ v-'Lk- ^-^ JiA -^ <^ ^W


;i

L*iV

L*^ >Jl

^ . Ly^Ui

'-L-*

^J^ju u+j$

rv

JjL^L-

;Wj}\

^^

J/i\ Juji

Naming

JUL, JL^I U^ U,L^U


f

stands

Jl >-H 5UJI

oJJl

J JX Ul j,L- J^i ^ u/i

^^

JjIjlJ|j

x^J ^^ denotes JU Jju jf


>~~- ^j olS^Vl ,> jf ^ .ULJI
oJ-jt

.(labels

o^

_,f

-UL_UUU<_j|

^rrij-fll

jlk-SJI

V^ <> J

d.^ jf

J^J

-L*

;jJJ!

^ J^Vl

Js. <^,\

i*b*l\

^^^
^_J|

<,l~_,

jf

J^

^
t

_,f

^ ^ ^^

refers to

Jl

^^

JI

j^^j,
fA

jf

for

, (5 ^JLi

&

jf

- iioJl

^j^.cUK

^f j,>

^ .LSVl .UJ

,U

*V ^ ^*JI .LiVl ijj JUp

^i, ojl^Uj

^_

j (aJ)

^ ^ j^ oUKJl

^ oUl&l

v-JI,<JL** J*>

JjJ J*JJ oj_'

.names .L~f>

o^Jlj

L.ju* f da da B
t

^|1

JxiJlj

Skill

U^Jt

^ ^ ^ ol-^^Ji ^

J^J*

> OjJI ob>Jl

Vr-i

i*-W ,>

*J1^

VjJU* ^-J

^1 Xb

(fill

U^J^J jf.UL*_
4->w^

^w *^

L*f

j*

(iu

fOiCw

L^

jQ

IjJj

*^i

iA)

j^i LJ

of

g*\j

IjLXif jfj

^Jj-^J

Jl

jV-

^-^^JLj
of

'

^y

^j-* W^^

^^

(under

up

(because
<

U^
^U

Ol

^j^,

Lf

jV

>.

ol i i^j-Jl J*

^j

U)
_

j^Vl

ijUJL

^_ ^

U ^J>y
fUf US_^

ix^-

j^j

UU

jf

j y^

k-lUa-d

U,

J*iJl

gi

i_S^ Ju* p-i-iu^

^1 ^ l^jj Sjj^JL

U^-w

jf

gji.J U-aI_,

}U^~-

Jl

J** i^LJ,

(tf^u Sj^

of jf j^aiJl

jl^, jlj

I41

jf io>. ^^w^Jl

JL.^ j^ljJJI

jf

jj, Ij^a, JJ

Sfjti

^j ^i

UU-

JliJl

ti^-

jl

gASSjJ^JI

j*.

JUiVi

^^

oluJl Ja^L ia>j

J- V Uiif

C'jj

'jf

Si IJL*

jj

J^j

^jaw ;ois^ m-jLjJ.


Ji ^U>j

i-^U-Vl

t*J' J*

Ji-

^* ^^i

iJL|jj

g^^JU Sj^

jJl; ^JlJI

J^i J-t; Lm
jUU 61^- jb^* iiL*j

t^-isrij

UJUf

fl^jUJl, *_*Ji

<Jl

J_,lo_>.

^ ^ J^

oJU

-^f

JbuVl

jf

jl^ VI

*L~f UjL-^L (oLUJl)

^ -HW Ju >Ui

<4>l~> ihw>

^)

jfl

t-L*

J-^i-Jl j*i

<run

^1 ^

*a^i
o!

UjU-j

jf

Jl >_j JU JUL;;

^SUj

*^

i)U*

iLSLlJI jf ^JSJS

^ Jjj iJJL^

prepositions j^Jl otJjP

when LjJ) conjunctions ^^Jlj

*j-^~ o^L5J^

Uif

r^

L"

(ja - Uf)

^ "

pronouns ^UaJI

oLJjU_%j ^Jj>,

e-

jl^JI J,>Jij

**i!^Jl sL>JI

*,U

SL>Jl

cJ oLJ^Jl
L_>

5UJI

^JLJ

jSU*

JJU \j~Jb

IJLa

j^s

Vj

jLS

lil

kSaj-^. *L_if

J^tVl

-j>cjj

J^
.

jl

^li

U JL-J

l^

U4J

"

-**

JLa jSo*

JU

jl JLJb-

:...;

-^

jf

k:

j^

uull
jt

jl _

*1

jji

<JI

bjv

a* ^rj^i tJ^

of V^i-J

'

*^ ^

j* >

*^*

'

Ji>

Cr*

Jl

5L>J(

lipl

Jl j-U N ^j^f *L-t 4Uaj

-^ i*^

Lit *L-*I L^l

r+>j>

.r-t tf

ISli

-^y

^1)

M*

J*

Jp

*LJif i^)l

(--J

O'

Lf*

y^,

*JtJl)

^5Uj

jl ji^i

aJu-a

fc

athe

^l JU ^yxJi

-*j-J

'

Uw?lj ^r^i

nouns *U^.Vlj

oJl

L * Ji

s&\

*Uif j^-y ti>- j^p-j

^JlJI

*L Vl

nouns

iluU_. ijU

Jl -^Jn <U

jISX

*bj

lunicorn

JJj ^* JU Ji* oLU<

JjJ Jl IJL*

JliJl

jUJl ^A-a* (JIpj

jf _ ^-L-aJI

J*

j~

>

j-P *LiV *L*f

S-ij-^y

J jj-j'ji

(<J1 jJtu

jl

^J*

fc

the evening star

r-Jl

oU^

(*jU-JI w-L!l

y> 3

ili.Vl

jf

*L-it lf~

*_jjjj ji

^kJL

^ JiU

t Ua_*4

oU&l

SJL*.

jJI *L-iVi

- <_j>JU

->*

L_J ^jH>- c..j

Jl

J***

^Ji ii^^aJJ Lal> Ijr * r-

T.,,1

igoblin c-j^-Jpi

J ii^ry *LJlV UJ
t

^-i

J .Lit Ji ^ N ^ 4Ji
^ C^y ^ V_t*-^'

jL

aJu

ifairy

^1

morning

(_^

ot

5^ fill

star ^U<aJl

Venus

Thei

^yj

v*j-^' J*

<

jj-**

^ Sullivan oLiJj_-_> Gilbert ^j-Jl>- ^J^


;

L^f jJL-i

;U>JI ^y

JLuJI J-~- Jlo


J^-lj

^U*^ ^-^

l/^ c^!

Jvy

J-S

Ljy l^jX *Uil

*^l ^^u

<JUI

U ^&

OjaJI c-*ij

JaJy ^jt

-l

i^*p-

JlSLif

J_uJL.j

dMikado

oUKJl Jlp UUil


J[ yjJ

i_ibi^ *LJif .j_*>^

fUa4j

<4Aj

UU

^I^SJIb

^4]*; ichairs
*

? stool

^JUJI

iJL>

o>&

il&UJl

^yfc

L*J l*J5

J-Jlj

L4JI

JLij

*.

JJlL"

*lj

jj- ix*

(,

settee

i&jf

^ Ji* ^JJI

^J

jJI UiVi of

**U jJ->u otil^t j^ \*y

(j-J *L~iVi o-L* of

(T)
*

iiLa.

U-/ L^

i_Ji^

jJI JjLx*

ij^li

L*i\j)\

of- <S">^* ur"

nominalist 4_*wMl i)jJli

l\

<.

^JLUj

fc

0) realist

JaiJl jl

lij^L L^J^jLiJl

S^l 4^1j LpcJj iA5U L^p -iicJ

ii

urv^

j^jS" N>

jUUi objiJl

^U

^U^.

U_$Jtf

c-;; llj

L.LJ iObl.

c_U

Jjf

oUJJl ^j

Jlp iW-Ul

*L-it

JjVl \$}\

L.T

_jwLS ol. ._ ;

J tJJi UK

tf^i-

^i^

iuniversal

oLUSJl Jl >_JL; *LiVl ^Lw^i

jJI

UJbJ jj,

J*

Js-

^jS"

chair

^/

jf

i^/i

'<*&

^-J

I4I l-i*

^Jl *LiVli

oL*^" iiU* jl ^jJ


L*K
1A_* ^J ^Vl jfl

4-lS'i

^ ^ii^_ lJ* iJNjJl J JL*c-J


^U^ ^^ ijjIb^fKsiU^- J\iJl

UJ JJ iJJ
stool

j^tji ji

J^J

Ji

4^jt

ssofa

couch jjj-JlS j>*i*

oi dfauteuib i-~JyJl <_UJi jl


ij_>-j jf j~>-

ojj^^jJU ^j-J
:

oLO&J

4-ij
* iVjj

J
plk

4Jli

^LJL-

arm

arm

oUJJ!

J 5~

ijJbKjVl ilJl

L-l

c^L ^U cJL5 .Ulj

*pj

(Aaj L*-i

^f

o&bx*

<iij

UJ

rJ[

_/iJ:i

tallboy

^Ijjf

oli <Jlj_>-i

Jlj-

^-^

jr*-*jJJl

J dUJtf

i~J>JI iU5JI

^j^&J ^jjjj olS

^Jl5

chair

<a^ dj& Ujj

cupboard JL-tVlj
ojj

chairs 4_ij_JL>iVl 4_JlJJ <jj'* jJ-J

oL-^LJ!j ^"^-JJ

JJI i-Jilf

-J I

tf^-Mt

>

chest of drawers

J j^J

fOiwJ

l>-

sideboard

wardrobe

IJU .jiib ^J_^--j) iib>*-

j-^

^1

\r^"

ftL*.f *j&JlJ* Trobriand JlJU^-jj^jj *j-i'fr

^rjjyj^\

(JLp

c^Jj

(^JUJl

^Ul

it

oLS

jf

J[

^^l-J^-JL-a

^ ^UJI J^iJI >t)

ij-Ui^l'.

&*%! pAX* ij^X-Vli


IkiL- OLS

Jp LiL, J

Of

J! JkS\

Ya[

L.

Jp j^c

<-J5 O^Jt**-- iThe Hopi, jS3


jf

iJL-5^. jT

SjJlt OLS"

If .flier

j^-j
*

Li btt

Jk0( JJuJ

jf

yG

jS3

e jjb

;it

^liT
Jj -

L; Lol

JiuJ *ai*j

pJUJl w^oJ j-JJ JtJ?

LUJ p***M JJJ

Ljf

.,. ;

Sff

ULp

jl-VI

^1

j*

*UiVl ,Ji^i

dJi

<-jJl Lj'L^IW/14

JP

4-UaJI AijjcJU jjti i-ij

L-

o>;

;^

4_JU-l ji^Ji

Uly

J^Jt ^l)

IJ1

*~J oK.mJT L4J

^fjf iU* Jl-J-AS^ Jp. Jj>-V


LUp ^>o

^1

J Ljic ^jVl
Jl SjLiyi J \v ij^\j

jUJl,

V ^UJI oLiwdl

oLOS

Jju"

oL-Ulj olyuJl .IwV <~-JL ^>w 4 ii ^Jlj

^jjl

jf 4

Jl Ljo

O'j-e^ *iJL>.

Jp

.L,

(dJUl *JJ1

^Vl

jlJL^JI

^^m y>

Whorf

- *B. L.

>Uai

i^^J

j~qJjC*J ^j-A^U Ujl^pLj

jtf ^ liLJ dJUi ^jj) IjJU. JLUJlj


OI_^->Jlj ijJlUJIij
-UJ

IJLa

^j

'-

iji

Jp

^UL*

ij^u

jif

t/*^ <JLx^l
1

-J

^-w

^jjt

L^L

lfi

^j^J
i

li*

o>x

jJj

J uj^sjjl

/i

of

jsP

>^-i ?*iJli Of

\&~
.

d\Sj

u-u^u

IJla

jp

Uut>- ^j 4*JUJI

tr

NaCI

j$c

5_iJJl

&L-*

(? aj-k ^-Ut ^jUili

jf

i^ji^l

j$\ 5iUt j>

Of ?Ju-U ^yuii

iJSU-JU

jjhj-j Of jUla*^L

J*-

JUJ jl>u

o^Jl i^j

4.5U-

J^UJl*

^ j*J J\ ^js of ^k^J Uf

<JL *tflj^>*j

^JJI

**Ul

.,

Vj

JjU-

^ijjX*
sjU^ji

<.

Ja-j

^_ih>J ojbi^Jl <J0Jlj

J_^

jf

^*

Ix-ii-Vl

^ 5J_^^ ii>-!

((dictionary

i_^Li

y^

jL^

j\

dj-&

^JxJ

js^- v

jf

^iJl L. _

J-t* t

lj

>JL SyC j*
i*y->

jjj

lOJ^"

^cr-

^f ^ J^j Jj
c

ULJ

Jlu>- *>Uj

iJtfi

jl,

j'vt

^kJ
^UJl

^UVl

<JL*Jl

oU53U

cAUl

jl

u. \j^s

^aj

ji

^ J3

U^j

LybUi

^
UjV

-^ '4* ^ ^!
.^1 Ji ^il j\ ^f j| .

<tf

^U

vW oLlUi ^
e

jl

^^ oli iJ&Jl

^ ui

jf

Jl

Oj^J L^f

L^*Ui

^ UU
^ ^ ^^ ^/

_^ Jp -

oU

L-f

j-tj*- j-* l-Uj

^y*& oLiiyu

j^i

jl

ijla

JUI

>

Ui^Jl

o^c-

fc

oUKJl a^^,,

J-iil

J ^l>l

iUSij tobject

J^

Jl j^J

'^ Jl b^ Ji> jp J

i-iUl oLUSJl Jl

<

.Lif

(^3 tfUl Bertrand Russell

l^L'Uaij

^ L^J jj| _ ii^Jl Sj^jl

UJl^w,

Lj-i^ j^U^. JLiVl jlj


f

~m>** C

J*

t*" J*"

lx>U jj5^_ o IJUj

<j.

Jl

---/tl;

(^JUI

^JLiJl Jl

J J**u jf Uuj^\} o\S ^l oU^ ^JytJ jl ijj tfjjjjdl ja


ti^ ^.^ y-u^j^ ** ^^ u ^~ V ^^^i ^b <*j
lj[

Oj-j

jJ 4JI

J* - VyL-i,

^jS j_*

jj-^

settee

jJajJ

i&jVl

^^

_,f

^U-^Jl

stool

i_J5 cJL5

lil

U,

^ is*J J\j*X J^^.Y iSj*^ ^>JI fb U


J *^

J'

i,yS\ jf

y>j

UU: ^iy
jf

Jp

IjjLJ

^^V

'

%"U

JiiJi

^^

^ ^ "^

***"-

L. Wittgenstein

Jj j^Jj

j^ Jj

.LiVl *lf

(^il
.

r-/ jf

Ijl*L,

table

*^*

^j^JJJi jip U5j

^y.Ui]! ujLycJl

jl <;V

'

L_

Sj^uJI

u~^

ijjcJl ^JJ

^^

^-^--

j^

oJJ Ij^-

,JUi

4jf

w.

Ll^

^^

^ oV

jl

L>

Ujlp iwl^i Jji


iJj

oUKSl

^~li jf

frLj-ilj

^y&j

J-**-

Jl

Jka^>

^Jl

JlP (C^*-

_J"

Si

IjUb

_jj*>

v-^Ui) ^JJiS"

a horse on the lawn

is

^-Oa^V* Mj_/i

L-l

lJu

lul

AjC

-UJ

j-'W9 j^"

*j**a

JpxJ

Lil

l^

^*a JS\^

J**JI

l^' t^H**' *-ijj-^ ^1

JLJLj

JLJ

^_ J-^ill

jVl

(^

^ -^v

^^j-t/J' ((There

jl

j*

^>-

Jit J! >-JL iJNjJl Jj> o^5LL-

(Juc;

ji j_jj

L_U

ji

L-^J'

J*

iL**- JJ^> a-Lo ^'-b-tj

jUa^

J^ Jj&

^-j-Jl

-U)

t^aJ ^Jl tj^tJl jI^PLj ^*-*Jl

^-UjkJI L$j

U-y iJuLi truth conditions


'
.

/i

-*-

^_-Jlp

o_b_

aU-

j>w2ji J*jj-iii

b|

4jww3

JLfr li-_i

Jj_di

f(

jUa>-

_r

r-j^Jl

>*-J

jV

i).*>-

J^-B

7-^'j ^j-*"*'

ol_jj

ja ^-yn Jl

j*t) Jaii 4_kJJi

*Lii

Jl

^aJl;

J>b

y^-JL;

-LJV-lJl

^UJl

<*

J_r*i

-'-Tj-i

oUap- rj-^

j'*"^!

jL&i N ^~?- Jl UJL^L

'r

y*--^

Ip jAj>vi ^-*j

\-bj-ljJC jZL^i Lj^o}\ J?jj-i


jlS"

Jl

ii^l^ J*^rv

C^b U

olJi*>UJ ^i*.;

IJ-* ^\i

'^-wJj J>U-L>J'^ 4Jj^

jwap- TT^^' uf u;

'

J^j-^ ^1

^W)^

'-?**

'*>*

^'

('f

panphra^ing
<i

J-*^-j

Jut-'-.w

kt-

^^]\

Vj^i

i(
(

JLjjj*;

wj^

i^

oLJi'i ^

4_^.'^JI i-^^-Jl ii^iJ

J-N

,/sll

Olj^oill
Concepts

ij

jl\ ^Jb-

Uj_^L*

J-^

Sfj-i jtf lj

Lf*ij-*j ^ijj-Jl -i*

^p jc^
-

L*jb

JjJj_*_j

U^i* JSj

j^

^5" jf
_

Jb ja

Lil yjl Uj JjV jJLJ ijj iiU*j


.

J-S*Jl [*-r*^* J*-*^ JtA>- ^j*

sugn i_-^LJlj) <-iJaJ> "jj ^'^

concept jj-^Jj sound image <J^-

r*-*j

oUljjJl

j jj^~!jj j-i>-jf -Up asemiotic triangle

dj^sS o-u* AijJJJl iOL*)ti j---j

((associative

^UJI

^l-tofl ji^

4j

jy*&

_A

yj>
tn

*jj-= -

tp

ou^jUji

Jc" ^*

^j*-**

CAULS' _

UJ jUuJl

l^.o

J*^

U j>J

J* -

-^Vji

JU- _

S^U iU

0-

Ji>

j\+\

c-J

0_^&i iUJI

<y>

J c-J

iJU*

JUJt

LJI

>

J_,

^lu^ jUJIi ^^*JU

^*JI

Uf
1

*UUJ!

1>

U>^

^l

of j-,p

t>J

pip

Jl

^j

L^p U*

JL^

^^

*Jb

je ^^L^l

^^UJlj

tj^^;

S^

wU

L^

L^.jJ

Ui

jj-^JI

N JU-

^1

^ ^p

lUil, *U-f

^\

uti

Lit

^^

Ux*L J

^ <^Li jf

Ul JI>JL

Ixjb ji

w^ u

^^

^^f

v-L- J5
iv

USLl,

Lif

J >U;

Uxp

^J
j_^ (>>

L^l_,

vi-xJl

IJu

j|

J-^l ^

^ Ljjj_*i

J*-. ^JJI Ui

lJu,

4JJJI

iL^juJl ji

^jj

Jjr

^^!l

o-U

jf

^^, j _ j^tJL _

is J^^c;

\j

Jl

^i J-5

jlaii

^ OjS* JwJ

iKi- Jl

ijl.

j^- ^i^i

? <dJ*j!

Oj-S; U,jj

^Vi

Liy

yjJ\

c^S^ j,

oJUJb.-

j^i

J jSJdl)

l5j

jU^]\j

<J\

U. j^;

U5 jf
t

t^j-^J) <U5^ -

J->^~Jl

J* J)

,^1 J >i

j^lJI ^*

^JUJ! . iL^Jl

L-^s- JJ-A-f jf

Of

jj^Ojl ^p

AiJ

laij

(St^Jlj 4J*UI

^^ ^ L^

v-^

^U

ijijl

J>ut j|

o,hJ

J ^j^, U,

L-

^^-Jl
Of

^>o

_J! JJjJl jkJL, fat

^Ij-^V!

^jUpLi
tLif JLi

Sit

v-^. cAJj-*

^U

^jLjpUj

foU

L|*t

jJUJ iL-,L*Jl

ol^^cJl j*

j-&

JiJLjj

0) phonology

o^Vl

L.

^j

^^^

i^j-^i

j^ UJ LiU Ui LSj

LJ^ap ^y ^kJi * jf

_ 4_p^L j.L*i oL-

If;

i ^i- ,Ji

^JL jJ
of

a>

Jl-^>-

V n-i

djSs oL5

^_i jii

^y _ ^^J of

c/^

M^-J

JL^-

the

OTa

jWf cij J-S

<Ui!

**-*

J* .

^-j-*

ST!

^j phonetics

ciJLtj

jl

4>w^j *Sj^ !&+ C~- J

AJa:..;

a ghost in

*31

4-JKJI JU <~>

oUKU 5SU jj-* . wieyc3l

jf

,>

t^jSt

^*^

j j\

^-

31

jt

? ^Ij^alll

J-*

<Jl

*b-"

oUL53i

entities

machine <JVl ,y Jj-Jrj-Jl jr--i

^
^^^

v^ oUi UL>1 f^Jfc ^>j itfUl J^*


jf

dUi^ UL^
1

'-f^- -^

-*il

0j&

J*^

j-i^' ^j^"

jp

O*

Oj^

IJL4A

>l^l ,>

jj-^" Ol i-jSLJt 0I4J

y>^ j^i oU^JI


^>Jl

*J-^

l-i*

j* SjJ5

!J>

j^*j

J!> ol

f>4

^j*

-i-^

j*^

^jj \> ^

-**b

l^J

olU&t ^u

Jl

Jp

jf ^.k.-.,,J

ot

jf

J*. o>iJ ijuu; ysf Y, 4'W.


M jUa>. ^Jl
Jp J^jf U_Up jjt

ui^dl

^J

of

Jp l^

J_^i

^^j

fc

J . JxiJl _ tj&f,

U5 -

jjjui _ ^Jl _

mentalism <J^Upb

Ij^S" Ijjj

ol_

Jl Ul*Jl

Ul j-jP

?vJl

oXj-!j eja>-

Jl

^- ^

FxJl
(

Uti

^^x>j *-^^
_f

wJJw

^,jj

ii

jrj^

JL-ai

^i^V

iLUSJl

j^LUNl

^-.

JU

_^f oljj-aJ Jl ^kJU

*pjL j-to* jl*

uJ-^JI

&L/

J! JkjJ

J Uj_p-j
^P

jJi jt

^j-J

-*^

fc

Vjti

'-^*

"^rrl

^% ^-W^

^^-Jl f/ JUj

UU;

^ UU

Oljj-Ai

j^j

^^^^JJ <>jj*aJl

jL-^L ^L^Ji
*^

jf

'SjjS

**i

^_>r

introspection jlk.T.-Nlj intuition ^--bJl jf

^_JJU ^>ly*l

jf Ixf * -kL-l

oUL&l

JA

LU jJj

Jl_a

jf ju

<uL^-l j^*d

J jj^Jl
jl

LL

JtykU\

j*

jtfjjl

jjf

'Jb^

^j\ ijA-j* H^j^-j

ij^3l

,H

jf

^ dj& U,jj

^ JJ-rjJl

jf

N ^JaJl Uj

^ ^ v ^ J! ^ c^

^ UU L*5_ ^

i^l

o-i

jj_&

^JJ

J J u ^> J^V J *

J! J-^

jl

JJ> j^j

J^>

*^

CJ15

v"lj .jjj ^Uf

^l UL*y

1S|

^/j

JaJtj)

i^iJL

t.

'

*J^i

<

^
.

jl -b

^'7^'
t

Ltfj

3> ijl

i^>UJl

Ul~Jj.>

^'j^^-^^

^ o^V

J-L-

l>j

oJJ

*il

<lVl

Ji*il

l^iL,

^UJId ^J^f

-j! Lj^U- i_*J ^i iiJjl

^.......a;

l'.*U :,..lj

L*1p _Ji

-L> Ji*
tf- .

0j-> UiiJ J_j^-

HjJ .

OjJL-*> l^r

<liJ

I:

^ iUa-^J ^U UJ,

Jli

oU^UJl j^ ^-iS

1^-j iJjliJlj

i;

4_

riJ'j

U5,

L*J

Jj^ ^p

.,:

L^JlS"

Si

t<UiJ
i

V Us

_*--

0[

IjjJLj>-

tj*

ol-^UJl

jJ j>-)

CJIS"

^>>

Sit

0j5^ L-jjj

cib reason

tL^?

w-S'l^JJ 4jjMmR|

,.

ilk* jf JLi^i

jei-fc

fj-^JL;

^ j^S\ &A

ija*** {ja <_^L lx*j

(4,:.U

jf -Jai~J

eJ_*

4-JujJ!

^j-^I^Nl

iL-jJI *JL

jks-J

,j

^^i

4-J^ail JLpIjaII j-**J ^-

0^- Of Jb

Jt

iif

^p

Laf IJu*

JP ~jj

?wwaJl 0lJl

t^^JU

JbO 4-j-JL U-*w

4-JMjJ1

oljj^aJ

UjJaJ jJ l$jLL2fl j++i

Jp ^L*ipVI <y

^J

Ij^^o-.!

*UJLJi of

J-^Lj
*

iij

Li.11

J***-

ja

r-U*Jl _iU-

L.

J..^m.!I

oLJ53l jL
:

Jl

SLJI
Oil)

Uj*

^1

ULii^j

J_^-a!i

<

^jo ^!

jlS^J

dUJ^

*J^>-

61^ ^J <iV
i

*jjJ\

4jf

J^-

\Jjl* i-J5^JJ 0[

j_jS *^Ji

jp

Lit

ui

Jiiw

Jja
.

Uljjf

aDualism yiJJL* *-ys

^y^Jl tfjJ ji\ _

j5J

11

yfc

01

l^J

friyf

^LJI

jUw^O

(r^/

j^a

OL^l

^l^j noun *

<L>>^ 4*Ja)l ^Jp J^U-

ti-iJl

Of

}L<ii

(j^Utf^l Jj^J

have meaning

^^Jl

Dj^w i have i J*i3L ^Jj^

^^Jl y

ojjJJl

^p

Ujl^-Ujj 4_il meaning ^^JcJlj rikvx

^ U| <^ ^>*J Olj

SJy

(tobsevation <i3-^UJI

^Ip 0^>-& Of jp %*

J;J.X_Jl / Jl Jjl 4j">U

jU

JL* & ^y <J[ SjUVl jX*J U^j

^j

J./?ill

^-*J JliJ *jj~i

^p

Jl

il

Uj^Lw
J^J')j

^p JLj

Of

J^ ,y L-lj

jf

K^rjf ^Li)

j^jcJli Of a*^'j

(*j>'>

i^-J

r^t

J^* _UU jl

_^jw *-*j**j
(

Lp-Lkii jt

tLJiVi j* jJju

ouiwsji sjul, jtje

j!

4__t ti^i

^JUI

LI

jl-

^*^

0^

IJiA

Li iUt

^_Ja^

-* !>

^o

L-

JLj

Sfl

jju L_t _ *Lp o~jj - Jl

^V--' Ubi

j-J

lit.

JL-J

^ *J\
j&v

J^
>JlS

J**

having

^*

o^"

jl

^ J*

<if
L

Lwj

L-^J|

4&i ^-Ul
ghaving

j-fr

^>*-!

<_US

jj-^

*^

jrc^J

jt

^k^J Lfyfc i*J

Jp

^laifc^Ni

jl

J^ j^

L-fj

jr*

^J

LjV
L.

jt

L*

>L*

J^i^Jl
A_jJ

jil

^^^tj^

jt

^JLJ

oUKJl

jl

iKJUi

jl_^

J^Jlj oLKJl

olii j^SJ jt ItfSLv


t

having meaning

oUL^

J oJ_j

j^ LuJ j^ JS\

j^>^ji jsj

<,

((length

Li ^J
j(

jt

J^JlJ

oUKJl

JLJ

Wittgenstein

jJi jj*J JLp

o^

jt

oLs^Ol

jl*JIi

Ju^J

ila_j-

UU*

j_^

^^t

,.!*.;

_j

J_J L^Ja tfy-Sj

kt ^^-J N

oJ_

(4*

\Xj* jj_i

j^

ijilj .IJU^Jtft

^L

^p

j^J

i^jSU; jit

^^,

jj,

J^ Jl

L.

iUJl

4JI _,_JJ

^^

U JLj

Ijjk

J* 1^1

((meaningful

j^-j

jf *l_ul

^y-^--

L^l

S_^

Jp

/J^-

iS^jJl

j-^Vl

jlXJly^^J^I

o-J

jf

^ ^j__>jl

d-LLcs i*ij

oLi^Ul

^j-^%

jp J^.L^ L^jJj

J^J*

jl

jZ+j \j_

Lij[>^

iLjJ? Ij^S oL^j_

*JlS

J*iif

I4J1

ja Ju J_j_^Jl

jt

jt

^>*J

^j

jji

iJi^Jl

^A oLL^Jl JA i*j*j~

v~" jjjl

jt *)}ja*a

pi;

jju

Lit

oLbly^Jl Jjj-U ^p

J oV

j^kil

oUKJl

iaT.,.,J

g^-j

jt

^-JjAi

jJ

IJLa

:ll

jl

p_^

OUKJi

Jl

Lh**

jt

jfj

J.,k

i^-y^

jif-'yd

j_* jL-S" ij_*-j <_^

jt ,_^aJI

jt

ji_j_*<aiJl

'Lplj_>i-.l

US

n*!o^i-li

^iAic-Mi ^a^i;

<uc- ti^5Ji

<Jjl>w

J Lij

dJU! J**U1

Sense and reference

lJ^-l

jui,

gUm-H

\J^j

^54>.j jj,

^-JJ

^ jjuJI

lkJU

Bsense

V U1

li* ,>- JjVl

^-^li ^Ux^. - ^.Ui

^^-i i^nJU

Ui

^yJJl

-1

c> ^r

oKJi
sLij

y-^ j u 7'
5

^-^

sense relationships i-^Jl

^Jl

^^ ^

sow

_, usi-

/boar j-*>>-

or

intra

<-L> 3

a*

cr- -

^U^"

*-*l

cow S_^

'

c!l

^ l*

-**

*J!-

UaJ

linguistic

^-jL-

(J^-j

oU*tJj%

j-J^N J*^ ^-^j


01>J* <y ^-^ > J! - ^U

ram -ij^-s

jlJ^J,

jui,

'

-jf

> J-Wl
.

r^

denotation

J*H <y

^"^

/bull jjJd

ewe

J^-i^

<JL-

>

jf

J* j^a

(Vs^l

VUU UUiu ii>


Ji>

j* J*i

^\ 3 ^ Jlp j^
jlkJ^ ^j^JIj yj| jV) gender
Lr^

j>Jt o\Sj

^ Jl

oL*%Jl

sex

j_* jt.

fj^l

^j oU^Ji

i^jUVt J*JL

oAi^-

ju, jf y>

jt

^^Ji

^^ ^j^i o& oLKjf UK, UU, ^ij^Jl ^ <U&I


Ui^J\

^U(

i_UJl

CJ

LjUa;

J^}\ >l) Ui>

JUJ1

^ U^
^j

jjij

^i

J[ >_JL

^b ^j

fc

semo!ogy

L^J^Jl

^^

or

oJ r j^

ij^^Ji ,u*Vl

ol_^Vl j^ iJ^UJl oU%Jl Jl


gUJ^jJi

>JL
^U,

Jfcj

^Ju, ^,Vlj

o^Vl J^ b^j

^JUu ^_U! flOlj^Vl ^'LU,

^JiJl

dUj

ii* jSJ

jkJ

oUil o>^t

^ jju, ^

^\tj

sense

tiy

e^ij

,JL

jV

reference i_,L-i\l

(J

-^

J=^

oUJLk-^*Jl

^y p*d j)j

oUStt3l

JUfc

V>^

jUlaic-Nl

U*

intra

iWjJl

^y

wLJl

jbjo*;

^ JUL. iibbj

<JU*

The

^JL*

struc-n

J^>J'

jjw

^^Lp

jp

^Jj

^j

j.t.fli

3j_l_aJI

o-U

_JNjJI aj_^JI jf
s-ij-^j) 4_c-LaJi

3*ti&!

jS\

j^i

xxm

4-Jli JU>i

jf ^_->o

i.

^^

iJ^JJl

jtf-S'

oLUJl

jl

j[)

iLj^Ji

oIj'jU-

*-j

Katz

UL-.....;il

l^ i^fi

jJlS

^**j L-L-l-^jgi**
iil

Up

i-AP

Ljl

^->-

L.L *JJ1

Jlj-JI

-^-^^ p**^'

jr-**

^NjJI anomaly ^LiJl jp


jf

v^L>-

JS"

^ L$J L^ SjUJi

7-j^_iJlj

lo^-

jJ*j+j>}\ j*~j j)

<>m

v^-Vi iU>Jlj

wu

jl Oj-ij-sj y'-S' U-i4)

j-*Jj
<

oJia

jJl 5>U1 j^

oi

iture of a semantic theory

^ tjA unj o*ap jt


IJjb ^U <iiVi ^^^iuu jj^yj

ij^l

^aIJ t^j-^t *JY> *J^U-

^LiM jp

-^

u **^ ^W*"

J. J-

oUly
\

olitjUJL ixJ^

J^kJij <i>J ^~>- j^

UJI oJtf

^JJ .Jj-J Jargon Uj

i^L.

Ut

Jj^k ^p

5jL^[j

ji^vi

j^

iU^Jl

Ijjj

^/

A. Fodor jjZjJj

ot

oU[

ij-L^aJl

^ju

i*il^Jl

J^-b

^ c^o-*^

oi>-Ji

OLlJbfcj jjjj-ij

i-* U$^^kJ

^f ^p

J*jjJl

J.

^ ^U-Vl ^-a^Jl ^

rj^

linguistic <*Ul

oU^UJI

L^l^

^IS"

L^i

js- of _

Ja*jj

<**'}

(.

j>\pK\
.

ic-Ai;

Bierwisch

My unnamed sister is married to a bachelor


John was looking
a

b
6

His typewriter has bad intentions

is

The needle

is

Many of the

Only

for the glasses

0J

students were unable to answer your question

your question

in

in

Jy^J

<J

U~ - J_^
^j

jf

J-iO^dUj
5Uj

j( _

<JaJ\^A iLjJ Jit* _ Y

iSjr^

^^

J&

iJV-Ji ijLJl ^* Jj3j i,

^J

iJ*VjJ|

pJUi

relations

owJl

7y^>

jl j*-/*:T

J^JI

U^ sUJL, jLc, UJ J^pJIj oIJlSJi l^

jji truth

jji

tyjj*yj >"^ i)ja~") *-a*u iU^J

-i*^Ji l-U*

Monte Carlo some time

v^

l>-*-fr

Monte Carlo

Ji 5jUl

not long enough

Archibald remained

_
-

few students grasped

\&

too short

How long did Archibald remain

The needle

- -

'

<Ju>J JlJU _

^jVl iU>Ji

^"15

"I

^>^j

settings

oUU,

^l

iiJoJl

* Jii^j

oU^ Jl ^i_JL <Jyj-*uj


oo

jit* _

<

<WjJI

4p

l^i j_*

iJj-Jl

J-

<ij

^ijij

>^.

of . S^U .

<_*^

IjJ^

(~.jVl

ttlJl

lj

^J|

l.j^

Jl

o*~j

JU ^iiyt

^Ui Jyj

i^tf

^j ^^J jf jZ^ ^j| #j l-^^


^ j^i- ^j^ ^^.Vl oLKJt J[ Jkll
jf

UU.) ^Li^U ^U-^V i^l,


Jp

^ J* ^.-^

Pragmatic <Jj*i

jj
^f) ^^JJ ^L-Vl

^ <j%Jl

^_ U, >-*)! JL

^ oL^*Jl

U^ jli

jy j^f iL-

oUJi

<J*-*y *UUc; (SL^JIj

4-J!l
I

-of

LS>"

I4J

01*

"%

!_,_,

l*i^j J4JI

Lju> .UXJI of

^ 0V IJU I^Ui

^ c> >^' UJb ^ ^Ui ^Vl ol^( ^


L*J jju
^ V. <_j uyij ^1, ^ jwlj
4t>,

JilLj
IM

Up

of

JI>J|

UUjJI, <LS^

J^ , _u i^ Jl JJVl >.

vJI^Jl ;UJ|
^AJii

<Sj

wj s^j, j^ ai>v

^^ji

^jj,

/Jb

of

Up j5J

iU>j S/jU

^Uj UUp(

J^ J

SUJl

tiJj

adeictics

IJ^

j_ o^ J|

jVl

jf

of - Ju>

JjUs

jj^ \^s oujji cJ jL

jindeterminacy

of

^*

jt^l

^Wi

of .
_

j^
j-jJI jt

iL-^UJI

4^_

a*,

^^

(^Jl

viiyi

SjU y,

SL>JI

ltrS j|,

Jl l^-U

J^l

y^ jj; ^j

fj^js

0V

>l

<jjj

^^j,

.^ ^yu

\1mj)

j*J\

ju*j

iai

L.
.

V e;>r

j,

sL>JL ijji

JUl

Jl >JL

i-i^i ^j-~~"i
fj^

SUJI

^| ^^,,

jjf (ijLJVl

iiL> jf, _ T

^j

of oil

U^j U^ ^la^Vl

ijkJi oi* Ji- jf yk


(

J*i

0^1

^
^
^
^ ^ ^ j^ j^

^^

L_J|

1^

14^

i^ju foil

(indexical

i^JJJl oli^UJl ^f

JjU;

Lr>jJ l

oUKJl, i^f

CJi\

jiU^Jtf

us^^Jl

i_*

Jj>it t*

liJUiy a^Jl j^^,, ^VjJI pip

iiU 4JS Jyj

till

W-i

J)

cJl

^^j,
ob^ji

iju J*i;

^ gjd uiyt ^j js

1,11 J*ul

= t^Ji

<U"

^jj-^hJIdj
.

V ^^Ji

jj

gjL

^ o-j li*
Jh^ J^^h

a>rj

acognitive

^y ^Li Vj

jf

(tpropositional ^jU>-Vlj)t

l^

30-p

J>

jlx.1

j^ o-J

iliJ

l^m

(Ioa Ojaiju iL-*>UJ!j j-^yJJi

iJUAj

Uif

(W^

ji^-Ml J..J

ikJJt ji

JU

Jj

^ ^.

ji j^j) imperatives

fc

tfj

jf L^

,j

^,lv.,.,j

jf

^j)

ffi^pU^-l. jf

oUUl jJU.

(jJUJI a*J,\j

^f i_^J

^Vij JivJij ji_^Y o*

pl+i^-i

cr*

^ _pJl

jl U>-

j^j j^J? j*
*

^^ u

'

*J b

JL~i y>j

v uf os>Ji

^ <uL^[ oljU jy-A N ^>J

(J JI)

U-

^^y

iU

lideational

^_

*U-L

denotationaI ^j-'jJIjj

^ adJ ix^j\ J j^\ <jjyi jL J^i j


WU* j^ ^^i

jJ>

iStf jt

^j

l^jiyu

^U^iVl B
[jiS

o_J)

Sfjt

J^j
3j^ i*

^.Ijf

v^ ^^
1

j* jt j-&

(you're coming tomorrow

Jj ^JLi i-^* _^i

i_^.Uv ii^kj ^IjVl

L#
j1

JiWl *JUi

(^uii

La^S

i^JJI

((politician

^ 01
^j

J-^jj

j^iii

^_ Otf

~JJj

!-Uj

'*jfe*A

i-^LJ! J-rji

.;

iiL*

*Jl

_*t

t^\j

UU

(ji^ij

ij$ J^ki

J^[

^L

j\

*Jl

f(i

;_JJI

^ j-J*

OUw oUi^Jt OjSw

iJ5 ^U o-^

aij

((liberal

ol*KJl j*

^iii^ji

*^1*Lj

afascist

L>-Up <-Jj Winston Churchill J-i^-w

statesman

^ j^jbi

ju-ilii

p_j--a>Jl il^[

Jl^j <U&

emotive

^jji

^jf ^^jf

jL-^-V

Jl ^JL:

evaluation

ahidesj sconceal ^^Uuj

^ ^pi^ jjsf j> iiuAj

i-i_iUJl yl>^Vl

^ io^^-i

_^

J^jJ! *LJlp ^iuy tw^^U jJj

freedom '^j^-i

di-Ljj-Jig

Sj_p ijikU

U-

Li*

<_J.aJI

.^i oL

cJli

JjLi Of fjf

f>-J

o^

v Ui ^ jut j^iJi jai) j^ ^a (J ^j^uii


Ij-iS

ilibertyij

^^-

JjVl oJJl

^a^LJI Jj-iJU

1_>

Ulj^-fi *jJl *,.

**^' *J*c~i Lit

l^* -/ l/

t*'

j$

((Speech acts

Aih^

1^0^

,_y

0->-

<-J&
^J^c

oU*^y
-lij

^>

V^!^

^y^Jl j^

jf (j^p-i

j*-

Jl

hero

Jia.it

* ^

jlj-JiJ

j>^i
jt

j_?-

iUL*Wl

JjVl

5_jj_-a11

_*!&

^Ul

Lfi

dhovel rj-$i

<,

i; t

j^i

^a^jjl

Jjjj

j^ A^

i^L^-Nl

would you please be quiet?

J^-i*

oJJI

Oj_-Jl

L$i*

lLjj

~*&i

Good morning
.

{J

,a\y H

s^Vl

iJL>-

Jj-j-

frlj>-f

iv

(JJ

JJJi *ii*f

j\

j^j

y. ^j-J^Nl

j>&

L. Ul_*

^_JLkJl

avillain

Llj

A^k-J

JUio

-Li iJUJl

oJ

jp-J ^J^^-iJ
little*

please?

^yw^JLlI aJL>j JaJ^j IJUfcj

(ol^UJl

J-^-j-Ii <lj-d

oU*^Ji

a*^jj>

jt

be quiet, shut up. Would you keep your voice down a

^y ^* iJjJl j^

IjajIi

jj_

J*

iJ

jju

jf Li^U-t

oIT^jJI

j&

iJL>

j^n

ipalace

^ j-**~ UU

jf

a^i

t,

oU5

ij^-i jLuiII

*-<j.ijij

oli^LJl

^i

;^J5 t^j-^f

J^-b t^-H

Ja-M*

J-Sj

-j^^

How

*Uap[

are you?

^L-Vlj oLU-Vi

(j~*l\)

o[

W.S.Gilbert

ijjj;

j^JL, ^k-Jj

SyhU

VUf:^

o[i

<Wj

^jjuj

(4p Of la*

vM 0- ^^\
of

f+j

0j

oAaj

jjj

JUL, ju
.

Uli

VU

^1)

Para

-*'->

^>~

bLo

o->II

^ ^y
of o^l

jf

sr*-^

JL-J J_

^1,

ol

^^-

..bald

l^'^VLj

<U^

Uj ^UJI

,|jlj.

is^i

5y>u l^i,

^jU^ Ujuj^-

^^ ^^ ^

^Uf LJ^i

oil

dUL.

U^-

o_^ V .^j ^l^il

There's a house over there

-a^-i jLi

^ g^,f liU, ^1 j^j


JjVi ^Ul j, JjVl J^JI
J .UJJU ^jjl J J
<WjJI
^ ^ CJ U _LjriJL y, jxJl, ^ ^J,

of

IJjb

Lu^

I?

jf

jj

linguistic iJjJl

L.U

^u <*Jw

s_uU,

jj

SytU ..u,

V U Jl

UU: j^jcs

U^f Ui*

jS |jb-

^p ^^Vi J* L^L

J-^^Ji

LU Lj^ih

^>JL

oJ

L*^ ^ oli_ 4j| ^^ ^

-^J-^ 0*

i-U

^f

^UJl

cU>j

jti

^jj)

? li*

,? |.U

Vl

J>UJ! J^JI

i_JL

iyi^p- ijL*

j~*Wl

J^diJl

iSJA S-A^j Juifll

A semantic

l-u

J*

a-j

unit

*Lj_j

U*

aJNjlH

oUi^JL

^y

i-jw oUj>^JI jf

v-L-Vl o>l-u>JI j^

_f

4-.UU

oLKJl

Ju _ S^*-i

Iju-

UjL

oL^ixJl

4_*bJl

^^j

<ii*f

L. jl
.

nit,

the, of,

and*

oLJl oLiJl yh jVl

>^l

Jl L^Uil j*

hjy^\

^~

p\ ^S\

^ia_JL
jl

LaL*^ wwVl JLp Jj

Ju jJ

_^J Jlp

II_gJj

JjjO

(.

j^j

f^

^>" t-^

1$

is

jl

JLi

<ulJl

Jjw

I4J

L_^jj

^*j oUi5Jl o_U

jl

J^^l
IT

>

<lil;

_ tijjf

t>*

l**"***

^ J"^

*,

Jp,

i!N-L!l (JIp

j^uJi

rJ

j^j

^^Vl

J^

Li*

J*-

<L\}$

o^ ^jJUJV

jt ^jSU-Jl

L^ iU>Jl

ii *.- 5jl>-j a_JL53i

ilit

j_,Vi

j^ N w^Jl

Wi

j+^

jForm ij^aJU oUlS3jj

^j J>f ^
C ui ^LJi ^

^ ^^ oJ ^^

tij-^Jl >Jl

UA&I jU

y-*j -

oLjja!I ^>-ij

J!

oU_LJi

dj^

-o

j*

Henry Sweet

liy

5-b-j _

(Full

jf ^.....UH

J^

j^>
sJJUS

*,

ijyj

oUiJl Jl

^1^>*JI

Lx-^ij ^~J

J! >si)

J <Sy

LSU

4_.U&

J*\y}\ ja *>JU conventional ij_^- SJj-j l^t

ijj^jJL li*

*^5J o^aJI

^ ^^l

oJJl

UJU; ^Jl

ilyi jf

UU; ^Jyw ^yJ j^s> J\ SjU[

UjJ ^)

/i5 :

jlkj

nwhite House >j

^U

jk_U

jf pi*^ LJ[

Jjj

oLUS"

^^ S-L_p-j
J U3l
j

*?

*1

i-JiiJI

\+>\

na-

iUS

w : .^ij

^^-

oJia

rJwf

*IS3

_* i^U-

,j__p^Ji

by

is,

ur ^d i

lf

ij'i Jb-jJ Ji

J^i

:dLJj>

^n

J^

J-aau

(a)

4>-j

Ju

uii

JLp

JJ^j^ J^'j
The Morpheme

^i-x-Ji

yj

<_J5 ^y

jL,.",<^Jl

yi jT ublackberry

^J

^j$& U j^-j

Uj& jj^-s^-

i<JLai-i

<oUKJW

oUJi" i'Uo UUjjbl

cj^S^La

<li*t

oJOfc

JtiJ

iiw7 ^i_f

oL* UU

jj

jJ i?(the)

lJub

jlu

^...tf/.-P

ji

4l

jixUS3l

^lJ iJLa

}L>- JJLi*>L fOi

obyj!

j\\

jljjLJl

^.jJi

iljju

Ji. Jl>- Jlp iU-J

Johnny

ii-^ojij ((taken

juJ

jJ

loved 4^f

JJU oLJ5

oUKJ!

UUJU;

^ berry

sadore p~$>j

i^^LJl

sthe,

^ Jl^jl

lij-LJ

4-U5J!

_*^

i*lJl jl

i-Ul U s

jj^-JjJl jL_ J_JaJj


jf l^plkL-l

((greenhouse iLijJli

ius jjVi jL J_^U

sjb-ij

-L^jJy *SS ti*

J-ai

jJwsb ^a

A^kJl* Ui|
jf i?

^>

jiuis s^Vij

ailiLw. U-^

i^io

ft

fc

UJi^

sbi j[

L^

oliL-

tSS

C-Jl

t,

JU

*~i>\j

dJ JS ^-Vt ^-U ij-UiY <> Uf ^-^ t>* -pJ^


jjLi Ui j\ a_-*^U ^t ^ j>Ja
^ ^f ^yfcj i^lj ^U* 4L*

o-J
j-j

Up

OIS" lit

Is-

^f

j^_b^JI

ji_j

\SG

.^.Jl

it

.'jf

_^LJl

oli UjUpU ^ii; ^Jl took

^^-o

,,..a-.;

jf

^t V

JiJi

^j

l-Ufc m

LJ[

'

*Jv

Lit

/> iiLjhj

yrlll

^i-^t jl

(fltOBj

1^^>^a

Ijjb

^i-j

Ul

UUtflj

(lexemes

clovedij alovei jt ^j**a

&

lOVe B

ZJ&-j jj^ti

p^*Jl

ju; jJI

p-^ cT^ J*"^

**i^ lexeme

^>; ^Jl

/>

JU
L^J

oli^UJl

4V-DUI

,i-*a;

Ju*

*^jj

yrlW./inll

nlovedj)

Jp

jj!

(^1

!l

^SJj

-^>) *"*

J V^y

*^

a-JS 4>JL* j^ V-tj

UU;

Cr !

^^LJI

_^xJL LfJuUj gdnj

*_* Uj-^ JxJl IJLaj

^)Uxwj IU-j jJLj jj UL-t

^' - i-V^JI J

Jl

i~ij>-j\\

4_i^_jt) 4-J53I

i*-^ Ji*

J! Ll-I

c,j 4_i^ jt

j_^

***

Ar-y

^ Lit Gender ^^Ij

Lw-1
a

(*-*j>Jt

Ljuf

j~ ^ JjJ>*^ jt -h ,\ ^LL-JI
J_i* ip_pJl ^LjJI ^^ ^p iUx~* ^^j

*ij>^\ iLsaiJlj alove i*j>^Jl


3-U-j

i3b

^^t) ol_J53l
o,

! l

^ i-^ouJl olo>-jJl

sloven

(ifjLL

y ^UJl ^^^1 li# 4_UJJ

Jj iiUiyL

^ilt ^i .

*tJ_>U-.Lj 4 ij-* **lja-i

J--JS

J-^iJl
_^jj

i*-. 15 i

i-U5^JJ jlJu-^ L*4[ J_j jt

J^b

<i^

iU5U j^U-x*

(lexeme <*+>***

jj* jJ5tii

iiiii**

sloveio

clove i jJjl*-jJI ^-L-t


:

loved iJ5j

j^jJij plural ,-j>JI

yj\

J L^jf **j

J->-Ju J-.

Jj Uf

*-~--ijJt ^_jU*!L> _ s^Lp _

-b-lj

(,

L^

J-*-*J' _

((lexeme

^c

jtxib^ jlui

o-^') to bei

4_4*J

JJ

jj>

<j_jjL

.Aiti jl

J^^

<

dltf

J-^^

*J[

J-^

Jl_ o.j-^Jl oU%0l Jl ajli*Vl <~4j&


L-^**
^Ui ja ^JUJl J-^iJi ^kJl) ^!

It

oLU5JLi

oUKJl

mY

Uf

l^l^f

g!ove jLiijj

oUKJl

^wilj

oU5

^y, V

^xJl
(

jLh-

ii_j

Lp\

fl

^ Ulu- ^^ ^^
UL J^-

jL^

jp J_^

^>

iJtf 01

liLi

(<JVl

-UJ^J UJ^

j| ?

ol>

j>J

LJI ^J

erj

^yi

j^j!

^J

&>

_ o^lj

J* ur^t

^
*l>il

L^j
-

j^

^j, o>

fl

^j

^^\

(^I^Jl
t

Fingerhut

*|j^Vl jJp

jt

UJ

o^tf^L- iJLa,

chop j,^*jJI Jl JiJL,


aJufc

j^

^UKJI

ahammcr

^ ^
U

ol^Vi

-^
t

^Jl

uUb ^JVaJI ^U!i

^Jl

oU^Jl

J3 H\

ipj^jl

Phonaesthetic

consonants i_^LJl

10

Ul

hamming
.

UU. y>

^ ^^

(linguistics iiiJl

JI^L*

s^)

J|_>

^ ^ ^j,

^J|

Handschuh,j

Jl

_ jij _

oUJU vUVl

Sprachwisscnschaft

^J er^^Jl

^\j) l^^ ^US

L^i JOJUJl

UU

^ ^y,

^]| ^ll-

oUKJl sijJL^I

^L* j* vi^J J*) arbitrary

^li' ichopper
^-iS"

a-J6

^
.

LfJ

Athimble

Ullmann oLJjt) .opaque 4-^Jl, oLUfllj

3j_^l oi^

^^ Lj ^5JL- iJL>

oUJU

transparent i^iljjl)

ui

y>

JL>

ISijSh

slippery

si

Jt.

slip
Jl>.
Slither
^j^.
sludge
Oj-& ^>t jf i^il
*

J^L_fr

oLKJIj
J_^.
.

igJl

skate

5^

skin

tw, sw, Str,

L^K

LU

stump

^Lu

,jt

UiJl

slut

slattern

slovenly

^
,

skim

Lu*

^j^L,

IjlJ

plump

Jbu^i

jU^Jl

v^

->-' N

Ul

>

skate B

J^ U&\
s

j^ ^-9

iUS

^^.

aheavy smoker

of

jf

Jl

J^3

SN

Wj-*-"

chump

Uj J^j

u^r** 31

US ^ ide j*a js\

slide

$ j-V_ U,U
:

wgood singenj aheavy smoker*

-U N JjVi

^ ^jl^L-; iLi^Vi

erj

jj^jJI

jij^ J**-* ^^ J=r*


i-^Ul ^ U^i agood singer

{j-i

il

J[

^ ^ ^ J>J

j-S j+^t

jJ

slan S

fc

Jij

dump S^ii

J^ r^

V ^-JVjJI

Llajl

a=fl

rump ^JlkJl

.Jl&Jlj

nheavy smok B jjt>*Jl j* Oj-^i

i^U^Jl

U-t ^jUJI jJa

ij-J-^JI

J^

J ate

^^

sI V

J& UuJ^\ i*y>*J\j

amumps

11>

'

j^l

oLJS j**

^-ju tfO J->^ Jt-^i L^li

artificiel

cli
ji-Vl J! ^' Sk
skid o-j^-dt * skim P J-**=!

jf

r-Ju %J* j*~h*

jifj-^1 0" oLJj-Sci

gjjai

sloppy ^-=-

hump r U-,

j^ j^j *>3l
.

J-p

JJ>

slide

^U
oUlfll U ^
***

ump U^jJli

^ ^^

i^kJI

Ji*

<-V

ji-fa c slush J>^1


Jj i sluice
ot^AS j^j^SjJlj jt^d
J-i* <*Vj'

jjs*&

r~&\ j&

good singn jjJ>*J1j

^U U> ^^ "-> ^ ^ U
[

J-~*

ernj

*-'

criminal lawyer

in

^J^r ^U^.j

(florist

U*,

Jj-i jt

elephant J_jjlj giraffe uljjlJ

Ufy jt

<Jj^

^t-aJI

female

oJ_a J_l* LJij_i" jjj

Ji

i~jV

J^*

*j-M

'

|J_;J>J

.L*

ot_J baJ

Ji*

jf;

fc

-1^" L-fc J-^ij

^j

*U*Vl
i

kik the lucket,

LJl
red

J!

Jlj

fish, spill

the coffe

i^Ul

_ _JMaJl

V L^V
iILa

S-b-j

Jp

oLKJLS

j^&

lJj_-j

LUjl
J_*j

jt

Ai

^'m-

'

Ul <i5

JIA

^ii)

a''/

-, l

~oJ-Jl*

SOp-j

^a

p yj

dUi

.,.J

^ ^>JI

^i

^ V-Uj

oUi5^L;

U5_

^Ul

oi

jl

jy N

^jjj-U-

the beans

J [&\

cJL5 U-p

Lijt VI

iJL>

<LJL-

JA cJ>*cJ nroof

((Kick the lucketeds

oJJl

o%>&!

ij->-tj

V oUKJI

j*

^Ji

>i

JUj>Vl

j^jJl

oyl. olj^j

^J^JI

jf _

*i"

jl

JjL

Jb-f

j
&\

ik-JjJl j^p OVjJI oULSCU

nv

ii*^

j_^j jf *^>*j ctUi

oLJ5 J^L^

..

i^wilj

C. E. Bazell

jV

Us.

Kick the table

LJVjJI Jlp

iiJuJl

-U-

o%uJl oiA
J5
t

^.js}\

jL Kj^Jl, ^J'yi,

L^ Ul

USj

oIjl^j c

iiyu, Ljjp*j

JiJ iJb^.

IJl*

jUc-n j* i^~>

i^ ojj

-r^cJi

J j^J} i-^ j^te,

spill

S^j ^p JiuJl Jl Lo^"

[*>*Jl

^>J1

off the*

^_ o^

<*!&! jjJU>- J>-Ij LJNj

fly

i_C_-

Jl

ol^-ydl dUi

Uljja

bulls

^JU

Lj^ t^Ji

o^jj

the handle

red herring ;_&_,

ft

fly off

/i

giraffe

jl_^- B

\+Jl i*KJl

L^ oLU!l ^L ^

jl ii-4^

ol^^^ln

((idioms

male

,^JL jJi
.

Cr*

Liljj

Jj\

idephant cowij (elephant

^JU- oL'Lj LaJ

o .

;U-. tt<

JJUi

^p);

Ujj

j^^Jl

oUK _ iw-ijiJI

a>-j

oLJ5

sop

j*

oIjl^jJI jjt^t iJJU. ^y

oli oUKJij
1* olU>

aJLJ

oU5

4_u

II

Ju^

L^

jJuJ JiVl

nv*>owJl

iLjiJl

- Sj_i*i

t,

morphemes
i->-j^Jl

J^ jl)

jJj ^t

ijLfcj
aJj^aJI

cUJ}*]!

*~tjd\ *^J

l^> yu^t L)U

p-^^J -; ^yvd

j*SS j

iUl

So^ljJl

j\ ^L^Jl

*^ ^

jLfpL> JJ

<^

cJLSOl oli^LJlj

ju^- jJi

iljL_iJl \p

jJLUt

dJb-

<,

C->^

j*!

<

*J[

^1

ii^jJi

sJj-~* g\J\ *-AJl Uf

JUJ\ ^>

1A

^oui

u*^*

^^i

j*

j*

ol^,-*^! o[

((disembodied j_j>^JI

UU*j

iiu* ius

iijU* Jijl*

^U^t L,jJ jj^i jJj

j\ jjill j\ OjjJl jf

^* dj>^
.

jl-^U LiUij

II

t^^VUj

Jaii

^i^

Sy_Ju>-

US' j^-

iUS jL

J-i 5Jb-lj

jt l*j

aJu. o[

pip p^j L-.

*i_^J

jjU* _ *K .yLJlj phonaesthetics

5^ ajjJb iJ J--kJj

~_*MJl

>;

L'b

iJJl j^ j-^T aJ^j o1jl?-j

L^V j^-UL

j_^Sc;

,ii'i

transparent <j*J>\^\ oL-KJIj

^ JS\ L^j o_^

U2b _ j

Jlp

Oj

JjU^

<-NjJI UflJL>j J*j

olJL^-j-;

Ju>*J of

^-i

UL

^r

- Y *

JUJI JL-

the

oLkLjjVli

^^

-i

J_^J

jJ^f

_ JAIL

^Ul

jt

l^j

l*--^J

L*i

Linguistic Contest

j^ iL-^UJIj UUl *UJ*

jL5 ^^Jl
.

Non

JU L^Ui _ jx:

flk^A Ji,

.iJUi

^Jl sL^Jij oOJ!

^^ _ context of situation

pj

OL^

ji]j

v-^Ji oltlJjNli

(Lr>Jl

_j

^ o%JU JjVl

JUJl JL-9

n*

J>.

jf context

ijJJl

v->Jl

L*. j^_

J^

L*.

UJl
f

jL* -H

.,,-

jf

JjVl J*aiJ|

:JL

JUJl

_ Lu^tf jt is-lj-j* _

iU^Vl

^_*
(j>J

!_,, :,.,..

^>Ji

LL*J

,^Js j-*

^U...:.^l

11

y*J J-P JL_Ji

jaU

u~>y

jU

lt*^\ of ii^-

iJjLj

J*. *Lj

JiJi

jt v^jjoj

^L

Sflj

J*

jl ?

JL.

^J^

L$J

jl

JJ

'-L^y ,_^Li ji
I

ULS" Lj^-P

-Li

tjj& jt

JL-

'nT

dUi

,*J a

,_$f

"

fc

S/jlj

4_~JJ j.*

i J[ oL*

^LJt

u-Ji
t

V UI ^ JUI

>iLj-

iJl>Jl aJu

lijjif

JUja j^
^>"_J

^LJ iiU j^'l* LJU

(j^tO'

(J^L-

*iljl

-*j

j^js

\5^
-ii

'^

iU>Ji _^- i-i^ jt


(

JLJI J& yj~~ j^i y**Jl


JUJ! Jl SjLtl jjj IJ^
t

Li *>^i

<*->^-*i

'> Lt

^^*-->

jj&

L$J *ii\j-A

^JfcJl L-*J
.j>-*Jb

UiJl vt*i
w

"_.LJ iiyua jt
.

iyrj jjJ -ci^ <j^d -

iiaJLi.uJ ^j-^-t *_ljj aJ-jdj-. ((meaning

iWoJI

L*Jui*i~J jt J-i

iw V

L^Ua^l jJ Li .La ^

\*j3y*

aLi*l jji a^L^-

II

^^

UJIj

UL* ^j-zju

p-c-jIi

jL

j*x*

Lai

V^-^J ^i.^ oLjJwa

jVl l*LL (j^l

j^yJJl

jt

oj.^.jJu

(,

JL-

a_^-r^

J[

j^UiL* UjL^pU

iiJJ

^y

1*>JI

ji -

jt

jj-ajy

J ^iLi Nj

jt

-....,11

kJi

jt

J^^lli

-_c-jj

jt,

ji

jt

IJl*

a1*j>*j

J*

^^

j^*j

<_l

^l^iiNl
<.

4jLjU*

Oyu

j^-*^

^_j _ L* -Lp-

Ji

LftLiiU jJl yUiJI

jt L~j>-

dj^_ Ji

^JJi

ii
'Lf.U-^ oliLw- ^y U^l-Xiu*-! jtSU[ 43

v*^t

fJLiJl

^j[

ji

J-Jl

^
.

jlS"

wv

SjUNi j_o s^jU


jl

J^"

jl

^y

^L*

^Ikj (^jL-Jl

^j

flail

J-Ji

5jjLJI jl

<,

..

^1

jl

^a^j

w>Vl

i^C s^Ui

i^

itf^Jl JjJj -UL ^JUl

Jp s^jlp

j^Jl

Jl

jl

J*

^LA .^Jj

J_J->

*j

^J

^JcJJ l^^i'

^JJl ijl-Jl ijyt*

>JL>1-J

^^J!

tfjLS jj^i

fjJlXJ

yw

<UjI

jl

liLi

JU^
(,

y> .^Oili

iVl iiytjl

iJl

jli

^ ^ ^A^

Jp jj
UJ|

lJi

j^fc-cJl

*_-

_^JJ J,rH B

bachelor

^J

IJl-

oJuhj

aUi-

iL,LiJ1

Johnwasn -cU^-j

'

fc

^U-rtT"

short

(oJ>Li

^j^_o j&j

^1
^*

jl

i*J5

My

(i^aLp

ijilJl

Jp

i_JL^J!

oVVl jp v-U- oUji^.

oLtLJjNli

^-

(j-j

>^>i

long J_pjJb

jl

ji

*Jai~J

fj

itunmarried

<

l-^j

t^-ri

typewriter has bad intentions*

jjl) ((looking for the glasses

LjjJ djS: jf Jl l>J


.

v^

ll

L>-^!j

^h** t-t)^* ^.j^i

flijjjl oli*LJj^/l J^U

j^\)

*JU

^^ j- > ^ ^^

j^ai

iJNjJt *ip

^L^JbxJl ^y ol^_ ^J

W'l

,iAJ~ IJU jl5

^p jj5L-

L-U^Lal j^ojl ii^JLjl

^j_p

Lu

<>S J,

(Jp JlSj

Jl - ^;_>-*-^ - ij^*^
J-*^-*^ ^4*1 J*-*;

&**

5>Uj

^ 5j_jk^ J_L c~J ;~*JI

oli^Jl ^Ip

4_..jJd.;^Ji

LiJ_w ^ij_-

^-

j!

jJ! <_,>-Jl

rj>^- j *fr

JjVi

L$^p o5U-<Jl 4-dJjJl oLji^Jlj <L^>-

4JL-aSU

U5

_ ijjj^alL _ J*~o ji

~Jp ^^U ^SJmjL jLS" USLl*

1$j

J*

j^ Uiu

iiU

f*}

Jl >^L; ^~_ -W-^

SjL-lY'

p\ /\

V^i

^j^Jlj

oljLkJl gl^tj

^ l-^

aJYaJ pi* ^i_u


_ ijjJUll

is

large*

j-"*ly L^J jl

u-">**

jf

ij

>>

^jLd

i^-U

iUp- ^lj

jjijij jJtf jilj,

J^.

a*

we

take junior back to the

Shall

we

take the bus back to the

Zoo

Shall

we

take the lion back to the

Zoo

^
Jyu

^^ ^ L-^

J-*

LfJ ;WJ

jf

jf Nji~>
j-V. -

^-^ <5>l

-tf-

J*j

L^i

^-

ot -

- -cV

bills

iU5"

"The

L^^-j

*Jl> Jt, jf

J-*

...

or walk

?.

...

or put

in

jUuJl

bill

^^
*

jjijju

jlj,

(JUJl

****>+ t^*i-l

oJLa

^sdj

y Vj

i>;

l|u.^.-j jf

Kbilli

ijtf ^i

^.u-

U*

^ j^j

iibb of

tf^.

^l oli^l j^ ^Vl J^J!

to see the other animals ?

;UJ|

Ux*

p*j- j_*ji

j^

iUS"

ili*Vl

u^ jJ ^Ui ^

...

it

Zoo

JIjl- |Ju

Shall

^J ^Ji

billi

ijtt Jij^

.j^yu

3Jp *L*4i jtf

o>Jl

of L^Jlp

,>^J

_^j

>

LJ1

oWyi

x\l*j

iULS" i^lkJi

U^l Jju;

oj-Sj jdl

jf a,

JUJl jlS, iiU>JI

oUiUJJ

tff) asettings

^jJ

jf

:>.'

UL>**

JJ ^b>j

i* JJ*; jf

our own cage ?

^^ oL-jLcJl ^ ^ ^L ^> i^li ^ ^ ^f


VY

^JLcJ

jo!

Uh^ ^U^

Sflii

O^xj

<h*f

^v

SI

Jp

JL-*)

Jtt*

jf

J-u*; i^U-Nl

the bibleu

j^

jl

jl

^^^

*-JS

j5Uj

SUJl

^JUJUu-

jJLp ^"t

am

iaJ^ V jJl

jS\ SyiJl SJjw

^j^

Ul

UIL> _

>>.

LpOj

^ju V

IJjhj

JJ^
.

jf

tkiJi

^^

jtf j[ ?

jU-

Ha

iJljjl

^^

t^
t>r

jl

<'j^-*

Jj^

^p

-Lp -U^JW SjJLjJI

jj^j-Jj _>'^ yi AiJ

j^

_^b jl) 7-^lj _KrP j^r*-^^*

^-J

- L-L-l _ U+il

j^>*: ji _

o/C

((intentions

je> -jj-wJ

<JNjJI (Up
iJl

<lMji

J^^J

L>Jl iiy^a

jl

<^JJI * JLlI IJLa

4>wUl iLjjJl jf jl^P*

*L~wi;j *

^NaJi JL>^

*3L*

iU& Jx^-Jj

(_U*Jl *JU~-

Jli* -i>-U

jlX>-*>U oJj_>w 4j_^oJ

i-tj-JJJl 5j-UJl

cUJJj

Jjj^g

OU**

liU ?

_^i

-*aip

f-^-i

looking for the bible*

i_J5 fltypewritem

(4jw?

looking for the glasses

otj jr^-Jlj ^UiJlj ^^LJl

6
*->Jl ouLJj'Vl)i
r "^

v^7> i*^ sW^

l^iS"

aJLJ _^P jt eiLi

Jj^ ^P

lJu jtf ^Jj

jl ? al
j

dUJ5

fc

ba^-jJI oL1?Ljj !^Jii L->L-I

JjLdii-l

0*

^ lui_^ V;

L^

^' '^*

jlj

sUJl

typewriter has bad

l>'

dohn was

JiJlj

jl

>JU

-L> UPij

Slli*

Jl_i4 IJL* jl

^^

My

p"j^

Ujcp U*>JJ j^. J>

iJ^J

OJi'

KJ -

1*1

jJ-\

j*

^-iLp

CjU^U^J! -^

jl rS~*j

_ ojL-i'Vl

*J-> Ji* fluiw,! jlS,

^^L j\

J^

oL>Jl

5i>u

iiy*-*-'

vku-J

iy*ax-*))

iSy^ JW*-H

vr

o-^-^^ J' /^r12-

'

^-

jr*'

jtoi

J^JI

Context of situation

-JLe- La_ftJ_-t

^i

iJjJl

^[

^jJJdl

-ui

j-JUj

^Vlj

oicj

^JUl

i^LiyJU

IUj

^ja^Jl

_ *L!
-

ijj-^\ j'j^- J

t5j-^

y-Aj

dj&

*J

J* _

i-*Jl

oUUl

jl

We

Jksj J.
!l

wood

Page

jl
t

run from
.

JLJI
e-*>lj

J^lauJl

JL-

<LL..,.\\

wood

j_jj

j-^>Jl

Jlp

jf

IJla

*J

^ jiJ

^p d^Jl

ourselves

..

we

jf

turn

we

JL.iyJU

*jljl~.I

s~x

Vi

see

1;

iUS

ll

ilyi

ours he

>

.>

^-

(.

Lolj ^J

jf _

JUJI

Sit

^jhu

ur

l^j^i-i

^-JL>-

4JI

<^>

&.U. J-U;

J ,uA

<_a

JUJI

s^-J^tt

companion

p_pjj

^JJl

iuJi olXUl

c.a.l.:.^l j[_j

^L^^aI Lii

J_pw ^>o

^_^JI

47

Jlt^t

a^j-jJj (canoeist

t5j-j - ^j>J

*^J1

Ua^SJ

d\S

kii-i.-Ul ^jj-^r Trobriand

JjjjJ! j|ju^* Jl

I4JU

U^jjiVl

tiJUl

jLij_JL

iJjJL;

jl5

Uwilj Jj-SL^. J~>-

J-

lJ|

- jr**^

U^lt

Jl U>-UP tl^Jl

Jb-

^p

L:,..

^?->~^ - j* Li _

j^

.kii

<L*p

Jp _

_j*-j

Liif -uil

-l*^-*

JLJI Jl J&l j^J\ jl^ Lu*


.

JUJl JL--.J Ua--t

L.,:,i

runs rear

^4*

J* jW^*Jt ^ c~J - ^1 ,> f JL^wJ U5i-UJ 5_ii5^ iJUiJti aiij


y^>\ j& jj i-jJJi jV

J>lV*l

j-SUj sij^.1

4 :ti

--%^

!>

<t\

^St,
i_jl_sj

^U

JJL*

4JI

^ <J_p- >*-3 jJjj

L^j

(trtJui

si^p oIjjIh

}L5 jV

yJ

L*^

3_Li* _

iw->U-w-l

^^n

1^1

Jli

cLJSf

4L>

k^-1

V'l-b

^f

jf

cJL5

Lji.L"

i-lwol

jJl

Ail*

Li* ji -

Vl

^tf^l

oUL>^L ^J5l
Vo

>*

^y

JLJL>-

? ?

Jjjl

.y> <->-j

ll

^U15j

jj><xj _ *^ajI

jf

<,

JuJLj

alyi

^^LiyJU ^j^.

'^ ^L_iy_JU oUi^-*>v*j

-it

^ c->^j U-Lt4 jLJ^J

.-

jlZ~ ji-^rj

oUiSJi jU

*U^ >

oUJ

UjLxpL ol*lSJI

IftjL-ipl* - <LXUl

'

JJj

^r*jJl

<.

L> *

do you do

^p>JL. W^i

^ tf^j^

*^j^JJ

How

JLilj

cJl^j

1-LJU; jjH\ _

i.

^^^

^_r!"

>**JI 4-JJn

jl

-^! jL-J'jU <.

^-J'j oLJiOl

<JJL-T

o*>L*l

^ Ijj. JJkJI

iiUjb

^*

IJla

communion

iU^

J-^W

aA, here you are

^ ^_J_>JI)

aPhatic

j-p f}LJl

l^*- 4X^13

^^-JjjJU

4_-pIj_*

ol jrxd ^L>- t^jJw

^UU-

(.

y-

JjVl fUuJl

^ *jl^~J ^Ji

j| kl-p-

jju;

Ldjl Ja*-V

jt ^-iiaJl

iJjJI

V^ -

^i

'^Jj^-

;
*

oU-U>-Vl

.iJ

y-jalw

Jl-tJi

7*^lj

J'uJ^

iia_J^ cJ ^ J'uJU,.
1

jf

>^

JiUJl

L^J

ot^w

jp <_LiU cJLS i-^>dl

^>l 1> JU *bj

of

JlxJl

oJtf JUJI JL_,

f*H

**&

<J~^ (H*LA-**J

*+2lS* J\ i.ujl jij c oUAJl iui ^y wttb^N


iii- jtf J x, yULH oUUI 4*JUi xp U>f ytf
.

j ^^s Jl

oUL_*i*V ^LS^l

IJL* j5a

i^aJL^ ijjj ajJUmj

tf^Vl a-

r^j 01

II*

ii,**

Oja*Ui

^. /i'a:;

sJ-*2*}\ ^L^aJI

iiij v'IjuJI 4,,UU

v'lx. ysf

^JUl ju>.yi

^5 j( jSU^LJI yb

jJlu

Jj-*r

Juo

\S-\a

^^ _ L*U*J

-**lj

JL

JljJU.ajf-f Vj*^ i#>M

^^uaiU

otS0*

^uJU La^u

ojL-^L

o!

^p

*^Lju

6^ X>

'

VU- .dL^^. j^,

JLJl

of

jJj

_^LiyJL.

olS"

^j J> ^J

^1 Lily 4_^;y OL^

ljl5^f jf

olj^-^;

*L vjypl

ttJJI

JLii

UUa,^

Ul

jf

ULSj
.

a**

^^t* juii

(H^ y *j& of - XL^Jl

JLstji

JLJI) a^jJU JLw.b jUl^-I

jXi

^U ^J ,^-iyJU

<

i'

of U>*>-

_*

<if

*a*Jl

vy^L JL-Jl JjU; L* jLu jJi-J>3i jtiL^ ^ 4}

oLC
.

^j

USU;l

& i3U c~J

J-jLUVI

a*

^^Jl oti>

<J^b l^Jaj ^V ^L-Vl jjy V JL-i^Jl* oi>J


1

Jbk jj&

^-li

IJla

x*

j^

^ ^ ^L

jJuJ JjVl

^J\ .

i^l CJ15

J>Jl_,
.

(iLi^Jl

r >!>*

\-*j-J>

Uf

V*

j^j^JL. x* juji juj

^^

J-^*

J-l. <iu

Ll5Uij iij

-^

(W^-^

5_XUI

^U oljaf j^

j*j ^jIJj-VI
!*;>.

^Vi

^yJJi

y U*j Uj^jj^

Oj-J

J*L JUJI JU-

fl^-jj^g ^Jl>-

SJj^Ij

J*

;*Vi

lT'

J-a^-V y^li Ufju


^


!t

Jl

-j

flJLiw-V

<Lj- y*_j
.

^.j
<>}

Hrebus

^^ jf

o'Vl JJUiJl

Jl- JJj

cockney -LS^Jl

(A hug gunna gi'wun

(,^-juJI) (ij>Jl)

vv

j^f)

djUxpU jL^Ji JL-, Jl

i>%^JJL;

.u;^ Li^

jaJ .l^i

>t U#J

fer

Ber

^*j

>^

JU

Ujjf .jUpL JUJI

^>jji

^JL-Vl

^r*

^jlj

(^

<^ ^j-s* ^*i

JUJI

JU

LuJl

ol
t

jULj

oil

Ujj

(JUJI JLw.

LjL-r

JiJ ^jjuJl

a.L*

J1

i-U

^ ^

jf

J(^f Jj

jf

^yOJi J_,Lw L*

41*4* L* iij jj(

jJt)

j;^Vl oLyju^Jl

oU^JI

jf

^a ijj^-s

oi

jju*, .HJjlJ,

,LI

_u*i li^Jj

JUL, _

legitimate ^j_Ui;

JUJI JU- jf

jl jwiljji

L^^f

j^J>\

^jj|

fj j^,

^yJJl

O^l ^f

^j^jj

oUL,

ii>

iui S-L^lj

<;[

l5

jf

j^u,

JUL

j^ J

<oV

^^

Vjti

ameaning

JVoJli j^iJI

^^Jl
x^JJ

j.oa^-

idiosyncratic

VA

(JUi

iiJU*

^ o^

aJ^

-_i p^iJL

^ JL>JI JL-, j^

f>

v_Jl

^Vl J>Ji jp (^5 4_iL^j

^a <U ^l^u-l J ^^JJL, UUJl J ^1


^LuJl f^LJL
Lr*Jl glUu

<J

.i_|*i

ol^f) I4K

^j

^jjaji oi^f

^ L> jl5

oLpUoJI
4

jf (H-JI

Jp fiy

^^%

^Jlj

ijJJl

Lfj^o J.L:

^u

jf

^1 ^_, jLi JUij

Jl >_JL

^.

oV

J_UI

u*l,

oj

ii-*LiJl

JJ

Jl

^ cJ

oUU^

^j-f^j

^U ^^L-

(^j[

^ L4I5

- JU.*

oUu'l

^L

ji>-Vlj

V*

l-^Jij

4_JjJt

ikJJi

uy*

JU; ^>JJi ^~>JJ <*k^ j^>^

J-^-b _mIj-JI oLi^UJl

^ A_J^_t

j-i; u;f j}

j, i-.,.,..

u*->w

U^ ^L_5 jV

jt

^1 iui jit jSo

j*

of

y}j

^ dJU!

^Ul

JliJl

^kJl

a_UA

i.

*-a of <-^ijJ

<.

oJJ& of

N Ulj

J^ai3l) 3jLiVlj

aoJJI ^yi lily kSL>JI ,y i

i-f*-_j J-if

^ j^

O^i

intr

linguistic

Lr^JU IXLa

of - f-V^

^r?" 00 -

7--UJ of U-1p jlJ

J \Jj
(j^*-^

JjJiS" Ijjk j\S


f

oL^Jlj oJul TtJUj

UJU

oJJl

J_^b

JJL- of \jJ>j-\ filS j-j>JUI of


f*,)

U5. o-&

LuJl

Ji

J^ j^ ^^

i-iUSJl *lai J-t*

<ibk* ^Lal ^y

oil Ui>lij

JL*

i_-

Of

jdl oL,.:

Jlj

L5U-

oK

j&

ia^jJI oL_ji-* J^-'-J Lp*mIj 'j*j

(jjJJl i^y*-**Jl /^-j

^f ^j-i ^jlA (J

L>;j^-^ 0_^u Jlj

ai^lj

C-^ M

JJb

^>-li
of

JUJI JL-i
.-o-Jl-JI

^J^l

.iiM

o_^ V

iJUu L; <w~*Ju

Uij>-j

..j

jJl ^UJj

L^iV

ajUJJ

JljJf jf ijSjJo'l <^JUl JLiJ

l^iaUfc jJl J^>JI

V^

^ ^*^waJl vipHJ ^

op

<JYaJi ,4*

^ ^*a
JJ&

JL,

JUJI

jf

<IS"

JJtJl

oUKJl

J^i

'jyu jf

J^ Ui. .

L^_. .^j? ^jj

J*^Jij

l^

J*Jy J*

Lwjj

*UUJl

j*

^ |_uu ^^Jj jf ^,W:,; N


.^ ^f jy i^j ^i5U;i

uUl

jf ^jwiJI

Vi

Ljf

>U

^, yjf 0j &

j* jb*

"JUL*

J^*

Ul Ji^l

^^i

oL>Jl

^ >-J

jf

j* jJ

j^ jL J^i" jjl

iX*s- jJ>

Ju

j^&

"V

J>>

l~j i*
I

jf juridL.j
jf La.1

J*Jl

&

UjUcU Ij.^

^^iljJl iLI*JI jl^i

^J ^ ,> **J^ J-k U JS yb

jtf

felai*.

oij

jf

j^

i+jaj

>

j..*J]

dJUII

J*H\

<j)u~i\

Behaviourism

jJ5f i-ijj iiLjj .U i_Uij


tjiij_JI

Jl

i.L,ajb

jiiJL; 4jjjJJI

-Ut iJJJl Jwj

iiJJi

^LaJI J*a Jy ..jl j**S\ ja

Sljt

-i^y

^/II i_*SjJLJl Lfll

<-u*m olJ-^^AJ <di^^*

aLfcplS'

<-UJl jJljJtJl jf

flJ-sP-jJi

^j^jt *-ij_pj

oaf ^JJl JL>JI JL- Jl ojUt!

-_J

jJjJU

j& J

JuSt

JLa3

o^-ij

SLj ?_JL j^ J5

_J

i-j^ju Ji-ijLj t^iij_Jl

aJ!
Jl

aj>

U^

:\L,

II

^Uwu)

jJj pJ ^J
(R)

Jiil

jf)

Jj

oij_

A\

jl

^a

Jl

UJJ ^_.

.,

>L.

^ Jul

"L^y^J
*lu; jl

aJ_.,a..il

J ^*-*JI i-^-L^

^/ji

_LuJ o^xijl oJjbj


J_

wiiyJl ojL^pL _ L-LJ

j_4,

tlijJaJ

^r^

i_JjJlj) 4-yJ>y>

^**Jl oLs-L-^ bJ_>-

U>jl^j oJLiT

^-

i-JLjJ

jL -Up ilxJl

_LJl

jj^l

(Ll

.((inductive _Jt _i^,Vl jJl^-aJln


J

jJui*

jl

1_<J

L*^j

_ ^j-*jI

L^^~

(S) j-JlJI - Vjt -

jf

oLi^

-^ R iU^Nl

_^J| S

j!

(U

lR^Us-VI^JI

j'Vl

j**

i^UJl

J^

pj

l*~ jL> 4U- j<*i c^ili^j

->
i

J tSjH

ti-Ul) (0>LJl

l^-^UiP jf,

l^

(ii_JL;LCJh

V*AJI j^Jl

Lii

j_j>

^> LS) I*
jl

oU^Jl

^u^_j|

^^ki

^1*

(<^,LiJ|

^-Jl-Ej ^_*j> LJ

4U- >*j

l^

cr

L^

ol>^
t

^j

of

jjL^Ji

L^-

-ul

il'U

-4?i*jL JJL

j|

^ ^Ui

^JJj

UIj_p Uij-,

AT

jlS"

jf

t^olij

JuiJj

jl

jkjl *UpV

dJU

j-Vli

^pUUJtj ^aJI

j]\ ^ij^Vl

j^_

V-J -;

U^ljjl oI^JlJI) i^UJl cj\J^\

jl

J**\\

y* J->J

L*U~ j* j>'

J-;UJ U.hfr

Ji, Lj_U jl

Up

otf^>Ji

_L^P

,(S)

jJl (R) j (S) vJuJt J^lo^Vlj (r

J! jjcz Uj_^

V'^.jJ Jf
4~U*Ji|i

_^,

^ i*jJU j_^o -XU**L

jl 4JL-J

J^^JLJ R iyj ^p iUx^l


J[

,v*_^Jl

j\

<

(jU^-

v^'
...i:

ii^UJL

>JL,
.

d^LJIj pixiJl

V^j^i

^^ ^ _^iJl

LuJl

^J^UlJIj

.<SL,j4&\

4^-idi <y

o~J ^j ,^Jl
L^ JU ^l )[
t

iJU

^jUb

5Ls-

JpLU

J5

^ ^1

^U

siU;

^ ^Ji J-I^Jl ^ ^o>Jl


_

j|

j^ Mj

^l-l^Vlj oULSJl

i_l*

oLivl

I4-

Jl

yuji

o^ J! J^

jSU>Ji

^ ^f -Ui^XUJ

j^l^ j^Vl

i^JJl

L>-

^ ^t ^-J

3L-

lou,!

((Predisposing factors

jf

L^Jlj to'l^l

^u*i vn*

J-I^J!
.

tt

Jjj,

jjj

j^

i^

wiiw-lj j^J^Uil

M^>
_Jn~J Uif

.(^Ul

^j

^ jJS\j

lo

v Ul ^ J/VI

>>-^ L>-^J

J J^V!

^ ^^

j-p

oU^I ^

^L

JaJy

L^

^LS

lil_>

JUil

Na

L^w?lj

Lr JU

UUl c^
t(

^l)

J^UI

l-L* JaJj-i

olj^Vl J^~

.((Phonetics laboratory

^^P

Ci

^J

Ja^

fjiJ^I
<jf

i_Z^ ^p

AU.JL

am _^f i^UJI

^A>J

Ar

^^1

UjUpL

Jbj_^

jf

^JiJl

^^

oUydl

^jL^I 3

o^a,

^I^Jl

jL

J^U;

jl

.^UJI

j.

li*)

^| ^LSOJ ^Ui ^^Jl

^ ju, ^ y,

^%

t4di

U* J*** (
l-L*

--j .^JJi

U5U-

B.F. Skinner ^jiL, J[

oUl^-l ^0; ^iJ| jL


L#-i

*_;

of

JU

V U*_

djS: j}\ reinforcement i^Sjl* Jl ^i_JL


,

J* o~J

aJLji

.Sdj*y i-^ij
,>SL.
J

^i LJ

Jj

^LS
*-*

jf

:J> Ux* ^iji

oLUl-i
jg.

gju;

f*^

J* J>" ^i

iJUb

f)

Lil.

^_j
^J,

*-

;j
.

U ;

UL^a

^i; ijijt j(
^^O.j i>v ^u- oljju of J*Ml

\^S
Sj^-

^ijif
,

J ^L>j Sj^-L.
Sjj -^ ^f J^i of ol*l

i_u; iJU,

At

s^tf .iJLjkj

l*J ^iiU


JL^jX j&

,y

Jl^L

.u>J jt

jt

^-"iLtf

K^t J&
Lit

^ JUVl

iUi-Nlj (ij^l)

(ijiUl)

k^J N

*
(

3jjaJl

^ ,_

Jail

SjJlj^
.

C-J

1*15 i^-slt

.Dutch

iL^C-^l
-*-

ofj

j^

*> ^1 Hrj-J ^^' u J^ J* J*


^ i>Ji ^ v-UVl drfJt oV .olUi^/i
-

of

0^1 v:>Jli oil ioIj-UI

Ju>

>Uj

^ iy^ i_yw Uj

l~v JI

oL,U=^1

^ M*

4U>

Ji>

^3

^ I* La oV

- JiVl

<s^> o\S*[ i3U>

Ao

^J

J* UJi

lj-6>j vT

-^

t-^l J"*

531

Linguistic relativity

d_j jt*

JL

jt 4_wiiJl
itjj

Jp

^IjJI ^jJ

^L^d
Jb-

jt

jj> J_di

jJuo^ U^_

-Jj

UiJ

J ULflJ li^Lju U^j

l*j J-*J jJI

SUJI

jl -

U^J

Jl

.,.,-,n

i^Jj

^-Ji^ p-U

U> ^J bfj

J>*J Ulj
:

, v.LS^Sfl

xj^

Sj^ Jl

'-U.1

i;

l-u

Juj_-iJl

J-.

jt

L.

U*

J~-

-* t^-^

L;t

Jo* jl&T

^ijjA

Jl

-Lil <i~<aj

UJJI

J^ Jl

*L*1*JI

-i

L~J

JL_^b y^J

Ju->Jj

Jl

Jp

JlUil

i^ii) iJjj-^ ^jL^j tL-pv--J

\ Uf LuJu

U^jU^

jSU, N jU>UJ

jt

J^-iyJU ^j

*p^ JJub

Jl i^

tiiJJl sjl_pI

o^j

Jj~'I

J* -

Edward Sapir

A "l

JJj

J* J-.^

-P"J
.

juijy

j^r* (0*

^^N

^^ V ^

3UJ1

U*oJ L'Ui

^.j-tUl

ot

J*

<iJJli jt

(olijuU^Vl UUJ L*~ y' -K?^

JU_Jl

U_j

^d~

^jj

.I^JI

Lo

j:l

^h

-!

J^

LSjjV
i "s^

r^ J&

H^j-ii" jf

Y,ti .

il

J JL^VIj

jsUiVl

i-i

^Jlj

wave

storm U^l_*Jlj aflame

j~r**

(IfUp-jJ

jUaJlj

^1

5^_L>Jl

-?

-Jjp
*>

-M

pulsation

spasm a^JIj

j^j

iu^Jl

nThe

is

JI

:UU_,

oLi*
i^JJl

^J

*UJ

cycle SjjjJlj

iX^Vl

i^JJl

j-^

^a}\

j^

jb j-

J_iu-Jl .y

j* (f*-^ Hopi

^J

i*J

Jl

_U ^ijybj
jjj

phase

jj\a}\j

demotion

Jj

J^LU^I

JUJI _p^Jl

J*

of IJu

Jl

f-*-^ ^~J l^ ^>UuJl

JS"j

i_-ljjdl_,

house :U_jJ * N-xJ


house occurss

^j

US L^j Hopi iJJ jjj JtJl ^Ul ^


i^J ^xp j^-Vl jf j^ J .SjilkJlj

subjective

aL>Jl J_Li jf Iji^l

JSLi L$J

jf

^^iu-J IJU

^iJlj teddy

uU

U^yh

jf

JULj .

iJUl

sL^i

^Ljl

AV

j*f

jL5
i

lil

UjjJ _

L.

'

Uwilj

i_*J

-^ Jl

objective

J) Jy V
jKJi

:j

oLKJI

a*)

^ii; Hopi

^ J_^, jlJULi
_

^>-

of

4_Jywi; o;-^-

^U

J ^J

.^>J^>JU i^uJI (i'Ui Jl J^u

:liJUj

-J^'

Lf-J-^J-* J-*
_-_,

o^Jb J

jj

ills,

ttj^Jl

^jj sj^Ij

J-M ^ ^_oJJ
b-U- A^yJ!
t>* 1^
j^*^

J) U/i U5

jf ^Jjjm

*w*$JUlj

J>Ixj4 hopi 5U

jjp) 4 ;

JjVl J^aiJl

JJU,

^ij^J

f ai

cspark Sjl^Jlj .lightning

noise *Oj-iJlj

flj-^Jl

jy\ %Si

.U-*iII

AilUJij

l^j J*-'*i*

o>J

J JbJlj

^Jj

^u _pj jl* .

ft

ja>j

^jjl

oLJl

,...,

cJtf ^J oJJli .*LibU ^Lwl


^^aJL^ijJl

i*j

_r

^^kuJl ^

t<UP t-UiJl jJbC,

.IJ

^L-l

Jai> l^l

A*J

JLp tJu*

^Wt

,, ;

wi^ j

IJU Jl*,

ij^tyi

i-^

HJ^ 0*

soLA&J

Ju

Lfli

ir\\

^U W*j^J

j^i i^ljpl ^j^-Jl ^J**^

jl ^.iwaJl

i-*jL^Jl

-ff*

>..

Jr^

:.^*j

(Jl*

*
.

4jw>wS

^5j

Ix>jJ

*J jjj

UUJ

ijci*

^' J~^

^*i 7^**

/*"*

Lf*-*^*-' j' <a11' (JuCJ J'

otiilu

_ jJLJ U5" _ *-#jj>

j|

ji^Vl J J jJl Sj^-Jl _ U jU J\. JaJjj jf j^ jJl Sj^oJl , (JL*


,jj>-l oUJ yj^l jl *Ja;
wi ilJb- Aiw IJLaj
J^-ajcJL Lfcjj^aJu
\

*: k:....j

Llf IjSsi*"

iLiJJ ^ljJl j^ ^53


L_J ULoJ

4jdu>*-

^j>J

jLj

*l'

jf

jtj*:.,..;

iUU^

jUa^-L

j^

i.

-J

i^^
I

^j

L^JlS"

(i

j5J

i-Li'u*j

jiaJ 'j^j

^-jjl

f.iv..

Lfle-

jj_^Jl

Uitj

oUUl

c5^>-Vl

JUjj k-^yuJ jt

<**rj^\

y^

r-ij^jJ))

Ow
^U

0Lj
Ul

*JaXJ

_ iLp *jj*3j -

4j_)rUJ^I

(.was loving ^auxiliary

IjoI

Llf

y>y*J

*^j&j *&j>*i* *j_^o

^-J Ui! ijJb^jVl

sloved

^)

-*J.yk J**

jl

J.vidj) ^.jJ^^l

AA

iww^

jj*t L^jJ

^i^Vl <*ji\

_j

b>wlj U_$i

^y>>^Jl #UiJl

:Jaii J-*iU

.will love

.^s^f ^i ^J

j*

p\

[^"7^

jl

JJ_j

Jl ^-i^Jj

L*5 tf-jUiJij ^-^LJl

o'xaj

.(palmer 1974 ;JX\

Uj LS

j waJl C-JlS' Jj

iJL* j_^SC

Hopi

JL_>

-^

Jj^i

'jj

jl

j*-P^i

J^aJ' iiu^ ^UaJ

ljjy^\

love
5 JLp I

Jl

4-^-Ul

jJ^-J*

<_j

jLoVln Igj

&

^j_^Jl IJ^j) ^-L Mil

xi

il

4il

went

jl

^1

-^

lJL> Jl c~*i

JJUj_J

jl

jl

tf

j>-

JMUlj

j_^_

^-_,

^j*

3^ ^-Jj

^-J i>UJNl

VLi-

^k

Lp-L-iil j-p iJywaJl

went tomorrow

Hopi

iilJ L4.Lt:

oj u*

jjiu

jt

^Ijj

wish

LJI

ii^M

SL>JI

L-j

^1

^ Ji

jl

->-^-

jt

J^i

*J*

J*- ?^ went
JL5 ^ ik^Ul IjiOr Uily
-^

j oil .(ciY

jJ

J^
.

^>k^Nl

^>\s%-> L4J

j^b

t^U

iiO>Jl
Jj

jt

J^

^-

^U

j^j

J
Oi

lfc>

.A-*;

jf

J^l

jji

^aJ

^ oyj^i kyM*^ ^^

J IjSjC ^jLJ j* - ">Ui

A^

^>U jU~* L*^f

jJSl ij-U/lll J*>-i l-L*j

-Lii jSJ

there yesterday

^^^

^remote -U~ j^j

iJu* oJ wJlS

^-^

j^Jl Jl

JL^ ^'U

Tense 2 Y

II*

^-J

should see him o-_Ai

oLjLi>

^-^

L*U

t a

went there everyday

c^

i-^Ji Jj>Ji ol* J-U jl^!


.

*&

jLJ^*!

iU-Jtf

<JI

M. Joos ^yr-%

UL-.a^-V iS^f

jt

al

^ p\

^Ul

tU^ij

jf J^iJU

J -UjaUJ* *JNal!

j^Jl

^LJI

US'
Jj-* <y

^-^

v-Ul

- iJMxJl

L*j U^j-S

U4JI jjy

^-J -Jl)

JL..U'

<.

.^UJJ

J*

Ut

tL-^j p

jV

^^

SJLw

SjLil

J U5 f*^^ J ^^ f-Ua~>

:^y

::

^LJl ^>U

j^ U^-_<JaJI o-j

j*jJl fUiJ

Uj-iJ <iU

i^l

ijJl

q\J)

^Ul

/til

cn

.jUii'sii(i)
.jUaJl (0)

t^

V Ul
1

Lexical Structure

4ISLL9

u^j**
Ji-

_^UJ

J*

^>

r"

JjU^

ul L^iU.

^i5 J*k J^-.


.

^IfJl ^y_?

_^Sy

((Structural
i

sx^>Jl JiUoiJl

jli[

^a~

J^-b oUUj^'1

o_u>

J/i\ J*ii

= Oil>J;
f^Synonymy

J.J .sameness

J^u
Jj>

^jJl

i_US

jUa-i

^J\

r Vl j>Vi Wu
.

j\

mfastivityi

unevei

'^S

JS -i^-

L^L

JU:L.U^i-.l iiL>

.ifirrai 1JL

J -^^

iJJUJi j**

jf

jT

*US

clji>-

,> n~* cr^

gala jl^-fr-a J-i*

jf

uthrushn

^j

tistink

f-^-"

<-U -*,-"

L^L

gmavisi^-Jli

^i>

1*1 hoatzimi '<JS

bird.,

^u ^ iwlijjij v=nUj v-v-^


^ _ i^jLJI >Ji

h-j j- -

^j v-u

^^ ^

^>-Jl) :>Ji L^Jlij U#A-Jj

j~*

vj^-

k&J& J*

^^ > ^-^ ^'^

jl

>^

''^ ^ 0)

j^&

yOju
{

-li

JJi Jy_, iij^UjVl

jV

jji**

oJJl

j*

j^

J--JiJli j-^*S\

oH\

~x

^y~i.>

^jj -Ji[ jLX-

jt j~>-

J^iJ Lit

UU

r>J1

royal

ili-T

<i-ii>-

oLU&lj

14JL.VI1

iJLAj

U*j

^i%^^l

oLijI^u ^JUa

or-y

J*J1

oUKJl

Uf

t(JucJl

<^

^J
.

jf

J;> jp lusi

Jifj

UUi

oSji jf

L*U;

Uj^UlS" ^y^ju '-*>*"

jLJ ^^^

3A

^r

Jl -^,>J
1

(^yj-i-Jl

jf **;) regal, royal, kingly

JJjJL

4i ^jcJI

^^1

i^JLJi

oULSJl

.Sja^II

^jj&\ J**Vl oli iUSJl

iJJJl

10UJUI

iUSjubuy

LJj-SL.^UjVI j* jj-SJ U

jt JL*^>-Ml -Ljiy j-L-~--j

U^lLJ ^Jj

oUKll

flU^Vli

j,t

*>r <U~>J<

aJJSj brotherley <jyt-U 4_*i5 LJii u<L>-JJU j

,>*JLi) <vjVl oj>*Jl oli


s

^^-* ^Ui ^jj

jt

L.

Jj-J^U

muniversei iUSj world *JUi iUS upurchasei

jj

^r"

^J mFranglais 4-J^tJl i^Ull

:oLJll ja ol_JU* iJUjb

i_J5 ufraternal

o^Li* iJ~oi j

a}\}^ oL*-I_^JI j_j^ Lit <J *Ju>ym

i*yJSf oUKili jjjjj^i.-

jl\

\js\>i>\,

i4_JL*Vti

j-^t

^ U cJj J ^^f oJ j, J*iiU c^cu-l

^LJl

0y**>_

Up _ oLJJl

L*jaU<a* CJ15

cf* -

jSLj

iili

U_,;

^j

ogl jluJi" iiL-*

lt*^"

^1

^pJ

j">Uj*J ^:. l5'

4J.SUJI olJil^_uJ!

J\

i^~ dialects oU^J


fJ^-J

ff

autumn

<_lU

ili*L

<_-Ls"

thaystacka

^*

Btap

-u

jf

it

v^

l-d

^1^ ^

jf

..^.

0>^_

jf

ja

-^

A^J|

^ ^
t

cowshed

.nhaymowjf

hayrick

flspigotn L-lj !fauceti

v-v^j ij^Yi

iUlt

j^^^l"

.cawhouse

i*KJl

.S^juJI oUV>Jl pji^.

ojJik, ii^i

^ jp.

ubyre i^.j j

j^-j^j o^JUi

J^

^-

oL>^Ul

dialectologists

i^UJl oUKJL, _^^ij|

jl

oL^_^

-i>Jt| i-US" jU JLLJI

((fall

JL^clj

J[ ^I^Ji

J5-

Lj

oUJ

Utt

i^ oljJ_s

registers

J~ ^ A

cs* -

an abnoxious

^jJjVUi

^UiJl

^-J

off,

Vj-*-"

Lfci

(Styles

posh,

*_jbj

jU*

l^f

^JUL,*

<^J ^\ Jt

^Uj

nanorrible stink
L.f

nasty smell

L*Jo ^j|j

i-J& v^Vl

pop

jf

^L^x^W

J^a

j>

gjUi

^ ^ ^;

fl

J*LxJ|

J^-Jfl

_ L _..j-..

jUeffluvium

j|

:^

((die,

iU^^

i^LLu oLftC ilU*j

^L-L-^UL,-^

oL*j) tgchap, man, gentleman

J^i oUKJl

JL.U

(JSCjJl

pass

away

jSf SAJli

i-i^L-V*

>J

j^-

l*J

JJ-riJl

J^J

jl

oU^U

^^UVi

J>

of

LO*j

^Vl

oil

OLS"

JjVl jU>

lilj

v-J^iJl

j . j^ o ls^ y v* oj& j
ci^L ^.^J ^i ji
v j^f ^ tjj^ uL J>1

j^S"

u L.

i-^Vl

j-p .iNuJl

Uit

^^y

._^a

JUL"

oJ

=?-j

^ilii

JJti U

j^vi

^UJl

jsa

.duos' olj-^Vl)

^i y ^ji

^y^j

JJU oLAS

^.Ijjl

ULjw.ULjw ^L

0kji
r

JJi-jj

\Jj U>5

.evaluative

dUi

<JJU!

^_>

Khide/conceal ^J^uj tstatesman

^^j

o^ASLuJl

J_^|

ur-L-_- :oLU53l

..economical g*\

UU

jf ^owili

^Ul

/politician

^_i]L_^ j->-\

J^xi

j^x

^ji

^ J^b UU^^ U i^L-Vl oW^Jl

L*S . u^\ J } y$\})

*-J>>

jf

Jj>Ji

t*f js. gjii

lil

,/iii\

stingy

J-^ :oL_JiGl

^ia-j^Jl ilXJuJl

Jjb

Jj^j

.flliberal

*o

JLjhj ^thrifty

^Jl^i

j nfascist

j-^ai; ji JjL>*; ji tk^Ji

jl

if* j-J

UJI

j) -

i^U

^Ij>[

/f)

^*-

aJ

ajjji

t-^>

J*

I*!

ji5U

v-Lu oUiS"

^>aJi

^j

.cAJiUJ

j^ <j'j^

bad

ji jfcpi

^>
jAi

A-iki-Jji c/^*>Jl

js**Vi

bJl

^j

uiLJlin jj^j

IjsSS"

Jl

jj

j-^m

cgood

fc

jf

jgiS3l jl Ji*-^; jt Jb

v 0^1 '^y J^; fl- Jr* 'J*


^JL~. ^^ ^J oUKll ^*, jl 0LJ1&J

jl ,_>:,.,.;

J A J^^\^ *ji

fc

U^Vl

jSL3b-

)!

SjLi\fl IA4S

j^X J jl V-

Jt-^J^i M

^L-V

*$>b :ii%

yt^i ^ly- J!

jLsjUil

jjjtfj

ji

^iJi -.j

jiJi lig - oU^aJtj JUiVl j*

^J

^^ Ui.

**
i

^j

^^
UjL^I

H^/i
^J

jLK)
ry*'
j^JaJ

iijju* ^y>j
<**<$*

<^

ui ^JaJ i*KJl jt J~*~


**- j4^aJ rancid

addled JU

iJu^ jJl-j

Jj

iJlS'j

i-U5

wAJ1

ji <_J5 t>^i .^^r*"

abutter -bj iU5

((brains 2J-oId

(^UJl

jl

eggs

jl bacon

y^))

ii

^n

j-U*

^K ^-*

jl- J^U j^u

^^ U5_ J^L, *UUJI ^-^ oi*t

^L!i

^ ^lt^

^> o/J IjJS oU5

jf

jL_Ul

duei
tJ

J^, ^U,

govern

^i

'<&+*

.^>-Jl ^-a*

iUS

jf

i-frj-^^- L$J (4-i^)

unbound,

^ Lt^ ^j
^[ ^^^
f

J-fcJl \1

lax,

olul^

i'US J-J

L^j

J^UiJ

<~ii

JjUJ

,> ju,

j^

Uij

jU\ V^JL
iLLi

vague, B

,!i

U^J

oUKJt

j,.<_.Ui

jUi*

Ji

lap U)

.-.

-^

._^JI

jL

j*

oL~Jl

jf

jto^vi

oi

oii.l^Jl

jf

,u^

>*_ _ JiIl_
:

jla

^15 y u

jiju-i

(:

^V

oLKJI

/ uj^ji

4U

iLUS" jf

^ oLi.il

^^

ij^ iu^

i !

relaxed, free, inexact

(S^l oU^JI

iLU_ JoUi

>U^,)

L.f ikj .Lfr-Olf

I-U- li> jl| Jii^Ji ^l^n/

.uj

loose

ripe, adult

^l

j>

jJ

U&

^U

u perfect,

jj_,

i-i* JfJ

^JUl M-Jl

4JU1-0

olijl^ (U^,) mature

^,

slack, inattentive,

^ i^ili ^^

urequire, determine, control, directa

0* s-$*

r*j

jf

-^

u^_u

<

ji

L-U

^sympathy ^akldli
jtj
t

1 1

water *L_JI| *^ ^

wswide

L iji

^i^_

Jut

* *oii_; oi

J[

il

^*Ji J,*UjJ

j(

Jtf jjU

iu feep

j* .ibroadi .kb

jl

Ij

profound jXcJl J~*i

Liy-i OjSw

ibroad

j\

J* tiroad j*J*J\i

i^Jli jl

^y* tiaccent

UU.

JjljdJ -JUL^

^^Jl ^^i

.nearness
opposites o^L_,l_iJl

((deep J_.

*_pi

J- J_tL_i;
jl

1_^wj>x^

IJLa j_^-i

"

j^,..... a

j*

ishallow

jjSy
kl^

ii

j_*-Ij

<.

j_^>

"5L_

oLSCj JL_jbj

((Superficial

J-r^B i-US" ^J

aantonyms aIju#VIi U$Jj

$.!

((profound* j

Jl_^IiI

deep j-iUS^Jl

t(JL-

j_j_L~-

J L-*4^
.

jV

^Jdi

..iiconnotatiun

*-iJi jl

_f

3>^Jl jj

UJI

*>y_ UU>-L9

..-../rlU

^ui

j\

Lfj^

,*Jia

^ji

vr^Ul

jT

oJLJli iJl-Jfc

--*

-^'-

deep i_J5_^JlpVl **Vi

.Ja4*

((profound* j
I

^^f
LJ

>1

J--*Jl

L.wjj

j d!l

aj ^_*

t_r

t-Lu

-a-

ji

^J^Vi
^J

a-j

jV

L*-i

j/n.K

'

i<

JjL-Ji

((superficial*

t_jf jl i-~>*i lj ->-tj

uu

<,\

i[

J-u. Lik^.

J
J

Jj>JI Ji SjLVVl
j-iJl

oliil^jujl

fi^w

lJiy>-j^J\

<*JSj

j-ty-^-t

^L>jI 9yJ*yj*

U* wuJLi

oV

jJ

ja

JjVl

eJOb

jwoman st^li

L^J

,a:.H

Ji.j

(JjVl <-AJl j*

^UJI

J_*iJ|

,/iall

J[

I4JI

j\

jt

a-pL*^-VI

L-S^i ^> ^JVl ^5JJI dLoil

J-^iJI)

U^it jJl

^ -^

JI_a_^Ul.
.

fct^ijIj^Jl

4_....:a;

aJlS'ji

iibuy
I'll

9yj>yj>

U) JJJj

j (idog

wJ5

o>J

^aj

ibl

to the

^j#\>-

JL-

jliUSJl (^"UliLJ

^j-w.jj jLulSOlj

go

^**Jl

UL--t

shop and

tMy
somen

Osgood Jj^jjl

W^J^

't

^yJ Vl^f

^J

.1

homonymous

jt

uL- V_

^^Jl

aa rooster

^UJla

iJLaj

oU^-jftli?

^ j-^il^

a1_*_^J1

....

taboo

dULf JJL-

jLU^

(.

J.

^lir

si*->-

Lyons

j^^J

has just had pups :iU>Jl


:

i-4

^*- <y ((intercourse

olt>*~*j!

jf

apig

i^-tjj jljl*-i")U

iUS" t&Uj

nVll l$~i

oUi5 ^ju

polysemous ^^j-J^-Jl

^JiJI _

LJLpj tijUsJl

j^

gdirty jJj

i^i ^>-

<-*-^ ^^Jl*

v Ul ^ ^IjJi

^LJl J

.^i ^

((euphemism j_xJl iiiaJ* ^^-t -*^

j-^t

t_j

oU-*dJl

jlS"

dJUi ^.j

jJJ L^l

^Js- _

uweak

nget ^J^s-

iibitch

*a->*->j j

jk

j-SUil

vM'

c^l J-^l J!

>*

<rJ&\ jt

J\

Itj-p-

j>lj^_Ji

JU

IJU jJ

of iiJbJlj
.

^L5

J-U
.

Jjka ^Js>

>-Vl

having pupsi

o>A!

jjp V

vt!li

Jj D^-if ^J)

V jJ

jJU

i-liL* li* jt

.bread

>^l) iHyponymy jUiiVi Jl ^kJL ikJ^

Ot*

J^J'

j-^Jl j^jJ JlJ Utj

The red

.oLKJl o^lyJ

j,

:Uyj

ijL**

ili*Vl J^-f

^ajcS jA\.

^y going to the shop*

^t

ja

JjLj~Jl

Oj->

t*?*j o

-tf

^_J5o*li

J&h

:Uy

The book ^L^Jlj

Uj&

jj-alj-^ - LJL-. -

<jJ'

jUj

i^^tJl

oL^U^Ji
J*fc

jt j*j jl JLi

dUJd,

gbook

aJLj

oyj

IJla

iSj**

jf j^U-

J^UI

^js** iitjn

^Ji
.

jl^->-i jL>j ((bull jjjb iJii"

i-Ltf jti>-i

d^JL

of

ij^U jLJ*Vl

jV JL^I

<Lp'u*oJI SjIpIj definition

t( jW-jljJ

^LJi j* *_iUI J

iJ^t^i ^y

male adult bovine animal

oV

U$j j-$u _ U c^i^ - jjsUJl of

paraphrase

^JJl Id* j^i

j*j

*__*>

Cjttilji*S

j*

ycJl

rfaiJl

*,

J C-xJJ JU*

Ji*Jl <y

-j^yy

Js'z

1 1*-'!**-*^

jS'i

JL

4-A"

Componentia! Analysis

Jtt\J^l\

homonymy

polysemy and

jl jJL-j

^53

oLJ53l

Sameness

cJj

Lf-ii iJJCJl jt

^cJi

SjJUJl %*lj-^l

o!)iiw

jj_&

iJLft

^-4-5 _

^L^JI

wiUj

JjU

JLJk

jt

Jy^

^5J 4<aL>^ jl**

JLp ftLoj

.ci-Jl

jj_^_
.

_ Jj_>xJ

l>

ll

J<

^^

I4J

*^Ji

^Jl

j*^*-)' oi_L*l*

j^ ^-J
ilU* ^-J

^y> Jaii

i_U5Jl

J^^-J-*^

aaU>^JI

o-X> J-i.J

JU-iflighti

oU-jj ja

iUtfly^ <pj*js* ^l^^ai-l

jsj

jpAi*

*J

JlJI

jV

leati J-*aJI

(Jl* Sj/JuJI

J-IjcJI

J^_*- S>_iJU

^-p jj^Jli :i-;Vl

^-^j oij- *^w*~Jl jl


fUkJ!

o^U^i

jJi y*^ JLp

^ j-*i

^**JI J5LJ

i_,,nflli

i-JkS" *>uc<jl ^Jj-*J

JU

j;jJ-'^ ji

5^ jL^ <_JJJ

J-^" -^^4^

oljUJl Jl >:l)

^o

fl

i^-^

J>>^

^^1

Lit

j~ >~*J jf

ueatingsoup

*1

lr

,,

US3

*Ji> j

UL>^ jU.

UjUpI

tfstt

seating meat ^JJl


J

-U

Uj-J

S'fji

drinking *L^>Jl

<JS J5U-

seatn

<1JUJ!

jV

^^t

j*&

j*. ,i*a^ jf .>:,,;

it

r*y seating

L^ j*j

i^LS

iJ! j_j^.

teati

dUS J^- j^*j

Jl iiUiVL tisoup

iti

IfJLfc. Jb-f

adrinkj iU5"

lil

L* j*jJu ^J

IJl> jLS"

J_U,

US

j*a

jf ja JjxJI JxJl

N l^j-tf)iu-ij y^b iUk* J^u

Ui*

-$tf

<-JS j^la p* ]aH J^JtJ

J-Jaj LJt

w~>-*

czati

ccati

USi

Uj^

jf

seating tofeei SjlJ *JuU* ieating jellyi

j
t

'"

iiki^

^il) tearing sweatsi SjL-p


J^ia-;

^>^

*_ '-jthi^

L* jO ^^JtJ

^
j-

fUJ* j^ iiki^

JJU;

l*L-^f

UiJl jf

<eatn

o^J

^J

jf

j^j

^i

atransferred iJj-iuJiH

p^Jl ,1^-L i^UJl


pi5^j

JUb

LJU

i*tj!

jj^f

ij^-j

1'T

U*p

iij

j^JtS w ^Ji)

Uf rw^lj

t^j-^- ,j&

SI

Up

(I

.*

*J jJj

Jt-J jj Ul

oLU5Jl

<?i>Jjc*}\

^L*-Jl j* /St

jLJ

(J^l-Ai

i^J! ^^Jl Jj^i

^ jl

oUKIl ^j^v

cJlS"

.^

IS'L

i*Lp ol*_*J ji ^-aJ jf ^.ku-J L?

Uj-i iJ^I

**j

SjUp

(I

Uj^iJ

,L_4l5

dUS

_jj

jSa 4ddrinki

i^j

jt ^,^-j
^y^r^"

Jlp ii^Jl
t

p-Ji

Jub

4JLL.V1

Ji

ULJj

jf tj-ij

J^-j

^^-jSLll

j\

^-UlkJl
^^j-x-Jl

!l

jj <J

jl

*-j

i^-WJJ

jf-j

^j

i^Vl j-p

_ L_jfc-U_; _

^f

jj-a

^ ^^Jlj

Uwlj jJj

JJIi

tj^l

^jJlft i*i5"

o> jl

i-frLJl -^.

J*
a.*

; 1.^:^11

the eye of a potato

UUI

^-J S^JI

L^i-S" ojl*i~-*}/l

._*JI

jLJ jtj

i*IJL*Jl

*cJ>\jj

L#J

J^-j

7^'

mountain J

(.foot of a

\fj

5jj_e- jf

clock

^Lj wUi

v^UJi

*j>j
-

^_wtJ

j-J

j-*Vl jl UjjJ ^_>-T

oUJ ^^v

jl

(.

JL^JU

oUJ

Ethiopian

foot ^jLJIb i^-lS

-*Lj

<>Uj

Jl

oyai ^Sj"

i^>Jl oUdJi JJU)

jl aoj-jbjJln

jJ>a** j~*-ij^

^JUl

oa**>Jl

j-^-*J jJ-^~J
_

Lax

Jjckj

<-A-*>yj
*iT j\

Iju* *_*j

^U-aJl

Jj

>.

iSjI^^Jl

w-^ii

Jk

<4^9 j

.^

,/i,ll

L&^f

iL^

vJyi jl *i-j indentation

_ jljJLj Ji

u-w ^H-^ ^r^^

^L^Jl ,J^j usad


i_Ji^

*j-;N'

oLiill

t^UJi Jlp aj^L-e-j tfoot *_*- 4J ^-J (i_JL*JJl

ann

^^i^Jjl
(

<^l jl j*>-

j^ i-^. o-ji

y
<J

-^

_f

usadi

jf U[)

i^S"

j-*

^O^l-J

jlla_i Ji IJL&
*

&

^a-^^Jl

L^^-*^ (iwarmi

John

is

jL-*)i

l^j

book he wasi

as sad as the

Jj

jp j^xJla-JI j-j-^J' jj^ VA-

^t

JL*_>

^Xy

ULl-j

cJlS 1^1)

<

u jLi jJ >LUJ

J-*

iThe score
.

"

J ..

JJ

^-

-Jj-^-j

of the symphony

j\

score

is

on the*

i^U-i oL-**U;
^U5Jl

Lib

:*iUi

JU.J

Jjl- iL*Jl

^>Jl

SJip

>Lj

lJL^ JJJ-tfj

SOP

oLJ5

js-ijii'

jU* U

i^UJi i--^i

iJXJl

jt

J-J

l
;

(her face

to follow*

U* tS^' V*

iL^-l

<L^j

J^-^j

table difficult to follow

iJL^Jl

>

ii--aJ JlS" ^J

fUt LJj ^t)

i*-UJi ijL*JI

i;LJi

*W

J^ii ji

4_^l

on the table*

is

'

nouns *L^-Vl

is difficult

thesis i-*.U-l

\**J>\j ^r-Ji

JJJ1 L$J

JjSl

ji

^Zeugma i^UJl

<-J5 jM

^Jm

ja-^

aThe score of the symphony

The

5JL*-lj

u reading

*J-*J

She was wearing a white dress and a smile on

i_-Ua* j-#kJ _ JL*.

jl

<JijJ

^^j-frU

oUl)l

JJ&JL* ilL*

jl (S-U-

jUw

g^jt lJUj
jr-' jt JjVl :-o <J%*

ij]l j_^; jf
jf uJUJlj

Jdlj

^ jlo^-i

jwi>Jl

.li^UJlj ^JJI j-Ul

^L>

UJli.

^tj

^*ji

^' <3y

us

j^

L.

-cJ

^U

j^ocJ!
f-^J

Ujjf jiuJi j~- J*j (*-;


J\
Aighti
(^jJ^Jl > ^*) *>> *^ u

^u, r*~J\

ot

j[

iSj>

JL-*j

^^

& J i>~-jW

i^j-v*"

SjUI 0^

SjlJt jt

J-^J

^-^ - " - x-^ " {LjAI ^*


SjLJI JjL* L5 bj L. j^Ju jf

j-^

L-ajL^U 0-*Jl

ob

j^

^.^^J! ^Jl ob
f-j-Jl

tij'**

L_j i_-J5

J-^J

<

M ^J

^r-

Oj-SL- ^Jj-^j-^l

J_

j (oJljw) dead
*

^L^j

^y tULj jUJu>*j
"

^ - L<ilj
jLairJ

jkJl ,y J-IUJb

isite

^}LJl/iLJI

V-*

^^w^t

oLaL>J aright

Ua_-,a- jr^-VUj

j=iUM

jl

<,

>Ji <y ki*Jl jkJl

trite i*iji Sjj*-i

^*Jl

<_y *-J^U>-l^

iL'UJl

oUKJl

ucleavei j-iU^Jl Jl* taantonyms blJLii

raze ^-*u*ji j iraise

'
i

\ t)

j^

uHomography ^aJI ,y

_5

(LjjI ,*ii)

!^ui

cJ^Jt j^j tHomophony

Jh-.W

jj5J (^.jJIj

Lo^x* utiio (i^iSOl *ja*) lead j^ui

usight <_jjjj j

-j^J LJL>-*

^^aj jt

j&

:<jLulJl

Li

jsJSS\j <.(^*L) icleavej

^o

jL^w

SJ^-lj

jjU.

L*J

i-JS .X%

^'L^

Jj-i

jl

Uu#

J?

j c-ij-*

JW**

W^

^^

'**?"

>* .etymology JLfcJNl

^ ol*
& ^ > ^U ^r* '^
,^-Jl ^ b>- ^-^ WJ J*S-J
jV ma j** H jJ
l^.^

"

t>

jl-UJji

J.*;
,

i_U5 j-

iUS

dhe

U5j. j^T

^jjl

J
<ii*l

i**

i#jJ

ji

jj, jt tf pupil of the

^vi N nJ^l J-r- ^^


eye j~*Jl >^i iJSj pupil

^-^- dl. > iJ^j

fish sole

kj4j -JJ

ithe sole of a shoe

i^-LJ

&

^j -^j-*.^
>jij iv-& vLJJ Jul jp
^UKll ,1x^-1 Jl

J l^-i

sear jjij

io5 f U*x~J

jju ^ij a-uj

*UJLp Uj-i- .Ilk Jj-ij

(UsjLJ)

_ Jl>-

.^Jr^JJ
L4] sjb-tj

jL . k?y

JUL.

vjbJl

com

Ut

iiUiVL* t*IJ*-JJ

p *J'

frl

^ ^^

sear of corns '<JS

i-^UJ*

^ U^

UJtf U*t Jlp U4JI jjjki

\"\

oil

f^JI

i>Jl

^ ^V*

^_*iJl ilx-n

^.^j-r^

J_JLJLij

near of

>"

31

LJj

J^Jj

j-^ J*

Jp

JJMxM

iS>c-.}U

jt JU^iNt

j*^' J^

^U*

(J***

J&

mm
r

jliU&lj iicorn of the foot

4-j-jj

J-*

^&

^ibk* JLiLil

'

Ut ^Sf V . ^kJL _ Uf V^l

jj^i of J^*j r^jbJl jf j^iif

J!

Lib

j-~j

r'ja J ameta!
fjal

*jj1

.^jJj-U

Nil-

tfimeal

J-&*

-*

jL_uKJI jUi

^f

jJji j meal

jl ,_y Jaii *_^jt

*L>JI ^i^L^l jf JiJl

o-i

corn i^-

U v-JU <a^ oUK ^

.((flower Syhja j <.flour

oJlaj

jU^i j

cOl L^j

<b*t j^,

^5

^v

.....j

...*'

JJj jUJl^JIj

ij^lj <Jtf U41*

iJUJi

(.mettle

v^jUJI

t*-^p

iih^

X^f

IJLji ^iJJJ ^^U-

oL-JtS"
I4J

u^it jji

oV

UjUpI

Sj^Uj

oJU

S_Lj-Ij <US"

aiJ^ijii)

of _ ^Lt- a_>-jj _

Lj'L^a

|jhaJI

UjUfrl

^luj

^j^a o53

obii^j U^f

i-a',.^1*

#(

JUj

^U^JI

jf Sj'ucu-^u ai.1

J43

-_pj

J~Vl

^Jh^S L^V

ljJ

ji

scarej) ^ isadi j.,:.>J_dL

\V

^>-

^-^
L4JI

jju N vUJjJj .jiUl gJU*

^li, lJub

r.L.V

4*Lj-|^*

-J

J_^ US'

arrive

jf j,

^"^
^
Ut
^ ^ ^
j* Cjf

US' Jl*-

oyJL ik> ^j

LfrJ

j^.

jf

JJ-J y>

^ ^^^ JlUO
:

^r-

load

i-*i&

^>^j

^ J>> ^^ >J oUKil


^
J* U> ^'^ ^^ ^

Jli

.fair

^L^i

US'

jt

,riva,s

J-^ Vl

jf

N ol^Jl

'

i>^Uy>
-riU^p

.IfciU

_j ji

t<ripa

rival

JJI

achargea

f-^-i

*J^i .U-J iijJl

tfWI

fJu^-J icharge

JJ J^ ^
^ ^TSUI
J ij-Sj^

>

J-*-

ti*>LUl

^ ^^
*J>

J^J

UluJJi^

J5LL. cargo

tarivers

--^->

j*

i^ j>

iij^JU j^j

^W' t> ^ U531 ^ ^

^ l^j JV W> J*
^k /^^^ i^ "k*i

\>A

ccU.1^

^^

.antonyms ilx^Mi

.oJUJI (Y)

.*uji(t)
.tUaiJl (0)

o^" *J^ US3\

il-uVlj

o-lfJ Aj-*^ljJt

.foul

'-a,,.'sP

!(

.foul'

(dark

J_?-l_j

jb j-a)

J^a LgJ

jj-Sy <ujb yb

If

tfi

-O-lj -U* L$J JlUJIb

^it ^aJiJU a^j

H^-aJ

Ju<aJl

i*JL^JJ i*J*>L*

j^.

ff

(J

0-->-

JikJli

aJIj

-4

u^j-iiaJlj)

J_^aJI

i(fair

^tj^i ^5

i*A5

Ul it-jJ-^n

^u"

i.*-^"
_5
4

_r^ P'' v-ij-iJl

\*\

*-#j jrj^JL!l

ju

li*

iJiJL*

*-

Ul

<[fair

((fair

>

(**^l

JLp ^LJj

^1

Jlt(0)
a_-p (*\)

4_U

ZJS

faul

jt

viJUJij

^L^- y&)

^y^v--

}y

(f)

'-i*

il-UiVl

Ullmann jUjt j-^u-l

(JL^JJI Jjj*) depolir i-J^l iUJL

J(*_~J;) polissagei iUSj

fi ^p-P)

v->J

impoli

^j^Jh

ilLjb jf

<o|

*J>JtJl

^i *1UJl c

J^>- j^

J l^io"

OjU

4_jl

uVn
cot

politessei j

SjLp ^^jj
-AJj)

iiLjjkj

The old men and women r^Ji


**iJ-> *1JUJ (j5Uj
jjtji jj_*j ji

o $.,.

W'

u*^*"

j*K

LSj

(L^

ainu *il_~Jli 'prefixes J*lj_-Jl

N~L_

SjUJI ol

<^y%

*__*

->,j~>n

Jjy

JU

Flammable S^Sc^Jl

ol^L^Jl ii^JLJl

and Visiting

jjt^ji ^_j*>b>-i

-k>^

^ g\J\ J-iJl) oUb^

inflammable JUc-lV*

ft

<y

impolite unpolished

JJbu* 01 - lj->-l -

^Ul

(^JWI

Ls^^Vl u*cj! oL^jJl

^j-**

/"-J'-: t

Or^jj* iF*y*** J\ oL^S ^j-xib^

JUJI IJSUj

_ i_*JiCJI oJl*

fljLi^-l

*Lj

0=^*^

_ j-a^l

oLUS" Jlp I^Li ^-J ^^Jl

^^

J^^JI

.(^uJ_^J)

I_Laj

jiJ

4-^IS" _^

ii*Vl

j^j

<-U

Uit*j

_JJo"l

<Juj*JI

relatives can be a nuisance

iUjJi

s-Lj

c>-

^ iib>*^

vUliJl

J^mJI

Incompatibility

Jl jLit

J_ii

J>U,^

(Value

^JUJt

lJu>

iuJtJl

je j-r-j

J^ /j

& ijSi ^p

.iJjUJl

jOJ

JU S^^JI

Jp _ **ji
i-US"

jp

i-^tf

iiL>x* i_*J

jUiJl *>J 4_U

bjj*-

i-ibiv* -_*J

L$J

Lsijl

LfJ

<J 4_jj^.,.;.

iJjJl

m
L

^JuJi

fc

<*JLJ

relational

sheeps *-JS jt _ JliJl J-^r-

i_.j_JL>^Vl
II

^Vl

^iJl

tJaii lijyn Jli* oj ^Sl*

ojJi^Vl

_ L-L-t _

oV ti^-J^I
*^>JLi

(.

J moutonn

JuJLjj umutton

jj ej_*

\a*-\j q\

jJ

J^i; jl

^
^^L5L^ H"
^JJI

jjli

Trier

J.

J\i*

L >k-.,.-V be

jl

U*

l_

r1rt-1

jii JU~Jl

jlS"

4-iiLxJl

^*

^oiJl j^Jl

i*^Jl oLi^Jl Jl

j^jij

LiyuJlj

*_J5 Li

tOJ_di
.

JjLi

jl^Vl
jl

([^S

toJ_j_Lj>-

lj-Vl

^UJI J\J|

^ k_
.

LJ5j

j-^j-^J

*J-5"

-Li

.^UJt

^LS"

:.,. t ;

Jj

JL>JI

^L ^jVI Wekh

>_j ^JJl iJj

jl)

jljf

Jl

\y

J.JSJ

v^lj

tiaii -l>-Ij

J.i,

^
UY

Jl

^jjjl

jlJljm kunst

w'izzen

^ ^
j^l

L.

1^

jJI

JJj>Vt

w J.rB ^^Ijjl

Jj ij-WVl

glas

^>Uj

^^

ticourtly

jwisheitu

JjLJb j_i(j-J JL-L.

gwyrdd

Jjj

Jlj>- J^

w1sheit

j[

iL*,

^^JJl ^pj

Jl^JVl

Ui;

f
:

jUjI ^US" Jl

^I^J

J*iJ

Lt) nL.Hjelmslev

JU.

^ ^Uif <J^J Jl JU^JI ^ji

<

j^-UJi JlUllj

JJUJl B ^JUJl

Lf* LUi")

dread jjji

fl^lti j Kunst ii^-^Jli

otjljji

*wlsheit i-jjjl Sj-iJli

.(Semantics

alist

S^JJU i-US oJlS, .i-v^i

i-JU S^i ^ii ^3i ^.j

A^jUJl

ljbj_*

JjVli

JUO)

JVoJl

Jl^^ V^r^

afraid, fear,

j*

JW jy

oUKJl Jii
s

E. A. Nida Ijlj

class; <L*a!Ii

^Ulj 4(^1

jiiJl

Jl

j^Sl

^J\

jij J^JLjJ
:

<.

<iiJi

*U^0j

Searching vl^J!

JU

^Ul

J^5>y>

JJj-uJI

jL>Jl

^UU j^ i^ ih.f i)U*j


CJl
^ noise *LijaJL u*UJl

oUS

*i*}tf

s^Ui

Ji*

J-r*

Lji*;

SLs?-

^i

^hj

j..i

_y

4_iL

ij^

,^JI

i*!UJi

^ v^

(-*

ii ^^ai^j

j^>fj

^ b-u-

jf

(^-^ ,>>

jjO^Jl 01

^iaiJ

jJVi

oLU&i

Sjjl^

^J

<
'

iJaU iiji^

J[ sjun

J^ U^

^isjj J^**-*

SyL^uJi

^.jj) -^'.>

Ljjo ^JJi ja^\j

jt

C->tJl _(->-)

<*J

L.f

iUaJl

oli

jL

-t

.^-iJi

v-L

Yj

^J

-L^i,

^U

0_j-i^ LiL^f,

\x* jS

Cwr/Ji) (jj^Ji) ^L_xj!j j^^ji ,^^.r ^i i^ jk, ^l-j ^_

\\r

break

L*jJl jli '-L*

L-A&LI jjl J

jjj

jf ^,k...,;j

->VL>Jl

'a-0j>_

jj_L-Jl

^y^

Ulw

iiJJl

.^^1 s~& 5^l>

Jub

<-^J

J^Jl^Ij

>vUJl

JU- aJVjOJ oLOS" ^yj; L^ii (Uijjf) Shilluk

~-& UUj ,JUJ1


:

l^j

,,^ij

jjJUJJ *iJU^ iid_^ <1->JI _ (l.')

jJt

ts-bljxjl tUtfj^dJlj t>_

^-OJ

o,^

oUjLjy JU

iiL>^~

(M

pjJl

jL5

UJLaJj-.

!j)

Jj j-**"

jJ^JJi

^5

**t-!

^U

iJ

C-ijJt

L-'Ji - <-*-** -i

JjJ ^-

^ JJUoiJl

V>

LJ

Lojl

l^jwtl jt

jJj

oJu* If^aJ

^J

Ji^J iiL>

Ubl:

jt

f*"^ ^~** "

l-ub

^j

JU^

^1^

v-i> jJl

4jL

(_/Jl

J^~

v- L-Vl wUJl

.slj-JJ

ni-Ij^ j-p

J^j U jAL

lL*

i!

^J^

jl _

*J jj_>

J*+l\

oUKJl

-o^i J^ */U
[

J 5ijLj _ pJi
LS^SJ

.rtJI

'*

v-w>JI j^ fjj

j^i_j-

^j;

l# ^->: ,..;

oLp>->*** ja L^uu ^JxJ

^i^

k-^fya

r^
'.

y Jb-^ u

J-JU

<M - JLJI

kj^I

orj

,B

--jUJl -~*>y Ji

_r

Jb-lj

:>\J*%

:(JUl

_p*J<

>>i

(^r^)

i*Ji

pJUJI jt

jl*>j - iiljj - J-ii

rr-

J^-

^^^i

P^- J^-

J-^^J

-H

j*\* c^-V
_

J^ L>-

WsO-^

*-i> iiL> c

.!b- jk-*\

J\ ^kJL,

">*iij

(j?*-!

,n_n+

JUt

oLuJl

tU->

^*^

j[

^j jUJt ^J^- J l**^ jt _ oil . J^>~JI j^i


t^Jb^y-f IJl> j& oLaiJ jf jjUJI a; ,n:\ j\^[ cJCp

pJu-Jl

4,

Jp

Uw;>w IJu

i*-Jlj

oybx* j_^_j (j^Vl ij-ijJl k*

Uv_JU

^i (Cf?^

jLS *jL ^JLJ V Jl> ^

^ f& J bjJL?- ^

4y-^-t jLS" b-)^* LLJ> jt

J_j

-.

W ^j-^

^.i ^
1

1;-

L-aI Lix*i si...

4_J^5 _

jl^l _

Jb-ljs

^i^Liy ^L-Lj oL^L^Ji

J-JU-Jl Jw.

JjJii

jl

j^l

.JI

j_>4-i jt

j-^.

j^ V

Oj-^j jt

d,.,.Ai

Uj-i^Vl
>Vl

JU UJ

ijju>*j

*Lf

j^J

adjective *j^ LjjJ

j^>-

f-j

J^- jjJJl

J^*; o^L-L-Jl j^ gy^p

.j-S^j jf

41S IJU jl

oJJI

-ii

oyy

^JJl

viiJj

^ &o ^-J

iiUl

J J-^Ip-jA U5 ijJL>*JMl J
i-Il j-ill

^UiJl

j_>JJl jl

j_J5

l^.', ,j-J

^->*J \sS

^ IJ^

-fS

">Ui VI

j>

j^JJl

thue

^U

4-JL. v a.a.l

1p

^-j^JI

jjJJl r-j-J-J U-_j<_j Ukj-iS !

i^jj ^t

L^>^Ji j-j

Jl

^j-Ji

k^o-jVi j^JUl j

jj_^
jLif

I-UaJ

!Jia_j

^-j^t JLa^Wj mJU^I ^-^lyb^^Vl

i>. J^y J[ >JL,

<j-j ijjjl

jJUJi ufj

j^S

^^
Homer ^j^ja
"V

Ji Ii*

4-ii)

i.j_jJJ*

tol^-ii*

>0

^3

Ji^-iNl

U-JiJ

ry-^ jL^-Lj

jl 1^5"

a_J*>C

^5i JJb

4J

<L-Jt

i.V.l....,Lr

^wlj

ji jJLll

jl

jjill

^-J^JU

lfJ5

^j

4_Jj

_ L-L-l

J ^S^

Jl

oU^>-UJ

j>M nylp

il^Jl jJJ\ jJt d^li

Jl

SU

4 -L

jji!

/....UH oJJl
t

*>LUi

i^Vi - ^Vi - ^Vi - jj-VIi


jjSS jy^

.j^l

^t

JLe- *-JaJ

-J^! W***

J-i

(,

^y^j

Lfii^u
i_jJ

Lfil

JiX>

J^1-^

**^

jj^JU U-LP

J>jj-iJl jljj_->J! ^_p!^ ^y^-

t*l^-*a>-

Ub4

Jl*

J*
t

ol^Vl

jljJt

Juu

ijt2JI

J>Jb Lib
4.JLJ!

^^

j^Ul
flj

jUpU

t^JLU;

^Jl

.l-^'wi

oU-UJI

oLUS

Ja-U

pjiiwJ

^VU

JUUj

JjJl (^--UJl

<**j

j_^Ui4 jjiL^oll

^^^

tlilL*

OjU\ Aiai jl -**ljj

fc

j^ Jl-JuiuC-Ji j^ ^yJl

V tsj-UJ^l

_-i^Vl JjJi flJL_i^-l

jj*

lit*

i^^VIijo^Vb

j^ ^-?-

y^j-^J ^^w>Jl Jl ojL^Ml Jup

jljJVl

>f Jy

Ja

j^Ul tl^^. iiUJl ft^jUl ^-*>^*i

.JJVU ^JL^

jj-S^j-^i

L^ 3jj-& 0&

oLiUJlj)

fcdjjjl j-a^-U JjVl

V jJ

jkJI) JuJL,j

^* LL
J*-

jJI

J ju^ L*^

*VjL;ii

J[

JJUJ

<>-j

^1 Hanunoo
J* ^r^- jC
,fj

Oj-Vl

Jl-

UUJ!

^Vlj

Hj^-Iji

J&jS' L$a

Ufej i-SL j-iJi

i,j^-;Vll j

JJr ^ -^

jji! 4-JL>j_-iJl _**>LJI

jlj^iJljr*; Jl

J o^Ut

_jJ

Jl ^yxil

4_i;i>-

l>_jU1

j^-*=i

.K^^VlBj'a^Vli)

J U^i ^ lJu ^ ^frJl

VjLi :<-T*J ^Ijjf oli

jLiii ^yJl jjill o!i slimy

Jl.

SjJ^w

<->uJ H. C. Conklin

jjJip-

Olj-*i i-UkJlj

uJt

n^i

Jl>.

^LJl j^
jji-^'j

jl djZ>

<

^yJuJl

Hanunoo

Vi jJ^H\

^JUJl

te^iJl

Dl

^istj

JA^Ji
<LLJjl

.^-Ul

ijj

ji

^LjJl

U-.j

j^LJl

cUijJi S^UjJl .l^^l 5>J1

uglasi 4_^J Oj-*-Li*^-; ^-Uli ^Ui jjjj

^ijj j*- i-asji


ji JL

<^j^

jf

^ ^u ^^t

oi5 otjL-L" ji blue Jjjti


ji

Vr*i*Jl iUyVl

tjl_i

>

(JuU*JU-

<is?j

^JUI

j[j ^juii j! J-rr

ojJb^Y

j^l

>v

.Lit

*-*J

jf

^ f^-t^j^
1

oU5 v-wjJ J

JdJ-^~

U-v^

e i^i j*n\

JLwiVl
Hy pony my

j&

.^Ltj+j**

ur*^^
mS^j

*.

"

* J!

.is

*Jt>

^_U5 L~j

ji)

Syl^Jl j_,^Jl

^ J^i
'

ft

W^

^*J

^: ; flojjj_

uoL-jjJjls

JJUa J*UI J^iJl


<lj**H

^Ij^b

^_J5

(t^

Jl jr^

ULiU

^ ^ ^

jljuiJl ">Lui 'sinclution


^i-t

nj J

j_-f jL-uISJlj

j . Ad lJ jj! tflj-^-V>s US ^o./T''


.flHyponymy jL*ju;NU ~Ua_-** iJXJl aJl-a JU lyons jJj-J jlU

oij

iL^oi

ij^dp

aJi

j_a

^a Ji~Jl_j ((Superordinate jn /rJl ^-^Jl -lyfc

^-*^
jl

J*L-Jl

^ A- J
.

L4J j-Ji

j~r**

^--j^^I ^t^J J-i* *_*j

oLi >^_J

J-tfiJl

J.^p

o_^Jl

4.L.^iaJ

0JJ1
SiLfr

^N

ll>-

draftsman

Jp

iJl-Jl

^1

*J\

frj^iJli

SjLi^J 1>-

v^

ii-U*

.>

.<?>

jf iiL^oiJl

Li

L'b iJU ^-J

4:.a..l1

\U

Jl

ijjjl

^x.

I-L

Ji-

*^

-lib*

ori V^ t^i^Vlj tJjjVlj

L_r

fj-iJti

J jF &^*>U

j&>** J&- ->J\ d\

v-JL,
.

Jl

i-jJU-Vt ^-iLtf _

J^Jb y>

oUKU

njJUi <J5>

V.-wluJ

iJ^-M&l

*JJa^Jlj

.iiHyponym j^JtxJl

-^Jj

^JluJI ^_>JI

4_,^UJVl Lit nJl

li* ^J

l^LS"

jl

^_jJuJl

j^_

JJiJ

i,^jJ*Jt > j> aJl olS

A\j .i_*-UJ ^j^Ji wi~^Jl


:

j
.

^J.lj_pJ

J^

jJ

,*M

^ c^
iluJI

oJL*

l-i*

O^-J

^"

Jl*- i^JJl

hierarch y

JUlij

J^

<>UI

^1

r
ji

Jl*-

jU-

i^-t^

'

i jLji-J (i^jj^i -_U5j

jik'

^ ^^

jiwJJb

<U5

iUS" Ji* itfU- ajJb-

\\\

_* JJL-^* t-jj* iiU*j

JJUj

.^Ji.

.^Jlj

^J^j

ji

L^l j_

M^JiJli) jf

Jtj

a*

J~

*_UJ Jj-jUl. jj_&~- ii^i

.14-iS'i

iwJLS"

Ailjj ti-iijjo
Ji* (.i^jUL* iiiyUj ijjJb^^iH

il^P Jit

u^U-iij uvtUi

J*-. j-Jr OyS\


f

^jSi

w<*sL^U

^_JlS' _,-*

i_JL;

JUtj

Sjt-* j^i

ij-5ii

fc

^y Sjy* <J oli

:j^]\

nrfg.ft.

u^

..*-

fr

.A>

t^T^bj

i^

:Jl-A*Jlj .rS^jJw? iiljj

iiljAt eJL**

j.

j* Jjjl

jf ^Js-

.,., /\\\

l&y ^j
f

^LJi j^

t^Jw ^Li
lj_J5

'

<.\

<

-..

a',' ^j-^r

hen

(H^

jf)

^1

Chickena

aUIS" jt

jJJI Ji SjUiNl

J| oJ

ifowl jj ^f

y JU^VI

tahen

<Ls^Uo

<*i5"

^ j^. ^f ^

L^a^

*Js-

jlkj

jy-L^w^

^JLif

^t

y jji yh j^axJ\ u~^\ *

oLi*>U ^iUij

^T

i^JJlj

jJ tnOj-^S'j j tBo-L*-iB j t(aRooster

LjIj Aii .iJj

cock ^Lai oLUSJl iiL^i

Ji

U^j

Entailment -Ijjb ^J i-ikJl ii'SUl

j^S JL^iVl

Sy*Ui o[

,yi *.children j*Aik iiU*i :^JdjJ fjk-* ttboys jloJj iiljn

JLiWli :^JjJj ciU> I4K

,yl>iJli

ot*

JjjJI

:**JU>ii

f>-4

j1>JI

J-sdiJi

UJI
Antonymy

^U

oULSJli ti^jcJI ^j^pb

r5U- jLjtJl

iJ-b

6-i_;Jj>^

J'

^J*i

jjjjf liL* .dJJi

^
.

L$J5

^1

oUKJl
^iill)

i,

J&*->_j

Jla

Jpb

J^-*J

.oL^Jl

JjUi

^yb

uU'l

?JJa-A. f_L^

nAntonymsB ^a opposite iLUuJl

<-JJJ ijUJJ ^ysrr^j ^^r^* ;**-L* ->Uaxll

?wlj^>ij ^U-

aJjUJI q!

htwjIj j_>J

^VjJ!

jf ju

,a,^ill

V Uf

j*- jK,

l^J-j

jjb^

Awai uigradability

Vj

^~J> jf <_-^ij (iJjUjIl

Jp

(morei iU5 *_*

<J

j3

JC

^L-

4JLa>-

iJV.xJl

iLJui**

JjU-

oiJ

r*j-iJt ^1jIJ

Jl

^iiJL.

A_Jb-tAJL;

^^J

jl

en

J-^rV
eJUfc

W*-^ >f

i-i^-^Jl <JUf\i

I^a ^Pj-aJ! ^t)

^*i J*

j ^

*-j'

'j-^-f

-^j _p J*

i--jJu< jIjusI oil

^jp

J^Opo

<_-Lll

L5 ^

<-^-iJi

i-JL JUJI yh

^.^

JjC

a^X->u ^L-ilLi

IJLfc uj**ji jl

UJt

Hj-^S%

jsjL

'

jl^iiJJ

_^i-^

i-JU JUJ1

i>*

yfc Li"

JL&

^r-

J5

ijy* J\ >_JLj ^jyj

'

^J^

^b

J I*

j^-l

j'

4jt

^*;

^r"^

V
Jl

i^L^-

Jij-W'

>JL

j^

jtiJl

<Jj

Ui*

'

ilJui^l ^-15U;I

j~&\

i^

jl

(>^i

S^S" SljL* jj-mj.?-

jt Jb

a<Ji' jVb

i^lS" jt

jf

f-f*

US oJL? Uj j&

UiU - *\S Ju U

\tr

_ L_yO _ l^a

J*

^J^jj ^j iUh *ji

jjui

<if

iijLiJl

^ ((morei

J*-^\->,

J_J objUi ja \jJ$ <*-j OjSj

U5

*-aJI

-4>

<>j>-\

j^-* J-^t jj

ikJl

'-^j-* J\

^^ J

f**-*f

^ Laku l$jL-J

jr^ Oj- ?** '/'L? loLi^dJl jt

v^ 0-

4-JjLiJl i_-^ jt -^j <JI %j'Lj *j!_u-

en

fl

J-^ u- -^

(,

^>

j-Sl

jLibU

iJjUJt

jr*

Ar^

J^ -

J^i

J*

Jl^~Jl ij-J>*J

?i^-1jj_* *5i ?(nJUyi

--ill

UL>

*-U*1-j Jaii

JLp Uf

uwidth

i*_-.

j height

^i

nobjU

j**-a Jjj

^LL^W

tilowness
_r*t-i

-jf

l-l_>-lj

jic-n

j** "Vl

i>UJVi ^o>*- ~>J

L^o^j j^*^

c~,

jPI

UJIp L*i,

/^

^jl\ jl_j_Jl (jf

*-*jf a-*\j *ili

^L^
iii>Vi

^J

^^r/^jjju
t

j>-\j f>jJLi

J^ii jj^j .rj-CuJl i^i^Jl o-jj

^
jj

complementarity

~i

^JU-

^;uji

LT*

ip jjJbU*J(

_>>J

<.j>^j> jj,

//i

t(J pf

}C

*ljLif

,narrowness Jt-^ij

jl

lJuh

;j** VL jUjLi Lit* ^L-i*

^JS\ja a^Vli i*Jl ijjJj^Vl

U^JLiu jdl

jf <t J*yJL

:^jj

*L=Jli ^IU./j*

flJ

UpL

^ oULJ
c-*J jJ^J
*

Ji* IJU jlJ

k^Ij U l^i

jJI oLSUJI

^ wO)li

jli cJLi

t(> p>Jl

jiU

.yliJI

^ UiN U>
\Ti

j_^u

iJbjb

L^

Ji .r-j-^J

.,Ljp

^J

4j| B

1-Uj

*py JJL*

JjLJu ^j rrj-^ *^l-^ il-UiVi a-^j -(<SjJ\


1

4JI ^lUjJ Jl- \JL-i

LUi f/i dj&

of

^JUy

jUVU

jSCw

rj~+yj .i^f o*

*1

of jf

J^

<>[

^Uy

^U- ^.T LL> X, L-lj j^. V

c~m

jSSf

V*L^ r'jjVl w-**U^

^^

>^ o^
,

u*

of

oUj^jkJI

l*-tj

J^*

olCl

jji

CjjdJ ^ U

^jJdJ <LU!i jlJUiVl

Lfci

^y

jp

7wlj

_j-*J

!<Lp rj-^JJ

-*L*J*5U iLL*
jSU-.

gjifi j

ij-iS'Ts

u^ij nbrilliant
jtffi

:LJj-j

jj-J J->i

iiiU

jjL-

o-La of ,_/*-?

Jj-*j

t>Lp of

Jit 1

j^i-jj

'

^ij

ilJUiI

^!

'^

U^l

Jy;

dishonest jJl j* J-jd of j^-^o

U5 -

j^^

:^Uy

o^

ilJL^Vl

^jl~,

iMJ

yj

oLJLJ

,j-a*jj -

.I4J* jia^' jf

V otJf ^fi

tii- x^Jf J-*f* :sii-J>i

^To

j-*"-*^

J^" ^

.UiUi* 5jj-a reversible

^^cJfi ^lill :^LJi

:^Ulyj ca^l-p

j*>L.Ui jiJ*Ji jf

^-J

O-S'tJUj more married* jf very male

^j ^Ui (i^Vl x5U _ S^U- _ UjiIo^I jL[ jUi*.


honest U~-t ^J J,i Uy jli jyr j> oUf jjsl Jj

oi Ljf

ij-*i

^^t

.^r&JL* ^-SJlj i^j*j-#* tgjji-jsP/- jljli .^-Vl

c5j^i

diJy oV

"tL-p

^Ul J^mJi

Relational oppostes

oLJLS ^y

*j*ry opposites LLuJi oUl^JI j* i-_ik>^

olej-*0j
j*

SJ^-i

^ ty

ii^JaJl

Ji*

Jl ^

z*

ob

^JJ

iLUJli
oL'bi

ai^j

>

<><*rj}/

oUiSJl j^ jj_p iiLj

co^:/oy

aJ%_p

,.<p

^SS
jiU

I^Jlp

j^SJ

^ti

V 4

C5*

Jl JUJI

nail

^rjj/rjj

j^^-aI

^\
_

oL*JLJl

Arguments
cAJlJjl

tir^J

JJ J*

<jUj ^

t>

taConverseness *-iilli

\X^j

ob

jt jjtff

jUil

5-Lp

iJU*

iiL

JLjjV*

(Opposition

I^uca Uw tj^-je/^t-j t-^os^-l u^j^i i&i/tSjr^i*

<.*-~)a*-l\_.-la

^^Jl

4,

LfMiiUa^ jSl, JS\ ^**

relational i>U,Vl
:

-^J

jf >li

(*-i

j-i

^ dJLJl J

w^Ul

II

<^ J\

lM S->^

ij^-A^Jl

obj-iJi

t^al

4jdl*f

'**

Jl jt)

*y

J-^

>Jl

rjj* -J-"*

^-' Ii^' ii^J

h-L-Jj /-Jjwji
l-i*

Jl U,f

L: /> jj-^aJ JiSiS' jj^Jl

Jj

d*llj

<.

Jl*

^j

Jl

^y^ri J^*--

((Transitivity

Ja*J
ji

jJl

t *l-/*Ui

*U

J%Jl_a .aReflexivity il-UjVlj*

Uj jj tj^b/jjJ-* i^l/<

^^

^Jl

-.

I_^J

^j~A>

jjucJIj ((Symmetry

oU^_JiJ

oLJJ1) arguments

^>^7

dj^r*

<> -^J>\j}\

o\ jti

l^t

^J j^L; <J^U jj_&

^^

.J

{jk-1

^* Ij^^ jLi

J_AlUJ

^i V-^kJL.IiAj

J-;

JLJUj

V ^M

-*;

ti

.ij>-b

.^j*r

Ji^ ^ j^)

<.

li-L^*

r'

^ij*

Jl

W^ jJ

-j-*^

-^**'

treflexive

^iUi^

{j* LL-~

ioUjU

J_^J

j_>_& oL^KJl

i_*j) .(-

wii

*J

iU*/^ ol/^l
t

Jtw

ii*)UJ!j

4_JL,

jljJjVli liUi

jj^-

^j
.

^1

L5

^jUJi <**&> J-UJl jw_j

i-JS* jt lequal

LJ i^-JL iUi

to

jlJ

_,

t j-

r_>>^*

-j jUjk-J n^^^.ijg^>^t|

0j&

,pf/v'

j*

L,j_*^

(t

^J

^J

((transitivity

y ^UJl
U^_^

*ij

resemble <-JiJi

Lit j>&>

jiS"L

^j-Ji

wAJl

JJL-

= I)

(4j-oa*

l-l*

:^>

HV

i.1

*f

jy

t(

l5^' opposite

jUJJ^uJ

.(~Ul
.f

,c^;

jU-Ji

J__Jj atransitive jl_jc_*i ^/-US" jl Jb-"}LJ jf <_^>j)

J***'

v ^ti

mcousin i_** J*)l{* ^' j abe married

jj-LjhJI

'(f

^j

ili-Vi

^s

v JjLhJ

ii-Li*

^J_j

L*

cL^~i ^J%01^

jl

0j&

(<-^.f

Jii)

UK Ji. g^u

^1.

5J_Jlj jf j_Jl^

..L$j

fUi jL J^l

j^>- _^f

V ^>U;Vi

^^Ll-,

i^L. _p-f o>*-i

J oUKJl j, Ju* i>^ Lu

(J^Lj^JI fjJt oli)

cousin-^ i_x,l/**

fj^\

^ *U-5 L_i*aj) child <U1 jf JiU 4_US"j Parent


tf cJ ^l tugrandchild Sjl-ap- jf -Li?-i _Jlj ^grandparent

*UU

p* L4J UIjljw,!

5J-^- jf

-1

i_U5

.spouse.

^Ul

^Jl

Jju

oUKU

ti-^/^j

(j^^jm

jt

Jl

flbe

4**

John,

Jjks-L*.jj\

*ij-^>*~>y

U_*U5o

^*Jh

jji

jf Jj

c^Vl jjSs

J*

Mary

*JVj11
is

jf

jjsj

J*>~U

,LJU

.(J^U^J!

.l

<^l/j

^jp ^jui

.ojji

,spousei 4_UT Ji,

l^V

^|

J*

.LJ1

i^,

married to John B ^^SU marries

juJlj

(iibi*,

N f^'j uicousim

JU,
Ji*

L^j jf

J LuJl

yJL: ^-^- c~J oUJJl


1^a\Xj>-Ls ,j^.\

oli o>L,UJl

c...,.J

married to y>

Jl

^jjjl/^jjj

i-JSj

Mary

<.L^f^ jJ oUj^l-J (imarried tOB j marryi jLuIS3l

\j$La>j

S^-S o'Jj

J jA

ij-*)

isiblingi

^ 4_U5J1 o_^

j-,LwJi ^Jl

oL*K 4Ua

4-fcLJL.

J-^ >J* J>


fUicw S^K oUJ
J ^ ^j_J|
tSijs^Y

oU

liUj j^LuJl
^j Sj^U
ij^\ J_r^ j^ L-^J^j^iVl

jjSf of

^ U*L_dtfj) c^-Vl/^rtJ

j_Ji
j>\

kJ^j ^

\YA

-^Jl

^J

UL5 j^

J_ ^'_^i Jp

of

j^UsJl yj|

j^

UK

o^Vlj

L^j

^-Vl ii*>UJ

jJ *$Uj .Lif JikJ!

oLK.iJLj^

iij* ^LOl *WNl

jJSlj .L.

i-J^i .i^jfcJb/^jLi

sL^'l

Jl

_^

pLS^Jl

y^

Lflf

j-Jt;

(C.F. Fillmore

j>j

i^JJ

^JUi

^j

Jr>L> o/i

i^-aXb UJL5

UU fO^-Jj

.L*J*J

J Uk*

l^

L.)

iUwj^l

iil> otSLiil

^-J t^i Uj^xi

^L Ufi

ji

J^i

Jl oSI

ur

^Ut LI ^uJI *iu>Jl ^j J -Ul


L.jup) Ij-jjLj J iiljV jL Ui .iJJtJ J Jl jf >jo IC^L^JI
0^ ^-Ul olJl
J[ SjLiVl J UJl* p-xic-J ^*, .(iiU jjSJ
piScJl v
Jl. J*Jl cJjJI J iibb ^_ ^1 jj j^ ^U ^.Ul
J[ iiU)fL)

J.S:...11

UIj

jf

t|

.L>-(

Jl

jf

cU Ui

J-i-j c(iiU*

^^^

-US' pl_uiw-l

o/t

J ^f

iilWl iiUJl oijb j^,

f+j)

%^A

Jl cJli

(pUJb cj5

dLSJ)

JjJ

i^JlJ>.

^^iwltJl

Jl

- j* Jl*mi oL* Jl '^j-

SjL-i^l

Vwia

flt^JbJuj)

*__j

C-!l|

^-p L* jLSU
5jj-sA; _

Ji w~*-aJl

J_j-4J

-^j

.^iSI

JJLJl

>j

^*

^_* _ *U,NI jV dUjj> Jl jfj


Ji

SjLil iJU*

*^

jj^JI

i.l

jj^j

*' iijiaJL.

J*^Jl

U-4.,.:.a.,ijj

4_4jU-* Jyi^H ilajj-- J-V"

i-J^ f-ij-S

U*^*JJ

*li*t

offer ^Jtj-tuj

J.

Jp Jl^J

4-Jjj-

^^Jl

Jj*-<JI

J
j!

^
^
L5
_

J1 _

i^J,

j_^- jj-^f

jfi i!j-jwi

jlj^JJ take 1>-[jj j ((bring jJ*><jj

ucarry

J^>^

<*i5CJ

OLJ^JI ja j>\ oUUj*

i-U5j

iLJj^l oli

Jb>Jl

'*-*> JJJLJ* *L*jVI

^Ui

CJ153

i*iS"

^oiJl jLSj

^yw *_il>f ^JUl

Jj_ii Ji

cJL J JJ-* ^p

i(c^-~>ji) a_^I5

o%UJJ
\T^

ili-T

^j-^

^J

JUiNl

iil>j

Jlj <-*K

<.i* jl

kJ-JLi

<!\+~Ju

Ji

^^

<*iyJW jf

U* LkJ

J ^IL^ JS" *\j\ j-.

i3U

jf

fc

J-a^j

^-~^ gjUiyJi

^j) J^i \,

j-. *_~-_jl

UV

JUjVl

ii^Jl

c*li

jLJ ir j< / *jf

-li

o%JJ

o%UJl

^J

^r

t*-

a*j .temporal ii^Ji

<^y*i J iJtJi jlulJU

iU-1 ;JL> j^fc

<Jtf jf Ljtj

o%Jli dJi

JU^O Li*. jj&

v^ o^j

Jl

^kJL>

0^ fj'

iJObj

fc

(j^J!

LlJ _ gJUu

^^ j^)

transitive

tlniH

J^aaJI

Components

J|JL_^VI
LjnJI

^ iU Jj-^j

iiUj

Ui-^N Ut ^j) L_^ 3a>jJ jt JjL^J jt


(relational opposites >\Jji\ di o^UJtj antonymy

Iftf

>JL,

gJUu jf jSU. iNuJI

<li-Vl

J US'

JJVI

J*

ULiiU

<!* oT

^1

J*

olftUit JjbJ Lji;

o^Jl >*J' Jj^

JJ^i a iii^Uij c/AJ!

,>

J-ti

Ji*

ljUl

-^j

iU&l Ji
:<JUt

tio

JU-/^
hijo^l

.hijaol

abuelo u-

hermano

.Tia iJU-/i*p

abuela

^-i

hermana

5-b-

c^t

<*>L}\ of

f*j

yJl

S*j JJl aigress ij-^Jl

<JV-dl

jJj

4JUJ1

J* ^-^

J N^Jl

JU

^ l*y**A

oU^SUil

oLU53l

^>*^

JJUi JI >_JL v>^7

JIjJI ijJLjiJJ

j-U i-j^Nl

Ljt jj. u$[. .duchess

jJ

^j

j* Iuuj y- iiU*

Lfci

baroness 4_J>jL_Jli

jsjU* US'

jJl*.

ol.lf

Jjl;

Jp

ft

iijoJl

lioness

oL5

^-^ *>*

*^j

J*

y>yi fjJli l-i*

ess

J* - '-i*

<^rj

^J-^

ut

^Jl

J*

V^'-M
flr-^/l

lf*J Ji JiVl

^yM-^l

<J\)

<

:>. ..'ll CjU-jJ

^jjUi
ablineal

^LJl

JI

l?tJl

jtf

:\\j

>

jt j5"i

j_a

yty&i

iK^wJlJn
t

h*jJI

ol

*jSs^j \^..?-

'J-*

J-i*

.l^iS"

*_U

Ji>Jl

Jlj

Jj}j

r-Vb J

f^ Jj

a r"

^fi a* J-'L*^

nJlj

olpj_j>*^Jl oJL*

s>UJNl

j va_?-jJJ!

>rr

T 7T

J^

f-*J'j

JA>J! J tj

^ JJXJ ^JJl

t5>*"'

JW' Jl

-u>JJb j-SL-JI w,

JI

*jJIj 7-bUn colineal

^1J

ilyUl

Jj^ oU^S^Jl

d_J

cr ^r^ M_

(^ibk* J->o \&)

J\ [W^l ^jIi

J~^> Jj>J V-J^

J^- (otf%Jl*^

j-iUJI w

oLl^CJl ja .^AjJI

LjX*..

/*jJI

r ^_ *w*lj

j.^.yi:.Tj

^jl

ol

^*aJ'

^'" Jj-^

e 8

Ul^. _kllij

y-L>>J

trr

4JjIj JjNI* j

Ji

.^i^

\ bJ-^JW Jj^d J^Xpj

<

c-^

JLrf

J*

J*

^^Pj
aJioJ!

J jL

Ap vj^xj

**JI

oUi^Jt JjtJ

^Lr* ^

jl

Oi^"1

A-kijj

t T

^-

J^

\j*\

>
J~

'*j*

^jA

SLi

jtjr*

:v^j jj-b^j[_sUJJ

oUj&i ^p

i)">LJ

eL^^/l

bjj ^>^j

uj^

t^yjf

J^J

4(^J>JI)

tjj^li

ji .^;,; oJl-* Ji*

oUl^i

u**-

jls*-

Ji* aSyLlJ

oli^U

jjiJlii

*j->

^j^io' ^Jj_- l^V .(^Jb-)j t(*Jlj)

Aij

rfy.1

(j^xJI) :oUl,l J.OAJ JL* jj J^j

cfJS* tU4^

jt

.(J^jlOI)

^JwaJlj

JJjJlj

j-S'-Ul

Ji* generic ^^jJl

<LiJl

^ >^U ijJ^ 4Ua ^^

<J}L^I

J\ _JL;

^^f

^>i^i j tcow elephant J_iJl ^iji

dboar j_>j_LiJl j-Sju :j_a

Badgers

ITT

fLkJl

i-*^*^-

ol^Jo*

^ 3i^U iU5

bull elephant JJJI

^^JJW

JjuJL>j selephant

^i|
calf

w-J.w.'Jti

j *(CUb

OjSj

Sj-L>^ *_Jl5

jf

^bO

J-^>*^

^J

j-JwaJl jf J*j) ISOW

udog

foxi jt idog

^>^*JI

^JSt

n_^JJl

:^_

SjLjJ!

t_AJl

cJLJ ijJL-i

j* JjVl

J[ ^1) male

J.,na11

J jf iais

s.L^Jl

adult pig

igiraffe iiljji

*_,ii:.

>

f-

i-JV-Ul

<^JL

iJuaJl

jJj

JjaJ'j

nadult male

*JL

vixen i

U*JLic~.l

JJu

*_Ji" ^j-j* ^/ ijJu>Jl oJuk

^l_>

jj

^>>- ** y*

^ j^- <y

tiboari

giraffe iJUl iilj^Jl

j^

uA
_Uj
f

^j
i.b

r oU^SUJl

j;j j~J ui

..]

IJla

Jlp *bjj

-L>-L

i*IJ *-'Mi

:y fc^Jii t^->->- \j* tat *Xi j J->- :^a ^yk tAl*i

JLJL.J ^>Jlj

j-JJ^Jl

^ j_J L$K oL.*a>JI

>ri

jl

^j-^

w->j

**

^1

>

j& J

V,,.

N oUjJl

jt

o[j
v

i^i5

*<C!M)

|^" ((JL>L tfJLi (.yjfcJu

'(^ J

^JbJL l-U J-^Jj

j~SJ jt -

C-*Jl

^ ^Lii

^iLli

OjQ

jM

ii^U

^J[jkM

IJLaj

jL

^W

jl

<lliVl

^(^yL-Jl +) j

Jj-aJI jfj

Jl

jL

JjiJl

o \-i*.i

^)

\i+>

^j

.(uJ1)j

ji.Ut,,,;

1jJjl-.NI

tjf

(^X. -) j (^1* +)

pregnant

(*JU -) *jL

JaaJIj

jL glki

J^* j

Bchild iLiU /

iit_J jLS"

5-^a

:_pj

J US

(/.u +) *L
Jiki

4jL

*jj

Jj_iJI j[

There were two children j%ii JLia jL5j


fjl:...j

(/J-J>) Ji- iopposites

jLiw jf

fj^i ((There were two boys jl-Uj

jNjVIi
JL>-

t^yLi

porridge X^Jli j jtarjUlls

JL-J1 +) j (^L. -) j (J\* -) L^L

J_j_dJi

iii-lS'

J&y

J*

Ja43 l-L>-lj

^ h:.,.;j

.iJ;L-/^Jutfi

*t=Ji

cJl5" i**JUJl

^^-i

^(^1) i(^>Jl) j

complementarity

Jai3I)

j^

l^t

<JL\ o^UUJli Jl >JL, oAJjCJl ^JU,

binary

oUJl! yty>

Jlj <iL

^Children are a nuisance jj^*-y JLiJeVli


-U-ljJ jt *^j)

\ro

(Boys are a nuisance oyr^j-^

Jl

JUj^f(

Liii

^*l

J LjuJu* lj

Las

L$

^j^\

oUj_Jl a-U

oLJj5Ul

^^

jf

oLij_Jl L$J

1>

<jj_ _

i-^jOxJl <^iJl

J*

Lt ^y^w

i-jbUw'l _

^j jS

L>Jli

o^UJt* j-^J

oli

Aji

jia-^ 0-5-U -)

^& J

(.

jJ

1* HL>wi> JUoL)

_ Lit j~s>

01

LlIj

^i^ sU i-J^^i ^_oUj_5Uil Jl jkll. J>JU .(V*

11

-^
JJL.

Ufljt

j_^J ^Jl

.^1

jl

-^;

*j>**

L$J ^Ji ji_^_Ji


jl jjJl jt

v^

G^J^

vj

^ (redundancy

LJ5 ULULiU

^j_5

^Lt;

ijjjj-ij jJL5i

^1

J*

w*

ijJwiJl

*W^Vl

\xas

J-i

^y

+)

L5

J^*

J*i
<*.,^i

j_JL>Jl jl ijijJ\ _Lpl_j_i


4JN-IJI (JjjiU i**-j.uJi

^Jl

i; LuJl 0%,-Ljdlj

J^J ^U-f

u pregnant

ram

^-ij^-i

j-^LJ (^-i jj_Ji jt ^* Lj*

cjL5%JI JjLj jf

L^J

-u

dU;

^o^Jl J-UJI

4I

'

Uit

jJ

<-^ Jj-^iJ t^-Jj^ ^J-*- J -* fJ J -l>-


J^iJ JU- V of ^o-ScJi JJU^JI J~ jt Ju, ^jJuJl

*Tr*?>

i~-L-Vl ikiJU upregnant table SJui^a \j

ii*#

4~~JL

jIjaJJ

JU^i^U

{jSXa +) J^j jV vhyponymy

l-U j-flajj t(
J- +) IfjL i*jj^

S.>jl_>-

jt Jie- JLa ?JLJ of -

jS^ V Ji^Jl JJ^JI

jt

.1*15 iJV-Ul

J* .Lj

li*

t^J-

jt

,.7j)

(> +)

^5-u _ L>- 015

_u-i^iJl aJL*

<*JaJl ^JjiJ <CJu

JJ^LJ ^^S^j

Ji*

AiijJ

Oil

JJL JjuJ <^j oT ^SUj

5JV-U1 (JuJ

J^^l

4J^

oUo'^1 0[

:>*J

^m

<

>

ULJ
UL-t

jf

<J j_*j01
U4 wi^

!-L_aj

iThe structure of

jU~ U^J

Jl i_jwU Jkj

i0j L5^T

t(

Jo* jjtf

u>

J,fcj|

V UI ^ ^JWI J

jUi

flThe

jf

semantic theory

^iil

bill

jUuJl _ JjjJUJI

is

abut need not be paid*

[Jj

J)

large
:

ujlAJ j^c^

U5

iL^Jl

LJ^i*

^Jui

l+J^** *jy

iJSJ

i^yA (bachelor*

.^1

^^

'

l**

.L*t .Lat jja^

(oL-JI)

J_i,

[<J^ V^-

(J J-SLi

\^J>j-f-

^-jli

y c^:

J^y

^jj| ^li^Jl _

^ai ^JUl ^JuaII ^jUJI

j^L. j_JI ^uaJI /1_J|

U^J!

Sil+i]

AJU 4.JU 5^1^

^(jJVl J_^b

Jt-

j^j

^^j

^>Jl

Markers

o^a* ^lyf J.b *-^yj


flbachelorn

iU

iJV-Ji Oil
:

\rv

J_>^

i_J

obl^i

((distinguishes
.

.ycUJl

J1* t^T^

<1L>.

J ^ ^*
1

bachelor

r'

(^js")

<<M)

(/-1-)
[4Jb

j!

3JU AywU-

[j1^l

~*>LJl ^U; l^t

i^

^__.*-

jt

J ,Ur US ^^Jl

U-L^J ^Ji iU-V

jSUj ^

J^*p

iJL^i

Jl

J^tti USl &!

^Markers ob.I*Jl

The old bachelor

^ >-aJi ^^u' UKJi

ojj

jJa

finally diedi

jV

*j>Jl

^ j-*^\

J_j^ bi*yi jj- jf Jb V (j-^>) *-^ ot 1> J* ~dJ ^O*^


ol>, ^ 111 j-. V ij-^li-J jf oVl ^r-; L_^tj 4Jj _iJI ^i j_*Jl
*

iLa>u- L*jV^^
J*

^p-^ l/

^rA

>JJ

adistinguishers

>* his Hippers -UlUjn <U*.

&
4

11

J-**?

J^>* J! ^--^ L^f

-^' J^-

ilSlUJI

(^1

^"

jf

^-^

L^JU L*^i .UL,

u.

'V

jf jju,

^Li

jLUlt

J~- JUi

\r*

jJU*JIi

i^.Lp The bachelor wagged

aThe bachelor got

Jt>-

i^waJi jl

his hair

wet*

>~Jlj_,

oa^Jli

Linguistic cotext

jij-Jl

yj Jl

>JL

^*J! JuO>J jLS^l ^JUJl

\l\

^Ul

Lift

JjVi J-^ili

Context as meaning

<J&\

J~ jt _ ^jJJUl > JL-Jl *>* - L> jl&Vl jSrf ^j^jj^i L-L-l

distribution

>*

Zelling^jLfci-JL- Ju-

^o

ijJl ijbJLi

pU

^jffljij

leaf

oU

b>i
r

voysJ> *UJL Uju-

iijj*

.LijujjJ

j-Jtfl

^jy J L^V

oLiJl

jt

olk^Jl

(/-L|j

*A~

Ot

j^JI

jt

4*131

^>DI

ot

jl* jt jju) icats B i_J5

J^\

J\

a*-

^1

AjkuJ

Jaii *Ji;

j+j

a*IZ*

^JU ,>

Harris

structuralist

<-+* ot Jfc*. <j*JI o\S

environments oLiJl

- JliJl

io^Ui*i (U^> oUki~-

dUJ ,y

^.lem ii^Ul y^'


I

jt

cJLSj

U*Jfct ^ijj-d* Sj-S^i

U ilJU J L^jf cJiL

JJUIl

Jl-J^J i$bj-*J ihj-*M j-*^*

i-jj-Jl ijJLjIi JlJ* ij~6


oil

^>U1 J-U=- ol

L^IJ^LJ
Jl^r^j

jt

,> - ^^Vl
jjtt\) ifeel y^> j
Jrr-

t t

complementary

.i5^'

^ Si ii^U iUU-

W J? ^ ^

oxen jl^ -JS

.(UU, J! f Lfc^Sf1 jja ^*J1 .j>^ J[ >JL;


^^Jw> ^j-* ^"-^J i/ ot (**>* -^i :SJlJ u-dj*- J^ J-5 *
Lwjj .UA&*. Lit U^ujjJ jj& iOULi^i jU~ L*J morphemes

^Jl

fcL

^> Ut

UT

y iJaai

^j

JUJI J-

^^

M. Joos

of

>.

L>UJJL; jdl

JJ\

cat

^ Ji

is

^ ijlju-l
^.i^* Jl
jt

a PP le

'

^*^

oT

: jt

>^

S^

uoutside

*-^

J*~X

^jLJJb

J^)

c*J

^jJ*1H

>^l >=-*

l~^\

j'

*-*

0*

^^^Jl

^^

oULJjVl)(

jU*U ^^Jl

4
^ ^V JL.^i^l-U'^
M *^ U1

J*^

cH'

i-*}^ cAi*JU

cat B

iJ^U

( Paradigmatic

iU>Jl UL,fc

jutf j-

v}* **>

fL-t ikj The dog

^
^h

>^

^ asense

LiJJl

^-J

^j-^* y

wsense relations

on then

mat B j

JL>

The

j#

& -*~ V ^
J!

cH
j^w
V-J*
ci^ Vr^

(oliilji. -liL*

^ oU^Jl

aSyntagmatic

J)

upractical

J!

oLUl

jlJi

w/tfL^Nl jm

^^

<j

JL-iJ >

^JLJI

o-paj

L.t .14-kjyuJl

>~

^j

is

iJlJu^-Nl *cAi*>UM J*U*

J W^ J

J-

^^ ^^^

" at

L*.U*

u*

fj-*i

on the mati iU>Jt

J-J>

UjU

*****
S$^ t^ ^ MA
^Jl
^ ^* ^^
J\ >_JL,

jtA

oli^Uj

Jj^b

4-*ilj

^yJJl

^ J-kJl JU

i&j^U
^a-UJI

^.j-JO

-"*-* * J-- 10"

iiiSl JL"jl

MX

'*

^ *ta

**

L-M^

tintralinguistic

-CI

J-jtj

J*

_ iklJl

material

LJ

>u jt ^. ^jjjw

^ U5 Fg

^j-iJl Jt- (4*3

ol-^ jt oU*-^~

^JuJi

t-^

'

j^ Uj^

iLLJ

iJu*

^ .j*.

j-ftl

jj&

lJ

^1 JiU:

i^v.

(i-SCJI

JL*J1 oii

oU&l

J^

JUl-j

of

o^l)

o^L^lj

dJi

^i <JS a~*:\* J*^' ^ L^V

J* VJ> oIUj/A j0 1**1 Jit


i^UJI oUflU jJjJ *-i ^ * ^-A3 "** c/**

V UI ^

J,LJI

^meaning

j*

sr

phonemes

^'L-frJ
jt

j*

iil^,

*-^j </) JU>J

^U.

l*W

jV

Ut iyJI {Jtj
r

W~jy

lJ

ade <i uac y

c^J>jJt

>-V

:0s ulfll

J^.J ^-"^
oL*J> jt -u

ni**lj

jjJI

JiUi

Jl

J^

Ui~ y>

-^ oUKili

Ui

^
g
^ -^" ^^ ^J l>
.oL

^t) aljuiVl JV

ifly, feet,

,hem i-iU aoad J,_>i :oUKJl <~

^ .LiVl

'^^\

^ ^ J^ J

/uJUj

.LjJB JJU- ^-jjJ

V^

uVl

-lji

G jj=ll

oUUS3l

Jl

>^

(g^l Wj* >

jfcWJ-dl

Collocation

^ Li^ Jjf

S^

^iy^i Ljl *>j ^JJ! Firth ^j-i

^ ^j*j

iiL-j

3_^*i

^J1 iass

<Juf

_r

AaOB 4_USo

jt

tyou
Li.

sillyo

:*!**-

oU-aJI j^ o-u*^ ap^*j> *aj

L5JUI - i-PwiJl

jlj-Jl

stupid
oLi

(.

t^j-aJ

_^Jl jlJ tUjj L*5> .^-j- *_*KJI

IJu

U5

-Up

.1+15

^*jjj_d1

oLfclj^J^I

Don't be such an

..obstinate
ir-JL

^Ij

ii^xJLJl jOyJlft

JIb^ J* ^i*i

.y-

-L^

tsilly

tJUJl

jU-

J*^-fi

^J UaJ a>-^j

^Vl

co

.k ' of t>

^^

Aij .j~*

JL-

>!*->-

jL_ HfLdJUs

U^*-

U-j~*j

i-ili^ _up JL_>Jl

jJ ^egregious *l*i

^^ ^

^^Vl JJ^JI oUy-. ^j

hoUISUJ

iJXJl

^y (jVi ij^J^J^/l j^ c~* i-p^*>^ ^y) _*;

fj) gawful ^s-j.*


j

^1 ipj^-JL

RLpj"^J

jt

uJi*

occurence

jj^Lj

^U^

^- -*
1

u^.j

-*

*utJl L~ 015 d^J JV ^Ui i^jUl


^ ^j^ JW-J*
.oLiUJl .Juk JJU Uj-*J^ N ,Lii ;UJl UJj L*j^-' jJl lSj-^
1

j-c*

^^

Ul

Sfjf

j~~J

Jl >_JL, i_ii^Jl ^L*JI


Nida

IjlJ

iJVjJI fJuJ

wbf

^yJJI JL-JI

^^jl ULfc ^.jk

^b JUJ! J~- Jlpj

.oUiOI

Uo

.;...;

L-l

i^>U! oliL-Jl

i-lj-'Jj

Sljt

JUl _^JI

J*

^/i UK f loiw-l

f chair

,j-rbu

.iJLJl

(J-*-*

-f

/iji ^^l . v
fl\

.4-*

JKIU

J^j&l

oLm

cr-^J^

imjj Ja*J

OL'U

-^^
oJUk

^ {~

Of 7W>ljj

Ula^L-l contextualisation ol

jLip'VIj ly_jj-

It

Ul'

vM

Jj^ J-aJ

<>*

(bacon

^>>JI

iioVb a

J) j^L;

^b ^

^_a; ((addled

rancid

-L-Us

-U-Ub

OUJ^Jl l^J ij^Uj^l

Ij-J

OjSL-.

J*"*' <J)

<$>j

Si

XtJj

^-V-J -s

tsour

Uiti SjL-p jt

- *-r*~k ii^^-i - j-JiJ

Uww

S^JL

4-JS"j abutter JUjJli


j

^^JIb j

of pi-j ieggs

>-

i_JS" of (ajIjJI

^j,

timilk j_-iHi Otj if bad

pretty child iJL*^

J!

U^5i

^U-i

(^1

!l

^jyi

brains

u rotten

Ui[j 4rancid

^Ul ja

jLiJl

((buxom neighbour -L_*U SjU^-b

\H

_j

J^ VUijjU

U>-j
:

j-JjL-aJI ji

<*-

-^* o[

.Ll

oLKJl

>JI J-^-l

J5

-**'j

Ji*

Uiw

Jlj jf A^k-J
^exceptional

^y

*-~*> J>y>

^Ui
^\

jj_*-^_*Ul ^ikL

^l

(Jit

(S^Vl

ijLi*j

L^>Jl

1>

^J\j*%

_^f

icollective

Ji*_

u pride of lions

<l.fj

i*jJlJ\

C~Ltfj

oUKJl

-L> (jx. jf

JbJ*J

:^t.^VU jf ((abnormal SLiJli


:

^ h^

LJy jj j Jy
t

child*

Jy

:Uy

^
^

SjJiJl

^L-w-Vj-^.^l

jlw-

^ sexceptionah

(dabnormah i*i5 jliU

_ \&tj*\

aJt

j^-pj_i

^yU- >l

^j^gy

magpies

ing of

j-^c *LaJ -JU

jVl l^*A>*Xw ^Jl


.

ji

a-Jim

iabnormali <+1Sj <oUJl

i^U-.^Ul ^^y

*i-L>jt

-*1

<-tS>^ i-M~**J\

4_J^ jV tan abnormal

*aiui-J (exceptional))

- JL*

tipretty girlj

Ji* ^-J an exceptional childi

^ -^ry

^uyi

V> pretty boyi

exa]tation of larks ^tUJt i>Udp

^a^

jl *i-j)

S-UJI ^j

school of whales jLl>JI <pL>- therd of cows

jLyJl ^j-i
.

-^--

mam

gbuxom

iflock of sheep -LpVI

fL-Jl ii*-^

^-JtkJl

jf

jLoL_p nbuxom womani j

ijC-L^-JU

chatter-

TtLii^i* j^ai

^a.J J-^'i L>iJl


l

-j*

<*aJz

Sy.uM

fyjJl

^Jl i->waJU J_p-

^uJ!

^^ j^ J-5 oj^,

^j) Lpjd:

UV

^j^jj

sill"

fc

^j ^yi ^ ^
oLWi

0U1J1

L4IS

ai fc^Li^i

_- jx;

> ^jL-L

J^

pretty child

a^V ^J.-*

J*

Jar-

:Jj

j>

j\

butter JUjJlj

arotten*

rancid

4_J5

*~-_,ji

.11

J^

jf

y^L-f

<JLj

addled

J_,U*

JLL

jl

IJ^J, t(jSif jf)

spretty girl

Vj-J J-jfj .p^1S\

^L-L

iuK

urotten*

ubacon

jf jf

rottenness jL^ill

J-. .addled

*j&

<j~-

^-i"

_,

(XjJl

j*~ ^J,\j

flock_, herd *_JaJ

^uiS"

bo*

sheepj)

^^U;

i^UJl

^b" jf
Ji Ujf

^j

<[The

UU

iUKJl

rotten* J^i'

oUKSl

^i

j^ cJli

ijjbj

.a^^lnj

Lll,

<^wJ!

^ ^^Ji ^ j^ 4^
<ii-

jl

jbjJl

L^I^J

>JJ
jf

oLU^I

rhododendron died

cJV^

_uj

Jj>

p\
^j^^

(U-^j

j^

jf ^J

<>.

Uj>-

iJC

U| .y^jJl

<JI

J*>x;

V oLKll

Ojj-U^j jJl oLJ oU

MA

^y
^

*^ U^, j^_ ^1 ^Vl oUKll

iL-Vl jV)

iLo^l

^ u^ j^ addled*

cows . f_L^_j

tSj.^%

*J^--

UU LJlJ\

^)

4jVj

Jl 0\j~X JtUl jl^KJl U> ^jU jL

.^U^JI oUKJl

o!

J>

^j,

<_JS"jf rancidi <_J) bj_>^

^-^

j_,_J l^^>\ 3 *JL-*jf ijUa

6 ^JtJi

jj u ^jj
toUiJl J** bo-b^

^ki^j V;

j[

jl

handsome boy ^-Jj

J> l_J

(c?-^ C^) trottem

jl

IJla

^-JJ- ^j-^i Jl ^>w eggs ^-xJIb jl brains iJtoVii jf

S^kJl oJu ji -

'J*j

iffrancid

jij^kll j^*J|

^^i ^j aai

jf

nhandsomei Jju upretty

lJuJ

Sjj^l - Jp ^

Jj_ii

jf

-L iv ^pj uThe

JaJL.

<J*~

LjJ

*_X die

*-*** 'jj-^i

^j

Vj-i-

IaIjl*cu-1

Ljji; ^i^xi

J* UJ JUa
U^

*-

(Range JU^n

Jy>J

LjT

{jA <JL*-J jj

,1

iJLw

J-J
i

i_jL&)

L_L**

UL-^J ^yaAy M ^iUJJj

i_^

L-*jj_j

JUJI J*

Jp

L^J

<JP

JjVU

*
(

js*-*

jJii

jJI oLJl53I j,

(The pretty boys

(J^! Jl

>--

oU

iL^^Jlj

i_J5 J_l*

o JLp- _ -!
olv^u pJLic

l^j tjihi**

_^ (j* V'.js 3

jSijj ^Jl

<L_*_*^J1 J I_->_r_- -t

.abrains, eggs *_* aaddledi

Jji i_U jf Jto


jj^;

jjl 3^J| vUUj

LJ^j .^L

*!j_JI

^j^^-i OJUJI ^yJi L.f

jj_& Jjj

*U Vl

Jl Ji-Jl) nouns

The rhododendron passed awaya


:

jf Intosh

j^JiJl

. ^oiwuj Ji <UJU

j-^Ju lJubj

pretty

.Agreencow frl^-j^ S^ii :JU^NI -Uy JliJi

JliJIj

^j^^.

iULS"

ol^^wJOJ

J US SjUJI ^u J* iUS j^ijj


iil;

J-;

jJl 5,-^iJ!

(pass awayi jl

^...t.;

^Vl

jf

aJ_^c-J

(pass awayi

^ J[

J_*i L_4 ^aii-j jjl (LaIjw


f

La ^-J

5^ JjV

Oj^Ji j^ jj-^-.

Jjii

^yjw L*J jJl-> (pass awayi

tOi J_><-i ^f t L_^-t

Jj-iJ jf \jJ

jl

rhododendron passed aways

J_i*i-;
r

S/L*A

U. _

jL_jh

arancid

?srancid milks Vj arancid cheese*

\l%

dJUIl J*mJ1

= Ol^~xJl
Idioms

the

spill

fly off

the handle

the iUSj kick

^U gjUl
4

j^c]\i)

o>Jl

kick the bucket

U bo) ^Us

|LaJ

^b~

vj^UJVl j** jf

^^ JaJ^ N/^i

oUiJl

Sa>Jl

US ^

iUJ!

Li*!

cjj
.

((

cAj

red herring

L^.jJ

<.

J-j

Jaii

^Ul ja ^UJl

^fell

cJl

beans

bucket
J^aiJl

oi
J\ ^/\ ( L'b
^j) UL4 o_^_ J,
(die iJ5 ^jL-j kick the bucket
.

V o.U
kick

oUKJ

i^*

bean

*h

jj-iJ jl ^SUj

redder

ip-j*

Kicked the bucket

^Jj

'

*N

x^, y,

4_fl-^ajl

J\ _ J^o

fly of the

<,

L*^>-

red herrings*

~l^
\o

Jj

l_^jJi

handles

blow one's tops Vj


jJ

aJI

iJ^Ji

0j-& JJ

^j
^y^

the bucketed

^ ^LJl j^Jl

spilled the beans

kick the buckets* Yj


c

CHS" ISi

L^J? Lub; ojUpL

spill the

Vj

Jji

j&

^Lla

^ 5^>Jl U531 Ji. _^JI


^u ^j baJ ^J ^*j o^iJi

yM-dl ^>-U!

^LJwis tij^xi

fl

Lb_U

.^1 (p_L_p H

JiJLjj

put on good faces

red herring

:v

--Jl

JLjJL,j .(-er 4-w) ^JLai;

oljydl

l-* I4J

The law was


jlj
(J r

^Jl

^-i^-i

<^>Jl

r- xJLi

laid

<jl_

jf **j) jL?->^tf

^L!Jl5 j-J

.jjt-\

J*~j

give

,,1.

J*iJI
jt

.-.

...

_law

*j Ly* Ijl^

c5

tmake up

^ ^ ^jJI

jJ

jf

jLc,

P-^ :<U^

make up

j-*^

^sJl <-ij^j

J&i

^^J

^5UJ_ V oli^LS^I a-U

S^ o^U

yield

^yj

(tolerate)

ii partial

^-p

i^Jl

put

invent*

<.

was the

._kicked

^j

^>*ij verb

down _*i

chil-

a fire

J*-^

jt

in

-^

"

J%>^

idioms

v'>^ ^'^rr^* Vr^

t^"^-!

"P ut

down

^^r*

-*-j

ol J-j

-dren in

a story _*]>_

jt

J^**^
-^ ^^'j J-*^ (V -^
face

<

^v
:

the audience in

make U P ones

look after.,

Put up with

jj-& V

make up

^b

s>y" cr"

jf -^-j

^j

l-U>-

'd^-j mtook

Cr

<~L^ J^-

for -b>_

^i>Ji

*J^-j

J_1*

'^4

'

^1

Jt.
.

^>-

Liii

take in :J_L-

^j-^ V^ U

fc

J-*iJl

~L^j ugo
jt

^^Lp-

o^ ^ Jo t-i^Sl

down

spilled j

^J>

^kJjL udiomaticity M^^xdJ ^L^\P

JjOJI

...

L_r

Jl*4

Ji*

Jj-*~JI *LjJJ

ij^UJVl

ja

herring*

The woman took the homeless


jZ+i

down Vj

laid

*JLi ^^-xJl

5^ jj-\ v^ ^* ^ UJ

The conjuror

A j

i^U- ^t

j^aJI*

y^.i

J _Ja_JL_,j .queil

o^-fc

was

that

j*^\ Jo ilU o_^

c<~*

0r^Vl

<.

Jj_ii jt ^..V

J\j~?z j* ^il^J

phrasal SjLp

Jji jJ

It _ beans that were spilled


t

The beans have been

The bucket was kicked

bucket that was Vj

^ _s^ Uajf iitj

j^dJi

-^

Ji-

preposition

^i^j

(kill)

^ ^'

o^JiJl

do away with

^^*J

^l 6s+**Sj

^Lw ^UJI

^J

j^>H\ yuD!

make

*_z>

^jJ|

white wine

^ j

UjUpL,

II*

rain-

L^j, (yj >^

JAJi *j

Uujj

U^

oLUSJl ^LJ

ap i&jd oUJ
jl

j5Uj V

j^o V

li*

UJfc- iliLuJi

orJ

cdgarde-malade,,

L4JI

UL^-

jli

(^! ^J Ji

^>f

j!

jV

o^;

iui

l^jj]

a_J|

J^

jkJt

white

aJI

awhite

^j

l^J

^
.

J|

Jti

UJ

^J U41-

Jl

V Uj

iUS
j^JLJi

J^lj

jZU, lii^j .^kJl

jl

^)

ing cats

1^ jj Ui
131

j^J6

jl

Jj

and dogs

&J

(((sticks

^waJl

ji ji&j oi^cJi *j*

ga

ji
(J

((antonym Ijl^)

jj^JL

^I!l

iJ&Il oJLS"

,,nurse

^Ij ^^UiVl

lOOk-i^j

A?

jii^ji

ol^j

l$JV

^ *p^. ojjjl* bad

j^Jj-Jb jLy LjJ

^ io> Qjb**

(Ju

L^i^l jj*

J*

UU y> dj&

hfj* *SLm

^_jl

^ui

U Ji- ^> ol^J Vy> /ftl ^>^Jl

Sj

and,,

U i*p Jl

^dlj j^

SJj>J!

women

^Jl

.red hain

white people* j i*lyL* 5^Lp

iUS" ji

S^SJI

.(j^Ul

j>&

rains old

^,l D

^^KJl ^j^f 0;S,

white coffee

^ji

UU~

SjUJl ol^l

Ll

^^

^Ul e>j

r^j)

jfAJCjJ

black

jl

It

i]U_,

j^Ul

Jl Lflyb

f0^i_j

j^i_, V

Uuj JJA

oVU- /rf,

ur^

J|

^^ jU^ jj^j, U^ &J

US j^j oU i*^*
J^isJ

*UJl

,,red

LJUVl

herring* j kick the bucket

<_i>Jl Ji 3^L-

jl

^^^Jl,,

J^

^IjJl

i^iU L^^-y jSUiV

^u ^ .Jb^ j^

vU If^ry JU,

^iLSi

UJ>JI

&^.^JJI ^;

i,^ jjj
.

^oY

iU53li

!* d\

^I]|

UUJ

aafter

(edrycfa aroi)

e^

Collocation and

grammar

*ti^Vl

J-UJI oLy_-

ob

6JJ*U\
UU

U*U,1

.L,

pi*

<LJl

X* U_b^

i^Ul

The

He

^j^.

Ulj-iJli

_j>*JL,

idea cut

J^-b

_pJL

jI)

olj^Vl

frightened.

o^kj
tB I

L^ ^t

J^
olj-J!

g;i

JI ^l^, V fjV J*i

yU: i!L^

UixJl

.^UU

l^j

ji <jf

^jjl

iexis iiJijJl

JjU <JjU,

Ij^i. 0j UpL

drank the gread ^ijl

flfrightenedi

JjU-j

.\

_ JaJ^_

:J^L ^^j

s>Ui'

"V

j JjSi

j-ai

jlb^

.(syntax jJiJl

Aspects of the theory of syntax*

jUiVl n^-LJft \ 3jU>^ oUJ5 LoJ

SjU

^^

.He elapsed ^^ill the man. Vj


.

ji

J~- J^. JjLw'

^Ul

i^kji

^ jSL-i^j

Sy^Jl

JLiJl

^Jl*^ J^b

<TifjJ|

^ ft^^o,

iUS

jli

o,^

tthat he
jf

^l_,

$ip^

((elapse.,

UU
Uf

iU>Ji

J^b

N, ,the

tree

was coming ^Jj^


,1^15 <li.Vl o-U

j^ly ilu. La ^UJlj

iU5

jf

^^ u

U^ iJLjLj jl^Vl J^UuJl U

that

J^'l

-n

JLp

JUif ** ( Jy>U\j JpUJ15)

*i

**

"tf

<ul

(j^ elapse

^1) _JtJl that

4_;f

-j)

JjuiJi !*l*i

SjL-p

^_9j_^. acut

<~ju>

A-JaJ

J*^-j JiJIjj

nouns

tUb

*J y^k. Ji

(jj^*-*

j*

4~*j*

<JJS\ ia~>~Jl _ J*iJl

frightens i*ASj

iuUJl

L-*

Jj-*i* oli iL^-

^j u^w
t

'

ol J_^U ^1 r-L^u drink J^aJIj concrete ,^p JpU Jj ^li>o

L^l ^~>x~J

JjVl J-*i!l

Ji Uj! >JI) _pJl

iJu^- (^fj

Jplji

j, JUJI

J.,.^11

IJLaj

JJ> oLSuJl

*_Li*

Uufj

j-^

~ljJl

l^K aUJI

^^

jt

j-f

l-L^-

u-O

W>^" Jj

j^

\So^ j-Lj

gUI

^jJI oUjL^JI

iWc*

j^ ^J_*J dJUSj

ULdil JjJ oA_a>

Selectional Restrictions

I-La Jl f-P_)J

J-aAJI

j-a^

^^ <J^ ^

J! >il) ^>J*Jl

Jl Uj>^V

^^

John thought we could drink breadn

\oi

making

fl^iVl*

JU

j^j Lip

l-L

of
-

La j_>l~ Ul *\jj

*_^U

Colourless

^Lj

* JjL_J J_jL_^J

oJ

J i_i~^,

ijJ 4_ r l i
:

uhe

^^

oL*KJt j*
t

j&

i~*^Jl

u,> ^L

JJii

jSJ

.(^"U

L^lS" I^LJiJ

J-UJl j-uJIb

jLSoVli

uthe

f^

Jp

^U

<;f

J^fj

a*

o^i

^J

jS>

tl^U-lj pUiJl

strenght of the arguments

Halliday ^I-JLa) ment was strengthened

strength

fUoJl jjj cJlS^J

a1*j^JI
jl

sense

<-d*^u

ti

:^,<---

<U*-

flgreen ideas sleep furiously

Ajj-^ w-Jly j( Ji

^_JI) oUI5Jl

^^

LpJ ^>w

taargumentij strong juiS" j*

UjL^U

flJjhj

J- v-UVi y^JJl olftUI

ii>Jl

oLKJl

J^Li

It

jl

<

strongi

jl IIa

^ i_^UVl

^Jl ^.Vl j1j-J1 ^i*j UJlj

jjj fliJl j- <_j

i^jt; jix.i J**i>yi

argued stronglya

J JjUi

t(*j%*^Jl

(lexemes i^^JjJl
.

j^j jSj

arguej wstrenghten .strongly

^^i*

argument 3jU <Jl*\^ ^JL.- Jl ^i*

his argu-
jl

iLtf

jl Lk_J*Jl

U JLS~3 4_aU^

na strong

fL^Jl

can't drink breads

j^ijl <~-L_& .l^piijl

<*,) i^puJi -ul^i J>-b


cif

iYou

._pj ijL** L^^S" ja jj$\ JYi *JLv

j-Aj-X ^Jtjj

iJ

00

j.

wJ|

<Jj. ; a_a*t>

"_...>.JI

ikJ^.uJl

L$J5"

jc ^jj

([argument

oUl oJU

.strengthen

oU^y

Jl c^jj

strong

jLit oiJj

Formal Scatter ^j^aSl J\xu}\

u^^aiJl *TJ

J* oUfll
1V

^w

4JUjl 4afcSj

J^sJl

JjVi

J^Di

iL^Jlj <UK11

^jtJLj

((reference SjUiVln

Vj4* DlxJ

jl JL5i*J jl

jL** oLUiCLI

^
yt

p^J j^a

J_*^JJ

^yU- LJ_^>-_
tl vl

L-.l_.wi

^f
<UL*-a

Jl^-Jl

lijAA

((Horses

jf

jSUt jdl

"
i

_i^

;'&jH\

J~>-

jls ,<_JaJL_j

ULjP-f
*_!_"

^i~

&

^^uoj

_-_j)

J^Ui

jf

Jji^Jl j^
\~a

ft

this

Ljj aij

ai^j 4_aU

VaA"

^ _^t

is a....

jl

j_j_j

<Sj^ V*"-

.oUKJl

- JiVl

.^JU 4(35-^* / ,*>lj

jf jl&l

oJla

oL-_GL>

j5Uj Vj

-^j-* jj~<-~ ol

oVUJl

J-*-^'

oUuycJl

^iaJlj ^j-*-^-

*!>_CII

-.oil

J-*~: ^-^--*

0-X>-lj A_4jJ_"

_/> Jad

oUpLJjNL, J-JLjj

oJla

IJL$J

IjJl

^JlSUJ

ijyfcUaJl

?_[ iv_JV /

a-__JI

dj&j JjU

^1

oLLydi J}U

i-tyfclkll

^ix. sense ^-^Jlo

OUx*Jl

_;

J v>

Jij-i* jr^ Uai

^) sense relations

(j"-*-

J^iJ UJl*

^y^j

4jf

j**a oLAiCJJ

4j[jjuj ^jL-iNl ,y*~-- 0^1

^^U oLijixuJI
*-'-<_lC-

_$jL*-

UJut jii

4,.^a. ..ua.^:

oLdS" j^

^^Jca L^J

Jj^^

^p Ul-

j^ _JUJl J-aiJl)

J-*->-

sUi

Jo\j

l_Jp- SL^JI

jl_T UJj

.(^ylill s-iUl

!j_a

J\

Ji*

Af-Jl j^i

^ ^^ ^50

.* A*->" Lg-Sj

<,

A->-

LtfJ

> *~- UjUM, l^U,


oi *ui

of c-it-j

J-*

o*

*-u-

La,

j^i

oil .,

(,

at

j_^

j^,,

minor

^h W ^f ^
ii

:j;yaj

^-^ l.x* JM-avv. v*^

^
o^

.LOJl

,>~

of

J~

jSLi

^~ oUl ^ti

jji

liJ fl,

ij.

ojjj

;us

u-ij

.^^j,

J^iJl

1<

i^r

>

lJ|

y^ .^- ^

(jJ

^f

^ yj

^
^
^ _^j ^
^j|

^|

.i,>oUf^.t

^ jj^

j^ Lj_^.

rJ jui
.

-^ UjUpL

Jf

IJU

J,

__:^

^l^j,

a^j,

ja\^\

kJad1

-XpIjS:

Projection rules

L*5 (^l^jl ^Ul

^ gUl J-^ill) iJnUJl J^Jij ^LaJI ^ ^-W

jj^Cj jJ! ii^iajl -jUiJf.

J^>J!

rj $ Jj^LJi oLKJl

Projection JxJaJ^Ji -U^IjJj-j

jjUJ!

Lt

((Amalgamation U-Lo[

^JJ ^>JI
LJj

JU-l_j_dJl

J-UJl

^^

oJla

JjL.

J&Aj

J**^

iaia^ll jJaJ
U-gJli jJc^i-f

^Jj

y pi vi^J Ljk^Jlj

^sOjJl o^J_>o <-Jj iJlAj

,_jj>mJl

-Jy

**Nl <Lj>JIj

<.

* ^/Ij

c~o Uj) tThe man

taRules
c*H J^-iJ

IWjW-i

ia>j

re-Uj

liU

^~^

cl>-a-U^

^-J

jflS"

j_* g4^a ?Li

Ai^aJl Jajy <-ij

hit

l***

o^-a* i^o^^c* il^*

((Paths

U^ w^J JbJl JliJl jjijij

obJL^wJl

^Lj

^Jj .(^--UJl

Ul*fc JiA*Jki\ of

"lA*^ -^j^

distinguishes olj_v^Jlj markers

J-^aiJ! lift

^LaJJ

jW ^J

the colorful balls

i-Ji& ^4.,-^ocJl jlj_Ji


0^5JL> the

sbf ** l*4Jij 'i*-

-wijjjcJl

^/U^ UJj

i,

b-JUx- j_^j colorful


-

j-L^Jl jj_S^ <_j y^\


olii

i*-wi

iO-^Jl

t^9

*>

^1
Ja^

J^J

J.LJJI)

.k~

-Ujla^-

Ja>-

**

JjcJL;

Ju< V (^y*^*

j^J

iJjJL Liu* c
colorful

SjUp

ij)

j>Jl

t^-LjJ jV'j

^V

,-i-

**3

^j-^

(\^J>ju iU^Jl <d-j^

-lj-JI

j_jJ

-.p

*JL&

l-i-Aj-C^L-^'

LjoJ jf p^jj

(^l^-Vl

yy^S Ujia^k^- ^*X> Uai*j tcolorfuI

-: --J5J

^yj

Jji^JL

ball

(iii*f

jSUj j_^oj.j

jSUj

t^

^IUp-

J-*^^ Jj-r^ ^! <$

-:o!orful

y_r

jf

4_J>

iiUjt 01

oUiS

c-iU
L

>-

(color j_)

J_*UoJ (evaluative L-^-JL")

*,

^JiUN

-li^-)

i*J5UJ

ti jj-S^j

.ballj colorful

A3

^Ui jjJ J| jJw

X?j\a^~ '*jyj

0^> ^ii colorful bali

i.

tJ

y U[ \-$*j*j> %*> i-k*; colorful

ixjw*

L_-L)_Ljjb

jl J_^i

Ja>-

ball

I4J

I*

LjJJ

J_^>Jl jl j-^

^w

^ a " ur^'J'

4_J53 j-k-^j ball <-JS

MjJ! balls

j&

Ua_^- i)L>

^LJI o^J-i (i-^

(J^yJAS *^Ji)

Js^k>- g-X> jt LJLp JjJj Jjy

oUjJU^Jl -^ L L-lj LiU^I

U.[j

01

ball i*A5j <<Lo ncolorfuli

'

colorfuI

j-:-h*-j

> J il_^*jl
4_U5 J?^> j

<PjJiJl

LUg

jj->*-li *--ijJi ajl*j of S/jf

t/*

^'

jJl

iolJ

Jo>Jl jf -

Jj

'V^^

^P> i-i^JL
j

*5j ji

*-=* l5-^'

jt^Vl

UjLipU

n^

(^ytjj

JjJ

j^

ball

j5U- LflS"
t

bali ^^ailj-Ji

Jb*Vl

L.L

oljLjJl

o-l$J

^^.^iJl

vJI^Jl

Jl j-~^ L * .L>

jllL>- LJ Hit i-Ji" 01

Ow-

aJV ((Olj* *jjf jlia>-)

fb U

IJ-a

V-bj

iLw>JJ Jaa*

The idea
.

J^kVI

JU>

oUly

V^'

fi'j-^'

JU*

hit

*-LJ jl

Jo>>

(^L^>-I

.,.. ;

^*i
I^fj

*^jl rcrj

-l J'

jr*

cut then

j|[
.

J /t

fl.

be

*jj\

^-1 J_>

*.^ ^x,

j~ ^

ball

^ gyjl

L-U

djy

i?Ja>-

aJLJ j^

(iaii -b-l_j Ja^-) the

J) iil

i-iil_L-

*^>-j ^Jlp

^i

Jjbs

iaJa^dl

Ji Lfisf^ (John drank the bread*

L^lS" J*JaiJl jf vlLliS"

uThe man

jjJu

mam

J bfj JUiJj

oUI^J c

Jp

jf

hits

JJ> ^L^>- JUJLxdl

U^J .(Jlj^l

colorfuI balli *a

oUl^oJ

^Vl

iJUi LoJ j>

Js.Ja>-

jJb*JL

J*L!J)

hit 4_JlS" *_* ball

hit

jl atree

the colorful balh

.oUIjJ ^rJ V, c^L^I jp ap^UJI J^JJ 4_JL

jl Up-

i-l

aJjU^j

ij>-\ Cj\jj**0 .lib*

^J

^d^J!

jf

iMice chase
L-l

-'.

>

cv_

1_^catsa

As<ai*

IJlj

j->o Jlp oUj_5s

.p

tt^,

v_i

j cats chase mice

oli o^L.LiJl

\Jj

U.UJ

nr

U&\

t_a; .J2J LJi

j> JUi^l

_!

LJa^ill J_pI^J

jl^-iiJl ^jlkJ

<'chase a^JLSo a_j>wj!j ItJ2j6\j

IL JjVl

c^JU

iolijMl ^-iJl i>JU

:iL^Jl Jl
l<s-Ua

Lfci

Jaia_iJlj>

UUJ JL*^ -e^ U ^


relational J?LJjl

oli

Ijl

^AJI ja

^\

^ Jj-*^JJ j-Jl
cats chasei

:Ju^-

>-JJ

/ r

jJl relational opposites

U^U

o%UJl

jV JpUjVI o(i

Mice are chased by cats*

LUi*j

J UULiU

W J-^uiil

w>hj A*

oJuj-L^J

Si La*-

&*>

^IjJl

SOp-Ij

L-Ul

'

smice

f_>^

4j"5Ull direction L*Jlj

Utf

j^Jl ivJl j^ Uj*. r* ^y-T otfjt

^j

a_j5 J-.L; .(^-i-Ji

ur"

j^
jL

^ U^jJ

Jj_iJ!

L^3 .pregnant

^j

horse jt

jJL,
t

IJu

^J>

^l_*j

J^-

^J

^-.-

-)

SjL^ ^j

US'

buxom J_*L_;
*(/!-)
*_JaJL.j

gave birth

^k^-J

ji

Vj)

LajIic-Lj pregnant

ij tSjA i^U-*
SjL_>-j

^lJ

^j

Sjl

'-

^.W

^^1

>

o^Uu)

Bpregnant horsen LJ>_

J~*

ojJj

womam

((pregnant
ot

^i aPregnant

Lu-Jl

^ ^1 SjUt
.

Vj

^ ^)

-^J^ ^ j-J (mare

^-^j>

^i

-'-"

g#

upregnant horses Jj-Si

Uf- ii>* J^i:

_* .La*

((colorful balli

mariB :Jjij

(/J-

^j

IJL$ JLi*

^u ^ V-^

ili-T

Ja-Jj-i ji

li+J o-pi^Ji

<JS
iJUj

4_jJU*
.

J&*ij

JL^j V

L^*j

(tt>Jl *U-Vl

'^^r *m>
vi->- * neighbour

uipretty child*

jt (JL-JI

j-

dL!i5 L-J neighbourj

nr

chiid

jr^-^

u^

Cr~LJU /l
f

^j

iidJ! o JU

4_^L>- ^transference rulei

J-Udl

of

ili-Vl

Ji,

i*JUJ

<L^->J

.JU JU jfl

J> jUJ ^S^

SJL^Ii

-^ *lx^i jf

Ull

o^Jl J>J,

^JWI

JsOaJI

Predicate calculus

.(^IjJl ^.Ul

^
^

ii^JUJ
ii

-r ii i

j_a

,-,-m

^y^l

j\

^ ^l

. Sfj-J

J^UxJi

iUj>-

^t ^U
I

JUfc

(*-*-*

>p>-

>-

JaJjJ

J-a^)

^i

JUj

oli

jjJ-^JI

jdl ijA>Jl

^
^a

oU^Jl J\ >JU

Jai*

iL^

^.ojj

J-*L_

(terms ^jl^-i

oN^^JLi

^y

fc

JJ^I

J-UJI

jt

,> -

jjuy

iJu^Ji

-j fj*->^ J>*^

*^i*' Y>

^ oU^JI

John loves Marys

oli c/^Li. oJtf^ US U>-

i-Ljjl

oi iUj^l oli ij-^JU


.

iSj^^ J**& -

Jj_*j^Ji
JffUjVl

II

Uf

JUJI

o LJI

iJ&UJl)

4_ij-i~ ^'j-*' ^ Jj-*>mJI

jLpj^j-.) jlJb-j loves

//

((proposition

-(J ^
1

Argument ^i^Jlj predicate

^ JUiVl

^-o

J--. L

-i'j)

^ jjSo" jL^V'j

J^JI

L^p ^j

(*

J_*JiL

5->Lp

I^p

JJU;

Silp

I4UUJJ

^j

^%

(J_>^>~)

i*^

L^j-Jj ,Maryj John ^

IJ^Jj

J oi_A

^jf-

<-j->-\

r*b>-f i_ij_-

John :<i^l Jl LJu^jJ (<iji**


v^>Lpj_vj_<J| jl

<Jw> jj_j cjj

ft^^ti

o-AjL^Lj

jp

oj-_;.a-T.a

^-^

^j

J vlUi

Jj

jl

a__=-^L>-

j_a jJ

O^j-^^Jl

AJL^l

jj^i

j Harry

Bill is

'

otTXJii

dJLa Ji*

CjIS_j R-U-ljJl

JUy

jl

Jl j-*^

^^>-

4 la

jjj

John gave

Bill a

jj_^J jJj .->-

book JLlJI
4

jV

love

give

be married to
:

JLjjVl oli

Ljb ^y^ij

a; 11)

JS

AjI

J
:

Lw>
n-\

IJi$J

Sj~* j[

oUjJl Jl

Harry's father

Cr^-i* +

Male

((Bill is

j^i

Bill

male

(JliLoJl

IJL*

iJiS" ^ilJi Jlij

Parent

j of Harry
jj

o^U J^iil

jiaJlj

L>jJ give iJ53

jj-*Jlj

.[

oli oNj_^>^ iJU*

give

Uj^j j^^J ii}U

Ijl>-Ij

_..k:....Jj

jL_>

Married to

c f [

jljl Olj)) oNj^t^JI Jl

LJyj ^ oVj-^m S^l iJ^U


.

sUjVI ll*

aJjLj jli^l

j-*jJl pJ-J>*i~J> jf

jlPj_u?j^i j\ ^yj>y> LjjJ

jJlCJl

married to John*

is

^\-*j>*jj

Li"

^_a1i>w*

^^Ja*

variables

U5j

jjJb-J

Jl ^k_J Xa

^p

the parent ^t i(j

<J^_Jli

^W^ 0^j.*^>j) iJUwJl Jj^>Jl

J j_ii

4Ju./all

:...i

L)lj

Mary

Married to

Jj '(ti^

aJ*>U j*
J_5
:

J_L Vli* -L^-U Lp^j

ljj>

(iparent of
Bill

o[

[Love] Mary j

Symmetrical ii^Lx* j_^J oU*>UJl ^^a*. jl

Xj>J p5 jaj

tffyu^aJl oJUJUis

UjL^L oUXJl

Ja

>

jl

L.Ad.11

*j\ ^_j_^,

Mary loves Mary J-i*

aJ

J^j^

\Q

iJUjfc

a",

married to Maryu jl J^ill

is

Jlp

jl

ii

fJ-J*^-U

Mary j John

Jj

jl

Jlij

p)^~j John

Jj_i3l

Bill is

love

Love

j_>*i^.Lj *>L*J

<.

wLJI j^ ^jLJI

/^'jJl

<_. j^UxJ^I

jj

<^>

L lyt

i_>w*ljj a_^La lU

jh

cAj">La. L-ljif ,jji^-

^J^

(jj_$J jj_,
.

4..

oIpj^j^

JU Sw^i

UjL^I

think

jt

j~

Jj^>~Jl

J^U

jl

U>-

^\j

Mary*

j-

love

([

^^

love

.0^^^
j^j

J*

jl

i-j_p*Jl

(iJJVl

j*

Jp

^u-l
think

j~

awhich

Oj-*j~*i
-b-lj

^LuJl

Jlj^

is

Ljjh)

who

3j

I'm looking* :U*>-

and when

fing it

uwho

mam j

tithe

jt

Js-tJ-^

"

^J

9j

^.^>V

jt

Lif Jjy

Ui5

^ L- 5^j
Jj_a

^^

brave man

^^

Jl _L>J

Jy

Jj-ii J_^lj-

J ^>

^-\v

fc

'

^
^^

_,_*

V ^%JL Some ^~

a dog*

Uju

is

love

brave

jt J-jy

>-U

*ly

([

jL^I

<JI

jj&

man* SjLp

brave

j the

jij-atf

^ j~^

(all)

;LaL:

Fred j

^ ^^J"

arei

mam

Jjw L*J

>-!

(tbrave

jl

think

J^" Jp

wti

<J

^JJI jt Jl ^-ti

<J5

J^-lj j-*>* l^

UaJbj J*ii
ol-LiJl

i_*l&

li*j

J^ - U&

?*-J[

jJI)

^ ^J^ Ji
LjJjJ J a
^ j^J

ijj^'

gthe dog

j\

uibrave man j dThe brave

LSn

^Ljjt

-L* J*ii
-

jl

^-r^

^ ^i

IJl_*

Sj^-^j

sail

*^1

jJl

7-b>*: _

Jl

John j Mary) jLs

^ modifiers

Jl.

iJ^Jl ^lyVl

LOpj .[Think] ^j~*j-*

jt

John^ Mary) :Jj_ii j^ J! Jl^i_;


j>\j

Fred :U* o\*jJ>y

John j Mary (John loves Mary)

f^^t J-*^

John loves Maryi

flFred thinks that

$jj_r-^Jl j^j .aJohn loves

Ji

^Subordination

(-

j*-\

Jr^ J ***

j&* Oij O^T***- jm *~&\j Ji

tJb-lj

^y, jL j^JJ r U-Jl

i.fc

oN^K^J

^JlSU Olj

^1)

y jt ^jJl

^J\

^^

0-5UiL,

.a dog j
ft

for a

do ^

vp ^>*J

-^* <_J5"

>

J-J^

Jj_^

c(spec

sx^a)

a dog

j (jjOy^+A ^JS)

of L_i *>Lj oil


t

aa

(f

^LSoM JJl-

^sL.) LLj

(f

J^ j.*

1\j-a

Jl

the
(f

jf)

man

JJ^

v_JUaJj

JJ ^-iJ

^.k.

<_JS ])

a d g

LS" lil

dthe brave

^L&l

jf o^l

j* dL-cki^

(f

V^

(t

(I

[J-^j])

-; *:
>

>*->

<^

y^a

II

'

the

[Slii])

iJL^i

ny

<-i>)

U^j

Ij-a*5

Jlj

jf

u'

^>-^

^J^l

away

c^C^ ^]
I

>-*

J^y ^1
J>-j y>
girl

^[-^J])

of

Jlp -uSLJI

young boys love the beautiful

^-^A

(t

jj& ^j-

f-l>t-i

ui_^c-)

kly

*lj

^^y ^

^i>) [>

(^

Oj])

*-V-) JL->^

J^j

>>

1-Uj c(t[^i5])

^J^- ^-f*^

J -^ J-^ J *

_j

<iL dog

^v~)

(f

[^L^-i]

loves the beautiful* iU^- Uf


:

^*)

(ind

man J-*& L^o

((f

iiiLuJl

J\S ^fi uthat

U JU x>i~

Ji* 5*1^5"

- .;j

entity such that Ji* <j5LJli

(f [

onei

find

ran ^-is a!^>JI -Jw> tjLidl J-cr- ^^^o

[v^J

j*1

j~i S jj-J IjtS o^LCL.

L_J_l^ _

the dogi

^lJh ^1

when

an<i

entity such that Ji-

^)

US'

v^j ll* j .(^[iL^-]


of

dogi j

such that

jSWli ^l

young boy

<^'j-^)

JJU

^-^J

Uj_J

the brave
jJlJl

^\S3l

,J *

^ oL*}Lp &

^L5 mthe

o[

a_,: .^

jj_5J i-ij- -La

^Aia-^^li

v^ 1)

N JT bi~

^L^JU ^f

t^^*^

tl'm looking for the dogi

wl&li Jl y^J oVlj .any

(i^Jr j-

(Def --**)

a particular such JJL. al*-.


the

JjVl aJL^JI

girlsi

j\ i-j-u;^

jjjc

ljl

jJI vHJu j*

oJU-

^-rW'

iJ-^JJ

iy^

J JJt Ji

jtft

Jcii

^U Jl

J>~J Jl A-J -;
^tf^JU-^J-^JUa lJr ^

Bill

-^

['cause]

ti

i_J5

^...^jj

Bill

gave Harry a book

[Give

oU^y o^ ^ (- ^

nob

Uk- o%>
fl

John

^t

jt

cilled

j~*5

w [alive^-

])

^i

L4J oU

kJ s}*\

Have

Bill

*' t

aJS

U^Jl

cause

[cause] ji[

<<not>>

^ ^ i^Vlj

-^ Jl j-^

^
JJ

.alive
.

^ ^^

OjS-i ^sj

John caused Mary become Mary not aliven

j^r >* ^" [become] j

umj

i-ftLiii

JkJl _pJl Jn>

J*

/UU^-1

^[Become]) J
.

^ j+
iJwy

Mary* iU^Jl

- [ give ]

[have] ,-iJtj (Billi)

acause to be dead, L^t

JU-^-l

caused Harry to have a book*

JJuJLjj .(.Harry have a book*) ^cause to be

JUJ

Propositions jU-Vl

fc(

JUIJs-Jpj .;i^U~UloUl

til

^L_-Vl ^i

j_-

^^&

y '**

i-Ji* -iui

[caused]

.iJu>Ji

*u

^ JS3
f

jt

W^l

j*^-j jJi

^.^

^
Jj+9*a

%j**y

fjj>y

(cause)

(John)

y**A

tjT+y

(become)

(Mary)

fj-^r
|

J,

(Mary)

(r-/ Alive)

^Jj

jAk; ^
Jji; ot

On

JJl^Jl li* Jt.

J^jJl

.^j-^Jl

/^Jl

John

thursday

On Thursday John

^. i

j^.

<if

jtf

give

j>-

(JJ

John

U.

&* ^i

caused *Mary

killed

:Jyj

.^^L-Vlj

of

to

bfj

UgfeS

Uk-

*L^J

<1^>JI

become dead onj

^^mJI ja

t3>J'

-_,

caused Mary to become deadn

i^J

\*y>r _

Jb4j yj>y>

o^SL- II*

jl

^J j&

.((Mary

Jl ^UVU)

JlSUJI tffc

*ij-_ I4K <U*Jl V*~* ja

^^uK

iUJtiU

J -^-

y_-:>jW

jj>$\

jf tla^Jl

o-j ^yU- John killed Maryn

oV

^y.

& ixUj

<L^
:laJa

.((Saturday

on Saturday

U^J

cOVl

tob j-iJ vJ^. iUS*

*>-[)

^1^1

Jj-^*

t>*

^^1/

p*

JS"

^jJ

.killj

CJ'^I J^iJl

and Synthetic

!* j_*^j

((Necessary i^jjj

JSUp- Jlp Ju*i*j ((Contingent

j*

t^LUuSl

i^>w

_u \>

-* /H

L^t ij)

ojjkj

-l

^jU-d

All bachelors

truth i_>waJl

^I^Vi

is

<_JliJl iJu.>II

Jy OU

^aW J oIs^LjJI
t

unmarried
*1

*J

unmarried *_*I^> I^j^Lpj hachelor->

<^-

Ul

.ULU; ^-^w iU^JLi

bachelors wI^Vl Jj-^ i^xJU *ilj

tSy*j-**

are

^ U5

^i UL^iU ^dl sense relations v~*Jl olklJjNl

this

^ ^pj

j-*-M\j

A1I bachelors are miserable

^y

L**J

J>i

L^JLS"

Jl_*^iNi

\v\

oli*)U._j

jt

_u^i

('

^f

UUJ twMjj

KwJj^s j ^-u

j^

J-i

^1

<>uJl

oLi}L>Jl jt jJl-jj

giljJI

.U,f

Jy

^-fljj-u

j>-

^y

nthis

If-.. ,/rt

redi

is

J_^J Lib

'

^ unmarried oV

IJla Ji d*->-j jjJ of -

aJ*4j _

oscarlet

rp i

oUjJI Jl >Jb JJUJl

1*15

Marker bJL** (Unmarried) bLu

t,bachelor i*lJ
i-di"

jtf*j*J

IfJjta

j*^ ^1

bJ_>* o_& of v--^.


t(-L^*-ij

ju.~k:.>Jj

\-f&

bachelor

<---;)
(

unhappy when

the bachelor was

^^ of -b
>J^Jl

yjlkJl (^uJL bachelor JJ

aJI)

of

deadi

his wife

JUL,

^.U

:...;j

.^jl

^*j

^JL. of

cB.Sc uljjJlCJl

^>. bachelor

\^J>yJ^ *J>

>^JI

<Lw>- *-* ^J

^-r^y o^*jj

^L*j>Jl

(ULJ

"}LL

\-sss*f
.

jJi

->'

LJJl>j

_pJ

o^>w?

IJlaj

J^Uj J\

i*lJ (Unmarried)

'* Lwa<

J 4iUl Of AJ

1JU

<Uj>JI

CJLS

U Lwb

\s[

Ojj

le- o^J>^a <Jjc*J1 <L^aiJl

^~>(

A11 carnivores fj^*Ul <i^f eat meat*


.

^A

<~Juj~*j

oLJ

X&

4J_^a>

LJUbJ oliv

Jl_;jJ

v-Jj^-jJ

LajI

J^

j^wij
<

^"U

{j>^\ *"l

OL*

J-->*Jl

*j-?

*
t

01

,.

Ja-~.J

L3l; Li}

-J

w..-:...;J

of /)*>
<_^

carnivore

*L>4 IjUw?

tUlp

;OL>-UJl

<jArrf

*
t

mammal j

carnivore

4_....

<c*3j

toijj~^Jl

L-SjJ o*-^*-^

<Jhjf6 Js> J_^jo *^>*JI Oli


_^>- a_jU_;_J

*-*'

(j-*-^ ol_^>Jl

ol_j~>-

IJla

of J&i -Ui

J-^

oL t^J^ V-L-J

platypus ^j^J^LJl

o'j-^^-j 5JL_i_Jl olj--?-

j^

jdojjJI
w^

5J_iJl jl^->-

oj^SJ-dl

youngj

live

^r* '*.)*! t)'J *{i*MI

\-^y uUJs j*0&i

,_$JUl

<_JjyJ

Mammals oLjjJI produce

Panda

<J}L-*Jl

{h&\jt

i>*~>w?

01

\*-j>-

j^*-^

All

mammals

^juJ L$jf

^JJl

IfJI

U5" Uu1>*j

^ JS"

5^1)1 jf A,JL rUml!l i__>waJl

Jj-uJ J_po jJUJl 61 .mammalj carnivore

^VY

oji

>

JUJ1

|^J ^UVl

,carnivore

oil

i^

<-UiJ

^1

JJL \

j^JJl

oV

<j^

s> u-J

J*)

ur-

^aJ| If^,

carnivore

Ji**, of -i^il^JI

tt->JL

l^5^

J^ Jej .u^ jf ^k^

ULU;

^^ ^*> oV

-^' 0^

^J -^

^ .^1

o^ ^U^ ^

jf

(JUI

^k-u

1JU

4^k->w. iL>Ji cJtf

JJU

jL *j

*t

J^f,

fc(ij ^f

JU
li[

.Lj

L.

I*,

ij^

abroken back jj-L*

-i_y.,.

^cJuriMUjf^^^^^of^u^^^^^.^^
<-i^

# i/-j^
<&jl

fU

chair

(? Ijl*

^^

U-iif o*J
olS

lij

ijO^Jl ^j Ljtil:

JU\
-*

i^*,
.

settee

t^Jl

LJ

jjt, .Lit

^^

couch j-t^JLS

^/i JjJ

JJj^ arm
a

^^iJl_,

^ ^ ^^

S^

.jif aJ

_^j

trot

^LJ

of

oii take

^J|

^L^- ^y

J y_^,

ijui

strides U~,\j

^vr

divan

y s_u ot>L^

j^\ji Jjj^ jjpljjb

ithe lady's chain

J^i

Jaiw

oV

U^U)
i^*^ ^f JUiVl

(athe gentleman's chain

oLJV jSUi

\S 9

arm-chair j^iji

i>U*

chair without arms


suite

J| jj^j UjUpj

jl**.

J_,>

chaise-longue

^^

J Jj4i

ti

iU^,

u c;x* US> ^Ji

y ^i\ djSJ ^U^w a

01 ?i^j_;

oUw U^Uf ^y ki*


of S^kiJl ^yu" ^ *^J*) LLU;

AI1 pies have pastry on top


-

o,>.,, \ iU] jrtjUJi

ijJUi, of

^f* "this stoal has

JkL

4rtiyj

^^oiJl JU-^ _ jJUl ^U-

xj^- j^_

lssS>" jf

t/

JU i

jf

vUl

^y

gjj-* j-l>LZ 0\J

^c
^

oli^LjJl

<- Ll <L~-j

dJJj

J 4,aU
Jj

lj%s-j

J*

-.

oil

(j^Lp-

oLyt^jj oIJLJuu

cJ^U^l

oli">L*JU
_^>J

l^pbi

^yU

C>J

NVi

J*

SJ-S>

C_J

t(jV 'oil ((Ajw^U-b

i_Jl

iVl

J^*J
{

iJJJl

\-4r>*

iUrtfl

\&j&

i*Ji*

^L-i J5wJ

ctJU-

^jjh

^1

L>5 AjJ^

o'LSat ij_^Jt

Sy.-M- jJLJ
<*!*,
.

JUa-iU

ji^

b^C UU; iiL>

J^ JJUJ

iJub

Ji,

> (!^K ^^cJl

(^Jl Jl >_JL; j.^1 ^j_; jLc; JjVl

JjVl

Cil^JI

S**Jdl

^j

JfMl\

i(-iUJl

.(~Ul

_ UL.VI

uUl

^^ ^
y ,\jj\

wAJ! j* Lr A^i\

J^l)

\v

JL>

w^ ^i

Jl^jl
iia^Jl

JyOw

;L*JU J^jjl

^^
.

ijjii.

^JLiUJU

Oj_-j

J^-iJI) JLJl

JlO \,

il^l

JL-w spL^

^^l JaJ^JI

JjVl J-aiJl

j*J>fc**dlj

Grammar and

-^j #Ui

<;*

Lexicon

i^l

Jl

- JliJl

Jg* -Ltf

oUi!l
cJl^o

j. aj

f*>\ji

j'

l^_,

^^_S3l

2^J

J^JU

ft

l^y^j,

oJJl

s^JLp

up!

^ ^iib; (oU^cJl
jf ^ .^^ ^J,

_pj

^^1 .Up

|j>-f

j^iJi

cC.C. Fries j_.ly

^^^

^.^Vl

Function words a^UpJI

f*J cO^Jlj c^LaJIj iJ*iJ!j t^-Vl -abIjJI

J_

j^-s 'LLi?

-fiili

may,

please,

Ja^

ftij_>-[

O^-A >-'>
the,

<1IL* lij>

y UI ^ ^uji

l^l

j-* p^-A^Jl &>ytt

cij-^

J^lJl

not, very, and, at, do, there,

why, although, oh,

yes!, listen,

let's.

fcur^b

J_^u LJi

^'

'

J-^ J^

^jJ Jp)

c-Ij

-^

-L_>-

-*****

*->

Ji- <>"

^i J-j

iVst>J!

J^- Morphemes ^x-Jl oli <J^

wn

<aJl

^ i_L*Jl

ijj ^t

^U

JJU- ^j^ 4U*

^JV-UJ

begoingi ft-Sc-l

to cairoB

fly

^J
i^jJ!

i>

**ii

o^Jl

ijj)

*\

^rji j-JJ

jJU

LkJ

y *-

r': U:l

^i

aiwJ JJj

^LJJ

Hj

i^J^0l

when

>

(..tomorrow

^^

iijJuJl

-Jl

a~

UUii

4-JMa ^

J*

as <.on cinto

jf

ilj-iJl

>

ol^LJl

iUrJl

Jl^j

i^

afu-r J*jJl oljjf

Ji> j*
nominative _ij

while

iJJJl

<

ablative

>
J

illative

.i-^r^Ji
:

<

J-i^-Jl

Jj^uJl

the boysi
jt .

if

^-Ul

tomorrow*

y in g to cair0

.5^

deviant

^UiJU Ol jU-

a_^L^Vl iJNjJlj .eletive JJ^\


^j S^Vl iUiVl *-U> .j^f o^:j essive Jlj

.adessive Jl i_JMj_Jlj

oLJ&l

i-iJ

fl

.oL*KJl

j^ Jj

O^

.(-ed ifc-SJI fl-L^L,

.case system SjjUl LjUiJl

_JV:>j (.accusative

JNj

^' m

rj

<*

Bilin

0&

^rJ

willj shall

jt

JUJb"

i-i^Ji JJUiJl

^iJLSi

_ ^Jax-. luSy

Been a when h

U^

J-**Jl j=i

J^

out ofs ijjUvjll

Ji

A^ ^-^

^ sx^yi^Jl J-^>Jlj ii-i>^ ^U-V


i^ L^ ^i^^Jl ^-^ ^ -J^
1

J<ui

J^J^NI

SOpU

J>J

J* sj-pU
\vv

is in

J^^-"

the garden

^-^ r^V

1p

ol_?-L-.

the flower

OjLd

^ ^ijj! J^uJlj

-Ul

JSj

fragile

4_U5

y> r_r^>

the water

oUL^.j

A. .A-Jl

^^--iJ! jl

|JL-*u

<^>Jl

is

4_,.^ L*-jJ

*-*>*
fragile

JL

V UI

c^^-UJi

j^

water a_Jl53

*_*

JliJl

l]

^SUj <Lj>J1

jl

jl

^s^Lj^^l

^_jl

w>Lp

Colourless

^ clUi
t

*j>j

'S3

t-_jj>jj

j_Ss~ C^Jj

^j-^^J

^kJL

*y

r_*p

Jlj

^>J

lg

i^^w? jj_j

Ij_j_^-J

*_^

t$ji

pI^Ji^JI

l/^'

-Sva\

jf

UJ[

_rP

t,j.">rjJl

^ k^s-jJ ^
L^J j_^J

IjJh

-jA

c.

La^Jj
>-

l^JI

bit -LS"_^Jl

jdi

^jdl

lp

j^i

^oihi*^

oijli

IJLa J-Jti!

^yj
<

lUjLjj
.,

gk

L*^*A^ 4j*JLa

iJj

^ 4i^jl

jj^

JL*

^-*j

iJ5

a*

iJLia UjIj -Lij

Jia JjLj jl5s|

^^U

<!

>J' *

-j*

^j-o i^-j jL^! j*

a5j^W\j 4jj^,j j^p ((John drank the meats 4!*^-

>VA

tL^iA*

(.^jJjhJ'VI

_r-

-jp

<.43:>LiJlj

jUl

n3^UVl ^1p i.jJ^I


:

il>jj>*J

"green ideas sleep furiously

a_J

oU^JwaJl
34*3jI

flower

iL^Jl _~~*jt:

Carnape ^UjLS"

pirotscaruIize elaticallyo

o>a_jJl

a>

J&ftU

((Colourless green ideas sleep furiously))


11

,<

vlo*-JU

4_=^idJl

iJ

L*^j

Jl_a jj-*j

jlj_~*^ j^>0<^jlj a_>*Jl jl

jl5ol_

uL*i)l J*\) ^UttNl

^_p^ j-V

*V

walked away

walk iUS"

Ul_iJ 43^>*i 4

(JjUOJ jl 4Xj>0

4_>Jjl

4loj>-

y*i

tk>-

a_^j^

*Lj jjill

g.i

>.\

b*ojJ_>-

4_~<>oc<Jl

j^-d^Jl

.;Ull f-_j_jjJl

*At<i

Jl-l

4,,,^iilL

i->%~^ jj_iJ

. tomato

<_$*J

J-^**?'

Jj

Jl

4j^>J

w-J /^Jl

^y^VU
JL

J^ill

L>***tj jj^j Jj-aJli

^ ij^i. J_*^u

ji-u

The boys are

^-**^' jr*

^J^

J* <U*Jl

Jij-k

John*

^*

iU>*

(j-*^J

The ^JOJ

J~- ^Ui
fc

L>

-of

!i_* jf

J ^L-j,

o^*

^-^-f

Uv

Ji"lx.

V>

*>Up- ji jj>.

jf

J-fciJl

Jl

(.

**>>^

Lyui f^-i-

j!)

iJujJ

J jj

^^

jXj

(W. Haas

jJUJl

scattered)

ii-~*

collective

W^

((drinks fish

_ii

J^l

water

is

fragile

awl* pU
**3

^JU L^U

JLp

jjJJl

-LiJj

o*iy

fc

piU^ L-x*

<^

-UJI
iJL* jf

j^

J^

i_U5 pL-i; iJL-

kii

jf

j!5 b|

cJ^L"
^jr->^

^j^ ^jJ^l^_

^>Jl tL*--f

lT

contextualised

li_p*j jl L^j>jc l^jl^>Jl

^ tL*Vl

nouns ^

^o'Lfcil/l)

J-91-* -^- ^y*-*^-^ *-ilj^*Vlj


^J^m: j\ ^>*J! Jl^* L jA rj^S

^ Lu-yJ ^^l %^

JJ> j^-^l
J^J>

iU>Jl jf ^>.

7* lj

tscatter 4_Ji" -_^ dog

The dogs)

^L*)

The dog scattered y^ln iL^- .JliJl J_jw<

jV

,k-.;

ioi*; iJLw U[

.^JI^J^I Jl

UjUpI

jf

JuhJ jf

j^Lwj

il*j>-

JLJl j* J^>Jl

O-kplj) JajtJ jf

-L$i

^^SJ

0*j-^0^

-J

LJ

44 Ik*

^ ^L^-o-J

^^J^

~_jL^

*j ^_ii^-j Ji ^JJl

*_y_^i jp jj_SJ
iiL^i
J-*^v.j-f-

~aj^S

JjJlj <L>Jl

garden*

in the

jL<>i

ijjj

is

JjL>^ <.L*>~ j^j^ ^t

jj_-aJI jf

/jjsf at* Ui

the boys

Jlpl^iU

jJj l\j~Jl (J*aJI

iJL_wi c~-J i-*j ^-Jl

Jl Lo>L

^ ^-*

iU>J (Li*
<

ijif

i{*4* jf

*_*j-U- ftl^iiJl jl^iVli

.^_ib^-

garden^

^>*J'

^-*J-J

^-^-Jt

^^

l^-jj U;f ^j

in the

jUuJ!

J.li)

i-^i

scatter

^(scattered

JU M

ccJy^- <Ojp

bJlj

The dog was

^ <uj^_i?j
LjJ|

^^s- the

jJj

aJ!

dog

^-s-uaj

Jl

The dogs scatteredi

jl)

ti>^w

Up- ?a_a-J_j

.c_ilc>^

jj^f

<U

Sji

ip-1

Jy

115"

J-r^w

j-jliSj

ijL-j The dog

scattered))

the

JUUj

jt jJlj j^.

S_lpI

J_^ii

dog scattered

j'

o^^iS"

^^-Jl

lr:,.,;

Jl

lai

.(The herd *JxJl

'Vl

L_fj>_>r ^
jJ

lj^^

y*>

LSU-* >UaJl jl5

,Juj jjJ_Jj

jjo>JIj

l.g-.-iJ

ij

jl *_Jai~J

itself

L-p Jlj

j_.'.] Lj

j)

Iji' lij

JjJ

jl ji

JUjI

II

J,

j} J-iJj
./gtfll

<OI-le-l

tJLj-Jl '**

**

*_Jj>J

<.* : \r;,,

iiJb <_-^

Ij5j^

J-^

u^iJ 4jjL>e

^JuCjj

ikiJi J_p- 0 vr>-Vl bJ^JI

\A

jt

(tscattered

scattered)) iU^-- Jaj^J viJJJJj

JW

oJu*.

jli

i-J^wj ^_JLJo1

lf> U.lfr.t.T.J

^Ji

51** Vi

^ISUj^uM

Formal grammar

Uv Otf ^r^Jb

jl

<i

tjL.ji

J-LS; ^Jl

U^_

^^_j

^^1
^

ijjx!l oUJ!

iJi5aj ijuo>J

<tjj-^\

^OLJI

Ot

ijXUl iJ^LJl

UU ULp j^,

^f

Ji*J

^^v U(

Ot jit tJL^Jj .iyJJl


.

nouns

li-JVa

*M

ijy*\

form ^Uuo,

flJbw-l lJU> .i.LJi

i>Jl

U-VU

Form

Uj

^tj UU: ^ib^*

ii^p Ofj njfllpi Oj-&

JSUiij

^\S

L^) .J^Li <k^*JUl '5LJl

oLUi
'Sit

*LJif *U-t L^L ^j'yC

(OJU *->Ul j^

s*lj

aL-

J jJI ilii 0_>& of 1 V -

^yxJI Of JjVi *jJi

\A\

cJtf
>**JI

:^j^i j^J'

J[ JkM.,
*L^j

(L-ao jl5 ^ij^A

oLi-ydl cJLJ

jj-AJ

^p ^xJl
Ji*^

djSz j^j

^yj

J*

N/

JJljJl

tJLjf

Uij-LJ^"

oUKJl

L^.1

-I

IJLa

L.

io

J-i^~

Jl

L^J

v^isSj ?ftLjJil

J j~=^

o_i_>xj

o-U jl ^UipI

JL

j^Jl

?jrii

iu

_r

pVl ^_yci
,y

jol

*U_^Vb

4_Jl

j^_,

- vS

4_^\JL

?^*iJl))

\jJ5 ,jy_

Uj_ip

Jyj

L^JB

^ti

Jy

*-J

J-I^lj

tij~*U j

4^j

jt

j^

river

i-ij-pJl

W.UI

t LJiVU)) _

05 jdl

^j^jl

J
._$j

l^u^-^i

^ ^i^J!

Xk-w

4.^...Jl)

1^

ijU-Vl

JJ

jJiJL;

Ul ^JUJI i^>J|

o0>xj

L. (Uf^_*-f

numerical quantity ^.uJl

^*>.j sjl* JljJl

\AT

JiJ

((c^ ^f

^^

bj|

.(cJliJl

Ljf

i*J ^^.^dj

v_......w

^JLjJI AijLia

*-JS Jl

J jjJj

^>Jij Oj-iJl _ t5_pJl

jLs^Jl oLJo j wheat

J U5

*.la:...:>

jil

<uli

^J[ cspring

?*U;% Js- ^i^ci ^iio

iJ^/jJl JJLoaJI j-L^>J jf

^ 3>_^

udt's riveringj)

LJUj AJljjJj tU.Lj 4_PyL. Aii^

j|j_iJLj

^JJ c

tdJUS

LLx>j

,jlJlj c^^Jlj

ulj-Jljj j [(^^o^Jl)) jl

.1

^a oUJJl

ccLS-JUlj

Jp

<_5jb-

lc

noun *~*Vl <Ju y6

^>j

J^U

U-jA*

<-iji

jl

cSUUJlj

ul_^Jl j s^>Jl))

^ii-Jt) ({There's river

jf jjjjl

j^

L^|

.UiVl oi_A Ji, jf

JwaAll

Jli* fjjlj

op

^OUl

ii_p^l J11.A&U cJlS" jJ IJu

Jp

L.

*-

ijjj iij^-aJl

p-

/Ji^u-J iJiS'B uL

^UVL

LgJLS"

jl

s_

J*, aixj

_ptJ

Ju Jl)

^i n iJi" a-j^;

Jl* a_~if

d^-^U J^ij

iJ^ oil/

i^JUjy

J_^ij

X^Jl

<_$a_jl

(t*^ ^l

fl.^t

*LJ-Vl L- ajJJI
:

J LJU

i^^S"

A_,j^waJli

cjUl

J jZUj ^wilj ;_JU> J^*-^ J^ri

AAij^i *J^JI

J^- jli^i

(toats

The wheat

ins

is

<U^
Jyj

j-i*lStJl oli ^iUi

o*4

Hair

yctJLifl

^I_lJI

-j^L.-.^-

-Li iJj-dJl

*-*j-

ol

S"

*-$A5' <*0Jl

4jJ

woman

^xiwo

r****

.dlf

(^JliJl

)-j!j Ljj _*j

<uLjj>- L_A.jy.-_j

jlj

~>0l

Lr

tFraulein j

j=**"

^^ J! ^"

L*ai

rA*J

jf

li:.*il

tiij_^^aui

L_

jIjxJIj ^^j-j^I ^JbJl tcijJij jjjl

he came tomorrow))

^Ul

JJLaill UjJj-

-^>

frj_Jlj

-iJ ^yJl

01

*L* Vl

^j ,>

*^-j
fijlfb

oJLlli

J-JU 01

tAl*J

J[

Ji

jj&

oL-05 Uwb

<>~*-^y

.ibjJi*

j^jb

^-j Lit

(i

jj ii%Jl 01 *^j

^y. -LJ^,

j->-b

J ^^UiJl

aJt

^y

JUij n*^-

>Af

4-jujJ***

vUUi *-*jj

4JjL_^ Ai*>Lp
i

enumeration
J|

sIju^'I

OjjcJJ 01 U>-

^lj

^uj

_r

J-a^Jl jjiil)

oLJ

4_itix>(-*

_7=

cJjL

j^pl 0V

JiU

j^

iL_JLJl slj_Jli

v^Ul J^

fc

aj^Jl^NI

yJlj

^Ut

past tense
.

^_j_*-

^J

J1

j$L

Of

^j~>Jl j* ipj^^-

*~-L-Vl i_p*Jl Jj'Uaiil 01 -^Vl ol* Jt. j^

iiJLJ

<U5

ioyill

-&^JI iUj! of ^j*-

J\ J^l \^j

vUVi

young

0t ^>*j

iJlLNlj L~l

,i~J>Jtj

la sentinelled

J.,a.T....,. ft -U

oats

ll*.

wheat jL bL>- pjj

iJLAj

oi>Jl ja

US'

&J

V iji^Y i/ U*^3

JaJjj

Uo ^j-j

,(0^1^,,

to^^-i* <li^

iJUWl oLUSau

Madchen

S^L-

^ ^t, j

IjJS ^Sj>-\
:

JjUJI *_*

the oats are in the barns &-?rj ithe barn

j~-

01

H<capelli tcheveux

J*

L*5

of j_S">JI j^i fl^lj

j^ 0_>^ oats

j^

cJjJl

iJiLuJ

-Lj-VpoL.

JI

SjLiVl

ii%Jl

i_^rj

^ JUJl

^JLp

^ &LjJ1

tiSj

ii^UJl Ja^

iU-^

uaii jV

jl

ijj-^ JSUaiJl oJlS

JUif i3L^j

John kept coming every*


John hoped com-
?cJ^aJ of f-k:

*i

{jA

Jj e5>*^

JjuJUj

t^Zj ^LdJi

jfi-

UjJ

Jj? }L

US of j-a

sleep

J^

L.

>[

J^Tm. >.1 j^ jj

jl -

lf*-iJ

^^

J^U

US

*-

tkkJU

SJUJLJi

>-

4Jgl

John ran com-


olj <.LJ^.>

John slept coming every day

O^

aJL>-

7>>j

dUi

-*S

*_*j

jytz of >^j

1\

Ji

^i

ulj~J j-dJl begins

l^j-^J *JVi

^L-V

oL5 J-*iJ

oLi

(J

iLj>-

ing

J_i-

day

day

*\

J**

L_p*j

^j

iw

*iJ

US of iiJb*keep US *a

sleep

US j\

iL>c-wa iL^Jl ofj

<Lj>- ^s> J_^_i liU a>*>JI o.1a

..._.,a:.H

4_JYa

ing every

JtA^L-^lj jl^L-Nl

IJJj

hope JJ> e^-f JUilj

hope

L^i

iJws l$*w keep

ing

(*"^-* J***^'

John hoped to come every day Oj_xJ <L>Jl

r-jj_>Ji

LLio Uii coming

Ji

ii*^

aWjJI

jJ o[ -

U-Up,

J>-JlJ

*r^ *M-1

(John slept coming every dayi

lk>- ^jJ, Ji

J^l

J>- (.^J-^LJ

,J[ J~<aJ

Jlp-

&

j*i

of ttk^Jl

^L**S

t _j_>*iJJ

Lk^-

">Luli

Ui

-^

^5J

initiation

.k ^*j JujJ

J-* ?aing every day

Ol -

J. ;

-nT.,JI

ja

J& J

0[ -

^waJl /^ j^l
JLiJ

((John

is

V seem
*5ljJl
of

seeming happy

^L^- y>

_ a_J"V^

.lis

M jf ^j^

JaJ-yJl <11>J

-^J C~)15

yM

j_>Jlj <:L^J>\j 4iL>-J

^L* C

^J-^
J

?A-j J

jJl a^JUli JaJ^Jj .U*^lj U*-

^y wiJl J_

jt

^J

\M

Jli* iJLfcj

*J^lJ

Uili

^^

jf ?Aj_pJ S-XpU

*^-Nl seeming 4JU-

vr

iJ^jJl

U jjii

lj>[

seeming (jl^^Nl) J'^-J' ^-<>

^V"^ -

C-lo

Ij^>J -VciJl JlS"

J-aaII of <j^L--f ^^Lp i-jj>J j-^- J-* o[ Jj-aj of

^liijj^

^-:k:......

^j^^l

0^

o^j

J-^LiJl

jjnJI

^ iJXJJ j-jj^t J^j-*- 0^"

a* tone

l-U-

JLi^l

to

.(f^L&t

one i-iLUi*

*lj>-f)

<ik^

ijLi iJL* ol^J J-^i; (J

_U

i-^jJJ.

*LwVl

oU

viDiJj

JUL OjUj

*JLu*f

i*K

ij^P

Ai-xJ

l_L*

J ^JJl

Ji ^a*JI jt

ol

y;

JUJIj .^UiVij
.

ijJui iJLjb j^5L, J! - LfiS"

J ^.> ijJui

^j^p *JL~*

oLj-^Jl
JUJI

L-.
u

*i V

(put

(ng UU*J* ^^Cj SjU)

Jj>j .cut

SjJJ. ^-LL IJLa^

<-Jj-aJI (JiJl

j^j

oT jL -^i dfc

>

^j^-^Jl *UJbj

L<J -X*J <Jj j

jj^j

V^'

JL^VI

LfLjju ib-*Jl

tolcL^-Jj

ii>J v-JL,

t*_bLi*

j-kJi pJUi

i'^-j wheat iUSj oats

Jp. oi^Vl
JJLJI

cJj

JU^

jF

iJL-Jb

Oj*

Oj-aJi J-i

i(A) J_Uj

Uo

LJb

ng

iJut

^^h*^ J*

&M\ J^aill

:^J!^ cr^ji
Gender and number

i-bJlj ,j-^>Jl

j^jJla j-^_pJ
(

Ji

Li-

juUi

_^J^AJI

JjLlJ!

^ ^Jj^j LJLto w~>p

Madchen ol_JiJl

^-^

-*J

idiosyncratic

-ii

JS"

oV oUjbU*

toJL>L>t-

Oil

;*-*_?

oVl L*o

.^jJjkJl

^>U-

J-*^'

J^

<_**

W^

jUUVl jUKJU

'*

1^15

**,./a}\

malen

*}!

\A"\

l^j|

__a (_s~Ul

^1

Jj_^

'a sentinellen

^
<.

jj_j
^SUJl

souns

Fraulein j

^ j-^Jl dj& c/VUJi

jl>Vl

sentinelle Jl* i-ip

*Jj>x^\

jJ

UW UjjJ

_^^

JJ

jj^o lein j chen ij-Juaxli

Ajjy

'<it

Jcu>

t(<nJUJ^Jtj| jJ>j~<J\ jLiJl) la souris

oaf

ji <-*>-*

J! jl^tjlj

f-yJ'j i_r~^' (j^ 4-iJ.a ihLi* 43*>U- -b>J jl /iyj

i-*K

^dL^a

<>~ iSjd

oli^f

Jlp aJIjJI ajL^JIj

tU

i-

i^aJl

,^-aiu

^ ^y

^$zJ <*J5

J* of ,j^- ^j

.^La*l jU^Uj ottj^JU JIL^\ ^jj^\

JUS

.J^ji 4L*

^f ^oLii^^JJ r JL^^ jf jSU* it ^^Li


U>^ j^_J| jis ^J s he jt he ^jl^u-J jJ jUJtfj

'V-^ J[ jL-i'jU
"*i fc^JJi

4JU iUJ>W
fc

them

Jj-i.

^wJl
JLj

them

tel!

4_JL; jXi

_J"

^ jUVl

^jLi^j *L>*Jl

v-JL

<}y Uli* (j^iJJ

anyone comes

[f

j>

^^S

they

fc

Has any- 1
.

j_J1

li-A

to

^_,

jLL.

go away

jf _^*

JAj

t^jj ijpS

^,

oUI

jl

JS-

Jl jLi.j

iJUiVij

oU^Ji

jUlt>U

lost their

hat?
IJLj
u

(ds

-*-'

^ LU;l

ipJl ii^l
Sjj^, Jl

t^c^ _ J^o

J L^

boy or

U^I^Jl

swahiii

iLJi^J

JJUij

^ JJUi

%\

-Vl

iUii

a girl?

j_*

wa

jrrj

Jl

jL

j,^

UU

L^ll

jl

^__pj|

_^ _L-L-L ii* jV

^L ^uJi ^jkju

^'j.(-

^j-Jj -^r~^ J-SUi

^ik^; *LwVl

A_^l_Jl j^ -^j^ V (j-^Jl

it

w-iiilj 4_*5>L. prefix

4-ilJl

JjJuj sone

s^l

jUiVlj oLLaJ! > JU;|

^* Jj^

al^il

^J,y<Jl

^V
^-i^JJ

jCw

JLi^-J jf

^ tOj^^O J^>^Ji ^^ Jv

Ujj-^
a

^) i>UJVl uW J their

*LibU J-JUaij ^animates *Lj-bU JJUii

it

-^1 JJ, _ jJ-pJW


^^j U jL-Jl Jl SjUi^J
UiU ^Vl jj_ jf J*^Jl j* j& LuJ ^Ji^-i it

jLi

^jy L^I JSUoi

jL

jj

Ll^'j-j

lw.Lu fl^^-n

^j

Oj

Uil

^LL-^

jiJ

^Vi oUJJl

purist ib

ill

i.^

<Rind

dSj^JwiJl *LiVl

<Uai *UI c.-.JU .ULjwj

uv

*:jj-jiH

oUJ

Algonquian
jl jS>

a_LJI j-ej

Jl jLw'

il^o*

raspberry J-UJl

J! ,j^X

*Udl Jl>J

.jjuJI

^ .HJi V
. a_J^jJ\

jyiJI

IJla

jp

j>Jl Jl

^r*

!*j*

^j

J^

J*-*-^

4^&ii ^-*

5y>-i j nkettle

.L.U jJU V

jJiJl oJu. Ji- tfc-d

il*Jl *L~.Vl

**!*

yNjdl v-Ul ^-enumeration

^J

(L2i>i

^>J iW Jj^

^.J^r

^Ul ^- ^L*Vl J>Jl Uj& of v ISU tfj- j' V^


5^ oUJ 01 (Jb-lj ^) ^\j (-b-lj) ^>Ji >
jj

.>

J^.^S^-^LSai
dual

O^J

strawberry Uj\jJS\ jf

e ^Uill

^ j-^i

oUJJl

jA^aajL ^jj* j~>- ^J ij***a aJo-IjJI

enimate a_^JI *U-Vl j-j ^LP*

^_~p sL-*-.Vl

LfcjJ

jl

oL-ilJI

^^ui

cdLIi Jl iiL^NL

cJ,

^^ J

iV^b

iA-^-i~Jl

.LJ5 ol_ii]i
i-yJlj

cL^.-xJ _

nr^ ^>^J -Js-r- Jl j-~tjuJI SK^ Jl U^kJ jJj .Lit gSji^Jl ^rj ftiUil ^ tij>
Jjd W> JuM* J^Ui J j^Wl J* l^j U U^. counting
t(i-JL^Jl) Tigre j Fijyan :J_i*

individual *jjl\

L-

ULi

i_*]l
jf

d ^j

^_Xl_i

JL*U

aJlUJ1

^ j~3 Jl Li^-U y> wl j&\ dj& ^jj


-fij>J Js- <tj^*f **<Jj
L_$Jl

jl_It '*L^\

jr**3 J^J

^s ta^l^nj AkJ

:^JlJI

Il*j

oJu_Aj ._j_^Ji

<JbU]l

ftU-t

t.

v^

mass j\MJ\j
l/ J-aL-j^-

*U-Vl J^Uai ucountability

iiit

j^j .jIaaJIj count ^*Jt

.^.iLiJl ftU-f

>AA

j^ Jj/Ji j

-Vjj3l

jf

j^

<jf

j~>~

(.(a

^-J jJ)

butter

^-J) some jSz$\ ^LJla

some

butter

cake

_j

Butter

<.

is

Jju *U Vl

-_. jf ;bf

jf

of

>

V^l?

_^

(some cat Vj

*U L L*b

*jlJ-Jb

<delly JI

^l

lJl

^^S" Jt
jljui.

oUiVU

jl

viUJl jf

loaf^i-pj

jj_p *L_ f

^i

^y. i^ibi*.

nchecic

^*

L*Vl wi-aj ol

Jy ly f^ J! t^*^

^J

^*^

^)

Fish j

p.

fcLtL*;

nfish

^-

>--.

>,,, J

_ J |j_ia

^J

^S

j_^

lil

\ijJ6 j}\

xj

a water

^-*^ JjJ
^iU 1 4_J5

US

jl

j^,

^J

J_^o

a butter

J| aiUVl.
jl ;-a

J_,

j-^

bread-

V ^^^VL*

.,

^_*^JLj ks-jJc* i^L*Si

ucake

jf

Up_,

of soap

jlJLiJt / J-L-^l
Jli

l^

^-

jf

jlaJL.

a jelly*

j^j

L^JU

LwVl JUi

^JLio

y> ((bread j-JJU

Rtrifle

fi

V>

vi

J
J^ ^, 4L>

<_~>-LJ

jl^o

J_^J

i__p-fl

.J

^j-^-l

4_U5

Pat of butter

Lw.

iJL*-0J

L^J

jt

^- J

li

J^

^,.k. J

Jr

y* ^ilj

nloaf of bread yj. Uuc-j*

^o_p ^.1 y> jelly jf j~>-

usoap jj-iL^B
J_^ oUJi" cJl.i

jl

^j jf

J|

j* j\^Ju J\

J__, jJl

0_l^o
a

is

jjS} ONj Jj-Uy ^_iJ JL>

^ j^U

^j >yuS\
.

cat

+.\S jy\ y ** ^ ^J\

jl^ jSI^Jl

iA_fr ^-.1 icake 4_a1I jf

Oil

*U_J

(some or othen ^*** some

<jf

^-J

je>

^UJl

lJ

((butter -L,jJlj

jf

gU:

C3-

p'

J_^i

^LUl

>-

>-

<

J _ io^J ol_4^ J[ j^t: ^ _ nindividuate i^-JJs


tfj>Jl oi* &j JO
j^_ V ^1 i^SOl Jl jJt; ^.iliJl
^J^' ^^ J J^-> J>
- ^
J* Ji&k V JyJl

jl

jja

J^ii

*L

a cati Ji. _ a>- jS^}\ Sbt

L^aA.

jf

j^U? o^n

J^

ijJU^l

jl

i^^J^I

.*X*]\ *L*-J 4_<Lkj j->j\JiJ)\

j^ UjJi
jL>^j

_$

jci

a petroln

Lp/Jl

>~^Jl ja

Jljr^"

->-*

venison j

nj

\jJ\

ja UjJi

4_$Uj

>-

^)

JlJLj

<.

pjJUl

porkj

i.

J-l^ JjJ

w>UJl

* Jl ^yl

lib^i _

i_UJl Jl*

jf iJjjJI

i]L& jJ
scissors

^1
^-jji)

iTtJl

cU-I

^LaJI

^j_^r

*Jiu jl

v-^ *-*^

^^9
i

!j_A j>-l

Jh

<JLi>w

v-^ *^-*

.tongs JadJUs
*ljihx^-lj

oU5

..

^JU)

beaf :J-* j^ i*L>-

tviUl j^J

*L~J

01

wwheat ^Jt}\n j oats jliyiJl olJji

jfi-

:oLJ5Jl L^jJ

p_-l

*L

Ji o^ljc*

j^Kl j,

^ ^UJl

v-Ul

iJV-dl

y.iU-

JJI^JI

c J

.Bilin iiJ jJ
jl jis^j .iJjJI

jL+-i

ja 5^bw

31

(._/>3l

mutton

J^lj

(tv-Jjlaj ci?-U-i))

^13

Jl

.(dM>Jlj c^jLiJlj cfUVlj


plurals j_^>Jl

"

^1/1 5

oi^-jJ \^\jJ>c^\

Jit

JJUj

J* *U-J ^3; jJ

bjj ^kJl Ui

j_^p ti^aJ

j+j vUUi

jf

roL*J UbjL^-Lj ^iJlk^Jl o-U J-UJ jfj jd^Ui

J_5^io jl ^j>-*j UJlj cv-

oUAS

a butter

beer ca coffe

(ta

&y

cLwl

Jlj

oUJJl
-UJLi))

((count JJlP)) ?Jiiv^ jj

/ oLjL^' (.((-b-lj

^L3"

i-.^^Uj'Vl jf JjVl

((shears ^--5

Vj L*JLp ^SUj

j^i*!

J^ii

1J

^l jja-a^

td trousers

_^3 i^-j- _

Jlj^

Ijjj-^9 _

Jfc

^-l

individuators otaij

i[ 4

L.

11

>jj..-s> -

l-i

a pair of

ia pat of butter Ju j

JLuJl

J_-

JU.

>_j

a^-*^5j ci j_a

0*"

(upy

j-=r^) ^*r^

^JjC nahbat
j|-L*Vi

io*>L_>*J
j--*Jl

J_-

^JLii

^1

jj ^yi

Bv^Jii'B 4jt

^i-5

tiJ^Jli

i--oi^Ji ^u^iJi

*Jl j-*

JU J^i;

^ sL
-

J**5

j-*ili

Sjl>.Ij

j-J l> L.U j_u U

^M

t^tf

jj

i^>

(,

^oUJl

oUJJi

oJ
t

uf

<UJ
J*J[

,:...Jj

^ t^^S oujli

tigre

oJxJi

nahab iUi

^ &yA\

*10Ui J. thatte nahbat


t

_* upedwarcii

Wi-^ j~^

US jS

j^U*

a cake of soap

cun

ii*-tAJl

j*

Jali

Jj

Jj^

.fiil>*Jii

^-Ji-

L$1S"

satas nahbati

2-JjJl

j^ai

*|jl>l**ij i*iJJi
-

.-

V!

OUKJI:

Person and deixis

h^

olJDij

j) oujj
.

olJuJl jJ

J
y

cUf

ipi&Jl

uuiii

(^

^^i

ii^ JjVl olUl) olUl iU^ tey

^r^J^j

Uil u~^l\ kJj

^-^

V^

-v

J!

the y-

^JJ J-^ UUj


f

-^

il

v^
1

oUK L^jf J v_ik^J iiJ^Jl oIa *(^.A_*J!


jtfl wyAJl j- CJliJl
Jl JL. i,> y^a ** ^ Jl ^- ^
iLJL^
olUl JaJ^J *^i JWJI
Jl j~ZZ J* c^l

,^l Jift) Deictic 4_w.I


l

JjVl

jl^-i, \,

Jl

i-jJ

i_oU~Jl

^~

^*

J*

-o^U

Ju^u ^-JJ

SjLij jt^-c-l-

^ JkiJJJ-oUiJ! >; J JUS* oU* U*fj

L^J

ijSL-iJl

tOlUl -*^J obJu** LfcjJ oUUl iVjli :oUO*Jt ^*u ^^*j

Ji 5iU
t

LJl

bUi j^>

?jkJ

Jl Jh (-

(ioltj Uti) -*lj pJi^.

ud) Sj^a

SJLpI*

jj^-j

if-Lj

j-pj

iib* ljl

~IM\

J&>

ti

jf

j~^\ ^JtiU

-j

*_Jd

^UUI

-JLJl

__**JlJ_j

1 '

cjtj uT inclusive

j*

JJLP

^^

j\

J>J

jl

L>k^N

LU Li^j JiVl

a-Jl

jJ they j j

"^/y^J

UI^I

^'

Op

^-*>-

a-A^J

si'W _*>JJ 5j_r*x

^r

>j

J Lib

^r*~

<>

^J ^0 jr-^-

.^^1 lJ>y

^Ul

(<W>*> t-^o 4^-*

Jj v-^- ^>UJl ^P

j^j

J ^!

a^-jj-^Jb ^.JuiuJI <-p>*~

yrr* Jlp_ iiU 0>i Wi*

15

^A;

aJl

exc lusive

jij

V.JLJJI 4ju^ jt jl UtUB J* S/J-; VOUSB V-J^iJl i_*iSJl

*\j^

fX^-i

Jj iiUiVL;

'^ ^J5

-L^ll

^ a^JifJl.

UiJ|

^ -f^j

Hie^y

tcthoui viO-fJ

*w ^j

^i,UvJi

aJu^. ,,you

all

olJJU
ilL^j

fiicJ

^LJI_,
book
jf

jl_Jl

^kyd\

l^UJ y>&

v^L5,,

i_JS

jl

<JI

,<r

ileii

^^

you ^

^ j^i

aji,

I4J Jlj;

c~>.

Jl

^Ui

5b!

^yb
t

.s^LJl

J* Jl^

./?".
j ^uJl

iJ^

.^ ^

j-^JIn *USj

U* jli

^jjl

uji

^[

^rVi ji

Ls*j> Jl

JsJLy

JJJ|

^Ja_- Jl o\jJ ^Jj

tfj

|^

the garden

itf>*J

jl

yi

^_ UJ

uT^

Jii .

CiJ^j

cfl^_)l

%,Vl
.

^1)

c^Vl

Jj^-

^T

^^4

l^J

uFredj

\^t

i^

Jl SjUVl

jJj_p^

J^
j_J

^ J5-4^u
j _j j^ ^JJ,
l5^JI

ji

.u^ut

((the

the kitchen

J l* jJj

^Jxa

IJU
_,l

jj^

^.f

^Lt. ^^LpVI

moon

^kJb

iUs%JL>

jl

^J^j

^5^ ^J ^f

JUJI

^ l^Ltj ^_. 3^U ^U; V

.Professor Brounn j

iupj

ioU

^^

^
J^

p-$i 3cL-[

t^>JLI

oi

JJc_ jl

JLSjjuJl

Government <UjJl|

the

&JbJli

^JU

vJUlkJl

V LS J Jl

5lJ

^j, j|

^jj|

V ijJL^VU

j_^- sjui s&Um

oU jjjy o^-

ud-r^f

Proper

^ jLJi

>jl yu

C*^ Ji Mj-~S H>-i


L^ ^ Ui,J^ 0j&
oiU, fcUl

jJJ|

oU^Jj

j^- bU

Jj

jl )

5^>

xlJU.

^j-^4 Jl ^.JtJ ((the bookn jli


op u*a ^JJI ^fcfll lj| ^1

L^ l^

v-Vi oLU50J iL^i

deitic

oJUb

tt5 _^|

LJLp

I^jU -UjJL^I
j_*j

...asJI

J* U>

jij

......aII

a^UL. UJ*j

JLJ|

^j o^i

4"

J oUJJl

itf^J

US

** o^UJl

h.-...,,

Ltfl jl
3

J &U, ^

((then

nvousj) i_US" jl J_^i jl

^.U lb L-^J

(tyoui ji

.(ULj cthoiu

jil

flkJl

*>JJ

c^t

L^J

^Um ou^ ^

Jl S-JUNL

"

^i^jl ^JL,Vl

ijJu,

J j^j

jf

ibVlj

c^Li

.(nouns

t^L^L tpLH

toUJJl ,jJuu

4_^U ^JcJ tiThe


(_$-Lj-Li

*4^a

oUJl jp

J_^-ij

He's not the Fred

jJ^> jl

j^pj)

^ >^JL^w

three fredsn

J!

j Ifjt

^>-

W:

j[

,,

_h

-uj^ ^JUl JUjJ _rJ *~ii


L#L Juy j^ oVUJl o-U

V-1*J

;,..;

^1

^f)

J_j_L

jtS"

J_jy

loSlj LiSlJ

ia^-i*

^L>t-i!
t

^Lt..*.

nFredj j* U-I^jf jf

oL^j^ajJl

*lJi>U~*1 "Jj-*"

_r

i*j -ilb^i tJLft

^j

Ji*

,5b

UJ[

knew

fJj*i-J ^iliJJj

jl

thei
t

:J,_U^j

the Severn*

(London*

J^_iJj

sbVt,

L_g_; j^-*;

^--T jl

^ jj_*Jl ^SU

<jr>%A ~<ijj*0

tsbVl

Jj

The V

Bank

SjLaJLs

.iNl

ojl

,/?<Jl

y h LjjJ

t-rTP

-l

oJL^J

(,

(J

jU^Jb

j^-l S-Lj-Ij

*-1

r* ^j
^Jj .dthose

>-i

**-$-*

ojtfl

J_J

jb

deictic

^. 1
Jj

Vvl*i

^f o^j
UJ ((The

!j_L_>t_^

^Jj

lJU- L)

.sbVf

tThames
.

.Bristol*

O^SJ JJj

*laiJ! -**

jVl LjjJ

iia-UJ

jl

Hague

^Parliament

.(((The

-^*J

4~?-U- jj-5 obi* ^r*^


t>^*^

.SbVl ^...J JJL^>J

Ujjj

Bank

raten

((Parliament

ii^o* iM

rate

;_aj

l^a i-^Ai Jit

^jJ*J

*^

hf*"

iVl

^j**-H

<_~JLJ

JiiJjt))

j ((these

-there iiLaj there Ljjbs


Jl

L-Jlj Jl5cJ|

(.sSoon VU-s

J[ yi^L;

"';;"

,.

*V**

demonstratives

place adverbs jliUil

flnow

jVU

^^Uj ^JUI

^Jj^

:time adverbs jU^JI

oLajJi jl

JlxJl J[ 5iU
s

SjL-i^/1

JULj
jyi 4ip

^J ^.U^u-J
.

(jj*U\

*1Soj L*

j^

l$JI

j_a deictics i~-Vl oLJiJ! ^j ~++$\ o\

(JL-Jlj <j*U\

^y*>^ Jl

who

ojLi'Vl

b\j JiJLjj

La[j (Jj-*U\

(jL:-..Jl La! 4_ioo

o_j_a j_jj

now jVli

V
.

else ?Li,l

j*

JLJl

^j ?JJ>xZ~S jS

^ijjf Jl

t^

kj-ai)

SjUi^l

I-La aJl>*i^j

^UJl

(.

jLCJlj jUjJI oIOLp

iy*U\
jo-_j
{

then j
i-ajVl

flthe

Jl

now

^iaJL.

of the time of speakings

U^

..!
t

jj

*jf

z\y

Jj

*Jwaj

l^J^i^

J[ j-*JJ jj then u-aj^-jcJI Sbf

tiL_p ojj-A oL^Jl ai-jJ j\

jl i>^_-iu

ujjc*j JL-Jlj>

^1 ULp o\jJ

j^

t3L-Ji

.viLi

J>^

here Lj* j

here of the place of speaking

^UJlJ^iJl

Transitivity

and causativity:

phase jj-Ulj (.aspect iJ^Jlj

iplaysi :<JjL-i*j JJI


ti

JijiJl

0>m

<U>-

Lf

L*

gis

.^jil

jf

:...;

^jJl

w^-^jj jSU^j

Jl_a

iftWl JJUiJI

JL>-

^iJ

John

oUiS^Ji w^j_J kjJ-

lij

VI aJohn
.

J-O^l

OVl

J^iJi

Jo-*^ 1J-* 0*
Jj-Ai, jV J^LU L^J
Jl

Of

w*u JUS -j

i-U

i>wJl

Lj-

gr

is

i._j_>*Jl

^J

athe piano

.1*15

^1

^j_j_^Jl ,jlJl ^y

<,

iUJl

Jri*

J*iJ! J_*li
.

^U

i_^*L

tSjj-^aJlj

played the piano

is

played by Johni

_^j_

<L^iil jt ^~>-

jJI JloVl

Jj-f>JJ

iJL^Ilj

,:"

4l../trt

played (by) the piano

jJI L-ij Jl a_JujJI

^ jJj; V

j-*) jl-Ij j-^aip

^-^

^-J

j* ^ibij'Uu^Jl

playing the piano j

is

JJl^*i

.voice 4-kna.llj

iJLi sJohn plays the pianoi ylJl

John has j tJohn played the piano J-**JI


^iiiiy <i~*aJl -.ij

ikJ^

:J-*i!L;

anas played* displaying)) uplayedi

playedj

UUt jjj .^>Vi

t^jJl jju

tense

^_>.

<J*ill

J*~UJ

^1

J,

SU-

IJL_*j

transformation

(>

f^UJJ ^lJI

([JjjuUIb j gJpUllo <^_b-

Ljyu

JpLaJI jls (.i^J^Ul

Jju

<,

J_^i ^j-i'jLaft iLj>JI

inflected IJuj-^au ijj ^yjj

*>LLi

oUJj

-k>Jj ~j-~5 ijj-*'*

i^

uJ-*iJl

U5

LgJUk

_iLJl

^j

y* ^_J.LJl J^__*aJI

Cm>

J&\j-M O^-aJ^j

L*Jfcj)

^^Jy^-

^ LfJ^J-^J

^waJ ^-^J"-'

ul Ju

L-^-UJl

J-^j

Marcus Julium necavit

J^ ^p J^i-Jlj JpUJI

Le-UlLi 'position *i_^Jl

*Ji^

jj-*- iLj>JI ^y

*_> j-J-=r^Nl

I4J jjJ^i JUiVl ^iu-i Vjl

^j_* ^y ((^jijL*)) jli

_jj *

kLLiS"

(4-^JU hj-**-

4_ijjc^

N Uii olxiw
4_iL?[

J[

j* J^li*

e^J;L

book ILS J^ ^Japf

((John gave Bill a

Marcus Julio librum dedit L.15 ^^J^*-

i)L*>

^jSj^n

la_c-t
_5

i_../ii

aJU-

^-^ Jj^uLJl

jj->_ JS oJua a^j

Ijj-L^ ^iyJi*

JjSj

book was given

John gave

Jj

t^iiJis

The

old

_s

>

S'_

_^Jl

(oftern

U*^a

*Lj

(John gave

Ur^JU L^i
v_jyJL; J^-

Bill a

jj-^j

c53

slept in <_J

Sj^J! iU>Jl j-jUG L_^J)

S.l>-j

LJ

'

\*

Oj>j 0~~>-

vjLj) aX*j>-

IJla <_jJ -vS UjT -s-j)

book iU>- ^

^s-\ j^>odl J^-jJU

..5j-a* Jj*i L^JI

aThe bed's not been

4JU- ^y A^jJ^j-j)

was given a book by John dj-^r <la Ijj

<Zj\ ~*^a-**\y aj

L- oU^JL; jliJjj

uBill

(v_. .a>

to Bill jj->- ik~-lj_j

jp Mwai

man was

<.

iL^J J^_^>JJ

Vj_*i jj__>oJl

bJLi

Jij

*y

L5

by John

book to

Bill

Ji-* %-?- -b>i

looked after by his daughter

t^^LtJJ i-^Jl

l^.;.../>

^Lp- ((look after

^ J ^^

LajLipL, asleep

^^A

^y

II

in

Jl

<Uj>JJ

^JiJ of L^a

iU^>- ^1[

_^L

j:-

iJ5 LgJ ^k-J

>

(the office's not

.jrf

jj^

<y 0>& ^Jl J_^JJ

pf-j

a<jJ^u

^s J^U*

(J

j* L.UJ iJb^

<>*Ji

Jl

LU

^ ^_<^t JL^-Nt
i^l+ oUU * jf s-^w fc^Ui

been worked

in

*j J**J

jJl jUiVj

I4J

4_JU ^j^J

.50^- J^iJij

j.lj^i-1 IJuk jf

J* jjj&\

^>^ Uii- ^dl ^icJL jjb^ JU JaJ^ iwJU

Oil

U^U Jl ^JL <;f JU J*ill


OL^, Oil J**~iJ *LsJj fjUUJ ,UU Jj^JU *LJI
J ^S**
& ^ui y^\ j uiii*u ^i) pj^i oii o%uji jl>- ju#t Ji
aJ^UJI

viil-

Jj^OJl^ JpUJI J* jic,

J-t*
j

intransitive itftf, ijbcu

John rang the

JU

bell

0j-U;Vl

t> u*j*^)

dj^r)

Jaii

Jj-^uUl
IJLaj

jf

boil

^j

cook ^Ja*

J^U

J*ij|

ijJUJMi

Os^JI

Oj-*-*

open ^iii i$j^i\ jUiVl

break j

y&

j^Vt

^^Jl jj

J^_
(i^OnsJI UJ) a^Jl
t

rin

the bell rang

stop

OU

<>

Ufa

^.UiJl

J*iJl

J^t

Jy^j

J^u

fj^Jl

0^ ^iil

^ 1^

Ll*

4^Vl
<ilj-

j^-Vl

close

o>_

dJLjjbj

Uf.

^ O^SL*

.snap

uUiJl JpU i^A Jl

iUii L4J J_pU!I ^f) 4-PrJ

4 Basque ^L-UI

Lrj-*}\ J^

J US oatf*j ^;V JUif Ljj oUJJl ^^u


cf-^

8 **l i-US"

start

JU jmj .^Jl

J JU*^I

jjjj Lfio

gijjl

^U

4<JUJ1

l^rjH\ oUJJl ^5fj .ergative (5J*p

oLiJ <y j^J

'

Georgian 4_^j_pJlj

^_^L.Vl
.

^ Uj^ ^
U^Jj

^Lr^O c^i^JL

oLJj

^J

?x!UJ jf : Ut,,Jj

^j^b

iiJ^aJl oLJLiJI *^j ii^oJl

uj^li

^^ J^OJIj JpUII

}LS

^^Jl J_*iJl

^_U> L5j__*) J-l_*)lj cf^UUJ ^^Jl

J_j_*^JI }\5 jl

(by

j^-

jf

J*,

J-^p Jpli U^JL jUyu Jj4^JJ

'(deep

^1 J_*ilJ ^j_^Jl J-*LJJlj


Jr*^" J-**-* uO^>- *>LUi
j tflJohn plays the piano

J~**

J_^*ii)

j-Jl^I
.

J-S'LwJ j

'

.f

a.

jJi

WM-g-

ojUpL

5-sjUaJ a-^UJIj)

J_c-LaJI

jj>rllg

.,

^J

j-ajJI

U1S"

^1 J_^U tij^^JI

Lo^JL jLiyu J^_g^JJ

J J~^ J^-*i jJtJl j


is

played by John a

4jjj_s*

oU*>L?- 4>JLa4

The piano

li_*

f-j-lJl

J_pUJI ftjL^L J~**Jl J-pUJ1

>^JJ

Jl ^kjJ

jf Ljj-iu

-Ai

JjjuUI Jjj ddoer

^-jj-jJJi

_r

^j

/--Lj-^Lw-l

Jij

j& ^i^
.

li-i

J*a. ^JUl

((sufferer

La

L^-lj_i-. diJi

ttjxiji

J_
I

icej)

-~>w3
jl

^JJ! sjUpL ^.boJl

taction

like

.lJ*>\i^-V1 IJLa

*_*j

^x^

iL^Jl
I

JL*il
Iike

liL-j)

oU

Jl LJb ^kJ id

lj-^S JUif _-}Jb>JVl

^^

J-*aJI JJl-

saw the boys ^y

f&j) ?J*j

tw9^_J aGoal <uUftj Actor

JxiJl Jpli

jL~i

jl

sce

^^1

jl Jjtft "i

J^Vl

Ji UJi
.

state 4_)L^

JjuUI

^>-

jUiVl eJU

jl

jLol

cream
^0

mjt

J_*A1J <pcJl J_pUJ|

x^Jl

jZ+j ^JLUl ^jp*dl JjjuLJIj JpUII _

jl

iJUiJl LgiUJ?

<ij^ aj^U^VI

ilJU^

gjA

JJ>

<iJ

UJl

u-i

^A-aij

(c^^

JL^f j*

1!

vh;

oULJ

<j*l**N >*

*>!

^Jb.- Jli

sseej J*aJI

L_4i ^--J

taste

J-pLiJln tiiyu
* _W-

^Vl

aJjU^ jp L^JJ

Leathwelh

Sjlyu

4_U&

L*

Jui

tlisten toi

^j

^. S/Lof

(JLa

J ^SJ

,,^2.

j*

JaaJI *_JL>-

tismell -Jji

frjjJl

j>- l>*-^tj

^yUj uactor J-*Lii

((General

j^Jji

jf -L

t
,

tO-U*Jtij liJUJii

.Li J**

JUiVl)

Jj-Lj^b j tifeel

Ljl J^-bJl JUif jw

.;

J-~~

<JVj

xjlj^si

M. A. K. Halliday ^llJU

01
iiactor

-ij-A>*j

^J_^

Jp

J^,.,:,,^

fc

jf

JluJl

General Leath.well won the batt!e> :<Uj>JI ^y ">LpU LajL^L;

jS3
?j.a_p

^f

ol^l

li^Jj

j^i

i^UJl

_, LjjJA **Ui

LjjJ ihean

j tatook ati *_* J-pLiJIj .nlisten toi

J->Ji ^ij^YL;

jf *i^jUil k~

j-^i

JUif

J-*Ji illjjy

bjU

dlook at i

Jij

j\ t(oA*

J^

HQ

Ai-i^

jl - v_->w2i

.a-Jz>la

iSiz

^f ja JJt

j j|

^y

jllf

rl*r *J

Iflt-jljJln

^[

Li

Ja ?JpUJ1 y> 0j&


?t

jpVl

J-pLiJl

jj_Ljw goal ajUJU j iiactor

-t^- Jl
j_a. jS^j

LpUSU

oyu

JL*JY

jSUj JUiVl ol*

jLL. jf

jf

rJI jW^' J** ^j' ^-^^

cjJlx-JJ

JLp

Il

Litfj

yuj

A_rr-

causativity irr-JLi j^ju j_>-

*>U^ ^-l .Vl ^y

UjUpL

TO

(-Ju;

J-*

_JMjJI

jf_*}L>^
^iijJl

(_$$

^yj

<^j-^a

.io-j^j l^j^J ([{O-bJia jLol)

.ijjj^i^l ^y ui-^-j^Jls JUiV'


^po^j ^_,pI J-Jj

jl

*^" ,y jj-^ ^^*UaJl aJVjJI oUjycJl j_^SJ jf J^>-Jl ^y


S^^iS 4_*Jt_J;

J~

(ii**J Jr*-*^

Jl

<.-ocJt

o*- 1 "^'

J^J'

JjjiaJIj

-^V-J

J^^

j-o*^'

W^ J* r~**

Jj->-

yl

John ran the

fla^iw-Lj John caused the

?-

[Cause] John j ([Ring]

^Li^-*Jl

usi

IJ-

b>J UjI
:

^y
^ J^
-*

The

iiliA

Of

^ju>J| oj^r,

Uih^

i^j-^>j jj\j

5^ JUif

^ ^
^
UI

John J_o

John

JjS

(ijj,

Oj

hit Bill

0* ^"L dJJS

J^ J-*

^p

ci-^

J-^J oUJ

,_j

^i

j^

J-JjJIj

iJLjhj,

II*

iJ^^UJ ^Jlj

v^l?

Jai

J_*

?hit

j&

^JVxJi a_^UI

Jlj

cuire))
Sjj^

>y^i5

(^ .ijl)

u?r

^jJ^j

^U

UlI bjj

o^

J\ L^ylil
t

J-*iJl

jp

Bill to die

^jucJI

^^j

^
(

^ ^^j,

<U>J iilk.

^ wJlj

juif jj^,

(.Killed Bill

caused

^ JftUU ^>wlJl ^Jjydl

JI

cook

^Lj^^

^^ ^u ju

^,yj| _pjl

J]

p-^^-G^r^-iJ

J^OJlj JjJI

|Jl jlJohn caused Bill to _


.

J\ 1+>-jU tij^

^__^lia_- L^JI

dj-y-t iU>-

iL*^-

0^r

ijJ*-

^i_jj oi LJ!

iU>J

JJUdl

^^d*^ j^Ju^Jl ^JU

iJ-5

i.

Kill

J^ ^^i

t(

}L*ai

j^'lj a_JVjJ! i-^Ul

J^U

Oj_>-a

faire cuire

JU-

jj_L>~JI iU>-

jjl j_A

:.*

jj-Uj^JI ^L- iJjJ\j>

ring J-bi)

Jo

_J*

ji

^^((^ysJ

iU^ Jl

j_p.

._.

oj^Ulj ijucjl oLILjJI

recruits

J>Ujf

4ji

^ .U^^j^Vl

Ijjl

J^^^Jl

^ ^JjcJI ^ J>

jUiVl

^J

((v

LJu

^ _j

J_^

Uw^lj liy JL^a

iILa

J~*-+i

_ii -(Ring

tffSlipi

John*

iit*

jf

J.>

iU>Ji _Li; jlj

*3Uft

marched

ISL-

recruits

a"^ ^i"^ > jjj^Jl

-J^J V

J,^

The sergeant marched the

dj-*r 21+*. j(

[Ring] John j bell LjJjS"

l^ fj5U^

JU

J>

^-^Jl

bell to ring

oUl^i

Vjf .IJu Js-

5^1 ^lj,L
^S>

il-ftj

JL^Vl J*>-

1*15"

iU>Jl J-L" dlUJj

jl

ujj--

^r-^Ji-i

oyV

bell) L^jf

^j^\

bell

(j

J>1!

Jiil ( V)

Jlpj

J*.

J^ J^ Wj-

JUC* J*i i-JLJl oUJJl

jt to

bounces

oj-w
Jill jt

J-^iiJ

*j^UI

L_*

J*iU ^~*
to kill

^j.sto

o^

L^3

ito Kill

ito

Jjii

bounce

^wilj JM.>

J*iiL

^ii

J_^l OjSi Y

killi J_*i)l

iJNaJl

J& *>*U

^ ciJ^* i>^

y5t iJU-Ul ji U,jj

toi J_*iJl

ji^w

J-V-

J*iJl

ISL-J

w-*

^^

JllJt

j&

Oj-iUjJt J-^bo JJVl

J*j Uj^*

*rr- jr^

*.

ito

J_-

f^UU
jump.

?ito die

JU ijjJl

Sj^aJI ^jucJI oli^Ap js> Uwilj

rr

Recent issues

jf

J->u^ ^.j

<WjJ1 pip j^ -JJ^J ^JJl \+*ijA

Yo

jfi-

y^ai topicality

JjVi

J^i!

Case relations

gLJl UUk

j*

^UJ!

John

^i^Jl Jl^>JI

j_ft

jj_<li La?

5-JI

?di Oj-=r

jVl

j\

Ja

JL^UJI

bjjj^o

^LJl

is 7-bUJl

U^LJ

^l

J^" J-*-^

the

^JU_Jl Jt* ttk_jLJbj

ilSLu LJtiU

cJaJjl jJl Case theory

^ ^^ J-*k

'

-V-l?

opened the door with a key

door opened ^l v_AJij door

r^LlUUj

Jj-?-

,-*

^UxJI)) j cIJLa jp (actor =) A gentive J-*L*Jl

jlpL^

jl

^ J^iJIj JMiJl

C.J.Filmore j^JLi

y-LiigJli v_;LJl

the key opened the

J^iJl

:...ij

jl

.objective iiJ

J-*UJI

LUJi jLS* j$

g:...^ll

^o^l oVUJl

of

^--*j

-i

Yn

y b^LJIjj ((instrumental

oJiA

j^

tff

<y *U-Vl Of

-^a iJ-f-L^ tJ_aU-

J^

'.'^^y

John

^Uifci ^->LJt

Oj-p-b

^Ul

*c

r-btJU Jji Vj

Oj-^- da~.\jt

^bUL*

4Ja lj-

J-pL-JI jLS
;

Jj-kj

rj\ <LJl

JtJLtj

jj

_ J_c-UJI j_a

0j& ^>_j ( j^)

topened the door with a key

Vj a The key opened the door by John

^j_^

the key

jlp1.,

jL*

the door

John jy-

a key by

t-ij-^-^Jl

opened the door w>LJl

Jl Uf

01 ,j-i li.if:.

The door opened with

jjj

_juil ^LJlj) ^^Jj

j* ^-At

J^ii L*Jb JpUJI y

j-* J^b-Jl

*-L_uJU

*_a

opened with a key 7-bLw


*

01
.

athe door

opened ^jm\

_>Uli

J**Jl .!_* Jl- Il^J <JL-j _l~

Jj

dj->-t

^ij

Uy

-L_>-

^_

Jl

a John

4-i_,Ja_Jl j

Jj ^- ^ ^J

jj^> j'
iSl-V-*
-

,j

r^

*-

*Jj-^

hammer

fc-iJ^x Jlj

fc

j_pL-JIj

<jf ,*.

'

'*

<-ijk*j ,j-j-*Jl

The hammer rang the

^iUij JpUJI

^^ liJUJli j-j^

jf

*-W

rang the bell with a

0l

Li* e-L-j

aing ja J**JLi ^l*-> ~*>*j>*

.nthe bell rang

^-^-^Jl

bell

J-iUII

js^; x*j

*(J5**" Jj-*a*JIj kJ-^JU J_pLiJI jf) ngoal iUdli j tactor J*L*Jt

oL^ Lit ^
VJL)

J_,

(i_lpL-JI ,y> i_JLil

*jj- JJUaiJl ^J
.

^
<_y*

oNU- o

toL->-

.(i-AiJlj

Jw JujJkJI

J! *-^! -

Jij-t
jl

J^*Jl

iljJ4

oli c

If

Dative j-iL _^p

<u

IL^i Jl rL>o

J*UJU w_iy^

pjJl ^4 oli*>(p

j**

'-^

jL

J^ilU

(**ji

JLjb

^Jl^ fjUJS VrJl c^^J^

tv _>. J^^^UJ

C/\S
ij-i

o-*

jT

tUb^jl

j~

jlj

^>1 f, Jlj J^l*U

JlP ilij

^ ^1 jjA*
JY>

jjl c!iLJ

-WUJ _

4jj_ja-

U^^ J ; ^,-.j

^J-~ f^ J* j-*j) A gentive


i

j-*j) Instrumental JlpLwJIj

T-V

LiaJ

p^'y ^-*-^j

aj-i>

Vjju^ UIS3I L^j j^SJ iJU-j

t (,

^(l^;!*

J-L.JU
^l^-^Jt

ji^u~9

*^J

y>j

,yJj-*A\ ^_~^LJj) j t(j-Judl aJlp _L

((Factitive

nLocative jli^Ji

J^

ft

j c(UU*Jl

^p

jl <^>-v_>JI

4j

Jj_xUI

aJLp-

iJ5 <J dj&

.U-

<JI j-JSJ JyiJl ^a^JJI)

^JUI J>Jl

U*!^ jf
Ul

^SlS3l

U-^l <Li j

.j-SLjJl j-p

J US

Jj_xJl AJb-

^^LjJ

1)Laj

*_*i) I5JL41
.

JjjuUI

4-j

^y-ax

oLj_w>

o^Jl.

L4J jLi

tuUl

ij

ilJY>

t-U^jJI

^j^S

jl

^Ja

iA^U3!

:.;

Lu5J

Jji

jtS"

Jlp ^L^j the storm broke the

L^

LjIS"

jU

^y*-

^Ui

^UJI

J*Lpj

Jjc jJI aJ53i

j^^jjj

J_ji;

(^

jlS _

J*iJl

^L>o JiJljj

Jj5j iJ5 see ^^.d J^JI

Jl ^>_.

at

JUi

jj-b

oVUJl ^15
LgJLS*

fj

die C*j-j| J-*iJl

see

^x>JJI

(J

^b

pi

JJuJl ^^UaJl JjJl Jte aJUJI aj^

oj^J

LJIj jJcu3

^iyju*

Ul

<liaf

j o vVr

iaaj

^-Vli ulook

j-JtJl a_Jlp *iJ see

(^~>-

J-*-^'

twJ^Jl <hi

jl

Jl show

J!\j cJ-Ui

SU-p

>j

jt

ol y^j)

i i_J5

LsJjt...j j-iL^

J-^

> * J^OJI Jlp

S^-aJl <Join

aJL>-

wJ__c<L-

j\

jl

j-*j)

^ ji^ ^ ^ J^j tj*^ ^

(J*U)

jl

d\ <-~>*i kill

Lj*>!>L5 jl jlpI

c^LJI

<uV

(JpLw*) .iU>-

Ko^>waL|

<Jj^S

?*^J

^(^^* ^'

^JSVl aJL>JI ybj) ((Objective liJifu-Jli j

^.-p

^ J\S

_jJ

AiljJl

look
jf

^jj

j^i .lj^-

S^boJl JNjJI <-Ai/>A\

jSL5

^j-^ >^

^y^-

J^) >J

L^

^a^^-.

glass with the hailstones *j-J\

ol_I>o

wS-uUJl AJ^i\ j* jL^i

JI5 yh oIp UUJ>

TA

jf

^j

^f <+*y jl

^>j

II*

j_^

tlSi_iUi

j_^- <!*>-

"%^i

c~o- ^jjJl_j 5_LiLJl


jt

ijJUaJU

J^&

wind pjJli

Jl

-U-l

oJ_S'

<ijU*J lj> ?WJJJ fcO^Ljl J-tf-LtJJ

<JV .<k-j^*

Ji w~*i liUI

jl

J-'I-'J' L-Kj-S

j^ jf *- tiU

JL

i.

?*~*L~0

JfJl j*
-

rs-jjJU ^/Ljt

j~S j\ J-UJl y* jy*.

SiitJl

j^ jJ

j* J-*LJl j- 0^-i

J*

nJljjVl

jf

*ii *jJ'

J' (*>ji

something

{(present

J_^j>U

Jx
jl

direct object
4

^_ ^1

o^/L>Jl jL

>JU
<;.
J
.aII

re-

*l

^J-lf:

L* La*J; ^jJ^d j

f-^_

Vl

^^JujjJl

j-iL-*

(.OpLwJIj

jf

liiS

<u

J *_^jj

J_j_iil

JjVt iU>Jl

J*

<JlS"

dative j-iUJl

4l^>- < r i; Hpresent

J-U

^1

pi

<;

-Uy

jl

jV
<y

u*JU*jb

IJu

Jj_jl

Jp

iJL&lj

jf

^Jj^.:.

,,.U

Jj*&\j

Jlj (someone) ^i-L-f:

Jl

,^>

UV

jt)

(?L>- UlS"

someone with something])

punich someone with * iLui U*p-

j^_

M liLJ

^o_,

J_^LJl Jl yiJL

US' Ij!

^f

something

^indirect object ^JlLJl

^n, JUJI jLUt

JL^j

J^*i*

^ ^j

JJa iJ^-dl JUJbo"

Jl

ot

J dative ^iL* j_-p

LJJU (something)
t

**j

y> JjVl JUJI jUp! ^p gJ Ji JJ>*Jl l-U

p-c-jJi JmIj-j

?-

4_Jj

jf

^ something

Lie-

,_-.

^JUu

Jl

lil

USj

JULjj

object J_^*iJl

^L-Jl Jj*aJI

J someone

4-JltII

J~*^>j

^li L.

some one with something

apresent

someone

J*lki

some one l_* ^a^-i Jl LL-1 fJLii ^^Ju>Jl


i_

US j-
JaJ^i

to

Vi^xJl

someone

iU>

C-JLJ

award someone with something

beat

L^J

someone with ^j-Juj iL*- ja

J*>

f-j

^j -

^VjJ!

pic-

aKj^,

L^j-I

i-^L-j

L^ijLi j( KiJUJlji

^U

John smeared iu'L^Ji

the garden

is

Lw

^kJ

4^ ^*

4j

Vi/

Jjuj aJI

c^s-[j

l5j^>

jQ

<.

IJlaj

?<jC iUSj

<A-*^-

J^LkJ

<JUJl

4J si

UJ
l

"y

i^o
JLJ

4.JL. Ju>-j

<_

j^Ld

tjLa

15

*&A

on the wall
.

with paint

jy

oVUJli

tJ->oj iJaJU-j
-w-UiJl ji _-Lj

>

It

-^ litsf^CJUtl

_JtJ

LpUJI jl iiUJJ

jj-^

iLoJ-^Jlj) / garden

jl aU- JSLL,

Vjt Ub

JLaj

j*

.JUSa>j J_j>JI))

SJ

v_i!l_kj

,^*^Jl

\\Sj^

iJUJl _^hJ <*oU- ^*

LL^j

jyJl JpUU

J_pU!I Uiij

^Lu^-i

^wiU JSUi

pJUJl

jj->-j)

^j

,y> j_Sj jl ju

3-i.;

C~~J J-o^Jl ^L**

*__oj _

oyr

^ jj^L

in the <_i>J__>Jl

o)/L>Jl jluai h^-wbj tdbuy

jLi dUj
kLjuS"

j jy.i i^j ?isomething

^JaJ jy*- / paint

swarming with J_^JL>

tdj^n J i-^JL

Jfj (something

_pd jSU. V 5^5 Jjy

John smeared the wall A-^-aJl JaJUJl


Bees are swarming

i_A c

^-y

'

i^JL.

bees

wj
li*Jbj

jl U>-j _

j^r iL^-

ili-Vl

oJU jl

-?- Uipliai^l

l>^\

-S^ Jl

JU\ J^oil,

Performatives and speech acts

JJ-+UI >^JI

^ j.l. Austin

c(o'Uj xu ^J_,

of j-fc

iiOJl

<oUfT

^Ji

j^

na

j^J

^iJI) How

me J^\

tf,

^ oL ^

^
^
^
^_

bet

01

L,ilS

J LbU

0J

L^L

^_

-jf) UbVl J_^JI ^y ^^j


j*
^ s^ Lf ^^
A

j!

t>

uthank j-Xiy

JLoVl

oi_*

.Congratulate

i~^ oLJbf l^L oLSbVl

<->

ijJ^ Y jH

!*

implicit

.^

^f

dUljf

iJU .

^^

Lf flJ

u^ljjl

.^llf j_,

jjuj*,

.(.apologise

^JUJ>

^
'^
o)jW ^ Ly J

U[I proniise

/i

do things with words,

j^j,

jf

5U1

4*Jli

to

;oU^Ji

r^Li .U*>_^
V ^1 J^L 0L*;l
f> ,[
Ljf

ij^l^f JjJLi

tC onstati"ve

UJ^J

^ -^ (olj b

j^f

J_JL;

.approve

^|

^bVt jL^Vl
jil^

.censure

^^^ ^^

i^^iJl

.1^

oUbVl

J->U* ^Explicit

*_*

J_>uiJl

jU| JiJLjj

i>*-rJl

g...ai

J}

ud

Ij_pj j^j J-i

is

J ^i

.(dllocutionary

^'j-^

to.ijJi>^
IJLjj

LJl

JJ

J ^i

oljL-jJl

jt_> ,*Jl~jJI

U^UlpU

jS>

jl

^iUi **j

II

iL>-

((j5o

jl>

4.-...A

ojl^J

?Jl

J|

<C\j

h\

AJLi>*yij

US3

JLi

g-ll

^v"^

(Woliij

^Ul

J-jj-j

_ jSLkJJIj

j_^

JUJ1

*V

Jij

j Act

Jji i^~*Jl

JlJ- jp a-jU-NLS"

jp

iJbdl

Cj\j> J^*Jlj

tijpJl

vt.lJL9-Vl

t?Jl

itliJi

j_^J

^.-p *ijJ_>Jl

>t11
:

Li -b-J Uaj

J-^ill) J-*

^J-l

i>wsljjl

olijjwajlj

(ij~~ UJb- j_^j) propositional

L^ ^^

Ji

jli^-Nlj cyVlj <.y_JUrJlj cji/Jl

name

Up

c.-.-.lj

^^L-l Utn

Jp

v_^jJUl)) _*JJl

jb

i*^j

^La1 i$j~*^

Sj_^JU

^-^

Jy

liL^i

*_-Ui

J-i*

?Jbi SjUp

JUJI

^^1 *Mj

1*1-^1 *Ul

oyJl LoU: Lf^>o JjVl SjUJU Hjj5 J^Jl J

Jf lljL- J ,y
4_jl

*JJ>*^

iOj.^ ^1

,(cJUJl

i>-AuJl ^JUcJi

jl 9^JJJi5

(>

jl jj*-

l-Lj

L-J-5

a-Z-V <U*^lS3l ol~b-Vl i-iiLo

UJb- 4jj5 Jl

OJIjj

L*Sb

Act 5 ^-.

goj)

jy Ji>Jl J iU>-

Jl

J! jLi>_JU iJkJ - LS>L.

aJJJI

u3 jl jL^. *^iJ

iU>JJ

j-T*z)\

J US'

il^-*! Uf iJU>-

j^L-o iU>-

JjiJl

^^

act ^>Ju-Jln

j_jJbJ jlx-^l jt t,*5^ J!*p|jl

Jl JiJli iiJauJl
oljloJl

U[

:...

a bull in the field

shall be there iJLa

Locutionary ^^ocJl ^ju>JIi

^Ju^Jl

fcJb

order you to go c-JkiJ jf

id

I^A>J OjSJ ai There

JlJj

jt

a!>

U>>-

jj>-^l

5J-JJ

,*

jl

^Vl

J^J->JI Ul

jj^ Ut o_J

T>T

^j

.UjJu [^ N v*^Jl

I^JUJ

j^, ^U

JliJl

^ l^Jl

j-l>Jl

j^e ^x-

^l

j-

J-^lj aU(

^i

Jl

Ui

^Vl
L.L;

^^

OS^Jl

iL^_^

(->Ll

give and bequeath

my

jJI

ijli

^j

U,r

Ijlj

^Jj

jl ^>:..;

iLJ1

fc

tj^JI Jl

J)

*-j>w>
I

JLf;

j\

a^^i!

Jj

<

*Jjui

_*

,i>_i_>-

three cluhs

balls

J> jl

^_jjl

,-S^

^aw

j'

j s-

No

J promise

4,-Ul Ufj Jop

.a*! Lit*

^_> wjJl!i

jf

jl o*i Ui

fx,

L.

a _U_j

T^r

,!*>-

*?*J

Si

L*^w c-x^->Jl
jVl

.iulai-i

I.b.w

j! <o

tijk^l oljUJl v.

jJjUji

\3d^ UjL-xpL L^Jl JiJ L;V ,^bi

L^JI

^-Sy^

4j_^j i-jj^j jl

;J^L

*'

r-x^jJ\ a-^J

Uf

%\i

my brother

balI

no halls *bVl

^^Ia-X* 5b*-LUj oJ_t

L^Jlj^l

>jj\j

>- L^-L-i

Jai^ - l O?^ -3^ "^'

J nNo

i^jl

vij

..sNobidiij

7*-3[

U^uJl

<H'-'

>Ui

jji i^jji

-oUL, Jli, lib*.

^-V j^-^

watch to

^i^ji

^iu LjJ

<li-Vl

oUw)

^ ^_J {+& ikj^ j^

1^6

iU*i ,j^j\ L^

U(

j^ bop jl;

^1*5^..
.

jj^

.j'j^l

Ji>J| ^y

j-

LJUj

iSjjA iyj)

Jb->\

aJLJ ^_bjl jVj t^[

J^iJl

U^ jx; ^ jjxJI

^53) Lj-*^-

jl jj.3 JuJ jl ^k.T.

Jlp L-l jlkJ


.

jf {Jh

((I

Jp

.la^:.*. LgJI

Uii oL-J^Jl
LJbl ^y.

uUiJl

come

lj_p -OvJU^-i)

^-a-Lj

UjiJI oj

^L-

J>\j

Oj

'

,,

>*_>

-'...oJ

modal

^Js- _

jl

JJjJl

t^jp\jj

c?

~-

gi
((

I^>-Uj jl J^j-b>*J j_*5^o ji jjj J^><Jl

a-L^.:..,...T

Uolj

L~al>-

^
(A$[ ^j
_UjJl

jLipL ((tomorrow

iJL-A

^J jb

(J

have

it

rt-^rJ

tomorrow))

You can go now j^l

j^l tLu_p||)j

^y^JL Ubl %i

^yljl

JUif

fcUa-C-J jl

shall

j^Vl t ^*JL.

L^if

(\

."1

L^S"

uLa^JLj

j^>j\ '* Jij

You

j'i

-LKLiJl l?ytJl

*L>j>-

^j-*-**

4Lj>-j

))

J.LJI

iJbl ojL>J Jll*

<IL^-

dUi.

l->W aJL>>-

w ^j

*-S*-"

iJiJLj

jj

L LjjL>- dj-j

lib

.lu^

ji * ,-_U

jjij *

>*lji

c.

Ji

f_L^~J

^'yi -M

/J-i*I~-jj) ji'Vl

J-*^l

Ji-

jl *Jai~J LiJ

shall

((milSt <-^*-i

shall

jl

<_^1

i*K jjli

j*\j\ UTji SjL^p jti

Can /may)) j

ol .,

Jlc-

tij-jdl

a!

luJ aJL^B J*iJl

jjJ ^>^'

/Jl_^c--J -J

^_^. ^bVl

^9

:...;

<-*!& warm jjb^j

jj*>\j>j

4'.,^

Ul .(J-i-i! t^-^UJl JliJl

J^-u-Jl) J**J' /-1>wJ ji

abet

.jiJbcJlj c-LpJJ

^J

((Js-j))

4j|

Je-j

jJn iL^?- jl

,,

^a^P
^Jj^\

4^^!?- bjjj

>UJi Ol;Ul
J,

^kJl

>Jl lo_*

yl\

^ ^

o^jCuJI

j.

.xp j^: V

Ji

L-

s^
Hj

J-5>JI

__,

C-^

J*

-^

Jj^'

.^^],

ji

^*fli

^^i p^j

iiiWt

5j _aJ|

j>-j OUT

^~Jl

^^Jl

Ji*

^_

jf

lil

-lJj

JU)

UJ

.k-Ujij

v Uy

^ jf

(o^^g

CJ
jf

^jJVl UJLi Ul^_


jUC-i

J UJ|

^11 jll;

!i_* of

0-

U-

ok ^V

^LU

jui Jyj-

ji

jl^U-

^
jf

^V ^
jf

"V

yb vt

^j, j

jUiVl jo*
.

fc

Ubi^ ^_^^ xp c.L5y


a

T^o

u.j jU*
^j

(S^ju

JUiVL

^_ ^ ^^j ^
^ij^Vl,

jo-

ol3

.^

Loj jV i^yg

Uif o5>Jl ^53

J^_

ji

^ ^^ _

rjOjUii

j^ j

Uk*

ja

^ Ujj jl; Sf^^

^^Jl

^ ^^i
<* ^
^

o^
of

j*

^, ^ ^
L^
^ ^^

^uj, _
^J iU, J*
.

^J^ v^II Ola^Vl ^f ^

ol^

UU ^\^j ^Ul

'u*

-^ ^*fll o^Jl s^
of

;U-*iJl

^
v ^, U>

^Vl ^Vl

-^ ^^ ^. '^ >
1

^^ ^

tLfl5

rLS^Ji
j>. oj _^

Lu^l

ljLAj

_^i

ja

jf'^llii

_^ j^"^

^^|

ji

^ ^^

^i

4--0J

IJUfc

J-*l

promise

jjJb^ilL

((Doublen
-ii

:cJi^J }LUi

j_5^^ t^JL_>t^

to <Ui[ jt Jlp?

^^J

^^^Jl

.yOL&l du>Jl

JUjL. LJbl

Uf

<Lj>-

d^-L>Jl

S^_i jf

JaJl

ULwIj a_ijL^[ oIjL^p^--algii


A_j_4_^?

JL~.j\

tf-ljjl

a.;

c~ajJV cr-Jb^Jl

^ l*S Lib! %i

iiJij ^pjj <iLb

Cab Lm

^bVl J-^Jlf A_^UJi

/ji-iI

do

it

JbJL^lII jf

JlP iLA Lj[ li>-

iS^u J-JO-

-A_AJj

iLj>JJ ,^jj jl jLjc*JI

jaJ

J^>-j (.declarative Aj^jjiJ J^>- :ySl i^J ^j_i>o jl toLLkj


oU^^Lp pi 'VI oJl^J^ .imperative uJiL> L*j>-j interrogative
I

LpUjI 'u-j v_9_i>o <-JJaJ'j

U^iJlj

ApUJI L^i <^JJL a^L^ai^VU ^Uwlj

^_AJl

Did John

^jl

,^-iJ-jJJl

_p*Jl

*-j

viUi *^j

<] *>-*

ijSJA

4_j*>Ij

<-a^j a-*

4_Ji*i _Jtal

v_j^J JlJj

,/ljiVl

?^Ul jUt

j*Jl J! >-JL^

jUi j^j_^-

J*

^Jdj o*>LS^

Did John shut the door


I

_Ul jUf

ask you whether John

Jl Ja^}l

LJIfl

iiShut the

Jj- ^^j)
w-Sl^l

J*

>

n'<^

L*

jf

Jbl

L^.aJ 1^15

J*i

L^^

^-j >a

J^>Jlj

i>wiij

Jj^

i-*-^

t^jL-^i

J-Vlj

aUjUpL

^ ^>.

MjLi

oy'

J!

til

L.

iU>-_,

.j

oUil^l

jf

(4U J-U

jl iuU-siJl

jj

i[

oljL^JJ oL-,Ijj

(,

?vwaJl l$*~iy

^*

JJUf Jj
O^jJl J^ j! ^ji ^u,

IJub

.^[

Ljt

^ ^ cL^Vl
t

J-L-i Ljl

J&

^LJUj

toLU?j

.jk*JL j5UJl ^rJj tjJ;L*Jl

Uj^J

jU r^*
_

M -U
I

J-j^-m

-XI

OljU^Jl Jl

'j-^ j-L-aJ jf ^j^-^3

i ,L^'I

statements
4_sL^sl

itjl

j&

(^-3-^^J

Imperaii'.e

j- J^-iJ

- Jj>-\*

*>

.oLuaJlj
ill--fj

j'

**_^U

-la5

i^>Jl

t^l/ ^y OjSsS

(,^> jiJ') question i*15u


1

;Liliu ^pj ^**-l

-L*Jl

.iJjL-lj

jL j_^ -j\*

oJjb

ti^-JL* J.-P oIjLp L$Jl jL^-L ^-uUJi j^JI wj5" l$J|


.

^j

John shut the door .wAJ'l

ii:.lL,

il..,-

J**JI

ushut the door

^5Cw dorm shut the door w^Ul

jl

(d state that

^ j*i

Jl ^kJL

Uf

^UJI jUj

S_jJa_>. Jaij l^ll

^o^i)

^.. .;-i

vUULf

oLpL-o

Sj^-l^-

(.ixij

J^>j 0j~4i

if

Jrii

j_^- jl5

door ^LJl JUf

J-LJ

Jp

Jpf Oyr

U> >l- r

j_p-

order you to shut the door

Oj-^r <Lj>- jl

?^Ul Jit

iU&

ijl^a.-.-^'

i_,L^j^

>

Q j

'_^_ yj

'

-o^^j

^^V' _y

T)

Imp

,,

1*1

jU*l SJ*U, Uc,

Sls-I

JU

Of

V UjL J^lJ

J!L

UCfci

y. au

^"

iiJ

.John's

ujdl

&

JLa

Coming

gkj

'r^

j^
11

J!

^ U>^- ^ lMkJlj yn^

tu

?,

iU^ gJU

iL^Jl

of

$>,

# J*

JJ,

^^
^
JU
A^

i^

rf

jj

^
'

^.^j,

JsJi

vij

ti<A>M

^i

of

ju

:U^

Jl

dJltll J-^aiJl

Topic and comment

(J.

^j J*^ Czech Jj_5^Jl

Firbas^L,^

IjU^I) F

Functional) (SjUJ

Theme

^*>LsJl

>~,ol ^Vr

JX jx~^

j_^j^ j^

V^V J*

>II

J-Jlj

cJ_a

L* tif-p^JI j-J>.

V-UI

ja

jy 1-^.

iJYs LiUjl Ja_^

*W

L-fcJ

jl _

^ V^"

^^Jl

jf

IJu *>i jjj

L$j oUUl

^^j

.i-jj-^ <L^iJl

^^ J_^

L:b

^
SO*

oly-

(Sentence Perspective

((Comment)) j aTopiot

(^--jcJI

odJl

tib

<-!>*

k>

^-ijJl

,^-aJIj

^ oV'^L. J j

^^-1 oUJj ij-UJVl w>J

JU- iJUj .oUKJl

L_U ^L^JI j^.

j^k^

jU JLJLj

*iXj^i

JJL^iJl jV

L~J

iU^-Jl

iUj>Jl ^y ly^-ij

Ubj^ S^i ^p

Ljf

*->.jj~o

S P

J_^>JJI

^^

i-j

oL*jJl

UL'

w^'

i j^aJI

~*W

The man over

JULj
i-jJl

j\

4ip ^j_l>*il>-

j& V

li^J

(^1

j^

i^J>\J\

ili,Vl

4_~Lp ijj*i jl

J* ^-A'j^ jUJVin
1

f ...ll
t

v^jSjdl j_a

jf J"5UVl

much

topicalisation ^i-L-i^'MJ Nit. <JL>J|

.-^

J*~~"

J^ cT*^

jL^-V 4_>w?yi
jL^w"

i)cj>

Vj^ ^.^

J^

jU^Jl

v>

This violin

is

IJUfcj)

JU

Jib

J_H-=r~>-U

l^Lo

1
- -!

^rr^'j

Iji^iu ^5"l

^ui ^i*,
L*-;j

LpUJI

J-pUJI ^-i^

Ujl

4lp

jj_
jf

jj>j

jL^N

OJj0 U
iJLp- ^l

jf

^L?^Jl

The

/UrJl

J^j

child ran into ojL-j

iUj>-

j.^ J_^*l

isl

Jjl

j_^j

Ulp

fJU9j JijJaJl

aij

^^

fj-J-jJL,

ifjgllj RJ_p-
t

<_?

f-

j^mJ

jb

))

JpUJI ^jS" Jl
1

j_aj

ivoL>- ojUil >m

JpLaJi

_^>-l

-ujS

jjj s_-5

"

4~Jl> J^-UJl

Jlp

cU-i

*ij JikJlji

gJ the road and was

YY

lL,y

^p>

*
i

f_jl-<U

Ipy- Jg- Jl

Is-

Jj

j^- *_jai~j

J>Ji

illaf iiLftj

easy to play sonatas on

KOUJVUj jUJlj

*=fr->^'

u-'V^

^^Jl

J Ifw

L.

Sj*>Uj

jl^JI w-^jdli ,1^-Vl oj^i jU^Vl

el^u-Vl c/tfVa

Jj-^_

this violin jLoiCJl \1a

_Ja_JL ((f-j_^j^JI)) -Jj-JU <i?L_j

oYfc ^-^j

jU

j^j .*>L*U dj&i

Uw^Ij ^-J j>

J^

IJL*

not like very

Sonatas are easy to play on

jJJi

dlz*jl ^Sj-^jJ! l+*ij- y>

<Lr- o-i^j

*-^>*/}U

.Li* JapJL 1JL*

j_p- <da-xl^ '-J^' JriJ

jUJl

Uj Vjl

don 4JL^-

JLi^M

1.-....JI

oL*!Jl

^~Jl
.

there

hit

jj

iU^j

by a car

<

Vjl

The

child ran into the

Uj_^ ndoer JpUJIj

j^

flj_*j

J^^oJJ

UJb

*p

Ij

the -L--V>Jtj

cA-JiL^^Jl

ja Nj_j they

jf 0>-r
.

^Jj^lj
.

((the

<.

itf

^jb/jj*

j^j

Oj-S^

,,;.ll

J_iiaJU Jj_i
jjlidl

^i-^JuJl

pXJ S^iL*

^w?W

Ja^uJU

J L*5 do

early

pro

given

ijj^^w

bJLJUJI

dorm came

t n

J _p*Jl

i;>UjVl

,yJl

ot

^1,_.^

i^i

4^LcJl ^1

J-*^ JJ>

A-^oJi

j**

>

!*

anew

*lJLi*i~.

tpro-iLxJ
I^SL

oli oU^oJl lib* JuJ^j

Jj>

_ Ja^jJl olj^lj

*j*Jl

^1 -jJl of ,yk <*UJ* 5-^UJli

YY\

JiU-

uu

JUJI

L>- ^jJb^J^/i

_yLwiJl

tSo IJLSU tSuch

?tJl. .therefore oil

UJI

-a5Lfl>-

and so did Fred tJU^J J*i ^UiSj

from iLjJl

him

hit

iijjj j^>- j\

^JiJl

road and a car

^*- J^p^JJ ^~J\ ^-l>c

ottf *jjo-> j_p*^Jli

e-LJl

^..lh

o^ ^

-^jiJ accent

UJU,

'

ii"

J-

-**ij

j_Jl j-L

*^

John saw

^i-^

^^

John

</ J^

-^

Bill

-^ (*^j -

y J^
^ _,_JU
3

4_LI

UwpJi

^Ji

li*

'

J-^

wT^J

13Laj

.^>.|

3bft

^J,

oU5ai

jl

j .-o -.fl3 U j

^ j^,

L,

Fred

ij

him

hit

JbJ>Jl

ys

^J

actor ,J^L*Jl

gool

JU

4>-j

^>JJI

JL^JI

UJI
r

jl

rJJ J-n j

j^X ^

^j

ja

o^UJJ

jV iV&Jti

S^i

^JU!

l>

J^ ^Jl ^_

tj>J >Ui

jJSl o\S

ct

^J,

oi

L,

UU

.^\

f(LjUj

jlj.JJU-

ajV

v^

J^

^l

^IJlJ-w.1

J L- w^j ^Jl jl ^^ cnot


JUUj is j^_ ^ jl U Jjli*

^l^^

The professors ^-UJ^I

fc JU?j

y_UcJJ ^1 ^.l^^J U

^Jb-I

is not,,

oU5

^J

^J1 i_J5 ^."^j.jJJ 5>


*

^V

a,

,y

jl^

V (0>M ^j-^ ^y

Oj-r)i J15" aJI JjJL, Lui

<-

J*ilJ

.ijU-J ,^_J

o^'jJl

Ij^i

ju_j

the kettle's boiling JJu" 4_,^_jJl iL>Jl

o _*,

.Contrast

o^

^^ j^j iU^- ^i

g^tj jJj

- ^Ja-^Jl

iL^-

^J

J_^

a,jud1

_j_a _

?li*

j^s

JLp ^Jl

j_,^ ^LJj> _u,j

J-.0Jl

*^J

itJjJ*-i

^JJi

<^U-

him

hit

j-^r

and then ^j_J, ju^J

i^jJJl JfcU*Jl

fr

Cf

Jj^- jl (J-A ^^-^J

ejL^L

i-,UJl

-ch^

,/j

vLr^'

*^Ui _ "^l*i

and then Fred

hit Bill

^^J b4-j^

01

0^r <Ur

^
TTT

sJUUVb

iL^>-

5a^

Lljj

j\

i^LdNl

idt

was

.015

^y>_r^ did'nt sign the pantkj*

\j~*ij jij>-\ jf

4JI1 SjLfr

It

was John who

It

was'nt

wi

ftjixi^L

j^>- *Jli J^JL

who

U~l* Jj^iU <~-JL) j the professors

Ui*

LJb

tA>-j jj-J

He

jLS^Y

Is-j

j>v

U-j

It

,c 3-

jI

Lnj ^-

*ljsj-i j^-i

jl

They

didn't

This 4_y.L

il

>mjl

j*j

W;

d_jJ

J*

LfJjljj jl

\SJ>j

$JuL~^_> _

-J

iL'Ljf

<.

^JJi

s.

_*Ja;

ai^aJl

Jjij

^flln

^-<>u

man -^j

j>j crun

isn't fast

:<JjJcs
|^j[)

BiU

(shit

cruel that he's a

([isn't

i(dj~^y_

oJuh

fast

man

that he run

oL^KJl

j^

((denationalise

(*-?L>-

L^[)

wL-r

Paraphrase SJuj-A^ i_^ L._^

JiVl

L4ISJ

V*

IjJl-ju

I43

:JiyL> jl

J!])

^^i

i_iXJi

JMJpV'

..,

<,\)i

j*
J _> 4*i Ui J JL

jlS"

aH's not a cruel

-t -

'

signed the patition

<.^_>l^Jl wj^jajl

,-C

.-

jj .Jij ..(BtH

oljUJl .Ju JJU

^_*a

-J

^J

L li

It

-Jl

cJ

_j

Jji ^y^J

*_)[))

didn't

Lu J>

did was to

^^ jJUi
l^oj ^jjl ^ oJjL^V'
U,

hit

^-Ud^!

What John

J^-0 ^ti

^U

jl

((isn't

a Semitic language

iiJo^ yL*^ "-^ ^i

Comment

^-^jc'Ij

Ttr

^--^

Topic pj_^j_J'

1jM

J^<

Presupposition

/r*Jl jU.1

^& J _^

LJ^iJ

cvili-

4jf

^^j

The King of France

*^i ^l

^_>J ^jU-I^Je-L-Jj .reference SjL-il a_U53 jJ-Ul ^^-JL.

The King of France

^>\

is

L-J^i

^IL jl

UJy

JLS"
.

j^ J5LiJl
y>

^ jjl

jl ..k

J_,
t

.:

ROjLJiVl ol^~xJl ,^pI


jl <y>j*i

JScil

^j-^

jl

U^r

~*...A'aW

^^u

L^i

li-* 6li

J~J! -J

L-JJl

,,-fr,A.;

L^Jjf

i-i*Jli

iJS

jl

bald

o-L-fl "^L^-j

J^

JlJ^, ia_^lj jl

-WV*d *L-N

_ I-Ujcu

^jW* ^LP^ V^
>j^ ^' ^ ^-a^-iJl j^

jf >-A-jJt jf -A^

jrrr^

SjLp y*

V Vl

J^J

L. jJ-i osSy_ L JLiJo J^uJl jf

J! _^J

Up _ ^L^

ol^-~oJl si-* J-i- ^Xc~*

^ JU-b j^j .^1

SjUJI i^-=rj ttOSji

-LSj-Jl j>-

jfi.

^j UClJl

jf tStrauson j^.J-r_ju-

*^LJl

4jil5"

lil

*^

,_i

*"* u^-r^-

J~*~a^

^l^iMl

^^ ^
-^

J-JLiJl j> |J

UU~

J_^o ^U

ti -

L%Sb

j^-ill

jj^IxuJl

Oj-^

j^>- ji

0^-

^^iU

5jL*J!

y*

:\

-J

*j|

(J

j*)

dJuj-

.^U-Jl

^UJ

J*

fc

^U

UfjjJu

iU>o

J5

is

likely that

ui j^>wj

regret that she said

^y>j)

under
<

,"

^j^Ul

< ff

(-r

John came early

<Jli

l^^iL*

z\

uul

L$Jl

npose that she said

Subordinate <*jU! iU>Jt

^wj

udyL-

it

^
jrf

Keenan jL^S ^*ot

jl E.

Jlp

^iJJj

ol

^l^aVi

iJikuJl

v-Ul j^

iJl c~>*Jb _^iy i_-wiJl

j<

l^ys-j

.5>

oi-^^>J jf

:.Ull iUj^Jl

j-^3

predicates

ittive

its

.^JjJ-&o...JioUJi iU^Jl U( u*Jl*

^*j

m^j

^1

t-jj

John came early

Jj^i iUjJl ^i*

(that jl

j*

f-ljjf

J* J_*^x^J! j^s 1^> (significant that

sup- oJli L^f

* Jj-^*>-"

i,4, J

jj J-UJLj ult

d**- ^-.Uti
I

Ljw

eJ_i>j U_* jSl>

I^SL* ^Ji

It is

<jj

.iii^.

L-w lg~U Jjj

Lpljjf J_iJL, ^-waJ

^^Vl ^

(t\jj_^ (J jl) rjj-^ Jj-*- iU^-j l^J5 ^-j-^Vl

L$J!

,^-w ^negation

^i*-'

**.'
-

3j'-*J'

*s>

<*

?>

jt

j^J^fi

-'>L_^JI
(

(J

^lj

^J ji)

J-voU

YTo

^^-^J

^o

^1

J\ ^^Jl

_* ^*Vl

C-jO o^l>J!

J_^jj

3~b-lj

jl j^^iJ)) Sy>^>Jl (c_i]aU

Jlp

Jftfl

-IS"

j\)

^p
^o

aixi

((Ail

j..A:J

iU^-

jt *Uol

l_^pj J_ii

N/

^j^,

^.i^^U

ol^- <__j Uj^o (j


t;

OI

^^

!>-**

4j(

li_A

^j,

(J>

L-

-Ul

lJy

jl
{

*^j-*4*

^ ^1

UUJ U

^s

JU> ^1

vJiUn

jl

?*J&i

^^1

SjUjj

JUSjlII

(diL tL-JyiJ jj-Ji) (^jl~*i j>^-))


-^~Jd

If^J toils'
.

si

4JLi>JI JjJ-la

jl ,*_JaL~J LjjV

^Ip

6j">Uj

villa

4J

A_iJj>-

_.J

'

jl L.:

.,

r>

.>^

jj^ljji

aJ|

il

jLibkJ V

j^J LJ^-i

vilU U|J

^a

JLHj

(((A^n

:Jj_i

jl

L-15 ^>jJ*

((

L-jJ

--J

I4J jl

^^J

Sy siLU

<-ilLo))

^J JUL,j
,80^0,^1

4JlJ-

ii%j?-

^^

J>| jj|

4JL-%iJ!

^J! p-PJ

_r

j_j5u JLai

LaJ 4>~>w> C

aj .ilS"

UjLipL

\^ytJl

ojj jj

g.Jl

J^-5^

JO J

IgJj

J jjjj

j^ jU dJUj

J_ji 01 fJalJ
i|jy*l

ojLjj_j

,^^1 jl tL-^JU L-J^_aJ

^1^1

J* f&i ^
rrn

lw.La

J_^J jl

/lj^xl-ol

..rt.li

J..0

^a

_ isP-U

jj-J))

^jjl

^1

^lyi^/l J_p~

jl LJlp

jj_s dJJUi)

U..^

<.

JV LJy diU

]j3

.^xLj>JI jl

V *1^Lj

AJln jl

U[

1$ji

C^ ^^"

oJili UjLzp-Li ,j-Jj

j^/ .Ju^l;

aJu^I

L^_p

'uJLi

JjIju

4J|

((o'U j5j jJ (I^iV)

,Ua> U-Lta

viiL aJUjj- j[

LpLkdJl)) 4_L>I

ii^b>Jl

LJ_i

*-L?l

jjJ>-))

fcjU cJlSi

^^u./ili

U-UP

^j^j

l^' J^*"' ^yrj

Lj^oj

JLu

Uaxu^

<cJ

<

jl

CJlS" 4J>-jj)) jl jJO 0>-jj

^J

jLl^-l J-t^J 1-ifJJ

.^jiJl

ocl^_J

(I<C>-jj uL>-

^b

>'

Jk,
.

oL-lslu

J_ii

j^-Jj

^J 0'L>-

lj_A

^p

test

jj jl) jlS" j_p-D

^^J

-L^P OjJj^lJL; Ux >^>

^1 jli^l jl ^p
iU>^ ^^^1 ^I^Vl

negation

((iiaij

*iV

j&[> ^U^Jl JlaJ


c

->L^i J-^l-i pJ

-L*

oij

i$L-^ ^

^l

^1

ijioi,

Ijlai-

j jLj

JjUo'

ji AIice B

^j^f V ^ ^j

I^Jlo^l^-V^wiJl oUI^Vl
u

0-; -

oUJl

*j
that

^-V-

V^

j**^ <*>

^ -^ J^i Jk: V >


L$J

John came

1^ jf j^

L/Vi-^--^^

VI (i^^ili

11

jf,

.(iy

(feu, jl*

oU^,

L*JI

lil

ilL*

juu

Lewis Carroll

^J

jf

^y .L^i

Jj^

b^

,J

J^tf^p

L, jsyyk

tl

Ljy

JL^Vl oljl-JL*
4

jKd.j^j.

Ufi

to* jl

^j*

oiu, JiJ*j jtf

L^

oU-iJI

Lji Jjbr

i^^^i J^JI U,t j&

^J ^-believe

^I^^U. Uk^JI

simplicatives

^Ji

jl\) nominal clauses

0J&

^JJvUj
.

-sj-^v -

jf

^V J^JI

IJI

VI) nearly

^ V!> ilU*

o^i ^^; J 4_u ipj) .UJUl


t

^kJl ^I^jjVU jp

YYV

La

^j_^j

j^A>ni\
i

J..^aiil

Generative Semantics

jjbu

^ UJ

J^u^JI ^j
Jui

,JbJ^

^j

ill*

^JiJjdlij

J>

,jj>

generative
of

v~-

c>

of
jfj

/>>:;
,

ijw,

^iJI

passive

0^

"(>
fc

i_j^>

o>

Jj-

^aJjJI

cjj^

Jj^Ji

i-^JIj

jj>-ji

a>~

Jl

ol^iil;

ajai <_U

Jt

Jy?Jl >*^ Hj* J^ b


J *J c* UJ -lafl
-

L>*k~-

C>^

U>- j_^i wJj-

Jl

^ ^^

aj^a;

**

WJ J^r^ <f&+
4^1 J**Jl j- V ^>

oV* >Jj^ ^4?


f_^UJ

active

r^ ^A-^y>-^

jfcKj Jhn played the piano

biO^sM Ji

^^-^Jl* tfWl

^iLjl

taJ_^>-Jl *-*-"
J1^^ JLH^j'
t

J^i5l

rf^s-fll

J^>-U Vr^J

jUI

((interpretive

j^l

^U

J - c Ui

*v^

dUS

.Transformational

L. of

.((generative

WV

LiiL.

yj

A^

txa

,(The

r Ul J*

^Jj*

John
P ian0 was played by

>

iPii J

J\
J-V
jf

^UJL ^k-j,

ji

J1>JI

^
u

-^ j! Ja_,

j^ JI

U^JI iUJi

kJu

J^

1^) ,J^^J|

j^

?oi

J*,

Jij-y ol

J^ ^ (d^' Jjy JI iiUVL)


V^ ^
jl

i>

Oi

..Surface Structure

jUI

:j>+UJI

Jl jly jj^rB
John

is

J-*^

easy

flJohn

^J_

jf

J* U >*

jji

Ji L^J
-

L_,

^Jj

j .(John please

J J-^ J

^ji ^

JjVl U^JI

L--|
)

w^

^iV^Vl iU

^ flJonn

Jl

is

iCategorial

^Vl

J^^

^aJl
t

JI Jl^j

j^

j^iJJ

eager*

jjVi

J^U
jL

kJI

ff0j

^j, j^

jj^ ^ ^L,

'-U

J*

*U*j

to please

(iP!easeB

-j^,

iJU*JI

s9

v^Lr-^

Please John)

is

^^

ea>,y

.^L-l, j* jj^-

l^K apparatus i_pj| olj.Vl J^Vl


J+Jl,

J-^J U-^J! v^'j^t J^

jf

^ (\_ ^ ^

^ ^^j!
^_J

j^ ^

^^

^ U^i ^^li

^ ^,^

jjXJl.

ii^l L^i^-

eager tQ p ease

is

j* J^*iy J^-U J* Jx, JJ>uJl ^LJl)


w

JI tf^l ^I^J| J^-

jl

iL^Jl

structures

^ihio"

^y

_ nPIease John|)

John

<^L^ Deep

eager to please

is

J_^

J! Uui ^jjj ^iiii

>Li

ojj,

j^

Aj

W^J

ii ^_a^J_,

oUUiJl

^_^i1p j^^^t^

oUSJl ^jy J J^JLi ^U


UL-^
s-J\
^UJ|

,0^1

<^I

^
^\
^^

^U,

ui^^Jb j

,[^^r U^o^Jl jl^i ^JU

^ U <> J^
V

L-^

>j-dJ

fc

V~^

jj^ xS

Ij-'W

Ioa

The piano

is

^>i

tOyrM i~+^J\

LJV) }L*i

til

j^

bJi

<L^-

Jjj>

Jl

pAjJ

J LbjJi

.syntax iU>Jl .L, jJUJ JJ:.

^dl J^UJ ^^J

J-i-

^J

ji ^_.Ja_-..j

jf

^i^j

jj^[

jl

^1^,

jj_^, Ux-4

iU>J! ^LL"

J y^^ja ^Uj,)
Ujf

j^-X

jn/jJI j^^II

cL^ (Up

boJ

UjL^L ,ci^j ^KJj f^.|

Johnned by play

opJl oUJ^Jl Uk^I

al^Jl

-ui;

^JUl

lju* uj

il^JJ ^.^Ja-Jl

cl_J^ ^pj jJJS

.^

vA- JL * 0L5 Jj J^p ^S>- ^U ^J IJUh Jp .Lj.^- J|


^S Jl jl J.J^jjt L*JU a^>Jl ,L^ L^L^^^ j^,
5

.ill'

v^" n-^Ul

^ci

dymj

dwUl

^i

^bUb j

ciiJl

^Uln J^Jl

Jp pLj J^^^JJ 4-^Jlj r_^JJ i^JI J^>Jl ^ JajjJ jdl


^^Jlj pWU J| ^Ij_^J J^Uf^J 4jL JjiJl ^..tt-.o IJla jf jj^,
l5

JUj

^_>Jl oU^JI o^

U*fi-l

^i
rr

j^Jl ^^11

^^ J J^^JJ

>JU

Jl
,

djJi

iSj L^, ^t

of

j-*f

of

y Vi . Lfj

v-S^Jt

US' _ ilUJl

jli

IJU

Mc Cawley Jj\S x* Uj^j

J-

uib ^j-^t ^jJ^jJi

jl conjoining J-^JU

i^,/

jt

olftU

J,

lv->

UT^
ik^ l^j

UiUJl

u jl^ ji

jLxj

^-.Vi

*U, .L+Ju

aiJUJi

i;Ul

j^i j^ji ^

je- t-LJ

Jp

oii^U jSa

L^ ^ J\ iiUVL UV, Uf j_^

^J

j^l

-u V

j^-n Ji- }U*-

J~>j

^~ ou

r^ ^vt

<u^ a^^ ^_,vi y^ o^-it jju>- iaij


j' v^v ^V-Ji iw-S'^jJt j \*jJlA\ iU>Ji jl_j -j
^-^y j*
<JL_i UJ j-^j-i Lj iJU i^ l_L*j) j^*Jl v_-5^Jl
J
j-v

"

^W

JJI

/ rjJ

jLu J_^j Jj^-b iU>J JJtJUj

^JJ

r**i

V^ J

8 -?

L*4~>jj

oL->u. j^A-^-jJi j1J_ab Jj_i; jl

-*

<4

olj J-<^JI jo* jj_&

^^" B JI .A-^

oij

.j N4^>-_,j

^ ^_^f i^^will jIj

*Vl)|

<U*-

^-S'j Jl

*-rjj

At

_fS U!

ii

Jl -u

^IjkJl UjLi;

^pfiAJt ^_-*j JJj

t^*Jl

_U53l o_u ^ji_sJlji

<jf ^f

JJU

j^&

Ji

-^

L-if

-..

^^ J^JI

US' eUo.

(^
((respective

U5J

<J>-jj

^JUin j

;(^>-jJ-

^p J^l

^S^jJi

a*^\ ^jj ((respective 4_^>UJl squares Lfluu* j

Ji Vj' ^J^i

^^

<Ujt

W^^ V^

Jr*-*

J5

v^j Ji rU^J --P^


'

jVii

tij^ ^UJl

e jjb

^ j^^-^*

^X*J

:**i,

^j U5^1

^respective
1

Oj-S^

Yr^

jl

|J

J_^_ ^JJl w->jI _ ^rt,u.ll

at^jj^Jn v_5j_- Jr*-"-

JjJo ^^Jl

'

^ w^>

'

jj

^Lki'i i*iX i^J^

-;^ J

^^ L~'j

j7

J.ji

^ij-^-5
^*

j'

Ja^i

Ji

UJJ

*LJlj

*U5
.

r>

iUi US'

^^S" j

Jjia

ji

Ul Jj^-

i_Jli!l

.^Ul

j^^ JU-j

Ijiy

J jLibio" j^d^l jJLa

^*Jl

l3Ua

^S^Jl JJ^:

,LJI iS%*} js^Jl

jV

^Ji

<.

j~U>Jl

i^i-rr^

J*p J>f^JJ

*-

^^J

^ 1^

JU^JI

\j\j

jjlj /UJU

ji

JJL-) <Ltf

^j-*
jl

j**

<^*i

-*- -

e-LJl

Jj^r*-^

4_i^jJl

^SlyJl

Lj5^_ :X,Li

^I^jJI
iJYjJt

JcL

j^j

j^U

^I^JI

|Juj

t^A)))

<_U5" Ul

^jl J-p
(J^-*^-

jV

^-~iJ

((iJUxJl))

^-

Jl

^1 JJ

^^Jl

Jlj

oli^U

*-r^j U^' J^1*'^ ^* aJUJI


\Ja\jCj>

J-^li

.((respective

oJla

Jjjjj

UL*J

,3^-*Jl

JV-dl

j>|

'^jj jf Jl

*_^

Ajf

jL^Ij

*_>- UJuJ

^^a^JiJ

*_>

AjW

4J|

((Kill

Gj&

4_j

(.U^b jj^Jui

J^j

J_JI l^-i ijU-NLi

LaJ jl ^ijjuut

c.ftTl;

wUJl ii^l

^JJL

4_JU-))

_ oJL>-

jZL^j

*jl\

J*

^I^JI

.jj^lj

/LLi jl LuSUj

j^*J ^/Jl (iaJUJId

conjoining

iJ^jJi

4_Ji3l oJ^j i^.UJl aJ^aJI

c<i^>Jl tl_Uj

^j

Lakoff cjj.S'V

oUU^i

flO^L?-]) ^^jJ Ljlta J__>Jl lj_a

^UJl

UjIIx* liL*^- L^5

turiU!l JlP J_; ,iU>Jl *lw

JL jl

Wl j_a

^JJl

JSL-^

oLJI

^jfp

j[

LS

aiUi jj^iS" JU-j Uly jJl v^^JId j adjj^S

jl

i-^Lp jj-i?- I-Lp

f^JB

-!_,_,

AyG J_,VU

jl

(_~^, ^JJUJI ^UJl

iL-lj-, f>-

ila

iU5^
open

JSj (.Ajjj^a JS\

^w-^^-Jl Jii. ^_j_^ vlJJi (Jj^J -(((J^P-lj)

J^^l '-r^^ ^j^ u^V

^L>-)) iJ.5 j .M'

^
rrr

J-*-^ \

J^
-'-^

-^

W^
W-^^ ^-jXj ^
^i

J--UJ

U-^

*j^*j

^ JjJ

jjt

*l> jj,

J^jJl ^,_ij|

flJ-^ JjL^i of

.La of jJ-ij .w~~-

of

/-Li <~s^j

tiUi Ltf

^l*Jl ^--SjJt

tJ

o^liJl i_Ju>Vl 2>^Jl

J^\

^-^Jt j*

LJ

Jj tiXp^JI opI^J!

iSjJy-^^

y oV

of ^j-^i

^^ij!

ti-LJ

tJj-i- J-iu-

flK.il!

oJ-;jj iXh_j

^jjt j*j

J^rf-

Jji!

,^***JI

^^r-^

j^ ^

J_iJ!

,Jl

iL>*.

J^

^JUJ!

^-^ jiST ^^o^

y ^J^i d^U-VU

j^j L^i; c^-^Jl

j,> jp ^-UVl
v^r-^

^-

^'

jlj^Jl

S^L,

O^f

Jlp ySZy_ j^jJ! l-u JJL-j

of

jLipLj J-^>*J

almost killed him 4_Jci Lj-i" Ufi

iU^J ^^Jtll

rrr

oV

J ^jL^-_^i-.S0 J>Jl

C)j&>*

o_^-~- Jr**^

.8^3- jP ^Orf

^>JI

oj^ JL^ji

^ L-^ O5

,>

jtf^j .^^*JI o_^Jl

vii)i^ 1JU

^.U

Uju,

IjfjJ

oVi) ^ij-*JI a^J^'it

J'-Mji JiJ> Oij .fl^y*^*** Oj*%j

oJ>j_iw c

M ^(J^^UJ *LJl Ow-J |L^

^ W-

J^J-^; ^y, \x-j

of

w,...

])

v^^l J &*J

J^JI

Predicate J^^-^^Ji

^1

^^J

ii^V JLtJi

jl

J^)

LfAftU

i/- js* -?**

fj^-

^'

jl

^>o

oL^I^Vl

^f

i_r

IJufc

J-^ J-

o-Uf

Jl.

Jij

li*

~*

j-i^f

ilVjJl jJLp

J ^U.

'^Lill pi ^rr^"

oUi5 ^l-^^L

J-l>JJ

^^j

cISLlJJ

i2Jj

^,

jl

f-*J

*W^

JLa>)

(calculus

il^UJ

^^owJl

^Uf
fj*

^JaJ^JI jj.

V Uf ^ilj

^y^ Jl ^lj _po Jp

jl ^JJi

ijO>- (j>^]\ JLp

^U^Jt

U J^ Jl

..k.-.,..J

V oli^UJl

j.:.aT

^^L, oUj|

L-L-Vl o">\5^Jl

l^_^>- jSUj

o^ ^pj

JJL;

^ ^jsTj

I^>

(jj^j J_^Jl jt

v Ul j^ cJlill J^JI ^1)

J^Jl

J_,

>Jl >^Ju

>J -L^LsJl

(^^LJI

alj-Jl jl

J^r Ji

cjUl^Vl jUJLJ

J ur^jb ^V-01

^uhj^ji

^Ua.}L

oL>_^# j^

^jju*- ^-J

Ji ^kJLj

JJJi

JJ

^j

p-U <_j JaJj., L_JU>-

^>

o-^-

yj ^U

U**-u-j

^yjjl JLJ1
J[_j

iiU>

Jjj^UaJl Ua.j1j ^v3^ii!

U>-

jl

wwji

i^,U-Jl v.

J5j iiki*,

* Vj 5j-Lj^JI i-i^UJl

iLaJl

_y**dJ

Ijyw i^ljjJl .y

t<^-ljJ

JL>*

iJL-j jf

^yJJl

^JJi *j

^*
j-.

.AiDlJl

I,<t,,.H

^_y^ ^1
.

(^-jVi

~-jVl ^ijl

akVi

^j-r*

t-

wl

oUUj^L

:Slj

ULj^)

JjUj

(*_^Jl ^y

^*-^

jJ

4_illl

*-)!

jjj

<^a="

Yfo

J^L

jf

SjLiNlJ

J-^b *1^ aJ ^L^'l

_fr^* j-zJvn

j^jjl

j-kJl .JL*. ii^ iwjj!

^
4

iijU^Jl j^j

rJC

-Ijj

Uaj

jV

Sense _._*jl

j') Sociolingimtics
w->*- J-Ji **

oL-^lh

/!

II


>*-*

(A)

antonyms:
abstract:

antonymy:

accented:

approximate

uijl^yjl

<~Z
accusative:

synonymy:

^V*

arbitrary:

archiphoneme
argument:

iS~*J\ prH^'

(Jj^Jl X

^^Ji

articulation:

articulatory:

^akJi

o^Vl

act:

Jj-U^

(J^JpUJi

actor:

agentive:

,Jp

amalgamation:

actor)

J-*^'

^lot

fc^l

analogy:

J^JI^LJ

JUS>JI

analytic:

J^'

^Ui jU*

ancestor:

ULp S^l

iw>

anomaly:

assertion:

auxiliary verbs

i.*.*,.*

ambiguous:

aspect:

augmentatives:

acoustic:

Jb

phonetics:

associative:

>'s

^UJI

oiLfjJI

a.U-1

JU*I

anomalous:

^A^

v^J^

iLi

O)

rrv

communication:

JUjVI

(B)

comparative:
behaviourism:

competence:
bigpiural:

complementarity:
r

complete synonymy:

bJl
bilingualism:

U15* i^bl

binary apposiles:
(

full -)

borderline

complex word:
borrowing:

componential analysis
of meaning:

J^jl

J*^>

components:

bound morpheme:

U, J\

J\

Jt

olyCJl

composite expression:

,_.<

(C)

composition:
case relations:

compound words:

case system:

concepts:

SjjUi LUiJl
conjugational:

categorialcomponent:

conjoining:

categories:

conjunctions:

causativity:

connotat tonal

circular:

consonant:

>W?

contextualisation:

clusters:

JUJI JU- cagnates:


Jaij)

4JLJI

cognitive:
collective nouns:

contradictoriness:

collocation:

contrastiveness:

combination:

convention:

u^

classifier:

constative:

context of situation;

Ju^\ j^j|

vJ,ill

comment:

rrA

o>-1j

oUl

ob oUi5

dictionary word:

<L~^li

diminutive:

--

directional opposition:

..^:i

US

converseness:

co-occurence:

1*

jLaJ

count nouns:

discourse:

&**

countability:

distinguisher:
*"

-^*.Ji
J-

cyclical sets:

distribution:

**1>*j"'

w-*J

w-LiJI

ju*Ji

iJLU

Jl*j'

Ol*^

i jji

nj*^\

domain:

Jb^

dualism:

iJLjJi

(D)

dative:

j_^J

Sfj*i* UA53t l$j

<JL>-

(E)

(jUJl

echoic:

dead:

ego:

declarative sentences:

element:

declension:

elevation:

deep structure:

emotive:

definite:

empirical:

definite article:

entailment:

definition:

entities:

degeneration:

enumeration:

il-bcJl

i-LlVl

deixis.

equivalence:

demonstratives:

ergative:

denote:

diachron;o(

experimental:

dialect:

Yf*

oLA&l

SjLiNl

*\

J[

derivatives:

expectancy:

sbt

^1

environment:

deviance:

^U) c-*

_ij jcJ!

deictic:

etymology:

oU^

j^

oii;,

.*.

^jl j*J^1

):

j*iJU\ (oJJl ^u-)

i^J

(H)

explicit:

S&

hierarchy:

.!...-;

euphemism:
evaluation:

historical semantics:

homography:

(F)
factitive:

homonymous:

I4J

sop

oUK

falling:

feelings:

jui

homophony:

J jsu;

first

person:

form words:
hyperbole:

oJUJl

hyponym:

formal:

formant:

hyponymy:

JUiJiVl

(ifree-)^^^

formula:
full

words:

i*lJ

oL-15

idiomatic:

gender:

idiomaticity:

generalisation: (oUJl ^Jl^iJl)

~_;_cJi

idioms:

generative:

(I)

functional:

ideational:

(G)

identification.

idiosyncratic:

gibberish:

v^.,

illative:

goal:

illocutionary act:

gradability:

images:

grammar:

imperative sentences:

i^j*

U?

a!^>-

4.UJI

&

JcJl

_^>*Jl

Uj'J

^U

grammatical apparatus: k>y^> oi 01

Tt

(L)
labels:

mplicit:

labial:

nclusion:

language:

nde finite:

lexemes:

ndividuate:

lexical structure:

nductive:

lexicography:

nflectional:

lexicology:

nformant:

lexicon:

nitiation:

lexis:

iii^Jl

oii

^JJ|

t*

litotes:

living:

iU](
(j

UJi

loan:

^3^

locutionary act:

^Sr^

^>^>-

sentences:
intonation:

>
t

features:

introspection:

marker:

ij^tj!

intuition:

mass nouns:

wtLj! tU,f

isolating:

material adequacy:

ioUl

^US^JI

IK)
meaning:

iXli

nterrogative

intra-linguistic

(M)

JaUl

nterpretive:

J^ >) >
i^^ (ij5),
jlJI

^-H

nterlanguage:

_^_

locative:

j-

+,^^.1

nterchangeability:

<WjJIj1j^I

plural:

nstrumental:

^V

list:

^1

nput:

^\^Z

linguistics:

(hyponymy

i-*

j=*)

nnovation:

^Jijiil

likeness:

(^.^

nclusive:

4iJJl

legitimate:

little

oLu*

mplicatives:

ix^

kunst

'*.~.rJ

noise:

nominalist:

Uw,

2 n

nominative:

r-

meaningful:

mentalism:

Vl

(4-UUJl) *jj\ iJY>

non-Singuistic context:

^jjj

nonsensical:

metalinguistics

nouns:

q>J|

numerical quantity:

metaphor:

JL-.

method:

JL.i... *>\5

norm:

oJJl As- l\jj

metonymy:

u_Vl

minor:

modal verbs:

^pJuJl jl-iiJl

model:

(O)

modify:
modifiers:

object word:

(^ x

objective:

monosemy:
)

<y-y*y
monotony:

objective:

morphemes:

observation:
ostensive definitions:

opaque:

i.

,*LU

oLL

SJLUJl (iJiSCJl)

overlapping:

morphology:

< 9_^oJl -Jlp

multiiingialism:

J^'-^"

(N)

(P)
pair:

<JJ) ,/*

names:

paradigm:

(Olj~.)Jl,

naming:

paradigmatic:

features:

Uj^oil ol_L>-jJl yu^l

^J

i*^Jl (oLiII)

opposite:

para-linguistic

oljUuHl

narrowing:

native:

jJl ^*>LJl

native speaker:

nearness:

YtY

practical:

Jh^>

pragmatic:

Jy2*^t>j\

t^L^

Oy+J-L*j\

predisposing factors

SL^ J^I^p

prefix:

iiL-

prepositions:

presupposition:
projection rules:

<Jjj^

yjjl

(isjl^

part-whole relation: J^JU

oLJbVl
ol-Ul
jjjji

proper name:

r^

phatic

proposition:

-*-

philology:

(^^>->

*IjMi

person:

phase:

%.

O^l^Jl

communion:

olj (oUKJl)

phonaesthetic:

4*>-j^JI oL*-JjJI
)

phone:

phonemes:

iy** 0_v-

J*4jllj
^eljji

redundancy:

-L>iJ! _

referent:

jjJI

jU^II

reference:

reference failure:

SjUl

(jj-tfi)
aJ!

-j>&

jUlJI

reflected:

^-

iJw ^US

o^Vl

phonetics:

phonetics labor atory:

-o^j--fl VI

^-U
u_-

pitch:

*j

place adverbs:

j'^U-

point of articul ation:

^r^ t>-

polysemic:
polys ynt he tic:

referential:

oU^i^i

v>^

phonetic transcription

realist:

**J

iilll AA3

Jl

p*>J> (oL*t)U)

reaction:

j*j(j

j>*.

iaiUJl idj^i

(JiJl

ii^p

d*

paths:

performatives:

prosodic features:

*jj>Jl

patch up:

ia-kkJl _Uly

pronunciation:

oUl

<J>- Ol

partial idioms:

performance:

yU-^>

^-*-3r)

ipL^aJl

paraphrasing:

^>\ ^\j^\

<r

pronouns;

punctuation:

0-b Jj- Ai-L-^>

JjJU J^A

predicate:

predicate calculus:

paraphrase:

positivism:

rtr

J>

i^j

;J-uC^ <*J5

^**j
ijwiJ'

(semantics

semology:

reflexivity:

J^,\)

registers:

sense:

sense relationships

S^lolkUjVl

reinforcement:
relational opposites:

sentence:

oQUJl

settings:

relativity:

sex:

replacement:

sign:

reports:

significance:

response:

signified:
signifier:

reversible:

signifies:

rheme:

sociolinguistics:

rhythm:

sound image:

round brackets:

:>

sound laws:
fS)

soundless:

JSUs

sameness:
specific:

speech

second person:
acts:

segmentation:

speech sounds:

oLj y>-

segments:

spelling:

spoken language:

is

selectional restrictions:

Jala iiJ

semantic structure:

square brackets:
stand for:

Jlyy.

iJ^jJ! JLJl

semantics:

status:

semasiology:

(semantics :^a^)

stimulus:

sememics:

(semantics

semics:

(semantics :^Ja^)

semiotics:

(semantics

stress:
stvles:

(accent

J&\)

^-Jl

Yii

J&\)

i^-Iai')

J^

transformation:

subjective:

subordination:

transition:

substitute:

transitivity:

superanalytical:

transparent:

superordinate:

trilingualism:

'

,ri

_r

/i

supersynthetic:

truth conditions:

surface structure:

truth relations:

symbol:
(U)

symmetry:

unit:

synchronic:
unitary complexe:

synecdoche:

US

universal:

s\

nonymous:

unvoiced:

synonymy:
utterances:

syntagmatic:

(i-ii*)

v*j)^ (^*^*)

(V)

^u

variable:

^Ip*^

syntax:

(,U^

^>^

tL

r^

svnthetic:

variations:

j~

(T)
verbal:
t:'K>a:

ii^Jl

;j

vocabulary:
tense:

vocal argans:
terms;
voice:

theme:
voiced:
third person:

vowel:

(W)
widening:

thought:
topic:

written language:

topicalisation:

(Z)

zeugma:

transferred:

(topic ^-il)

4*

cr>

r*ji\us
J^i

1
*

j4b

^
T

^JVjJI

JjVl ^U'l
"

jOp Ulh/i.

(JjVl J-^iJi)

-'-

<iUi jJpj y^jJl jOp :(jlsll J^ili)

ii^kll

ikJJl

ci>' j>

ilVaJl

jOp

j^jdi

^A

:(

cyi J-^iJi)

I^^dM

Jp

^_J|

(cJUJI J-mJI)

t/b&l Waft (Up

f*

JLf

oij^i

J-aiJl)

jUJl

^U1

(JjVl J**3t)

;,

:(jdi ju^iJi)

^1
J^uiJl)
&&&* ^e^'J^

SjLiVlj

0A

(viJlill

iJY>

1T

'.

3J^-j

iU5i

chilli j^p

V*

JLJI

v*

a^

(^UU

JLJI

J^aiJl)

viJlsJl

u^Ul

3U-X-I :(JjVl J-^iJl)

JUU JL-

yfefi J^ill)

^LS^LJi :(*tMl j**y)

Til

"

iyJUl

v~JI

<

V*^a11 VJ*

* T

^I>JI :(JjVi

^Ul

J-^ili)

>Ldl :(^JWI J^iJi)

>

JLxJ^I :(g\J\ J-^SI)

^T

^'jJf

^l%^!j^l^:(jU! j^Ji)

n
^A

^
^

J^iJi)

ljJ

jUJI
U-'jVi

t-r

-ULl J^a*3)

oiio^Uli r^jUJl

J-^iii)

UI

J^iJl)

oUyCil

:(

ff

o^' jUl ^r-ULl ^Ut


j~ JLJI :(JjVl J-Aii!)

ur

u
r

^'
^ r

ol^wcJl :(^JUJl

>>^l ,Opj

^V
^A

UiJl

iULlj^dl

oUiJ|)

^gi J^Ji)
;

^UlwUl

iM-ljiOSOi :(JjVi wUAJl)

H*

^
^

UJi :(jUI J^JI)

JaJaidl Apiy ;(jWl J-^iJl)

^L-^

:(^JUJi J^aill)

^^JljJ^i

:(~l^ij^Jt)

Jj->*il

Wo

_p^L> WjjI (J*

^\jy^\

u>

^j^-aJl^i

U1

^uJl jLrJJ

UV

c Ul^'Jlo(j

:(JjVi

J^JI)

:(^Ul1I J^^lil)
:(viJliJl

J^iji)

HT

W
Y

^-Vl oLKJl fU&*fj oi-Dl :{gjM

J-aiii)

^r-Jlj <i-^' ^u--^-

J-*^)

it.-b-

T'l
T

> 1

YY*

m
TTA
XTo

oli^

iiJU.li

V^

oljl-u!

ol^Vlj oUbVl
jwcJij^^^li

j^ll

i-AjII

(JjVl J-ili)

(jteJ! J**ift)

:(*JteJ1

J-a^H)

^Ji ^l^VI :( G gi J^iJl)


^jJjdl

aJVjJI ,0p :(,j-ULI J-xi3i)

i^\z+

oUk^U (^LJt
:

J^aiJl)

%jj^-y oWkuali ^^c-

rrv

YiA

Вам также может понравиться