DNA Technologies

Cloning
Genetic Engineering
Electrophoresis
Genetic Screening

Cloning
Clone = a genetically identical copy of an
organism
meaning they have the same DNA
Examples:
Identical Twins
Leaf cuttings
Budding

Two Types of Cloning

Embryonic Twinning
Nuclear Transfer

Embryonic Twinning
Splitting an embryo into two.
This is how twins are formed

Video clip

Nuclear Transfer
Fuse a nucleus with an egg cell
Generally scientists use Undifferentiated cells
because they have not been specialized for a
function yet.
They do not typically use Differentiated cells
because they have specialized into a particular
function (nerve, muscle, skin)
Frogs 1950s
Mammals 1990s (Dolly sheep 1997)
Video Clip

Steps for Nuclear Transfer Cloning

Step 1 ~ Diploid cell with 2 sets of chromosomes from
Organism #1
Step 2 ~ Take a haploid egg cell with only 1 set of
chromosomes from Organism #2 and remove the DNA
Step 3 ~ Fuse these two cells using electricity
Step 4 ~ After a few days and cell division, the egg is
implanted into a 3rd organism
Step 5 ~ The baby born is identical to Organism #1

Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Procedure for changing the DNA of an
organism

Recombinant DNA technology

Connecting parts of DNA from two different
sources

Example of Genetic Engineering

DNA from Firefly + DNA from Tobacco Plant

Recombinant DNA result =

A glow in the dark tobacco plant
Transgenic Organism
An organism containing recombinant DNA
(DNA from another source)

How to make
Transgenic Organisms
Step 1 ~ Get DNA from organism
#. Use a restriction enzyme to cut
the DNA at specific spots
Step 2 ~ Attach this DNA to a
vector (carrier), such as a
plasmid (circular piece of DNA
found in a bacteria)
Step 3 ~ Insert the plasmid into
organism #2. This new DNA
becomes a part of the organisms
genes and is copied every time
the cells divide

Gel Electrophoresis
How to make a DNA Fingerprint
Step 1 ~ Get a DNA sample
Step 2 ~ Copy the DNA MILLIONS of times
using PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction
Step 3 ~Use restriction enzymes to break DNA into
small fragments (pieces)
Step 4 ~ Place the DNA fragments into gel with
electricity running through it.

Electrophoresis Set up
The smallest fragments
(pieces) will move the
farthest; the largest
fragments will hardly move.

+
-

This creates a banding

pattern known as a
fingerprint

Genetic Screening
Genetic Screening
A technique used to
identify abnormal
conditions by
detecting the
presence or
absence of certain
chemicals in the
blood and urine.

Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis
A technique in which
a sample of amniotic
fluid taken from the
mothers womb
during pregnancy.
This fluid has lots of
fetal cells used to
detect genetic
disorders.

Karyotype
Karyotype
A technique in which paired
chromosomes are arranged
based on their SIZE and
SHAPE.
Used to identify chromosomal
abnormalities such as extra or
missing chromosomes.
Down Syndrome, Turners,
Kleinfelters, Trisomy 18

Gene Therapy
Gene Therapy
A technique used to treat people with genetic
disorders by inserting copies of Functional
Working genes to replace the Defective genes
Sept 14th 1990 first
approved gene therapy
used on a 4 year old to
treat a genetic disorder
sever combined
immunodeficiency SCID.