In addition to the distance scale theory, there is Giorgio Bertas theory to

predict ground vibrations that occur. This theory considers several factors
including: factors impedance, coupling factors, factors change, the
amount of explosives used, the energy per unit mass of explosives,
distance, weight of the contents of rocks, seismic velocity and type of rock
groups. Here is the formula of the theory of Giorgio Berta.
Q
V=
R

1 x 2 x 3 xx 106
5 KfxLog ( R ) xxrxC

V = speed of vibration ground (m / s)

Q = amount of explosives used per delay (kg)
R = distance sensor to the explosive point target (m)
= energy per unit mass (J / kg)
r = Weight of rock fill (kg / m3)
C = seismic wave speed (m / s)
1 = impedance
2 = coupling factor
3 = factor changes
Kf = constant
Type of Ground
Water logged sands And gravels
Compacted aluviums
Hard and compact rock

Kf
0.11 0.13
0.06 0.09
0.01 0.03

Frequency is used here to determine the magnitude of wave propagation

in the rock, which is expressed by the following equation.
f =( KflogR )1

F = Frequency (Hz)
Kf = factor influences the characteristics of the soil
R = distance sensor to the explosive point target (m)
STANDARD LEVEL shock vibrations
Vibration potentially cause damage to the surrounding environment.
Therefore, the results of blasting vibration need to be controlled so as not
exceeded the predetermined level of vibration. Based on the Ministry of
Environment No. Kep-49 / MENLH / Ii / 1996 standard shock vibration
levels are as follows.
Class

Building Type

Appropriation and

Vibration Maximum
Speed (mm/sec)
2

ancient buildings that

have historical value
Building and preexisting damage, it
appears
cracks in the wall
Building for the good
technical condition,
there
small damages such
as cracked plaster
Buildings "strong" (for
example: industrial
buildings made of
concrete or steel)

10

10-40

Pustaka
Berta, G. 1990. Explosives: An Engineering Tool. Italesplosivi: Milano.
Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor : Kep - 49 /Menlh/11/1996
Tentang Baku Tingkat Getaran. 25 November 1996. Jakarta.