Applied Practice in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad PRE-AP/AP VERSION © 1998 by Applied Practice, Austin, TX. All rights reserved.10 1s 30 38 Directions: ‘This part consists of selections from Heart of Darkness and questions on their content, form, and style. After reading each passage, choose the best answer to each question. Note: Pay particular attention to the requirement of questions that contain the words NOT, LEAST, or EXCEPT. Passage 1, Questions 1-8. Read the following passage from Part I carefully before you choose your answers, ‘And atlas, in its curved and imperceptible fall, the sun sank low, and from glowing white changed toa dull red without rays and without heat, as if about to go out suddenly, stricken to death by the touch of that gloom brooding over a crowd of men. Forthwith a change came over the waters, and the serenity became less brilliant but more profound. The old river in its broad reach rested ‘unnaffled atthe decline of day, after ages of good service done tothe race that peopled its banks, spread out in the tranquil dignity of a waterway leading tothe uttermost ends of the earth. We Tooked at the venerable stream not in the vivid flush (of a short day that comes and departs for ever, butin the august light of abiding memories. And indeed ‘nothing is easier for a man who has, as the phrase ges, "Tollowed the sea” with reverence and affection, than to evoke the great spirit of the past ‘upon the lower reaches ofthe Thames. The tidal current runs to and fro in its unceasing service, crowded with memories of men and ships it had ‘bome to the rest of home orto the battles of the sea. Ithad known and served all the men of whom the nation is proud, from Sir Francis Drake to Sir John Franklin, knights all, titled and untitled—the ‘great knights-crrant of the sea. It had bome all the ships whose names are like jewels flashing in the night of time, from the Golden Hind returning with her round flanks full of weasure, to be visited by the ‘Queen's Highness and thus pass out ofthe gigantic tale, to the Erebus and Terror, bound on other congvests-and that never returned. Ithad known the ships and the men. They had sailed from Deptford, from Greenwich, from Erith—the adventurers and the settlers; Kings’ ships and the ships of men on Change; captains, admirals, the dark “interlopers” of the Eastern trade, and the commissioned “generals” of East India fleets. Hunters for gold or pursuers of fame, they all had gone out on that ‘stream, bearing the sword, and often the torch, messengers of the might within the land, bearers of a spark from the sacred fire. What greatness had not floated on the ebb ofthat river into the mystery of ©1998 by Applied Practice, Austin, TX. All rights reserved. 45 70 15 ‘an unknown earth! . . . The dreams of men, the seed of commonwealhs, te germs of empires. “The sun set; the dusk fell onthe stream, and lights began to appear along the shore. The ‘Chapman ligbthouse, a three-legged thing erect on a rand flat, shone strongly. Lighs of ships moved in the fairway--a great stir of lights going up and going down, And farher west on the upper reaches the place of the monstrous town was still marked cminously on the sky «brooding gloom in sunshine, lurid glare under the stars. “And this also,” said Mastow suddealy, “has ‘been one ofthe dark places of the earth.” He was the only man of us who sill “followed the sea” The worst that could be said of him was that he did not represent his class. He was a scaman, bt be was a wanderer, 100, while most Scamen lead, if one may s0 expressit, a sedentary life. Their minds ae ofthe stay-at-home order, and their home is always with them-the ship; and soi their country-the sea. One ships very much like another, andthe sa is always the same. Inthe immutability of their suroundings the foreign ‘shores, the foreign faces, the changing immensity of life, glide past, veiled not by a sense of mystery butby a slightly disdainful ignorance: for there is ‘nothing mysterious to a seaman unless it be the sea itself, which is the mistress of his existence and as inscrutable as Destiny. For the rest, after his hours of work, a casual stroll ora casual spree on shore suffices to unfold for him the secret of a whole continent, and generally he finds the secret not worth knowing. The yams of seamen have a direct simplicity, the whole meaning of which lies within the shell of a cracked nut. But Marlow was not typical his propensity to spin yams be excepted), 2nd to him the meaning of an episode was not inside like a kernel but outside, enveloping the tale which brought it out only a aglow brings outa haze, in the likeness of one ofthese misty halos that sometimes are made visible bythe spectral illumination of moonshine.‘The first paragraph creates a mood that could best be described as ) ceaty ®) faalisic © aut ©) profound © somber ‘The first three sentences of the second paragraph (lines 6-15) depict the river as (A) vividandephemeral B) dullanddeep (C) sereneandrevered (D) belovedand profound (©) memorable and ethereal A.man who has “followed the sea” ine 17) is a 1. naval historian IL. sailor TIL merchant IV. knight (A) Lonly B) Honly (© Hand Ulonly ©) Land IV only ®© U1, and IV only ‘The second half of the second paragraph (beginning line 23) contains al of the following EXCEPT (A) allusion ®) simile (© personification (D) understatement © absolutes ©1996 by Appliad Practice, Austin, TX. All rights reserved. ‘The phrase “bearing the sword, and often the torch’ (Hine 40) is an example of (4) mewonymy (B) synecdoche (©) metaphor @) polysyndeton ® apostrophe ‘The phrase “a spark from the sacred fire” ine 42) most likely symbolically refers to ) capitalism (8) knowledge © deism (©) imperialism © military dominance ‘The third paragraph (beginning inline 46) serves primarily (A) tomark the end of the author's ‘commentary and the start of the narrator's tale (B) toretum the reader's focus to the river itself (© asa transition from the positive tone of the second paragraph to the negative tone of the fourth paragraph (D) asa summation of the preceding narrative peragraph © tomainlain the chronological ordering of the pasage as a whole In the last two paragraphs, the descriptions of both Marlow and seamen are presented in terms thatare (A) mysterious ®) prosaic © simplistic @) quixotic © paradoxical10 15 30 35 4s Passage 3, Questions 16-22. Read the following passage from Part I of HeartofDarkness carefully before you ‘choose your answers. “Black shapes crouched, lay, sat between the trees leaning against the trunks, clinging to the earth half coming out, half effaced within the dim Tight in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair. Another mine on the cliff went off, followed by a slight shudder ofthe soil under my feet. The work was going on. The work! And this was the place where some ofthe helpers had withdrawn todie “They were dying slowly-~it was very clear. ‘They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now--nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation, lying confusedly in the greenish gloom. Brought from all the recesses of the coast in all the legality of time ‘contracts lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on unfamiliar food, they sickened, became inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest. “These moribund shapes were free as air-and nearly as thin, 1 began to distinguish the gleam of the eyes under the trees. Then, glancing down, [saw a face near my hand. The black bones retined at fll length with one shoulder against the tree, and slowly the eyelids rose and the sunken eyes looked ‘up at me, enormous and vacant, a kindof blind, ‘white icker in the depths ofthe orbs, which died cut slowly. The man seemed young-almost a bboy-but you know with them it’s hard to tell. I Found nothing else todo but to offer him one of the good Swede's ship's biscuits I had in my pocket. ‘The fingers closed slowly onit and held~there was no ther movement and no other glance. He had tied abit of white worsted round his neck--Why? Where did he getit? Wasita badge-an omament~a charm a propitiatory act? Was there any idea at all ‘connected with it? It looked startling round his black neck, this bit of white thread from beyond the seas, “Near the same tree two more bundles of acute angles sat with thei legs drawn up. One, with his chin propped on his knees, stared at nothing, in an intolerable and appalling manner: his brother ‘phantom rested its forehead, as if overcome with a great weariness; and all about others were scattered in every pose of contorted collapse, asin some picture of a massacre ora pestilence. While I stood hhorror-struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went off on al-fours towards the river to drink. He lapped out of bis hand, then 50. sat up in the sunlight, crossing his shins in front of him, and after a time let his woolly head fall on his breastbone. “didn't want any more loitering inthe shade, and I made haste towards the station, When near the 55 buildings Imet a white man, in such an unexpected clegance of get-up that in the first moment I took him for a sor of vision. I saw a high starched collar, white cuffs, alight alpaca jacket, snowy trousers, a clean necktie, and varnished boots. No 60 hat. Hair parted, brushed, oiled, under a green-ined parasol held ina big white hand. He was amazi and had a peaholder behind his ear. “I shook hands with this miracle, and Yearned the was the Company's chief accountant, and that all {65 the bookkeeping was done at this station. He had come out for a moment, he sai, to get a breath of fresh air.’ The expression sounded wonderfully odd, with its suggestion of sedentary desk-ife. 1 ‘wouldn't have mentioned the fellow to you at all, 70 only it was from his lips that I frst heard the name ‘of the man who is so indissolubly connected with the memories ofthat time. Moreover, respected the fellow. Yes; I respected his collars, his vast cals his rushed hair. Hs appearance was 75. certainly that ofa hairdresser’s dummy; butin the {great demoralization of the land be kept up his appearance. That's backbone. His starched collars and got-up shir-fronts were achievements of ‘character. He had been out nearly three years; and, £80 later, [could not help asking him bow be managed to sport such linen. He had just the faintest blush, and ssid modestly, ‘T've been teaching one ofthe native women about the station. It was difficult She had a distaste forthe work.’ Thus this man had 85 verily accomplished something. And he was devoted this books, which were in apple-pie order. “Everything else in the station was in a mudale--heads, things, buildings. Stings of dusty niggers with splay fet arrived and departed; a stream 90 of manufactured goods, rbbishy cottons, beads, and brass-wie set nto the depths of darkness, and in return came a precious trickle of ivory.” (©1998 by Applied Practica, Austin, TX. All rights reserved. 9QJ. When compare to the first and last sentences of the first paragraph (lines 1-S and 7-9), the three middle sentences (lines 5.7) serve as 1. a contrast of production to destruction IL, an explanation for the workers" condition IIL. a hint of the cost in human terms 1 201 Thenarrator’s attitude toward the workers could best be described as one of (A) bemusement ©) disgust © pity (©) amazement ©) ambivalence (A) Mhonly 7 21. The narrator's admiration forthe chief @®) Land Il only accountants based primarily on the © Sand M only ‘ccountant’s ©) Mand Wi only © Land it (A) aristocratic sense of style @) physical handsomeness and healthy ‘pearance (0.47 Inlines 11-18, the narrator presents the (© innate modesty and respected occupation workers as (©) ability to remain clean and neat in such aplace (A) monstrous apparitions © willingness and ability to train the natives (B) less than human (©) people for whom he feels pity (D) ignorant savages who deserve no pity 16 2. The passage asa whole presents the narator as ®) objects of wonder and seom 1 person who (A) regrets the sufferings of native workers in [1 26. Inlines 19-52, the workers are described strange places primarily through ® holds the typical imperialistic view of foreign lands and peoples (A) references to individual parts ofthe body (© ismotivated solely by greed and a desire () detailed analysis of their actions to impress his superiors (© unusual metaphors and smiles (©) iscritical of others and condescending (D) ages and shapes described in abstraction toward all © emotional and highly comotative language © feels great distaste forall aspects of ‘imperialism {2 The narrator's focus on the “bit white worsted” (line 3) reveals his (A) fascination with even the most minute details of the workers (B) belief that the worker must have stolen the thing from a European (©) mystification at so human a sign on such a creature (D) amazement at the man’s audacity in such @ display © contempt for such a pitiful atempt at personal adornment ©1998 by Applied Practice, Austin, TX. All rights reserved. 1010 15 30 35 45, ‘Passage 4, Questions 23-30, Read the following passage from Part I of Heart ofDarkness carefully before you choose your answers. “Then I noticed a small sketch in oils, on a 50 ‘Serve him right. Transgressionpunishment— panel, representing woman, draped and blindfolded, bang! Pitiless, pitiless. That's the only way. This carrying alighted torch. The background was ‘will prevent all conflagrations in the future, I was sombre--almost black. The movement of the telling the manager...’ He noticed my ‘woman was stately, and the effect ofthe torchlight companion, and became crestfallen all at once. “Not ‘on the face was sinister. 55. in bed yet." he said, with a kind of servile “Tarrested me, and he stood by civilly, holding heartiness; ‘it's so natural. Ha! Danger--agitation.” an empty half-pint champagne bottle (medical He vanished, I went on tothe riverside, and the comforts) with the candle stuck init, To my ‘other followed me. Theard.a scathing murmur at {question he said Mr. Kurtz had painted this--in this my ear, “Heap of muffs--go to.” The pilgrims had very station more than a year ago—while waiting for 60_ still their staves in their hands. I verily believe ‘means to go to bis trading post. “Tell me, pray.” they took these sticks to bed with them. Beyond said I, ‘who is this Mr. Kurtz?” the fence the forest stood up spectrally in the “The chief ofthe Inner Station,’ he answered ‘moonlight, and through the dim stir, through faint in a short tone, looking away. “Much obliged,” I sounds ofthat lamentable courtyard, the silence of said, laughing. “And you are the brickmaker of the 65. the and went home to one’s very heart~its mystery, Central Station. Every one knows that." He was its greatness, the amazing reality of its concealed silent for a while, “He is a prodigy.” he said at ast life. The hurt nigger moaned feebly somewhere *Heis an emissary of pity and science and progress, near by, and then fetched a deep sigh that made me and devil knows what else. We want,” he began to ‘mend my pace away from there. Ifelt a hand declaim suddenly, ‘forthe guidance of the cause 70. introducing itself under my arm. ‘My dear sir” said intrusted to us by Europe, soto speak, higher the fellow, ‘Idon’t want to be misunderstood, and intelligence, wide sympathies, a singleness of especially by you, who will see Mr. Kurtz long purpose.” ‘Who says that? Tasked. ‘Lots of ‘before I can have that pleasure. I wouldn't like bim them,’ he replied. “Some even write that; and so he to get afalse idea of my disposition . .. ‘comes here, a special being, as you ought toknow.’ 75 “Iet him run on, this papier-maché Mephisto- “Why ought Ito know?" I interrupted, really pheles, and it seemed to me that if I tied I could surprised. He paid no attention. “Yes. Today he is poke my forefinger through him, and would find chief of the best station, next year he will be nothing inside but alittle loose dirt, maybe. He, assistant-manager, two years more and... but struggled! The wastes of his weary brain were haunted by shadowy images now-—images of wealth and fame revolving obsequiously round his inextngisable if noble and oy expreion My ‘my station, my career, my ideas~these 10. were the subjects for the occasional utterances of clevated sentiments. The shade ofthe original ‘Kurtz frequented the bedside of the hollow sham, whose fate it was to be buried presently in the ‘mould of primeval earth. But both the diabolic love 15 and the unearthly hate ofthe mysteries it had ‘penetrated fought forthe possession of that soul satiated with primitive emotions. avid of lying fame, of sham distinction, of all the appearances of success and power. 20 “Sometimes he was contemptibly childish. He desired to have kings meet him at railway-stations ‘om his return from some ghastly Nowhere, where he intended to accomplish great things. “You show them you have in you something that is really 25 profitable, and then there will be no limits to the recognition of your ability,” be would say. Of ‘course you must take cae ofthe motives-right motives-always." The long reaches that were like cone and the same reach, monotonous bends that 30 | were exactly alike, slipped past the steamer with | their multitude of secular trees looking patiently | after this grimy fragment of another world, the forerunner of change, of conquest, of trade, of ‘massacres, of blessings. [looked abead-~piloting. 35. ‘Close the shutter,” said Kurtz suddenly one day; ‘T ‘can’t bear to Look at this.” I did so. There was a silence, “Oh, but I will wring your heart yet!” he cried at the invisible wilderness. We broke down--as Ihad expected-andhadto 40 lie up for repairs atthe head of an island. This delay was the first thing that shook Kurtz's confidence. One morning he gave me a packet of ‘papers and a photographthe lot tied together with a shoe-string. “Keep this for me,” he said. “This 445 noxious foo!" (meaning the manager) ‘is capable of prying into my boxes when I am not looking.” In the aftemoon I saw him. He was lying on his back ‘with closed eyes, and I withdrew quietly, but Iheard him mutter, ‘Live rightly, die, die...” I listened. 50 There was nothing more. Was he rehearsing some speech in his sleep, or was ita fragment ofa phrase from some newspaper article? He had been writing forthe papers and meant to do so again, * forthe funhering of my ideas. It's a duty.” 55 “His was amimpenetrable darkness. Looked at him as you peer down at a man whois lying atthe bottom of a precipice where the sun never shines, But {had not much time to give him, because I was helping the engine-driver to take to pieces the leaky 60 cylinders to straighten a bent connecting-rod, and in other such matters. lived in an infemal mess of rus, filings, nuts, bolts, spanners, hammers, ratchetdrills-things I abominate, because I don't ‘get on with them. [tended the litte forge we 65. fortunately bad aboard; [toiled wearily ina wretched serap-heap--unless Thad the shakes too bad to stand. “One evening coming in wth a candle I was startled to hear him say alte tremulously, “1 am lying here in the dark waiting for death.” The light 70 was within a foot of his eyes. I forced myself to murmur, ‘Oh, nonsense!” and stood over him as if transfixed. “Anything approaching the change that came over his features Ihave never seen before, and hope 75. never to see again. Oh, I wasn't touched. I was fascinated, It was as though a veil had been rent. 1 ‘saw on that ivory face the expression of sombre pride, of ruthless power, of craven terror~of an intense and hopeless despair. Did he live his life 80. again in every detail of desire, temptation, and surrender during that supreme moment of complete knowledge? He cried in a whisper at some image, at some vision--he cried out twice, a ery that was 00 ‘more than a breath” 85 ““Thehorror! The horror! (©1996 by Applied Practice, Austin, TX. All rights reserved. 24$9. The first four lines ofthe passage reveal that Yo tre narrator (A) is contemptuous of Kurtz's verbosity and physical weakness ) is impressed by Kurtz's will to live despite his physical frailty (© believes Kurtz tried to use words to disguise the evils of his actions ©) cannot believe Kurtz's ability to wax eloquent as he does (©) is appalled by what Kurtz says about hisexperiences 7o, Tenia ins Kara’ (A) highideals ®) nobleideas (© images of wealth ©) eloquence © personal magnetism A. The antecedent of “i % (A) “the shade” (line 11) (B) “the original Kurtz” dines 11-12) (©) “the hollow sham” (line 12) () “the diabolic love” (line 14) © “the mnearthly hate” (line 15) in ine 15is 72, The irs paragraph implies that Kutz has 4 beencomupted by primal emotions 1 lies and shams II. physical hunger §9) greed for wealth and fame A) Land only ® Land IV only (© Mand IV only ®) 1, 1, and IV only ® LU, M,andIV JB. The narrator appears to sneer at Kurtz's we (A) vainglorious eloquence in such a Primitive sett ®) plans to penetrate all the unknown. reaches of the earth (© penetration of the mysteries of the wilderness (D) struggle to reconcile his actions with his ideals ©) desire for public recognition of his talents ‘74. The long sentence in lines 28:34 reveals 4) thenarrator’s (A) boredom with the vista and the journey itself ®) disgust with the filthy condition of his boat (©) ambivalence about the impact of European imperialism (D) sense of intimidation by the vast jungle bordering the river (©) firm belief in the progress of civilization BE; Given the content of the entre passage, the 2- reader could best interpret Kurtz's final words as 1. an expression of his fear of his approaching death IL a critique of his entire life ILL an awareness of what he has become IV. a summation of what he has seen A) Loaly ®) Tonly © Maly ®) Wonly ® land IV only ©1998 by Applied Practice, Austin, TX. All rights reserved. 2510 15 20 30 35 45 Passage 11, Questions 76-83. Read the following passage from Part III of Heart of Darkness carefully before you choose your answers. “And then they very nearly buried me. “However, as you see, I did not go to join Kurz there and then. Idid not. [remained to dream the nightmare out to the end, and to show my loyalty to Kurtz one more. Destiny. My destiny! roll thing life is-that mysterious arrangement of merciless logic for a futile purpose. The most you can hope from itis some knowledge of yourself-- that comes too late crop of inextinguishable regrets. [have wrestled with death. Itis the most ‘unexciting contest you can imagine. It takes place in an impalpable greyness, with nothing underfoot, ‘with nothing around, without spectators, without clamour, without glory, without the great desire of victory, without the great fear of defeat, in a sickly atmosphere of tepid scepticism, without much belief in your own right, and sil less in that of your adversary. If such is the form of ultimate wisdom, then life isa greater riddle than some of us think t to be. Iwas within a hair's breadth of the last opportunity for pronouncement, and I found with humiliation that probably I would have nothing to say. This is the reason why I affirm that Kurtz was a remarkable man, He had something to say. He said it. Since I had peeped over the edge ‘myself, Tunderstand better the meaning of his stare, that could not see the flame of the candle, but was ‘wide enough to embrace the whole universe, piercing enough to penetrate all the hearts that beat in the darkness. He had summed it pp~he had Jjudged. “The horror!” He was a remarkable man. ‘Afterall, this was the expression of some sort of belief; ithad candour, ithad conviction, ithad a vibrating note of revolt in its whisper, it had the appalling face of a glimpsed truth~the strange ‘commingling of desire and hate. And tis not my ‘own extremity [remember best-a vision of _greyness without form filled with physical pain, and ‘careless contempt for the evanescence of all things-even of this pain itself. No! Itis his ‘extremity that I seem to have lived through. True, word of careless contempt. Better his ery-much beter. [twas an affirmation, a moral victory paid for by innumerable defeats, by abominable terrors, by abominable satisfactions. Butit was a victor! Thats why Thave remained loyal to Kurtz tothe last and even beyond, when a Jong time after 1 heard once more, not his own voice, but the echo of his magnificent eloquence thrown to me from a soul as translucent pure as a cliff of crystal. “No, they did not bury me, though there is @ petiod of time which I remember mistly with a shuddering wonder, like a passage through some inconceivable world that had no hope init and n0 desire. [found myself back in the sepulchral city resenting the sight of people hurrying through the streets to filch a litle money from each othe, to devour their infamous cookery, to gulp their unvholesome beer to dream ther insignificant and silly dreams. ‘They respassed upon my thoughts “They were intruders whose knowledge of life was to ‘me an itating pretence, because [felt so sure they could not possibly know the things I knew. Their bearing, which was simply the bearing of commonplace individuals going about their business in te assurance of perfect safety, was offensive to me like the outrageous flauntings of folly in the face of a danger it is unable to comprehend. Thad no particular desire to enlighten them, but I had some difficulty in restraining ‘myself from laughing in their faces so ful of stupid importance. I daresay ] was not very well at that time. I totered about the streets~there were various affairs to settle--grinning bitterly at perfectly respectable persos. Taint my behaviour was inexcusable, but then my temperature was seldom ‘normal in these days. ‘The narrator's view of life could best be described as be had made that last stride, he had stepped over the () atheistic edge, while I had been permitted to draw back my @) reverent hesitating foot. And perhaps in this is the whole (© pessimistic difference; perbaps all the wisdom, all the truth, and © onnical all sincerity, ae just compressed into that © optimistic inappreciable moment of time in which we step ‘over the threshold of the invisible. Perhaps! Tike to think my summing-up would not have been a (©1998 by Applied Practice, Austin, TX. All rights reserved. 26ee et it Tt Ei HE Eee - Question3 (Suggested time--40 minutes) thas been said that “power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely.” Ina well-organized essay. defend, challenge, or qualify this statement. Draw upon your observation, experience, and reading, particularly your reading of Heart of Darkness, to support your position, ©1998 by Applied Practice, Austin, TX. All rights reserved. 33FT. The meaning of the long sentence in lines Gf §1-18is developed primarily through (A) parallelism ®) absolutes (©) metaphors (D) periodic sentence structure © aphorisms PB Ader caninferthat te horror” is that man (A) must die alone in darkness @) isolates himself from his fellow man (© desires the very things that he abbors ©) isnot revolted by his baser desires ® achieves wisdom only on the threshold of death 29, The narrator postulates that one arrives at Gb true wisdom (A) iffonehas experienced the worst the wodd has to offer () when one accepts the basest nature of man asnatural (© only in the moment before death occurs (D) through extreme physical and mental anguish (©) when one no longer desires victory nor fears defeat ‘The narrator's description of what he sees as 67 Kurtz's victory is defined in a way that seems tobe I. paradoxical I. ironic IL. mutually exclusive IV. delusional (A) Land I only ®) Wand only (© WandIV only ©) 1,1, and Hf only © 10,0, and1V BA, The tone ofthe last paragraph could best be B described as one of ) superciliousness © biter initation (C) condescension (D) harshanger © cooldechment 82. Which ofthe following is NOT true in relation 459 to be two long paragraphs in the passage? (A) The first is more introspective than the seoond. (B) The second focuses on the mundane, the first on the esoteric. (© Although different in tone, they share a ‘common mood. (D) The first seems more philosophical than the second. (© The narrator seems more self-assured in the second than in the first. 6. In relation to the paragraph they are within, G0 lines 80-85 serve as (A) an apology ®) snexplanation © adigression (D) an attempt to gain sympathy ® aretraction ©1998 by Applied Practice, Austin, TX. All ights reserved. 27