Quizlet FINAL CH 15,16,19 ‘Study online at quizlet.com/_aybtv 2,4-Dinitrophenol and oligomycin inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. 2,4-Dinitrophenol is an uncoupling agent; oligomycin blocks the ATP synthesis reaction itself. Therefore, 2,4-dinitrophenol Acetyl-CoA labeled with 14C in both. of its acetate carbon atoms is incubated with unlabeled oxaloacetate and a crude tissue preparation capable of carrying out the reactions of the citric acid cycle. After one turn of the cycle, oxaloacetate would have 14C in: A function of the glyoxylate cycle, in conjunction with the citric acid cycle, is to accomplish the: All of the oxidative steps of the citric acid cycle are linked to the reduction of NAD+ except the reaction catalyzed by Almost all of the oxygen (02) one consumes in breathing is converted to: ‘Anew compound isolated from mitochondria is claimed to represent a previously unrecognized carrier in the electron transfer chain. It is given the name coenzyme Z. Which line of evidence do you feel is the least conclusive in assigning this compound a position in the electron transfer chain? Antimycin A blocks electron transfer between cytochromes b and cl. if intact mitochondria were incubated with antimycin A, excess NADH, and an adequate supply of 02, which of the following would be found in the oxidized state? Aside from maintaining the integrity of its hereditary material, the most important general metabolic concern ofa cell is: allow electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin. all four carbon atoms both Band C are correct (net conversion of lipid to carbohydrate. net synthesis of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids from acetyl-CoA) succinate dehydrogenase. water, When added to a mitochondrial suspension, coenzyme Z is taken up very rapidly and specifically by the mitochondria, Cytochrome a3, maintaining a constant supply and concentration of ATP, Cellular isozymes of pyruvate kinase are allosterically inhibited by: Citrate synthase and the NAD+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase are two key regulatory enzymes of the citric acid cycle. These enzymes are inhibited by: Conversion of 1 mol of acety!- CoA to 2 mol of CO2 and CoA via the citric acid cycle results in the net production of Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4- dinitrophenol (DNP) are inhibitors of mitochondrial aerobic phosphorylation. Which of the following statements correctly describes the mode of action of the three inhibitors? Cyclic electron flow in chloroplasts produces: During oxidative phosphorylation, the proton ‘motive force that is generated by electron transport is used to: During seed germination, the glyoxylate pathway is, important to plants because it enables them to: Entry of acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle is decreased when: Gluconeogenesis must use "bypass reactions” to circumvent three reactions in the glycolytic pathway that are highly exergonic and essentially irreversible. Reactions carried out by which three of the enzymes listed must be bypassed in the gluconeogenic pathway? high concentrations of ATP, ATP and/or NADH 1 mol of FADH2. Cyanide inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas oligomycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibit the synthesis of ATP, ‘ATP, but not NADPH or 02 induce a conformational change in the ATP synthase. carry out the net synthesis of glucose from acetyl-CoA, the ratio of. [ATPI/(ADP] is high. Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase~ 1, Pyruvate kinase (1, 3,4]Glucose labeled with 14¢ in C-3 and C-4 is completely converted to acetyl-CoA via glycolysis, and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. What percentage of the acetyl-CoA molecules formed will be labeled with 14C, and in which position of the acetyl moiety will the 14C label be found? Glycogenin: Glycogen is converted to monosaccharide units b Glycogen phosphorylase acan be inhibited at an allosteric site by: Ifelectron transfer in tightly coupled mitochondria is blocked (with antimycin A) between cytochrome b and cytochrome cl, then: If the mass action ratio, Q, for a reaction under cellular conditions is larger than the equilibrium constant, Kea, then: In mammals, each of the following occurs during the citric acid cycle except: In normal mitochondria, the rate of NADH consumption (oxidation) will: No label will be found in the acetyl-CoA molecules, is the primer on which new glycogen chains are initiated, glycogen phosphorylase glucose all ATP synthesis will stop. the reaction will go backward and be exergonic. net synthesis of oxaloacetate from acetyl~ CoA. be increased in active muscle, decreased in inactive muscle, be very low if the ATP synthase is, inhibited, but increase when an uncoupler is added, decrease if mitochondrial ADP is depleted, decrease when cyanide is used to prevent electron transfer through the cytochrome a + a3 complex, [All of the above are true|] In photophosphorylation, absorption of light energy in chloroplast "light reactions" leads to: In the citric acid cycle, a flavin coenzyme is required for: In the photolytic cleavage of water by the oxygen-evolving complex [220 4 H+ + 4e- + 02], how many photons of light at a wavelength of 680 nm are required? In the reoxidation of QH2 by purified ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase (Complex i) from heart muscle, the overall stoichiometry of the reaction requires 2 mol of cytochrome c per mole of QH2 because: In what order do the following five steps occur in the photochemical reaction centers? Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. If malonate is added to a mitochondrial preparation that is oxidizing pyruvate as a substrate, which of the following compounds would you expect to decrease in concentration? Mutations in mitochondrial genes play a role in each of the following diseases except Oxaloacetate uniformly labeled with 14C (ie, with equal amounts of 14C in each of its carbon atoms) is condensed with unlabeled acetyl-CoA. After a single ass through the citric acid cycle back to oxaloacetate, what fraction of the original radioactivity will be found in the oxaloacetate? Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation share all of the following except: Photosynthetic phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation appear to be generally similar processes, both consisting of ATP synthesis coupled to the transfer of electrons along an electron carrier chain, Which of the following is not true of both processes? absorption of CO2 and release of 02. oxidation of succinate, 4 cytochrome cis atwo- electron acceptor, whereas QH2 isa electron donor. 514 2) Fumarate cystic fibrosis. 42 chlorophyll Both use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of COZ via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yields ____ mol of NADH, __ ‘mol of FADH2, and ___ mol of ATP (or GTP). The elasticity coefficient for an enzyme ina multistep pathway depends ot The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase: The experimental determination of the effectiveness of light of different colors in promoting photosynthesis is called th The flux control coefficient for an enzyme in a multistep pathway depends ot The glycogen-branching enzyme catalyzes: The glyoxylate cycle i The light reactions in photosynthetic higher plan The oxidation of a particular hydroxy substrate to a keto product by mitochondria hhas a P/O ratio of less than 2. The initial oxidation step is very likely directly coupled to the: the levels of regulatory molecules, the amounts of substrate molecules present at each step, both Band catalyzes a hydrolytic cleavage of («1 ++ 4) bonds. action spectrum. the concentration of the enzyme itself, the concentration of other ‘enzymes in the pathway, the levels of regulatory molecules, the amounts of substrate molecules present at each step, [all of the above.) formation of (a1 + 6) linkages during glycogen synthesis. a means of using acetate for both energy and biosynthetic precursors. result in the splitting of H20, yielding 02. reduction of a flavoprotein. The oxidative decarboxylation of o-ketoglutarate proceeds by means of multistep reactions in which all but one of the following cofactors are required. Which one is not required? The rate of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria is controlled primarily by: ‘The reaction of the citric acid cycle that is most similar to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-catalyzed conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is the conversion of: ‘The reaction of the citric acid cycle that produces an ATP equivalent (in the form of GTP) by substrate level phosphorylation is the conversion of: There is reciprocal regulation of glycolytic and gluconeogenic reactions interconverting fructose-6- phosphate and fructose-1,6- bisphosphate. Which one of the following statements about this regulation is not correct? ‘The relative concentrations of ATP and ADP control the cellular rates of The two moles of COZ produced in the first turn of, the citric acid cycle have their origin in the: Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: Upon the addition of 2,4- dinitrophenol (DNP) toa suspension of mitochondria carrying out oxidative phosphorylation linked to the oxidation of malate, all of the following occur except: ATP the mass-action ratio of the ATD-ADP system. a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA. succinyl-CoA to succinate, The phos phofructokinase- 1 reaction is. endergonic. all of the above, two carboxyl groups derived from oxaloacetate, halts mitochondrial ATP formation, but allows continued 02 consumption. oxygen consumption decreases.When the AG” of the ATP synthesis reaction is ‘measured on the surface of the ATP synthase enzyme, it is found to be close to zero. This is thought to be due to: Which combination of cofactors is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-Coa? Which of the below is not required for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA? Which of the following cofactors is required for the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle? Which of the following intermediates of the citric acid cycle is prochiral? Which of the following is correct concerning the mitochondrial ATP synthase? Which of the following is not an intermediate of the citric acid cycle? Which of the following is not true of the citric acid cycle? Which of the following is not true of the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Which of the following is true of glycogen synthase? Which of the following is true of glycogen synthesis and breakdown? stabilization of ATP relative to ADP by enzyme binding. ‘TPP, lipoic acid, and NAD+ ATP FAD Citrate When it catalyzes the ATP synthesis reaction, the AG” is actually close to zero, Acetyl-coA All enzymes of the cycle are located in the cytoplasm, except succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane, Biotin participates in the decarboxylation, It catalyzes addition of, glucose residues to the nonreducing end of a glycogen chain by formation of (a1 -+ 4) bonds. Phosphorylation activates the enzyme responsible for breakdown, and inactivates the synthetic enzyme. Which of the following statements about energy conservation in the mitochondrion is false? Which of the following statements about gluconeogenesis in animal cells is true? Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic theory is correct? Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic theory is false? Which of the following statements about the light reactions in photosynthetic plants is false? Which of the following statements about the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in aerobic conditions in animal cells is correct? Which of the following statements is true of muscle glycogen phosphorylase? Which one of the following best describes the role of mitochondria in apoptosis? Which one of the following directly results in the activation of glycogen synthase? Which one of the following enzymatic activities would be decreased by thiamine deficiency? Uncouplers “short circuit” the proton gradient, thereby dissipating the proton motive force as heat. The conversion of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is not catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1, the enzyme involved in alycolysis Electron transfer in mitochondria is, accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The membrane ATPase, which plays an important role in other hypotheses for energy coupling, has no significant role in the chemiosmotic theory. No CO2 is fixed in the light reactions, One of the products of the reactions of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a thioester of acetate It exists in an active (a) form and an inactive (b) form that is allosterically regulated by ANP. Both A and C are correct. Dephosphorylation of multiple residues by phosphoprotein phosphorylase-1 (PP1) a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexWhich one of the following is not a characteristic of phosphoprotein. phosphorylase-1 (PP1)? Which one of the following is not associated with the oxidation of substrates by the citric acid cycle? Which one of the following is true about reaction centers? Which one of the following statements abour mammalian glycogen synthase is not correct? Which one of the following statements about human mitochondria is true? Which one of the following statements about photophosphorylation is false? Which one of the following types of mechanisms is not known to play a role in the reversible alteration of enzyme activity? PPI is phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), Pyridine nucleotide oxidation Cyanobacteria and plants have two reaction centers arranged in tandem. ‘This enzyme adds the initial glucose unit to a tyrosine residue in glycogenin, About 900 mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear genes. ‘The luminal side of the thylakoid membrane has a higher pH than the stromal side. ‘Activation by cleavage of an inactive zymogen.