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UNDE

By
Arun K
Hitesh Gowda B
Dinesh Kumar S
Navaneeth B

ABSTRACT

DETERMINE & DISPLAY THE ENERGY DRAWN FROM THE SUPPLY

OVER
A
PERIOD
OF
TIME,
INSTANTANEOUS
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION & POWER FACTOR

SWITCH BETWEEN TWO AVAILABLE POWER SUPPLIES

NET METERING
CREATE & MAINTAIN A DATABASE
PROVIDE USER BASED & NODAL AGENCY BASED CONTROL
MONITOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY THE USER AND
NECESSARY ACTIONS

FLOATING ENERGY TARIFF

TAKE

OVERVIEW

BLOCK DIAGRAM
LCD
DISPLAY

GSM
MODULE
(INTERNET)

ROM

ONLINE
USER
INTERFAC
E

MICROCONTROLLER MODULE

ZCD

RELAY

VOLTAGE
and
CURRENT
SENSOR

LOAD

NET
METERING

POWER
SHARING
SYSTEM

CONVENTIO
NAL POWER
SUPPLY

NON
CONVENTIO
NAL POWER
SOURCE

CLOUD
STORAGE

SUPPLIER
(Distribution)

INTERFACE

AC SUPPLY (230V ,50Hz)

WIRELESS (INTERNET)
DIGITAL SIGNAL

 THE

SYSTEM CONSIST OF 5 STAGES VIZ. POWER SUPPLY

SWITCHING, NET METERING, MEASUREMENT, TARIFF MODEL &
COMMUNICATION AND ONLINE USER INTERFACE.

POWER

SUPPLY SWITCHING - DEPENDING ON THE LOAD

DEMAND POWER IS
AVAILABLE SOURCES.

SUPPLIED

BY

THE

COMBINATION

OF

NET METERING - POWER CONSUMED FROM THE CONVENTIONAL

SOURCE AND THE POWER GENERATED BY NON CONVENTIONAL
SOURCE SENT BACK TO THE GRID ARE RECORDED.

MEASUREMENT - ENERGY CONSUMED AND POWER FACTOR WILL

BE MEASURED AND CONVERTED TO DIGITAL FORM. FURTHER IT IS
SENT TO THE CLOUD FOR STORAGE.

 DATA

STORAGE

THE
DATA
OBTAINED
FROM
THE
MEASUREMENT STAGE WILL BE STORED IN SEPARATE FOLDER
ALLOTTED TO INDIVIDUAL USERS, THE DATA STORED IN THIS
FOLDER CAN BE ACCESSED BY USER.

ONLINE

USER

INTERFACE

INSTANTANEOUS
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION, POWER FACTOR, ENERGY CONSUMED OVER A
PERIOD SHALL BE DISPLAYED ON THE WEB. THIS INFORMATION
MAY BE USED BY THE USER TO ANALYZE, MONITOR ENERGY
CONSUMPTION AND TO PAY THE ENERGY BILL FOR THE MONTH
TO THE CONCERNED AUTHORITY.

THE

ONLINE PORTAL CAN BE USED BY THE NODAL AGENCY TO

MONITOR THE ENERGY CONSUMED BY INDIVIDUAL USERS AND
TO CHECK ENERGY BILL PAYMENT.

STAGE 1
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POWER SUPP

 THE UNIT IS DESIGNED WITH THE SOLE OBJECTIVE OF EXTRACTING

LEAST POSSIBLE POWER FROM THE UTILITY SUPPLY.

IT IS A CONTROL SYSTEM WHICH IS DESIGNED SUCH THAT THE

POWER DRAWN FROM UTILITY SUPPLY DEPENDS UPON LOAD
DEMAND AS WEL AS THE AVAILBILITY OF POWER FROM THEE NON
CONVENTIOINAL ENERGY SOURCE.

CONTROL SYSTEM HAS 2 INPUTS I.E SOLAR ENERGY -BATTERY

COMBINATION AND UTILITY SUPPLY.

THE CONTROL SYSTEM IS DESIGNED TO SELECT THE ENERGY

SOURCE IN FOLLOWING ORDER
1. SOLAR PANEL
2.BATTERY
3.UTILITY SUPPLY

 LOAD IS MADE TO DRAW POWER FROM SOLAR-BATTERY COMBINATION

WHENEVER THEY ARE ABLE TO MEET THE DEMAND .

IN CASE THE LOAD DEMAND IS MORE THAN THE POWER SUPPLIED BY

THE SOLAR AND BATTERY COMBINED , UTILITY SUPPLY SHALL BE USED
TO SUPPLY THE LOAD.

THE SOLAR ENERGY IS USED TO CHARGE THE BATTERY . ALSO IT IS

INVERTED AND SENT TO THE GRID DURING OFF PEAK PERIODS UPON
COMPLETION OF BATTERY CHARGING.

BATTERY IS CHARGED USING UTILITY SUPPLY ONLY DURING

EMERGENCY OR DUE TO NON AVAILABILITY OF SOLAR ENERGY.

STAGE 2
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 NET METERING IS AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM BROUGHT FORTH TO

ENCOURAGE CUSTOMERS REGARDING DISTRIBUTED OR
LOCALISED POWER GENERATION
CUSTOMERS OFFSET OWN ELECTRICITY USAGE
CUSTOMERS ARE COMPENSATED FOR ANY ELECTRICITY THEY
GENERATE AND DONT USE

IF CONSUMPTION EXCEEDS GENERATION, CUSTOMER PAYS FOR

NET KWH CONSUMED

IF GENERATION EXCEEDS CONSUMPTION, CUSTOMER RECEIVES

CREDIT ON BILL FOR NET EXCESS GENERATION

 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE
PV SYSTEM GENERATES
60,000 KWH/MONTH

SCHOOL MONTHS
ELECTRICITY USAGE = 80,000

KWH
SCHOOL IS CHARGED FOR 20,000
KWH

SUMMER MONTHS
ELECTRICITY USAGE = 10,000

KWH
SCHOOL IS CREDITED FOR 50,000
KWH

= Excess Generation

STAGE 3
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 THE

CONNECTIONS
DIAGRAM.

ARE

MADE

AS

SHOWN

IN

THE

BLOCK

THE CURRENT SENSOR IS CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE LOAD

IN THE LINE AS SHOWN. THE SENSOR IS PROVIDED WITH A GND
AND A 5 VOLT SUPPLY (VCC).

THE

VOUT PIN OF THE CURRENT SENSOR IS CONNECTED TO

EITHER THE INVERTING OR NON-INVERTING TERMINAL OF A
ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR (ZCD)

THE

OUTPUT OF THE STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER IS CONNECTED

TO ANOTHER ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR (ZCDV).

THE

OUTPUT OF THE TWO ZERO CROSSING DETECTORS ARE

CONNECTED TO ANY TWO GENERAL PURPOSE I/O PORTS OF THE
CONTROLLER.

 TIMER IS STARTED WHEN THE OUTPUT OF ZCDV IS HIGH AND IS

STOPPED WHEN THE OUTPUT OF ZCDI GOES HIGH.

THE TIME DIFFERENCE IS NOTED AND POWER FACTOR IS

CALCULATED USING THE RELATION

1=55.56MS
THE COSINE OF THIS ANGLE IS CALCULATED AND POWER FACTOR
IS DETERMINED.

THE POWER CONSUMED BY THE CIRCUIT IS MEASURED USING

THE SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER. THE ENERGY THUS

MEASURED IS FED INTO THE CONTROLLER WITH THE AID OF THE
RS232 INTERFACE.

ALGORITHM
STEP 1: START
STEP 2: DETERMINE

THE TIME DELAY AND FIND OUT THE POWER-

FACTOR ANGLE

STEP 3: DETERMINE THE POWER-FACTOR OF THE GIVEN CIRCUIT

STEP 4: DETERMINE THE ENERGY CONSUMED IN THE GIVEN CIRCUIT
STEP 5: COMMUNICATE THE ENERGY CONSUMED AND POWER FACTOR
TO THE

CLOUD

STEP 6: PERFORM USER REQUESTED COMMANDS (IF ANY)

STEP 7: STORE THE DATA AT THE REMOTE TERMINAL
STEP 8: REPEAT THE ABOVE STEPS AT REGULAR INTERVALS
STEP 9: END

STAGE 4
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TARIFF

COMMUNICATION
THE

TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMED & THE POWER FACTOR

PARAMETERS ARE STORED IN THE CONTROLLER.
WITH THE HELP OF AN EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION
DEVICE (GSM MODULE) , THE STORED DATA IS
UPLOADED ON TO THE CLOUD STORAGE.
THE STORED DATA WILL BE IN .XLS FORMAT.
THE STORED DATA CONSISTS OF
POWER FACTOR
ENERGY CONSUMPTION MONITORED THROUGHOUT
THE DAY
INSTANTANEOUS POWER CONSUMPTION IN TERMS OF
UNITS(KWH).

TARIFF MODEL

THE TARIFF PER ENERGY UNIT DEPENDS ON FOLLOWING FACTORS

POWER FACTOR
HIGHER POWER FACTOR LEADS TO LOWER COST PER UNIT.
LOWER POWER FACTOR LEADS TO HIGHER COST PER UNIT.

USAGE HOURS
ENERGY CONSUMED DURING PEAK HOURS LEADS TO
HIGHER COST PER UNIT.
ENERGY CONSUMED DURING OFF-PEAK HOURS LEADS TO
LOWER COST PER UNIT.

STAGE 5
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 CREATE A DATABASE WHERE THE USER WILL BE PROVIDED WITH

AN USER NAME AND PASSWORD TO ACCESS HIS ACCOUNT.

BY LOGGING INTO HIS PORTAL HE CAN REVIEW THE FOLLOWING

DETAILS

RR NUMBER
ENERGY CONSUMED (CONVENTIONAL SOURCE)
ENERGY GENERATED ( NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCE)
INSTANTANEOUS POWER FACTOR
COST OF ENERGY CONSUMED TILL DATE
FUTURE ENERGY CONSUMPTION(BASED ON PREVIOUS INSPECTION
OF GRAPH OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION).
DEBIT OR CREDIT THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY CONSUMED OR
GENERATED.

 THE

DATABASE IS A REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM AND AT

EVERY INSTANT OF TIME THE DATA PACKETS GETS UPLOADED
THROUGH THE GIVEN MODEL.

THE USER CAN ACCESS THE VIRTUAL POWER SUPPLY SWITCH ON

THE PAGE AND CAN
RESIDENCE.

CONTROL THE POWER SUPPLY TO HIS

ONLINE

PAYMENT SYSTEM IS PROVIDED SO THAT AT THE USER

CAN PAY THE BILL FROM HIS ACCOUNT .

THE SERVICE PROVIDER CAN ALSO ACCESS THE DATA.

IF THE USER FAILS TO PAY THE BILL ON TIME, THEN THE ENERGY
SUPPLY COMPANY SHALL
AUTOMATICALLY.

DISCONNECT THE POWER SUPPLY

ADVANTAGES
THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY CONSUMED WILL BE LESS FROM
CONVENTIONAL SUPPLY .

LEAST CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY FROM UTILITY SUPPLY WILL HELP

TO SAVE CONVENTIONAL FUEL FOR FUTURE.

PRESENTLY THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY COMPANY EMPLOYS A PERSON

FOR THE PURPOSE OF BILLING, BUT BY ADAPTING THIS SYSTEM THE
COMPANY CAN COLLECT ENERGY CONSUMPTION DATA FROM ONLINE
PORTAL

ALSO THE COMPANY CAN DISCONNECT THE ENERGY SUPPLY FOR THE
DUE CUSTOMERS(DEFAULTERS).

 AT PRESENT ENERGY BILL IS FORMATTED BY NUMBER OF UNITS

CONSUMED OVER A MONTH, BUT BY USING THIS SYSTEM THE
ENERGY BILL CAN BE FORMATTED BY CONSIDERING THE POWER
FACTOR AND USAGE HOURS, THIS BENEFITS BOTH USER AND
THE COMPANY.