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PRICIPLE OF BUSINESS (VOL-2) BY ASHRAF ALI THANVI (r.a)

Princ ip le O f Bus ine s s 2
Writte n By
Maulana As hraf Ali Thanvi Rahmatullah Alaihi
Table O f Cont e nt s
Invalid and imp ro p e r trans ac tio ns
Se lling at a p ro fit o r at c o s t
Trans ac tio ns b as e d o n rib o r inte re s t
G o ld and s ilve r
Ite ms s o ld b y we ig ht
Ite ms s o ld b y me as ure me nt o r c o unting
Bayus salam o r fo rward b uying
The taking o f lo ans
G iving g uarante e s
Pas s ing o ve r o f d e b ts to s o me o ne e ls e
Ap p o inting a p e rs o n as a wakl (re p re s e ntative )
Dis mis s ing a wakl
G lo s s ary
Invalid and imprope r t ransact ions
1. A trans ac tio n whic h is no t c o ns id e re d in the Sharah , whic h is re g ard e d as us e le s s , and re g ard ing whic h o ne will s ay that it is as if the
p e rs o n d id no t e ve n p urc has e the ite m and the s e lle r d id no t e ve n s e ll it, is re fe rre d to as
btil o r invalid . The rule with re g ard to s uc h a
trans ac tio n is that the p e rs o n who p urc has e d the ite m d o e s no t b e c o me its o wne r and that it is s till c o ns id e re d to b e und e r the o wne rs hip o f
the s e lle r. The re fo re , it is no t p e rmis s ib le fo r the b uye r to c o ns ume it o r to g ive it to anyo ne . It is no t p e rmis s ib le fo r him to utiliz e it in any
way.
As fo r the trans ac tio n whic h has take n p lac e b ut s o me s o rt o f s ho rtc o ming is fo und in it, is re fe rre d to as fsid o r imp ro p e r. The rule with
re g ard to s uc h a trans ac tio n is that as lo ng as the ite m d o e s no t c o me into the p o s s e s s io n o f the b uye r, o wne rs hip o f that ite m will no t b e
trans fe rre d to him. O nc e he take s p o s s e s s io n o f it, it will c o me und e r his o wne rs hip b ut it is no t hall and tayyib . The re fo re , it is no t
p e rmis s ib le fo r him to c o ns ume it o r utiliz e it in any way. Ins te ad , it is wajib to c anc e l o r annul this trans ac tio n. If the p e rs o n wis he s to ke e p it,
he mus t re c o mme nc e the trans ac tio n and the n p urc has e it. If the p e rs o n d id no t c anc e l this trans ac tio n and ins te ad , s o ld the ite m to
s o me o ne e ls e , he will b e c o mmitting a s in.
Ho we ve r, it will b e p e rmis s ib le fo r the s e c o nd b uye r to c o ns ume it o r utiliz e it in any way and this s e c o nd trans ac tio n will b e valid . If the
p e rs o n s o ld it at a p ro fit, it will b e wjib o n him to g ive the p ro fits in c harity. It is no t p e rmis s ib le fo r him to us e it fo r his p e rs o nal p urp o s e s .
2. The c us to m o f s e lling the fis h that is in the lake s o r p o o ls o f land lo rd s is a btil trans ac tio n. All the fis h that are in the s e lake s and p o o ls d o
no t b e lo ng to anyo ne as lo ng as the y are no t c aug ht and fis he d o ut. The p e rs o n who c atc he s the fis h b e c o me s its o wne r. O nc e yo u have
und e rs to o d this as p e c t, no w try and und e rs tand the fo llo wing : if the land lo rd s d o no t e ve n o wn tho s e fis h, ho w c an it b e p e rmis s ib le fo r
the m to s e ll the m? O b vio us ly, if the land lo rd c atc he s the fis h hims e lf and the n s e lls it, this will b e p e rmis s ib le . If he as ks s o me o ne e ls e to
c atc h the fis h, that p e rs o n will b e c o me its o wne r. The land lo rd has no rig ht o ve r the fis h whic h has b e e n c aug ht b y that p e rs o n. In the s ame
way, it is als o no t p e rmis s ib le fo r him to p re ve nt p e o p le fro m fis hing the re .
3. G ras s b e g an g ro wing o n its o wn o n a p e rs o n' s land . He d id no t p lant it no r d id he irrig ate it. This g ras s d o e s no t b e lo ng to anyo ne . Anyo ne
c an c o me and c ut it and take it away. It is no t p e rmis s ib le fo r the o wne r o f the land to s e ll it no r is it p e rmis s ib le fo r him to s to p anyo ne fro m
c utting it. Ho we ve r, if the p e rs o n irrig ate d it and p ut s o me wo rk into it, it will c o me und e r his o wne rs hip . No w it will b e p e rmis s ib le fo r him to
s e ll it and to s to p o the rs fro m c utting it as we ll.
4. The yo ung o f an animal that is s till in the s to mac h o f the mo the r c anno t b e s o ld b e fo re it is b o rn. Suc h a trans ac tio n is btil . Ho we ve r, it is
p e rmis s ib le to s e ll the e ntire animal. But if the o wne r s ays : " I am s e lling this g o at to yo u b ut the kid that is in its s to mac h b e lo ng s to me .
O nc e it g ive s b irth to that kid , yo u will have to g ive it to me " , the n s uc h a trans ac tio n is fsid .
5. The milk that is s till in the ud d e rs o f an animal c anno t b e s o ld b e fo re it c an b e milke d . Suc h a trans ac tio n is btil . The o wne r will have to
milk the c o w firs t and the n s e ll the milk. Similarly, it is p ro hib ite d and btil to s e ll the wo o l that is o n a s he e p b e fo re it c an b e s he are d .
6. It is no t p e rmis s ib le to s e ll the timb e r, wo o d , e tc . that is p art o f the ho us e o r ro o f b e fo re re mo ving o r d ig g ing the s e ite ms o ut.
7. It is no t p e rmis s ib le to s e ll the hair, b o ne s , e tc . o f humans . Suc h a trans ac tio n is btil . It is als o no t p e rmis s ib le to utilis e the s e thing s fo r
o ne ' s p e rs o nal p urp o s e s .

8. Ap art fro m p ig s , the b o ne s , hair and ho rns o f d e ad animals are p ure . It is p e rmis s ib le to us e the m and to s e ll the m as we ll.
9. Yo u p urc has e d a g o at o r any o the r ite m fo r R5 fro m s o me o ne , to o k p o s s e s s io n o f it, to o k it ho me and had it tie d . Ho we ve r, yo u d id no t p ay
fo r it as ye t. Co inc id e ntally, yo u are unab le to p ay fo r it o r yo u d e c id e d no t to ke e p it any lo ng e r. Yo u the re fo re we nt to the p e rs o n and s aid :
" Take this g o at b ac k fo r R4 and I will g ive yo u R1 s e p arate ly." This s e lling and this taking away will no t b e p e rmis s ib le . As lo ng as the
p e rs o n d o e s no t g ive him the full amo unt in c as h, it will no t b e p e rmis s ib le to s e ll it to him fo r a le s s e r p ric e .
10. A p e rs o n s o ld his ho us e o n the c o nd itio n that he will no t hand it o ve r imme d iate ly. Ins te ad , he will s tay in it fo r o ne mo nth. Alte rnative ly, he
s o ld it o n the c o nd itio n that the b uye r g ive s him a c e rtain amo unt o f mo ne y as a lo an. O r a p e rs o n p urc has e d fab ric o n the c o nd itio n that the
p e rs o n who is s e lling it mus t c ut and s e w it. O r he mad e the c o nd itio n that he will p urc has e it o n c o nd itio n that it is d e live re d to his ho us e . O r
he mad e any o the r s imilar c o nd itio n whic h is re g ard e d as b as e le s s and p ro hib ite d in the Sharah . In all the s e c as e s , the trans ac tio n will b e
fsid .
11. A p e rs o n p urc has e d a c o w o n c o nd itio n that it g ive s fo ur litre s o f milk. This trans ac tio n is fsid . Ho we ve r, if he d id no t s p e c ify any amo unt
b ut me re ly mad e the c o nd itio n that this c o w g ive s a lo t o f milk, the trans ac tio n will b e p e rmis s ib le .
12. A p e rs o n p urc has e d animate to ys (s uc h as d o lls ) fo r his c hild re n. This trans ac tio n is btil . Suc h to ys have no value in the Sharah .
The re fo re , no p ric e will b e p aid fo r the m and if s o me o ne hap p e ns to b re ak the m, he will no t have to p ay any c o mp e ns atio n.
13. If yo u p urc has e d d ry g ro c e rie s , o il, g he e , e tc . fo r a c e rtain amo unt p e r kilo g ram, the s e lle r c o uld have g ive n yo u the s e ite ms in any o f the
fo llo wing thre e ways
:
(a) He we ig he d the s e ite ms in yo ur p re s e nc e o r in the p re s e nc e o f the p e rs o n who m yo u s e nt. (b ) He d id no t we ig h the m. Ins te ad , he as ke d
yo u to g o ho me and to ld yo u that he will s e nd the ite ms to yo u. (c ) The ite ms we re alre ad y we ig he d and ke p t as id e and whe n yo u as ke d fo r
the m, he me re ly p ic ke d the m up and g ave the m to yo u witho ut re -we ig hing the m. The rule with re g ard to (a) is that o nc e yo u b ring the ite ms
ho me , yo u d o no t have to we ig h the m. Yo u c an e at the m, d rink the m, us e the m, s e ll the m, and d o whate ve r e ls e yo u like witho ut having to re we ig h the m. All this is p e rmis s ib le and valid .
The rule with re g ard to (b ) and (c ) is that as lo ng as yo u d o no t we ig h the m yo urs e lf, yo u c anno t c o ns ume the m, yo u c anno t s e ll the m no r c an
yo u us e the m in any way. If yo u s e ll the m witho ut we ig hing the m, the trans ac tio n will b e
fsid . Eve n if yo u we ig h the m afte r this , the
trans ac tio n will no t b e p ro p e r.
14. Be fo re he c o uld s e ll yo u the s e ite ms , he we ig he d the m and s ho we d the m to yo u. The re afte r, yo u p urc has e d the m b ut he d id no t re -we ig h
the m. In s uc h a c as e , it is ne c e s s ary fo r yo u (the b uye r) to re -we ig h the m. Yo u c anno t c o ns ume the m o r s e ll the m witho ut re -we ig hing the m.
Altho ug h he we ig he d the m and s ho we d the m to yo u b e fo re yo u c o uld b uy the m, this we ig hing o f his will no t b e c o ns id e re d . 15. All ite ms ap art
fro m land , p ro p e rtie s , ho us e s , e tc . c anno t b e re s o ld as lo ng as the b uye r d o e s no t take p o s s e s s io n o f the m afte r b uying the m.
16. A p e rs o n p urc has e d a g o at o r any o the r ite m. Afte r a fe w d ays ano the r p e rs o n c o me s and s ays that the g o at ac tually b e lo ng s to him.
So me o ne had take n it away and s o ld it to yo u witho ut it b e lo ng ing to him. If this p e rs o n c an s ub s tantiate his c laim with two witne s s e s in the
p re s e nc e o f a Shar' jud g e , the g o at will have to b e g ive n to him o nc e the jud g e p as s e s jud g e me nt in his favo ur. This p e rs o n (who had
p urc has e d the g o at) c anno t c laim the mo ne y fro m him. Ins te ad , he c an c laim the mo ne y fro m the p e rs o n fro m who m he had p urc has e d the
g o at.
17. A fo wl, g o at o r c o w d ie d . It is harm to s e ll that animal. Suc h a trans ac tio n is btil . In fac t, it is no t e ve n p e rmis s ib le to g ive this d e ad
animal to the to ile t-c le ane rs and tanne rs fo r the ir c o ns ump tio n. Ho we ve r, if yo u g ive it to the to ile t-c le ane r o r tanne r fo r thro wing away and he
p ic ks it up and e ats it, the re will b e no b lame o n yo u. It is p e rmis s ib le fo r yo u to have the animal s kinne d , it' s s kin tre ate d and tanne d and
the re afte r to s e ll it o r us e it fo r yo ur p e rs o nal p urp o s e s .
18. O nc e a p e rs o n d e c id e s to p urc has e an ite m, has it we ig he d , ag re e s o n a p ric e and the s e lle r als o ag re e s to s e ll it at a p artic ular p ric e , it
will no t b e p e rmis s ib le fo r s o me o ne e ls e to c o me and b id a hig he r p ric e and take it away. Similarly, it is no t p e rmis s ib le fo r ano the r p e rs o n to
s ay : " Do n' t b uy fro m him. I will g ive it to yo u at a b e tte r p ric e ."
19. A hawke r s o ld fo ur g uavas to yo u fo r R1. Ano the r p e rs o n b arg aine d with him and g o t five g uavas fo r R1. O n s e e ing this , yo u have no rig ht
to as k him fo r o ne mo re g uava. It is no t p e rmis s ib le and harm to take it fo rc e fully. Yo u c an o nly take what yo u had ag re e d up o n with him.
20. A p e rs o n is s e lling s o me thing b ut he d o e s no t want to s e ll it to yo u . It is no t p e rmis s ib le to take the ite m fo rc e fully and g ive him the
mo ne y. This is b e c aus e he is the o wne r o f that ite m, he c an s e ll it if he wis he s . If no t, he d o e s no t have to s e ll it. He als o has the rig ht to s e ll it
to who ms o e ve r he wis he s . Ve ry o fte n, the p o lic e take thing s fo rc e fully. This is ab s o lute ly harm . If any wo man' s hus b and is a p o lic e man and
he b ring s any ite m ho me , s he mus t find o ut p ro p e rly as to whe re he o b taine d it fro m. She mus t no t us e that ite m witho ut as king him.
21. A p e rs o n b o ug ht a kilo o f p o tato e s . The re afte r, he to o k a fe w mo re p o tato e s fo rc e fully. This is no t p e rmis s ib le . But if the s e lle r g ive s a fe w
mo re o n his o wn will, it will b e p e rmis s ib le to ac c e p t the m. Similarly, o nc e a p ric e has b e e n ag re e d up o n and the p e rs o n take s the ite m, it will
no t b e p e rmis s ib le to g ive an amo unt le s s than the p ric e that was ag re e d up o n. If the s e lle r hap p ily re d uc e s the p ric e o n his o wn, it will b e
p e rmis s ib le . 22. If the re is a b e e -hive in a p e rs o n' s ho us e , he will b e re g ard e d as its o wne r. It is no t p e rmis s ib le fo r anyo ne e ls e to b re ak it
o r take it away witho ut his p e rmis s io n. If a b ird g ive s b irth to s o me c hic ks in a p e rs o n' s ho us e , he d o e s no t b e c o me the o wne r o f tho s e b ird s .
Ins te ad , who e ve r c atc he s the m will b e c o me the ir o wne r. Ho we ve r, it is no t p e rmis s ib le to c atc h the c hic ks and tro ub le the m.
Se lling at a prof it or at cost
1. I p urc has e d an ite m fo r R1. I have the rig ht to s e ll this ite m fo r R1, R10, R20, R50 o r at any o the r p ric e . The re is no s in in
this . Ho we ve r, if the trans ac tio n was s e ttle d in a way that the b uye r s ays : " Make a p ro fit o f 10c o n the ite m and s e ll it to me " ,
and yo u s ay : " O kay, I will s e ll it to yo u afte r making a p ro fit o f 10c o n it" , the n in s uc h a c as e it is no t p e rmis s ib le fo r yo u to
make a p ro fit o f mo re than 10c o n that ite m. Alte rnative ly, the b uye r s ays : " Fo r whate ve r p ric e yo u p urc has e d it, ad d 40c
p ro fit to it and s e ll it to me ." Eve n in s uc h a c as e , it will b e
wajib o n yo u to q uo te the c o rre c t p ric e and it will b e harm to make mo re than
40c p ro fit. Similarly, if yo u te ll the b uye r : " I will s e ll this to yo u at c o s t and I wo n' t make any p ro fit fro m yo u" , it will no t b e p e rmis s ib le to make
any p ro fit. It will b e wjib to q uo te the c o s t p ric e .
2. Yo u inte nd p urc has ing an ite m and yo u as k the s e lle r to s e ll it to yo u at a p ro fit o f 10c . He re p lie s
Alte rnative ly, yo u s ay:

" O kay, I s e ll it to yo u at a p ro fit o f 10c ."

" Se ll it to me at yo ur c o s t p ric e ." He re p lie s : " O kay, g ive me that amo unt and d o n' t g ive me any p ro fit." Ho we ve r, in b o th c as e s , he d id no t
te ll yo u the c o s t p ric e o f the ite m as ye t. In s uc h a c as e , if he q uo te s yo u his c o s t p ric e b e fo re g e tting up fro m his p lac e , the trans ac tio n will
b e valid . But if he d o e s no t q uo te yo u the p ric e at that p lac e , and s ays : " Take the ite m no w, I will c he c k the p ric e and info rm yo u" o r s ays
s o me thing e ls e , the n in s uc h a c as e the trans ac tio n will b e
fsid .
3. Afte r taking the ite m, the b uye r le arns that the p e rs o n had n' t q uo te d the c o rre c t c o s t p ric e and had mad e a p ro fit mo re than what he had
p ro mis e d . In s uc h a c as e the b uye r d o e s no t have the rig ht to g ive a le s s e r amo unt. If he wis he s to p urc has e the ite m, he will have to p ay the
p ric e that was q uo te d to him. Ho we ve r, he d o e s have the rig ht to re turn the ite m if he d o e s no t wis h to p urc has e it. If the s e lle r had ag re e d to
s e ll the ite m at c o s t and had p ro mis e d that he will no t make any p ro fit and the re afte r q uo te d an amo unt that is mo re than his c o s t p ric e , the n
he d o e s no t have the rig ht to take mo re than the c o s t p ric e . The b uye r has the rig ht to p ay the c o s t p ric e and no t p ay the ad d itio nal amo unt
that he had q uo te d .
4. Yo u p urc has e d an ite m o n c re d it. As lo ng as yo u d o no t info rm o the r b uye rs that yo u have p urc has e d it o n c re d it, it will no t b e p e rmis s ib le
fo r yo u to s e ll it at a p ro fit o r at c o s t (if me ntio n o f the c o s t p ric e is mad e at the time o f s ale ). Ins te ad , yo u s ho uld info rm the m that yo u
p urc has e d the ite m o n c re d it. In s o d o ing , it will b e p e rmis s ib le fo r yo u to s e ll it at c o s t o r at a p ro fit. Ho we ve r, if yo u d o no t make any
me ntio n o f yo ur c o s t p ric e s , it will b e p e rmis s ib le fo r yo u to s e ll it at whate ve r p ric e yo u wis h.
5. Yo u p urc has e d a c lo th fo r R100. The re afte r, yo u had it d ye d at a c o s t o f R4. Alte rnative ly, yo u had it was he d o r s e wn fo r R4. It will no w b e
und e rs to o d that yo u ac q uire d it fo r R104. It will no w b e p e rmis s ib le fo r yo u to me ntio n its c o s t p ric e as b e ing R104 and the re afte r to make
yo ur p ro fit o n this amo unt. Ho we ve r, yo u s ho uld no t s ay that yo u p urc has e d it fo r R104. Ins te ad , yo u s ho uld s ay that it land e d yo u at R104 s o
that it is no t re g ard e d as a lie .
6. Yo u p urc has e d a g o at fo r R100. Yo u ke p t it with yo u fo r o ne mo nth and it c o s t yo u R10 to fe e d it in this o ne mo nth. It will b e p e rmis s ib le fo r
yo u to q uo te the c o s t p ric e as b e ing R110, and s e ll it at a p ro fit ac c o rd ing ly. Ho we ve r, if this g o at p ro d uc e s milk, yo u will have to s ub trac t that
amo unt ac c o rd ing ly as we ll, e .g . if it c o s t yo u R10 to fe e d this g o at and it p ro d uc e d milk to the value o f R5, yo u will have to s ub trac t this
amo unt fro m the R10 and s ay that this g o at land e d yo u at R105.
The re are many o the r mas'il in this re g ard b ut s inc e wo me n d o no t e nc o unte r the m ve ry fre q ue ntly, we have no t me ntio ne d the m. (Be aring in
mind that Bahis hti Ze war was o rig inally writte n fo r wo me n).
Transact ions base d on Rib or Int e re st
The re is a ve ry majo r s in in c o nd uc ting trans ac tio ns whic h are b as e d o n rib o r inte re s t. The Q uran and Had th have
me ntio ne d many harms and e vils in this re g ard and have g re atly e mp has iz e d ab s te ntio n fro m s uc h trans ac tio ns . Ras lullh
sallallhu alayhi wa sallam c urs e d the p aye r o f inte re s t, the re c e ive r o f inte re s t, the p e rs o n who ac ts as a p ro xy fo r s uc h a
trans ac tio n, the p e rs o n who write s it d o wn and the p e rs o n who witne s s e s s uc h a trans ac tio n. Ras lullh sallallhu alayhi wa sallam als o ad d e d
that the p aye r and re c e ive r o f inte re s t are b o th e q ual in this c rime . It is
the re fo re ne c e s s ary to b e e xtre me ly c autio us in ab s taining fro m s uc h trans ac tio ns . The mas'il in this re g ard are ve ry intric ate . O n trivial
trans ac tio ns o ne c an b e re g ard e d as c o mmitting the s in o f invo lving hims e lf in inte re s t. Many p e o p le d o no t e ve n re aliz e that the y have
c o mmitte d a s in. We will e xp lain the ne c e s s ary
mas'il in this re g ard . Whe n c o nd uc ting any trans ac tio n, always b e ar the s e mas'il in mind .
No te :

Ac c o rd ing to the no rm in Ind ia and Pakis tan, all thing s c an b e d ivid e d into fo ur c ate g o rie s

(1) G o ld and s ilve r, and ite ms that are mad e fro m the m. (2) Ite ms o the r than g o ld and s ilve r that are s o ld b y we ig ht, s uc h as d ry g ro c e rie s ,
c ro p s , s te e l, c o p p e r, wo o l, ve g e tab le s , e tc . (3) Ite ms that are s o ld b y me as ure me nt, s uc h as fab ric s . (4) Ite ms that are s o ld b y c o unting , s uc h
as e g g s , mang o e s , g uavas , o rang e s , g o ats , c attle , ho rs e s , e tc . Try and und e rs tand the rule s o f all the ab o ve ind ivid ually.
Gold and Silve r
1. The re are s e ve ral ways o f p urc has ing g o ld and s ilve r. O ne is that g o ld c o uld b e p urc has e d in e xc hang e fo r g o ld o r s ilve r in
e xc hang e fo r s ilve r, e .g . a p e rs o n p urc has e s g o ld with a g o ld c o in whic h he has in his p o s s e s s io n o r s ilve r with a s ilve r c o in whic h
he has in his p o s s e s s io n. In o the r wo rd s , the ite m that is b e ing p urc has e d is o f the s ame c ate g o ry as that with whic h it is b e ing
p urc has e d . In s uc h a c as e , two fac to rs are wajib : (i) the g o ld o r the s ilve r o n b o th s id e s will have to b e e q ual, (ii) the trans ac tio n
mus t b e c o mp le te b e fo re the b uye r and the s e lle r c an s e p arate , the re mus t b e no o uts tand ing amo unt. If the y c o nd uc t this trans ac tio n
c o ntrary to any o f the s e two fac to rs , it will b e inte re s t. Fo r e xamp le , if yo u p urc has e s ilve r with a R1 c o in (whic h is mad e o f s ilve r), yo u will have
to p urc has e the s ilve r that is e q ual in we ig ht as that o f the R1 c o in. If it is mo re o r le s s than the R1 c o in, it will b e inte re s t.
Similarly, if yo u hand o ve r the R1 c o in and he d o e s no t g ive yo u the s ilve r imme d iate ly, ins te ad he p ro mis e s to g ive it to yo u afte r a s ho rt while
and g o e s away o r, yo u d o no t hand o ve r the R1 c o in to him and ins te ad yo u take the s ilve r o n c re d it, the n this will als o b e inte re s t.
2. The s e c o nd me tho d is that the s ame c ate g o ry is no t fo und o n b o th s id e s . Ins te ad , o ne p e rs o n has g o ld while the o the r has s ilve r. The rule
in this re g ard is that it is no t ne c e s s ary fo r the m to b e e q ual in we ig ht. It is p e rmis s ib le to p urc has e as muc h g o ld as p o s s ib le with a R1 c o in.
Similarly, it is p e rmis s ib le to p urc has e as muc h s ilve r as p o s s ib le with a g o ld c o in. Ho we ve r, this trans ac tio n will have to b e c o mp le te d
b e fo re the two c an s e p arate . In this c as e it is als o wjib to ab s tain fro m any c re d it, as me ntio ne d in the p re vio us mas'ala .
3. The marke t value o f s ilve r has ris e n s harp ly. In o the r wo rd s , a R1 c o in is s e lling fo r R1,20 and no o ne is g iving it fo r R1. Alte rnative ly, a
p ie c e o f s ilve r je we le r has b e e n e xq uis ite ly d e s ig ne d and its we ig ht is e q ual to 10 R1 c o ins o f s ilve r. Ho we ve r, o ne c anno t p urc has e it fo r
le s s than the we ig ht o f 12 R1 c o ins o f s ilve r. In o rd e r to s ave yo urs e lf fro m inte re s t, an alte rnative me tho d is that yo u s ho uld no t p urc has e it
with s ilve r c o ins . Ins te ad , p urc has e it with mo ne y (no te s ) o r no rmal o rd inary c o ins . Ho we ve r, yo u s ho uld no t p urc has e the R1 c o in with R1,20.
If yo u d o s o , it will b e inte re s t. Similarly, if yo u wis h to p urc has e R8 wo rth o f s ilve r fo r R9, p ay the p e rs o n with R7 wo rth o f s ilve r and R2 in c as h.
In s o d o ing , yo u will b e p urc has ing R7 wo rth o f s ilve r with R7 wo rth o f s ilve r, and the b alanc e o f the s ilve r will ac tually b e p aid fo r with yo ur R2.
In s ho rt, if yo u wis h to p urc has e s ilve r with s ilve r always te nd e r le s s s ilve r than what is ac tually b e ing p urc has e d and the re maind e r s ho uld b e
p aid in c as h (no te s o r c o ins ). 4. If b o th the b uye r and s e lle r ag re e , the n an e as y me tho d will b e to ad d s o me mo ne y o n that s id e whe re the
s ilve r is le s s in we ig ht.
5. An e as ie r me tho d is that e ac h o f the m s ho uld ke e p whate ve r s ilve r he wis he s to ke e p , and the o the r s ho uld ke e p whate ve r s ilve r c o ins he
wis he s to ke e p . Ho we ve r, e ac h o ne s ho uld als o ad d s o me mo ne y to his s ilve r o r s ilve r c o ins . He s ho uld the n s ay : " I am b uying this s ilve r

wis he s to ke e p . Ho we ve r, e ac h o ne s ho uld als o ad d s o me mo ne y to his s ilve r o r s ilve r c o ins . He s ho uld the n s ay : " I am b uying this s ilve r
and this mo ne y in e xc hang e fo r the s e s ilve r c o ins and this mo ne y." In s o d o ing , the y will s ave the ms e lve s fro m all te c hnic alitie s .
6. If the p ric e o f s ilve r has d ro p p e d and o ne is ab le to p urc has e R1.50 wo rth o f s ilve r fo r R1 (mad e o f s ilve r) and o ne fe e ls that if he has to
p urc has e R1.50 wo rth o f s ilve r fo r R1, he will s uffe r a lo s s , the n the me tho d o f avo id ing this and als o avo id ing any inte re s t is that he s ho uld
inc lud e s o me mo ne y (no t mad e o f s ilve r) in the p ric e o f the s ilve r irre s p e c tive o f ho w little it may b e , e .g . he p urc has e d R15 wo rth o f s ilve r fo r
R10. In this way, it wo uld b e und e rs to o d that the s ilve r wo rth R9 was in e xc hang e o f the nine s ilve r c o ins o f R1 e ac h whils t the c as h (i.e . o the r
c o ins no t mad e o f s ilve r) o f R1 was in e xc hang e o f the re maind e r. 7. A p e rs o n wis he s to p urc has e hig h q uality s ilve r in e xc hang e fo r his
infe rio r q uality s ilve r and is unab le to ac q uire an amo unt o f hig h q uality s ilve r whic h is e q ual in we ig ht to his infe rio r q uality s ilve r. In s uc h a
c as e , he s ho uld firs t s e ll his infe rio r q uality s ilve r fo r whate ve r p ric e he may b e ab le to g e t. The re afte r, he s ho uld p urc has e the hig h q uality
s ilve r with the mo ne y that he re c e ive s . In b uying and s e lling , the rule s that have b e e n me ntio ne d ab o ve s ho uld als o b e b o rne in mind .
Alte rnative ly, b o th the b uye r and s e lle r c o uld inc lud e s o me mo ne y in b o th the s ilve r and the re afte r und e rtake the trans ac tio n.
8. Mo s t wo me n p urc has e s ilve r lac e s , b ro c ad e s , tas s e ls , e tc . fro m the b az aars . The y s ho uld als o b e ar the ab o ve mas'il in mind b e c aus e
this is als o s ilve r and s ilve r c o ins are b e ing p aid in e xc hang e fo r the s e s ilve r ite ms . Eve n in this c as e , an e as y me tho d will b e to inc lud e
s o me mo ne y o n e ithe r s id e and the n und e rtake the trans ac tio n.
9. If a p e rs o n p urc has e s an ite m whic h is mad e o f g o ld o r s ilve r and it is s uc h that it is e ntire ly mad e o f g o ld o r e ntire ly mad e o f s ilve r and it
d o e s no t c o ntain anything e ls e , the n the s ame rule will ap p ly. That is , if a g o ld ite m is b e ing p urc has e d with s ilve r o r s ilve r c o ins , o r a s ilve r
ite m is b e ing p urc has e d with g o ld c o ins , it will b e p e rmis s ib le to p urc has e that ite m irre s p e c tive o f the d iffe re nc e in we ig ht. The o nly fac to r
that the y have to wo rry ab o ut is that the trans ac tio n mus t b e c o mp le te d the re and the n. No ne o f the p artie s mus t have any o uts tand ing amo unt.
But if a s ilve r ite m is b e ing p urc has e d with s ilve r c o ins o r a g o ld ite m is b e ing p urc has e d with g o ld c o ins , it will b e wjib fo r the m to b e
e q ual in we ig ht. If the re is any s ho rtfall o r e xtra o n e ithe r s id e , the ite m s ho uld b e p urc has e d thro ug h the ab o ve -me ntio ne d me tho d s .
10. The ite m is s uc h that it has s o me o the r me tal o r s to ne in ad d itio n to the s ilve r Fo r e xamp le , an armle t has b e e n fille d with s e aling -wax, a
s to ne has b e e n s e t o nto a no s e -ring , a s to ne has b e e n s e t into a ring , o r an armle t has no t b e e n fille d with s e aling -wax b ut ins te ad it has
b e e n b e ad e d with s trand s o f wire (and b e ad s ). If the s e ite ms have b e e n p urc has e d with s ilve r c o ins , the n c he c k the amo unt o f s ilve r the y
c o ntain. Is the s ilve r in the ite m whic h yo u have p urc has e d e q ual in we ig ht as that o f the s ilve r c o ins , is it mo re o r is it le s s ? If the s ilve r in the
ite m is d e finite ly le s s than the we ig ht o f yo ur s ilve r c o ins , this trans ac tio n is p e rmis s ib le . If it is e q ual o r mo re , the trans ac tio n will b e
re g ard e d as inte re s t. In o rd e r to s ave yo urs e lf fro m this inte re s t, the ab o ve -me ntio ne d me tho d s s ho uld b e e mp lo ye d . That is , the s ilve r c o ins
with whic h yo u will b e p aying s ho uld b e le s s in value than the s ilve r that the ite m c o ntains and inc lud e s o me c as h in o rd e r to fill in the b alanc e .
The c o nd itio n o r p re re q uis ite o f the e ntire trans ac tio n b e ing c arrie d o ut at o ne time (i.e . witho ut any
c re d it o n e ithe r s id e ) has als o to b e ad he re d to in all the s e

mas'il .

11. Yo u have take n s o me o ne e ls e ' s ring in e xc hang e fo r yo ur ring . Che c k if b o th have any s to ne o r g e m. If b o th the ring s have a s to ne o r g e m,
this e xc hang e is p e rmis s ib le irre s p e c tive o f whe the r the amo unt o f s ilve r in b o th the ring s is e q ual, le s s o r mo re . Ho we ve r, it is ne c e s s ary
that this e xc hang e take s p lac e in o ne s itting .
If b o th the ring s are p lain, i.e . witho ut any s to ne , the n the c o nd itio n is that the s ilve r will have to b e e q ual. Eve n if the re is a s lig ht d iffe re nc e , it
will b e re g ard e d as inte re s t.
If o ne o f the ring s are p lain and the o the r has a s to ne , it will b e p e rmis s ib le to e xc hang e o ne fo r the o the r o nly if the p lain ring has mo re
s ilve r than the ring whic h has a s to ne . If it is no t s o , it will b e harm to e xc hang e and it will b e re g ard e d as inte re s t.
Similarly, if this trans ac tio n and e xc hang e d o e s no t take p lac e at o nc e ; i.e . o ne o f the m hand s o ve r his ring imme d iate ly while the o the r s ays
that he will g ive it at a late r s tag e , the n this will als o b e re g ard e d as inte re s t.
12. In all tho s e mas'il whe re we s aid that it is a c o nd itio n o r a p re re q uis ite fo r the trans ac tio n to b e e xe c ute d in o ne s itting o r at o ne time this me ans that the trans ac tio n mus t b e c o mp le te d b e fo re the two c an s e p arate . If o ne o f the m s e p arate s o r mo ve s away b e fo re the
trans ac tio n c an b e c o mp le te d , it will no t b e c o ns id e re d and this will als o b e re g ard e d as inte re s t. Fo r e xamp le , yo u p urc has e s o me g o ld ,
s ilve r, o r a g o ld and s ilve r ite m fro m the je we le r in e xc hang e fo r R10
wo rth o f s ilve r. In s uc h a c as e , yo u s ho uld hand o ve r the s ilve r c o ins the re and the n. In the s ame way, the je we le r s ho uld hand o ve r the ite m to
yo u the re and the n. If the je we le r d o e s no t have the s ilve r with him and s ays that he will g o ho me jus t no w and s e nd the s ilve r ite m to yo u, this
will no t b e p e rmis s ib le . Ins te ad , he s ho uld s e nd s o me o ne to b ring it fo r him. At the s ame time , yo u s ho uld no t mo ve fro m that p lac e until the
s ilve r ite m is b ro ug ht no r s ho uld yo u allo w the je we le r to mo ve away fro m the re . If the je we le r as ks yo u to g o ho me with him and that he will
g ive it to yo u o ve r the re , yo u s ho uld fo llo w him c lo s e ly and try to b e with him all the time . If he d is ap p e ars into the ho us e o r d is ap p e ars
s o me whe re e ls e , it will b e a s in and the trans ac tio n will no t b e p e rmis s ib le . Yo u will have to re ne w the e ntire trans ac tio n.
13. Afte r p urc has ing the ite m, yo u we nt ho me to b ring the s ilve r c o ins , o r the je we le r we nt to re lie ve hims e lf o r we nt into the b ac k o f his s ho p
fo r s o me wo rk. In s o d o ing the two o f yo u we re s e p arate d fro m e ac h o the r. This is no t p e rmis s ib le and the trans ac tio n will b e re g ard e d as
inte re s t.
14. If yo u d o no t have the s ilve r c o ins with yo u at that time and yo u wis h to p urc has e the ite m o n c re d it, the n the me tho d o f p urc has ing the ite m
is that whate ve r amo unt yo u have to p ay fo r the ite m, b o rro w that amo unt fro m the p e rs o n as a lo an. O nc e yo u have take n that amo unt, p ay fo r
the ite m that yo u wis h to p urc has e , and the re s p o ns ib ility to re -p ay the lo an will re main o n yo ur s ho uld e rs . Yo u c an re -p ay this lo an whe ne ve r
yo u wis h.
15. Yo u p urc has e d a he ad -c o ve ring o r hat whic h has b e e n e mb ro id e re d with s ilve r at a p ric e o f R10 wo rth o f s ilve r. In s uc h a c as e , try to
e s timate the amo unt o f s ilve r
that will c o me o ut fro m that he ad -c o ve ring . Afte r e s timating the amo unt o f s ilve r, it will b e wajib o n yo u to p ay an e q uivale nt amo unt fro m yo ur
s ilve r c o ins imme d iate ly. The b alanc e o f the p ric e c o uld b e p aid whe ne ve r yo u wis h. The s ame rule will ap p ly to p re -s e t je we le ry. Fo r
e xamp le , yo u p urc has e d je we le ry to the value o f R50 in s ilve r while it has R20 wo rth o f s ilve r in it. In s uc h a c as e , yo u will have to p ay the R20
imme d iate ly, and the b alanc e c o uld b e p aid whe ne ve r yo u wis h.
16. Yo u p urc has e d c as h mo ne y in e xc hang e fo r s ilve r c o ins . The rule in this re g ard is that it is no t ne c e s s ary fo r the trans ac tio n to b e
e xe c ute d imme d iate ly. Ins te ad , it will b e s uffic ie nt if it is fulfille d b y o ne o f the p artie s . Fo r e xamp le , yo u g ave the s ilve r imme d iate ly while he

g ave the c as h mo ne y afte r s o me time . Alte rnative ly, he g ave yo u the c as h mo ne y imme d iate ly, while yo u g ave him the s ilve r afte r s e p arating
fro m him. This is p e rmis s ib le . Ho we ve r, if yo u take s mall c hang e (c o ins in s mall d e no minatio ns ) to g e the r with the c as h mo ne y, this s mall
c hang e will have to b e g ive n the re and the n.
Ho we ve r, it s ho uld b e b o rne in mind that this rule with re g ard to c as h will o nly b e ap p lic ab le whe n the s ho p -ke e p e r has the c as h mo ne y in his
p o s s e s s io n b ut is unab le to hand it o ve r imme d iate ly d ue to s o me re as o n, o r b e c aus e it is s till at ho me and he will b ring it fo r yo u fro m the re .
But if he d id no t have the mo ne y in his p o s s e s s io n and s aid that he will g ive it to yo u afte r s e lling s o me o f his g o o d s o r, he g ave yo u a p art o f
the mo ne y no w and s aid that whe n he make s a s ale and re c e ive s s o me
mo ne y yo u mus t c o me and take the b alanc e o f what he o we s yo u; this will no t b e p e rmis s ib le . Sinc e mo s t o f the s e d e b ts take p lac e o n
ac c o unt o f an ab s e nc e o f mo ne y, it is the re fo re p re fe rab le no t to le ave any mo ne y o n c re d it. If it b e c o me s ne c e s s ary to und e rtake s uc h a
trans ac tio n, take whate ve r mo ne y the p e rs o n has as a lo an and le t him ke e p the s ilve r as an amnah . O nc e he g ive s yo u all the mo ne y
und e rtake the trans ac tio n.
17. If a p e rs o n g ive s g o ld c o ins in e xc hang e fo r s ilve r c o ins , it is
o ut in the p re s e nc e o f the b uye r and s e lle r.

wjib fo r b o th o f the m to b e p re s e nt and fo r the trans ac tio n to b e c arrie d

18. A p e rs o n p urc has e d a g o ld o r s ilve r ite m with g o ld o r s ilve r c o ins and mad e the c o nd itio n that he has the rig ht to ke e p the ite m o r re turn it
within o ne d ay o r thre e d ays . This is no t p e rmis s ib le . O ne s ho uld no t make c o nd itio ns o f this nature in s uc h trans ac tio ns .
It e ms sold by we ight
1. We will no w e xp lain the rule s with re g ard to ite ms s o ld b y we ig ht, s uc h as d ry g ro c e rie s , me at, s te e l, c o p p e r, ve g e tab le s ,
s alt, e tc . If a p e rs o n wis he s to e xc hang e o r p urc has e any o f the ab o ve -me ntio ne d ite ms (o r ite ms that fall und e r this c ate g o ry) in
e xc hang e fo r the s ame ite m, e .g . he wis he s to e xc hang e whe at in re turn fo r whe at, ric e in e xc hang e fo r ric e , flo ur in e xc hang e
fo r flo ur o r any o the r s imilar ite m whic h is the s ame , the n the rule in this re g ard is that it is wjib to take the fo llo wing two fac to rs
into c o ns id e ratio n : (i) the we ig ht o f the ite m will have to b e e q ual o n b o th s id e s . Eve n the s lig hte s t d iffe re nc e in we ig ht will no t b e
p e rmitte d . If no t, it will b e re g ard e d as inte re s t. (ii) If the two p artie s d o no t take p o s s e s s io n o f the re s p e c tive ite ms , the minimum
re q uire me nt is that the whe at o f b o th s ho uld b e ke p t s e p arate ly. Yo u s ho uld take yo ur whe at, we ig h it, ke e p it s e p arate ly and te ll him that this
whe at is ke p t o ve r he re , he c an take it whe ne ve r he wis he s . In the s ame way, he s ho uld als o we ig h his whe at, ke e p it s e p arate ly and te ll yo u
that this whe at is ke p t o ve r he re and that yo u c an take it whe ne ve r yo u wis h. If the y d o no t d o this and s e p arate fro m e ac h o the r (o r g o away),
the y will b e c o mmitting the s in o f inte re s t.
2. A p e rs o n wis he s to g ive his infe rio r q uality whe at in e xc hang e fo r whe at that is o f a hig h q uality, o r infe rio r q uality flo ur in e xc hang e fo r flo ur
that is o f a hig h q uality. Whe n e ng ag ing in e xc hang e s o f this nature , it is o b vio us that no o ne wo uld g ive an e q ual amo unt. In o rd e r to s ave
o ne s e lf fro m inte re s t, o ne s ho uld s e ll this infe rio r q uality whe at o r flo ur in e xc hang e fo r mo ne y. Fo r e xamp le , b y s e lling a c e rtain amo unt o f
flo ur fo r R2. The re afte r, he s ho uld p urc has e the hig h q uality flo ur (o r whe at) with the R2 that he re c e ive d . This is p e rmis s ib le .
3. If an ite m is b e ing e xc hang e d fo r ano the r ite m, e .g . a p e rs o n g ive s s o me whe at and take s ric e , b arle y, g ram, c o rn, s alt, me at, ve g e tab le s ,
e tc ., the n in s uc h a c as e it is no t wjib fo r the we ig ht o f b o th the ite ms to b e e xac tly the s ame . He c an g ive a kilo o f whe at in e xc hang e fo r 10
kilo s o f ric e o r any o the r ite m. He c o uld als o g ive a kilo o f whe at in e xc hang e fo r a frac tio n o f a kilo o f any o the r ite m.
Ho we ve r, the s e c o nd fac to r is wjib he re as we ll. That is , the trans ac tio n mus t b e e xe c ute d in the p re s e nc e o f b o th the p e rs o ns .
Alte rnative ly, the minimum is that the ite ms o f b o th the p e rs o ns mus t b e ke p t s e p arate ly. If the y d o no t d o this , the y will b e c o mmitting the s in
o f inte re s t.
4. A wo man p urc has e d ve g e tab le s fro m the hawke r in e xc hang e fo r a kilo o f g ram. She the n s e p arate d he rs e lf fro m the re and we nt into the
ho us e to b ring s o me whe at. This is harm and no t p e rmis s ib le . She will have to re c o mme nc e the e ntire trans ac tio n.
5. Ite ms whic h are s o ld b y we ig ht we re p urc has e d with s ilve r c o ins , mo ne y, c lo the s , o r any o the r ite m whic h is no t s o ld b y we ig ht b ut s o ld b y
me as ure me nt o r b y c o unting . Fo r e xamp le , the p e rs o n g ave a me te r o f mate rial and to o k s o me whe at o r s imilar ite m (whic h is s o ld in we ig ht)
in e xc hang e . Alte rnative ly, he g ave s o me whe at o r g ram and to o k s o me g uavas , o rang e s , p e ars , e g g s , o r any o the r ite m that is s o ld b y
c o unting . In s ho rt, o n o ne s id e we have an ite m that is s o ld b y we ig ht, and the o the r s id e we have an ite m that is s o ld b y c o unting o r
me as uring . In s uc h a c as e ,
none o f the two fac to rs whic h we had me ntio ne d will b e wajib . Fo r R1, a p e rs o n c an p urc has e as muc h whe at, flo ur, o r ve g e tab le s as he
wis he s . Similarly, he c an g ive s o me c lo the s and take as muc h d ry g ro c e rie s as he wis he s . By g iving s o me whe at, g ram, e tc . he c an take as
muc h g uavas , o rang e s , e tc . as he wis he s . All this is p o s s ib le irre s p e c tive o f whe the r the e ntire trans ac tio n is e xe c ute d in o ne s itting o r
whe the r it is c o mp le te d afte r the m s e p arating . In all c as e s this trans ac tio n will b e c o rre c t.
6. O n o ne s id e the re is s ifte d flo ur while o n the o the r s id e the re is un-s ifte d flo ur. Alte rnative ly, o n o ne s id e the re is c o urs e flo ur while o n the
o the r s id e the re is fine flo ur. Whe n e xc hang ing s uc h flo ur, it will b e wjib fo r the m to b e e q ual in we ig ht. It is no t p e rmis s ib le to have any
d iffe re nc e in the we ig ht. If it b e c o me s ne c e s s ary to e xc hang e it in this way, the ab o ve -me ntio ne d me tho d s s ho uld b e ad o p te d . If o n o ne s id e
yo u have whe at flo ur and o n the o the r s id e yo u have g ram flo ur o r ric e
flo ur, the n in s uc h a c as e it will no t b e
e xe c ute d in o ne s itting , is wjib .

wjib to have an e q ual we ig ht o f b o th. Ho we ve r, the s e c o nd fac to r, i.e . that the trans ac tio n mus t b e

7. In no way is it p e rmis s ib le to e xc hang e whe at fo r flo ur. This is irre s p e c tive o f whe the r yo u g ive a kilo o f whe at in e xc hang e fo r a kilo o f
flo ur, o r whe the r the re is any d iffe re nc e in the ir we ig ht. In all c as e s it is no t p e rmis s ib le . Ho we ve r, if the p e rs o n g ive s s o me whe at and d o e s
no t take any whe at flo ur, ins te ad he take s the flo ur o f s o me o the r ite m s uc h a g ram flo ur, it will b e p e rmis s ib le to d o s o . Ho we ve r, the
trans ac tio n will have to b e e xe c ute d the re and the n.
8. A p e rs o n g ave mus tard s e e d s and to o k mus tard o il in re turn o r he g ave s e s ame s e e d s in e xc hang e fo r s e s ame o il. In s uc h a c as e yo u
s ho uld c he c k whe the r this o il is d e finite ly mo re than the o il that c an b e e xtrac te d fro m the s e mus tard o r s e s ame s e e d s o r no t. If this o il is
mo re , it will b e p e rmis s ib le to und e rtake s uc h a trans ac tio n p ro vid e d it is e xe c ute d the re and the n. If it is e q ual to o r le s s , o r yo u have a
d o ub t as to whe the r it is mo re o r no t, it will no t b e p e rmis s ib le . Ins te ad it will b e re g ard e d
as inte re s t.

9. A p e rs o n g ave b e e f in e xc hang e fo r mutto n. It is no t wjib fo r the we ig ht o f b o th to b e the s ame . The re c an b e a d iffe re nc e in the we ig ht.
Ho we ve r, the trans ac tio n will have to b e e xe c ute d the re and the n.
10. A wo man g ave he r wate r p itc he r and to o k ano the r o ne in e xc hang e . Alte rnative ly, s he e xc hang e d he r wate r p itc he r fo r a s mall p o t o r p an. In
s uc h a c as e it is a c o nd itio n fo r b o th the ite ms to b e e q ual in we ig ht and fo r the trans ac tio n to b e e xe c ute d the re and the n. If the re is a s lig ht
d iffe re nc e in the we ig ht, it will b e inte re s t. This is b e c aus e b o th the ite ms are mad e o f c o p p e r and the y will the re fo re b e re g ard e d as b e ing
o f the s ame c ate g o ry. If the y are e q ual in we ig ht b ut the trans ac tio n was no t e xe c ute d the re and the n, it will als o b e inte re s t. Ho we ve r, if o ne
ite m is mad e o f c o p p e r and the o the r o f s te e l, b ras s o r any o the r me tal, it will b e p e rmis s ib le to have s o me d iffe re nc e in we ig ht. Ho we ve r,
the trans ac tio n will have to b e e xe c ute d the re and the n.
11. A wo man p urc has e s a kilo o f whe at o n c re d it fro m a p e rs o n and s ays
: " I d o n' t have any whe at. Ho we ve r, in c o mp e ns atio n fo r yo ur
whe at I will g ive yo u two kilo s o f g ram." This is no t p e rmis s ib le b e c aus e it me ans that the wo man is e xc hang ing he r g ram fo r whe at and at the
time o f e xc hang ing it is ne c e s s ary to have the e ntire trans ac tio n to b e e xe c ute d the re and the n. The re mus t b e no c re d it re maining . Ho we ve r,
if the ne e d aris e s to c arry o ut s uc h a trans ac tio n, s he s ho uld take the whe at o n c re d it b ut s he s ho uld no t me ntio n that s he will g ive two kilo s o f
g ram in e xc hang e fo r it. Ins te ad , afte r s o me time s he s ho uld b ring the g ram and info rm the p e rs o n thus : " I am g iving yo u this g ram in
e xc hang e fo r the whe at that I had take n fro m yo u." This is p e rmis s ib le .
12. In all the ab o ve -me ntio ne d mas'il it is a p re re q uis ite fo r the e ntire trans ac tio n to b e e xe c ute d the re and the n. If this is no t d o ne , the n the
minimum is that
b o th the ite ms s ho uld b e we ig he d the re and the n and ke p t s e p arate ly. If this is no t d o ne , the trans ac tio n will b e re g ard e d as
inte re s t. It e ms sold by me asure me nt or count ing
1. The fo llo wing rule s ap p ly to ite ms that are no t s o ld b y we ig ht, b ut s o ld e ithe r b y me as ure me nt o r c o unting . If a p artic ular typ e
o f ite m is e xc hang e d fo r the s ame typ e o f ite m, e .g . g uavas are e xc hang e d fo r g uavas , o r o rang e s are e xc hang e d fo r o rang e s , o r a fab ric is
e xc hang e d fo r s imilar fab ric , the n in all the s e c as e s it is no t a p re re q uis ite fo r b o th the ite ms to b e e q ual. It is p e rmis s ib le to have s o me
d iffe re nc e . Ho we ve r, it is wjib fo r the trans ac tio n to b e e xe c ute d the re and the n.
If the ite m that is b e ing e xc hang e d is d iffe re nt fro m the o the r ite m, e .g . g uavas are e xc hang e d fo r o rang e s , whe at is e xc hang e d fo r g uavas o r
a fine fab ric is e xc hang e d fo r a c o ars e fab ric , this will b e p e rmis s ib le und e r all c irc ums tanc e s . It is no t
wjib fo r b o th the ite ms to b e
e q ual no r is it wjib to e xe c ute the trans ac tio n the re and the n (i.e . it is p e rmis s ib le to take , fo r e xamp le , the g uavas no w and g ive the o rang e s
late r o n).
Addit ional point s
1. The e s s e nc e o f this e ntire e xp lanatio n is that ap art fro m g o ld and s ilve r, if the s ame ite m is o n e ithe r s id e and it is s o ld b y we ig ht, e .g .
whe at in e xc hang e fo r whe at o r g ram in e xc hang e fo r g ram, the n it is wjib fo r the m to b e e q ual in we ig ht and it is als o wjib fo r the e ntire
trans ac tio n to b e e xe c ute d the re and the n.
If the s ame ite m is fo und o n e ithe r s id e b ut it is no t s o ld b y we ig ht, e .g . g uavas in e xc hang e fo r g uavas , o rang e s in e xc hang e fo r o rang e s o r
fab ric in e xc hang e fo r a s imilar fab ric o r, the re are d iffe re nt ite ms o n e ithe r s id e b ut b o th are s o ld b y we ig ht, e .g . whe at in e xc hang e fo r g ram
o r g ram in e xc hang e fo r ric e , the n in b o th the s e c as e s it is no t wjib fo r the m to b e e q ual in we ig ht. A d iffe re nc e in we ig ht is p e rmitte d .
Ho we ve r, it is wjib to e xe c ute the e ntire trans ac tio n the re and the n.
Whe re b o th the s e fac to rs are no t fo und , i.e . the ite ms are d iffe re nt o n e ithe r s id e and b o th o f the m are no t s o ld b y we ig ht, the n in s uc h a c as e
a d iffe re nc e is p e rmitte d and it is als o no t wjib to e xe c ute the e ntire trans ac tio n the re and the n. Fo r e xamp le , e xc hang ing g uavas fo r
o rang e s . Und e rs tand the s e mas'il we ll.
2. A ute ns il mad e o f c hina was e xc hang e d fo r ano the r s uc h ute ns il o f a d iffe re nt q uality. Alte rnative ly, a ute ns il mad e o f c hina was e xc hang e d
fo r an e name le d c o p p e r ute ns il. Eq uality in the s e ite ms is no t wjib . It is als o p e rmis s ib le to g ive o ne s uc h ite m in e xc hang e fo r two s uc h
ite ms . Similarly, it is p e rmis s ib le to g ive o ne ne e d le in e xc hang e fo r s e ve ral ne e d le s . Ho we ve r, if the re are c o p p e r ute ns ils o n e ithe r s id e o r
e name le d c o p p e r ute ns ils o n e ithe r s id e , the n in s uc h a c as e , the trans ac tio n will have to b e e xe c ute d the re and the n. But if the typ e is
d iffe re nt, e .g . a ute ns il mad e o f c hina in e xc hang e fo r an e name lle d c o p p e r ute ns il, the n e ve n this p re re q uis ite is no t wjib .
3. Yo ur ne ig hb o ur c o me s to yo u and te lls yo u : " G ive me the rotis whic h yo u have mad e with o ne kilo o f flo ur b e c aus e a fe w vis ito rs have
c o me to my ho us e . In re turn fo r the s e rotis , yo u c an take a kilo o r o ne and q uarte r kilo s o f flo ur o r whe at. Alte rnative ly, g ive me the s e rotis
no w and late r yo u c an take the flo ur o r whe at fro m me ." This is p e rmis s ib le .
4. Whe n s e nd ing yo ur s e rvant o r maid to p urc has e an ite m, e xp lain to the m c are fully as to ho w the y s ho uld c o nd uc t the s e trans ac tio ns . It
s ho uld no t o c c ur that the y p urc has e s o me thing in an inc o rre c t manne r whic h wo uld invo lve an inte re s t trans ac tio n whe re b y yo u and all yo ur
c hild re n e at that ite m and are the re b y c aug ht up in e ating s o me thing harm . The s in o f all tho s e who m yo u fe e d fro m s uc h fo o d , e .g . yo ur
hus b and , yo ur g ue s ts , e tc . will fall o n yo ur s ho uld e rs .
Bay'us Salam or Forward buying
1. Prio r to harve s ting o r afte r harve s ting the c ro p s , o ne g ive s R100 to a p e rs o n and s ays : " (Afte r two o r thre e mo nths ) in a
c e rtain mo nth, o n a c e rtain d ay, I will take whe at in e xc hang e fo r this R100 whic h I am g iving yo u no w." In ad d itio n to this , the
p e rs o n als o s p e c ifie d the q uantity o f whe at that he will take in e xc hang e fo r this mo ne y. This trans ac tio n is valid . He will have to
g ive the whe at in the mo nth and d ate whic h he had s p e c ifie d and at that ve ry p ric e whic h the y had ag re e d up o n. This is
irre s p e c tive o f whe the r the marke t value o f the whe at o n that s p e c ifie d d ate is mo re o r le s s than the p ric e that he had s p e c ifie d . Suc h a
trans ac tio n is kno wn as bay'us salam . In o rd e r fo r this trans ac tio n to b e valid , the re are s e ve ral c o nd itio ns . Try and und e rs tand the m
tho ro ug hly.
(a) The typ e , q uality, c las s , e tc . o f the whe at (o r whate ve r o the r c ro p o ne is p urc has ing ) s ho uld b e c le arly me ntio ne d s o that the re is no
d is p ute whe n taking d e live ry o f the ite m. Fo r e xamp le , he mus t s tate : " Yo u mus t g ive me a c e rtain typ e o f whe at. It mus t no t b e to o fine no r
to o c o ars e . It mus t b e o f a hig h q uality and no t o f an infe rio r q uality. It mus t no t b e mixe d with anything e ls e s uc h as g ram, p e as , e tc . It mus t b e
tho ro ug hly d rie d and no t we t." In s ho rt, whate ve r typ e o f ite m he

wis he s to p urc has e , he mus t c le arly s tate ho w it s ho uld b e s o that the re is no d is p ute late r. If, at that time , he d id no t s tip ulate b ut me re ly s aid
: " Yo u mus t g ive me whe at in e xc hang e fo r this R100" , the n this trans ac tio n will no t b e p e rmis s ib le . Alte rnative ly, if he me re ly s aid that he
mus t g ive him s o me hus k o r ric e witho ut s p e c ifying the typ e o r q uality; the n this will no t b e p e rmis s ib le .
(b ) The s e c o nd c o nd itio n is that he mus t als o s p e c ify the we ig ht, that fo r R100 he will take 10 kilo s o r 15 kilo s o r whate ve r the amo unt may b e .
If the p e rs o n s ays that he mus t g ive it to him ac c o rd ing to the marke t rate at that time o r that he mus t g ive 2 kilo s mo re than whate ve r the
marke t rate will b e at that time , this will no t b e p e rmis s ib le . The marke t rate will no t b e c o ns id e re d . At the time whe n making the ag re e me nt,
the amo unt mus t b e d e c id e d up o n and o nc e the s tip ulate d d ate arrive s , he mus t take the s p e c ifie d amo unt. (c ) The third c o nd itio n is that he
mus t als o s p e c ify the p ric e that he is g o ing to p ay, i.e . he is g o ing to take the whe at fo r R100 o r R200 o r whate ve r the c as e may b e . If the
p e rs o n d o e s no t s p e c ify this c le arly b ut s p e aks in vag ue te rms b y s aying that he will take s o me whe at fo r a fe w hand s , the n this is no t valid .
(d ) The fo urth c o nd itio n is that he mus t p ay all the mo ne y at that ve ry time and at that ve ry p lac e . If the y ag re e o n the e ntire trans ac tio n,
s e p arate and g o away, and he n the p e rs o n c o me s b ac k to p ay the mo ne y, this ag re e me nt o f the irs will b e invalid and the y will have to
re c o mme nc e the e ntire trans ac tio n. Similarly, if the p e rs o n p ays R50 in c as h and the b alanc e o f R50 afte r s o me time , the
bay'us salam will
b e valid in re s p e c t o f the R50 and invalid in re s p e c t o f the b alanc e R50.
(e ) The fifth c o nd itio n is that the p e rs o n mus t s p e c ify the time o f taking d e live ry whic h mus t b e a minimum o f o ne mo nth. That he will take the
whe at afte r o ne mo nth o n a p artic ular d ate . It is no t p e rmis s ib le to s tip ulate a p e rio d le s s than o ne mo nth. He c an s tip ulate mo re than o ne
mo nth irre s p e c tive o f ho w muc h mo re it may b e . Ho we ve r, he mus t c le arly s tate the mo nth, d ay and d ate s o that the re is no d is p ute and the
p e rs o n d o e s no t s ay that he will no t g ive it yo u imme d iate ly and yo u d e mand that yo u want it imme d iate ly. The re fo re , s tip ulate e ve rything
b e fo re hand . If the p e rs o n d o e s no t s p e c ify the mo nth, d ay and d ate , and ins te ad s ays that o nc e the c ro p is harve s te d yo u mus t g ive it, this
will no t b e valid .
(f) The s ixth c o nd itio n is that the p e rs o n mus t s p e c ify the p lac e whe re he wants the whe at, e ithe r in this to wn o r in s o me o the r to wn.
Alte rnative ly, he c o uld as k the p e rs o n to d e live r it to his ho us e . In s ho rt, the p e rs o n s ho uld c le arly s tate whe re he wis he s to have the whe at
d e live re d o r c o lle c te d . If the p e rs o n d o e s no t s p e c ify the p lac e it will no t b e valid . Ho we ve r, if it is an ite m that is lig ht and the re is no lab o r
invo lve d in trans p o rting the ite m, e .g . a wo man p urc has e s mus k o r p e arls , e tc . the n it is no t ne c e s s ary to me ntio n the p lac e . Whe re ve r he
me e ts the p e rs o n, he c an hand it o ve r.
If the

bay'us salam is e xe c ute d ac c o rd ing to the ab o ve -me ntio ne d c o nd itio ns , the trans ac tio n will b e valid , if no t, it will no t b e valid .

2. If ite ms o the r than whe at and o the r c ro p s are s uc h that at the time o f p urc has ing the m the y c an b e c le arly d e s c rib e d in o rd e r to p re ve nt any
d is p ute at the time o f taking d e live ry, the n bay'us salam with re g ard to s uc h ite ms will als o b e valid . Suc h ite ms inc lud e e g g s , b ric ks and
c lo the s . Ho we ve r, all the ne c e s s ary d e tails will have to b e me ntio ne d , e .g . he will have to s p e c ify the s iz e o f the b ric ks , the ir le ng th, the ir
wid th, e tc . The c lo th will have to b e d e s c rib e d as to whe the r it is o f s ilk, ho w fine o r c o ars e it s ho uld b e , e tc . The e g g s will have to b e
d e s c rib e d as to whe the r the y will b e farm e g g s o r e g g s p ro d uc e d fro m b atte ry c hic ke ns , e tc . In s ho rt, all the ne c e s s ary d e tails will have to b e
c le arly me ntio ne d s o that the re is no d is p ute late r o n.
3. A p e rs o n p urc has e d five b ag s o r five b as ke ts o f hus k fo r R100 o n the b as is o f bay'us salam . This trans ac tio n will no t b e valid b e c aus e yo u
g e t d iffe re nt s iz e s o f b ag s and b as ke ts . Ho we ve r, if the y are ab le to s p e c ify and ag re e up o n a c e rtain s iz e o r c o nd uc t the trans ac tio n b y
we ig ht, it will b e valid .
4. An ad d itio nal c o nd itio n fo r the valid ity o f bay'us salam is that fro m the time that the y c o nd uc t the trans ac tio n till the time that the y s p e c ifie d
fo r d e live ry o f the ite m, that ite m mus t b e availab le in the marke t and it mus t no t b e c o me s c arc e . In the c o urs e o f this time , if this ite m
b e c o me s ab s o lute ly s c arc e to s uc h an e xte nt that it is unavailab le in the marke ts o f this c o untry and c an o nly b e o b taine d fro m e ls e whe re
afte r muc h d iffic ulty, the n this bay'us salam will b e invalid .
5. Whe n c o nd uc ting the trans ac tio n, the p e rs o n s ays : " Afte r the c ro p is harve s te d , in a c e rtain mo nth I will take the fre s h whe at o r, I will take
the whe at that c o me s fro m a p artic ular farm." This is no t p e rmis s ib le . Suc h a c o nd itio n s ho uld the re fo re no t b e mad e . Whe n the s p e c ifie d
time ap p ro ac he s , the p e rs o n c an g ive the o ld o r the fre s h whe at. Ho we ve r, if the fre s h whe at is alre ad y harve s te d , it will b e p e rmis s ib le to
make a c o nd itio n with re g ard to the fre s h whe at.
6. Yo u had ag re e d to take whe at to the value o f R100. The s p e c ifie d time e xp ire d and we nt b e yo nd that as we ll and this p e rs o n d id no t g ive
the whe at as ye t. No r is the re any ho p e o f re c e iving it. In s uc h a c as e it is no t p e rmis s ib le fo r yo u to as k him no t to g ive yo u the whe at and that
in p lac e o f the whe at he s ho uld g ive yo u g ram, ric e o r s o me thing e ls e . It is no t p e rmis s ib le to take anything e ls e in p lac e o f the whe at. Yo u
c o uld e ithe r g ive him mo re time in whic h he c o uld g ive yo u the whe at o r yo u c o uld take yo ur mo ne y b ac k.
Similarly, if b o th o f yo u annul the bay'us salam and yo u d e c id e no t to take the whe at and take the mo ne y b ac k, the n yo u c anno t take anything
e ls e fro m him in p lac e o f that whe at. Yo u will have to take yo ur mo ne y b ac k. Similarly, if the trans ac tio n b e c o me s annulle d o n its o wn, e .g . that
ite m has b e c o me s c arc e and c anno t b e o b taine d , the n e ve n in s uc h a c as e yo u will have to take yo ur mo ne y b ac k. Yo u c anno t take anything
e ls e in p lac e o f the whe at. Yo u c o uld take yo ur mo ne y and p urc has e s o me thing e ls e with that mo ne y fro m him.
T he t aking of loans
1. It is p e rmis s ib le to take lo ans o f ite ms whic h c o uld b e re p lac e d , s uc h as d ry g ro c e rie s , e g g s , me at, e tc . It is no t
p e rmis s ib le to take lo ans o f ite ms whic h are d iffic ult to re p lac e (i.e . it is d iffic ult to o b tain an e xac t re p lic a o f the ite m) s uc h
as , g uavas , o rang e s , g o ats , fo wls , e tc . 2. At a time whe n 10 kilo s o f whe at was b e ing s o ld fo r R10, yo u b o rro we d 5 kilo s .
The re afte r, the p ric e o f whe at d ro p p e d and 20 kilo s o f whe at b e g an to b e s o ld fo r R10. Yo u will s till have to g ive 5 kilo s and
no t mo re . Similarly, if the p ric e ris e s , yo u will s till have to g ive 5 kilo s . 3. Whe n the p e rs o n re turne d the whe at that he had b o rro we d fro m yo u,
he g ave yo u whe at o f a hig he r q uality. It is p e rmis s ib le to ac c e p t this whe at and it is no t re g ard e d as inte re s t. Ho we ve r, at the time o f
b o rro wing the whe at it is no t p e rmis s ib le to s ay that yo u will take whe at that is o f a hig he r q uality. It s ho uld b e re me mb e re d that the whe at
s ho uld no t b e mo re in we ig ht. If yo u take whe at that is mo re in we ig ht than the o ne that yo u had g ive n, it will no t b e p e rmis s ib le . Yo u mus t
we ig h the whe at p ro p e rly and g ive it. If s lig htly mo re is g ive n (as a p re c autio n), it will b e o ve rlo o ke d . 4. Yo u b o rro we d mo ne y o r s o me g rains
o n the p ro mis e that yo u will re turn it within o ne mo nth o r fifte e n d ays and the p e rs o n ac c e p te d this p ro mis e . Eve n the n, me ntio ning this p e rio d
will no t b e c o ns id e re d . In fac t, it is no t p e rmis s ib le to me ntio n any p e rio d . If the p e rs o n who le nt the mo ne y o r g rains ne e d s the s ame and
as ks fo r it, o r as ks fo r it witho ut e ve n re ally ne e d ing it, yo u will have to re turn it.
5. Yo u b o rro we d two kilo s o f whe at, flo ur o r s o me thing e ls e . Whe n the p e rs o n as ke d fo r it, yo u re p lie d :

" I d o no t have any whe at at the

mo me nt. In p lac e o f that whe at take R2." The p e rs o n ag re e d to take the mo ne y ins te ad . In s uc h a c as e , the mo ne y will have to b e hand e d o ve r
to the p e rs o n the re and the n. If the p e rs o n g o e s into the ho us e in o rd e r to b ring the mo ne y and s e p arate s fro m the p e rs o n, this ag re e me nt
will b e c o me invalid . He will have to re p e at the e ntire ag re e me nt with re g ard to taking the mo ne y ins te ad o f the whe at.
6. A p e rs o n b o rro we d o ne s ilve r c o in who s e marke t value was R5. The re afte r, the marke t s lump e d and the value o f the s ame c o in d ro p p e d to
R4. The p e rs o n d o e s no t have to g ive any ad d itio nal s ilve r in o rd e r to c o ve r up the R1. Ins te ad , he me re ly has to g ive the s ame s ilve r c o in
b ac k o r any o the r o ne whic h is e q ual to that o ne in we ig ht. The p e rs o n c anno t s ay that he is no t g o ing to take the s ilve r c o in and that he mus t
b ring R5 in c as h ins te ad .
7. It is the c us to m in c e rtain ho me s that o ne ho us e may b o rro w five c o o ke d rotis no w, and late r whe n the y make the ir rotis , the y re turn the m.
This is p e rmis s ib le .
Giving guarant e e s
1. Namah (name o f a wo man) was o wing mo ne y to s o me o ne . Yo u we nt and g ave a g uarante e that if s he d o e s no t fulfill this
d e b t, the p e rs o n mus t c o me and c o lle c t it fro m yo u o r that yo u are re s p o ns ib le fo r he r, o r that s he o we s yo u as we ll (i.e .
s inc e yo u have trus te d he r and le nt he r mo ne y, it is o kay fo r the o the r p e rs o n to trus t he r as we ll), o r yo u me ntio n s o me o the r
wo rd s whic h c o uld b e re g ard e d as a g uarante e .
The p e rs o n to who m the mo ne y was o we d als o ac c e p te d this g uarante e o f yo urs . It no w b e c o me s wjib o n yo u to fulfill this g uarante e whic h
yo u g ave . If Namah d o e s no t fulfill this d e b t, yo u will have to fulfill it and the c re d ito r has the rig ht to as k fo r the mo ne y fro m who ms o e ve r he
wis he s , i.e . e ithe r fro m Namah o r fro m yo u. As lo ng as Namah d o e s no t fulfill he r d e b t o r d o e s no t have it waive d , yo u will c o ntinue b e ing
he r g uaranto r and b e ing re s p o ns ib le fo r the fulfillme nt o f the d e b t. Ho we ve r, if the c re d ito r waive s yo ur re s p o ns ib ility and s ays that yo u are
no w c o mp le te ly ab s o lve d fro m this ag re e me nt and that he will no t as k yo u to fulfill the d e b t, the n this g uarante e o f yo urs will no lo ng e r
re main. If the c re d ito r d o e s no t ac c e p t yo ur g uarante e fro m the ve ry b e g inning and s ays that he is no t g o ing to take yo ur g uarante e into
c o ns id e ratio n, yo u will no t b e re s p o ns ib le .
2. Yo u had g ive n a g uarante e o n b e half o f s o me o ne . This p e rs o n d id no t have any mo ne y to fulfill the d e b t. Yo u the re fo re had to fulfill it o n
his b e half. If yo u had g ive n this g uarante e up o n the ins is te nc e o f the d e b to r, yo u c an c laim whate ve r mo ne y yo u p aid to the c re d ito r o n b e half
o f the d e b to r. If yo u had g ive n this g uarante e o ut o f yo ur o wn fre e will, yo u will have to s e e who had ac c e p te d yo ur g uarante e firs t; was it the
d e b to r o r the c re d ito r? If the d e b to r had ac c e p te d yo ur g uarante e firs t, it will b e re g ard e d as if yo u had g ive n yo ur g uarante e o n his ins tanc e .
Yo u c an the re fo re c laim yo ur mo ne y fro m him. And if the c re d ito r ac c e p te d yo ur g uarante e firs t, yo u d o no t have the rig ht to c laim it fro m the
d e b to r. It will b e re g ard e d as if yo u fulfille d his d e b t o ut o f yo ur g o o d -he arte d ne s s . If the d e b to r g ive s yo u the mo ne y o n his o wn, it will b e
ac c e p tab le (b ut yo u c anno t d e mand it).
3. If the c re d ito r g rants a re s p ite o f o ne mo nth o r fifte e n d ays to the d e b to r, the n he (the c re d ito r) c anno t d e mand this mo ne y fro m the
g uaranto r d uring this p e rio d .
4. Yo u d id no t g ive a g uarante e to p ay o n b e half o f the d e b to r. Ins te ad , the mo ne y o f the d e b to r was ke p t in yo ur c us to d y as an amnah . Yo u
the re fo re s aid that this p e rs o n' s amnah is ke p t b y yo u and that yo u will p ay the c re d ito r fro m this
amnah . Ho we ve r, the amnah that was
ke p t b y yo u g o t s to le n o r d is ap p e are d thro ug h s o me o the r way. Yo ur g uarante e will no lo ng e r b e ap p lic ab le . It will no t b e wajib o n yo u to p ay
it no r c an the c re d ito r d e mand it fro m yo u.
5. Yo u wis he d to g o s o me whe re , s o yo u hire d o r re nte d a c ar o r truc k fro m s o me o ne . Ano the r p e rs o n c ame to the o wne r o f the c ar and g ave a
g uarante e that if yo u d o no t re turn it, he will g ive his o wn c ar to the o wne r. Suc h a g uarante e is valid . If yo u d o no t re turn the c ar, the g uaranto r
will have to g ive his o wn c ar to the o wne r.
6. Yo u g ave a c e rtain ite m o f yo urs to a p e rs o n to g o and s e ll it. He s o ld it b ut d id no t b ring the mo ne y and s ays to yo u : " The mo ne y c anno t
g o anywhe re . I am re s p o ns ib le fo r it. If yo u d o no t g e t it, yo u mus t c o me and c o lle c t it fro m me ." Suc h a g uarante e is no t valid .
7. A p e rs o n s ays : " Le ave yo ur fo wl e n-c ag e d in this fo wl-run. If the c at c ap ture s it, I am re s p o ns ib le . Yo u mus t take it fro m me ." Alte rnative ly,
he s ays the fo llo wing with re g ard to a s he e p : " If the wo lf c ap ture s it, I am re s p o ns ib le ." Suc h a g uarante e is no t valid .
8. If an immature b o y o r g irl g ive s a g uarante e , it will no t b e valid . Passing ove r of de bt s t o some one e lse
1. Yo u o we mo ne y to Shafah while Rb iah o we s yo u mo ne y. Shafah as ke d yo u fo r the mo ne y whic h yo u o we he r. Yo u re p ly :
" Rb iah is o wing me s o me mo ne y. Take the mo ne y whic h I o we yo u fro m he r and d o no t as k me ." If Shafah ag re e s to this
the re and the n, and Rb iah als o ag re e s to this , the n yo u are ab s o lve d fro m the re s p o ns ib ility o f yo ur d e b t to Shafah.
Shafah c anno t as k yo u fo r the mo ne y; s he will have to as k Rb iah, irre s p e c tive o f whe n s he re c e ive s the mo ne y.
Furthe rmo re , the mo ne y that yo u have as ke d Shafah to c o lle c t fro m Rb iah, yo u c anno t c laim that amo unt fro m Rb iah.
Ho we ve r, if Rb iah is o wing yo u mo re than what yo u
we re o wing Shafah, yo u c an c laim the b alanc e fro m Rb iah. If Rb iah p ays the mo ne y to Shafah, we ll and g o o d . But if s he d id no t p ay and
p as s e s away, the n Shafah will b e p aid afte r s e lling all he r (Rb iah' s ) p e rs o nal b e lo ng ing s . If Rb iah d id no t le ave b e hind any we alth o r
p o s s e s s io ns o r, while s he was alive s he d e nie d o wing yo u any mo ne y, to o k an o ath that s he o we s no mo ne y to yo u, and the re are no
witne s s e s in this re g ard as we ll, the n in s uc h a c as e Shafah c an as k yo u fo r the mo ne y that yo u o we he r and c an als o d e mand it fro m yo u. If in
the ve ry b e g inning yo u as k Shafah to take the mo ne y fro m Rb iah and s he d o e s no t ag re e , o r Rb iah he rs e lf is no t hap p y ab o ut g iving the
mo ne y to Shafah, the n this d e b t has no t falle n o ff yo ur s ho uld e rs (i.e . yo u are s till re s p o ns ib le to p ay Shafah he r mo ne y).
2. Rb iah was no t o wing yo u any mo ne y. Ho we ve r, yo u p as s e d o n yo ur d e b t (mo ne y whic h yo u we re o wing to Shafah) to Rb iah. Rb iah
ac c e p te d this and Shafah als o ag re e d . Eve n in s uc h a c as e yo ur d e b t to Shafah will b e p as s e d o ve r to Rb iah and s he will b e re s p o ns ib le
to fulfill it. The re fo re , all the ab o ve -me ntio ne d rule s will als o ap p ly o ve r he re . Afte r fulfilling the d e b t o n yo ur b e half, Rb iah c an c laim that
mo ne y fro m yo u. Ho we ve r, s he d o e s no t have the rig ht to c laim that mo ne y b e fo re s he c an fulfill it o n yo ur b e half.
3. Yo u had ke p t s o me mo ne y with Rb iah as an amnah . Yo u the re fo re p as s e d o ve r yo ur d e b t (mo ne y whic h yo u we re o wing to Shafah) to
Rb iah. The re afte r, that mo ne y whic h was with Rb iah g o t lo s t o r d is ap p e are d in s o me way o r the o the r.Rb iah is no lo ng e r re s p o ns ib le .
Ins te ad , Shafah will d e mand the mo ne y fro m yo u and take it fro m yo u. No w s he has no rig ht to d e mand o r take the mo ne y fro m Rb iah.
4. If yo u p as s o ve r yo ur d e b t to Rb iah and the re afte r yo u yo urs e lf fulfill this d e b t and p ay the mo ne y to Shafah, this will b e valid . Shafah

c anno t re fus e to ac c e p t the mo ne y fro m yo u and ins is t o n taking it fro m Rb iah.

Appoint ing a pe rson as a wakl (re pre se nt at ive )
1. J us t as a p e rs o n has the p o we r to c arry o ut a c e rtain wo rk o n his o wn, he als o has the c ho ic e o f ap p o inting s o me o ne to
c arry o ut that tas k o n his b e half. This is ap p lic ab le in b uying and s e lling trans ac tio ns , taking o r g iving o n re nt, g e tting
marrie d , e tc . Fo r e xamp le , s e nd ing the d o me s tic s e rvant to the marke t to p urc has e s o me thing , s e lling s o me thing thro ug h
he r, s e nd ing he r to hire a c ar, taxi, e tc . The p e rs o n who is ap p o inte d fo r s uc h a tas k is kno wn as a
wakl (re p re s e ntative o r
p ro xy) in the Sharah . If yo u s e nd the d o me s tic s e rvant o r lab o ure r to p urc has e s o me thing fo r yo u fro m the marke t, he will b e yo ur wakl .
2. Yo u s e nt the d o me s tic s e rvant to p urc has e me at. She p urc has e d the me at o n c re d it. The b utc he r c anno t d e mand the mo ne y fo r the me at
fro m yo u. He will have to as k the d o me s tic s e rvant who will in turn as k yo u fo r the mo ne y. Similarly, if yo u as k yo ur d o me s tic s e rvant to s e ll a
c e rtain ite m fo r yo u, yo u d o no t have the rig ht to as k o r d e mand the mo ne y fro m the p e rs o n who p urc has e d the ite m. He will p ay the mo ne y to
the p e rs o n fro m who m he p urc has e d the ite m (in this c as e , yo ur d o me s tic s e rvant). But if he c o me s and g ive s the mo ne y to yo u, it will b e
p e rmis s ib le . What this me ans is that if he re fus e s to g ive the mo ne y to yo u, yo u c anno t fo rc e him to d o s o . 3. Yo u s e nt yo ur wo rke r to
p urc has e s o me thing and he b ro ug ht it. He has the rig ht to re fus e to hand o ve r the ite m to yo u until yo u g ive him the mo ne y fo r it. This is
irre s p e c tive o f whe the r he p aid fo r it with his o wn mo ne y o r whe the r he has no t p aid o r it as ye t. Ho we ve r, if he p urc has e d it o n c re d it o n the
p ro mis e that he will p ay within five o r te n d ays , the n he c anno t as k yo u fo r the mo ne y b e fo re the s tip ulate d numb e r o f d ays .
4. Yo u as ke d yo ur d o me s tic s e rvant to p urc has e o ne kilo o f me at. She c o me s ho me with o ne and half kilo s . It is no t wajib fo r yo u to ac c e p t
the o ne and half kilo s . If yo u d o no t take it, s he will have to take the half kilo .
5. Yo u as ke d a p e rs o n to g o and p urc has e a c e rtain g o at fro m a c e rtain p e rs o n fo r R200. This wakl c anno t g o and p urc has e that g o at at that
p ric e fo r hims e lf. In o the r wo rd s , whe n yo u as k the wakl to p urc has e s o me thing s p e c ific ally fo r yo u, it is no t p e rmis s ib le fo r him to p urc has e
that ve ry ite m fo r hims e lf. Ho we ve r, if he p urc has e s it at a p ric e mo re than what yo u had s p e c ifie d , it will b e p e rmis s ib le fo r him to p urc has e it
fo r hims e lf. But if yo u d id no t s p e c ify any p ric e , it will in no way b e p e rmis s ib le fo r him to p urc has e it fo r hims e lf.
6. Yo u d id no t s p e c ify any p artic ular g o at. Yo u me re ly as ke d him to p urc has e a g o at fo r yo u. It will b e p e rmis s ib le fo r him to p urc has e a g o at
fo r hims e lf as we ll. He c an p urc has e whic he ve r o ne he wis he s to p urc has e fo r hims e lf, and whic he ve r o ne he wis he s fo r yo u. If he p urc has e s
it with the inte ntio n that he is p urc has ing it fo r hims e lf, it will b e his . If he p urc has e s it with the inte ntio n that he is p urc has ing it fo r yo u, it will b e
yo urs . And if he p urc has e s it with yo ur mo ne y, it will b e yo urs irre s p e c tive o f what inte ntio n he make s whe n p urc has ing it. 7. He p urc has e d a
g o at fo r yo u. Ho we ve r, b e fo re he c o uld g ive it to yo u, it d ie d o r g o t s to le n. In s uc h a c as e , yo u will have to g ive him the mo ne y fo r that g o at. If
yo u te ll him that he had p urc has e d that g o at fo r hims e lf, the n yo ur mo ne y will b e lo s t if yo u had alre ad y g ive n him the mo ne y. But if yo u had n' t
g ive n him the mo ne y and he c o me s to yo u no w to as k fo r the mo ne y, the n if yo u are ab le to take an o ath that he had p urc has e d the g o at fo r
hims e lf, the n his g o at will b e lo s t. And if yo u are unab le to take an o ath, yo u will have to ac c e p t his wo rd .
8. The lab o re r o r d o me s tic s e rvant p urc has e d an ite m fo r yo u at a hig h p ric e . If the p ric e is s lig htly hig he r than the no rmal marke t value , yo u
will have to take the ite m and g ive the mo ne y fo r it. But if the p ric e is e xtre me ly hig h to s uc h an e xte nt that no o ne c an q uo te s uc h a hig h p ric e ,
it is no t wajib o n yo u to ac c e p t it. If yo u d o no t ac c e p t it, he will have to take it.
9. Yo u g ave an ite m to a p e rs o n to s e ll. It is no t p e rmis s ib le fo r this p e rs o n to p urc has e the ite m fo r hims e lf and g ive the mo ne y to yo u.
Similarly, if yo u as k a p e rs o n to p urc has e an ite m fo r yo u, he c anno t b ring his o wn ite m and s e ll it to yo u. If he wis he s to s e ll his ite m to yo u, o r
p urc has e yo ur ite m fo r hims e lf, he mus t c le arly s tate s o b y s aying : " This is my ite m, yo u c an p urc has e it fro m me " o r " I will p urc has e this
ite m fro m yo u." It is no t p e rmis s ib le to d o s o witho ut c le arly s tating this .
10. Yo u s e nt the d o me s tic s e rvant to p urc has e g o at me at. She c o me s b ac k with b e e f. Yo u have the c ho ic e o f e ithe r ac c e p ting it o r re je c ting it.
Similarly, if yo u s e nd he r to p urc has e p o tato e s and s he c o me s b ac k with bhindi (lad y' s fing e rs - a ve g e tab le ) o r anything e ls e , it is no t
ne c e s s ary fo r yo u to ac c e p t it. If yo u re je c t it, s he will have to take it.
11. Yo u as ke d he r to p urc has e s o me thing wo rth R1 and s he c o me s with R2 wo rth. Yo u have the rig ht to take R1 wo rth and g ive the e xtra b ac k
to he r. 12. Yo u s e nt two p e rs o ns to p urc has e a c e rtain ite m. It will b e ne c e s s ary fo r b o th o f the m to b e p re s e nt whe n p urc has ing the ite m. It is
no t p e rmis s ib le fo r o nly o ne p e rs o n to p urc has e the ite m. If o nly o ne p e rs o n p urc has e s it, the valid ity o f the trans ac tio n will b e d e p e nd e nt o n
yo u. If yo u ac c e p t it, it will b e valid .
13. Yo u as ke d a p e rs o n to p urc has e a g o at, a c o w o r s o me thing e ls e fo r yo u. This p e rs o n d id no t p urc has e it hims e lf b ut s e nt s o me o ne e ls e .
It will no t b e wjib fo r Yo u to ac c e p t what this third p e rs o n p urc has e s . Yo u c an ac c e p t it o r re je c t it. Ho we ve r, if he hims e lf p urc has e s it fo r
yo u, yo u will have to take it.
Dismissing a wakl
1. The rig ht to d is mis s a wakl re mains with yo u all the time , e .g . yo u s ay to a p e rs o n : " I ne e d a g o at. If yo u c o me ac ro s s o ne , yo u mus t
b uy it fo r me ." The re afte r yo u s to p him fro m p urc has ing it fo r yo u. He no w has no rig ht to p urc has e it fo r yo u. If he p urc has e s it, it will b e his
re s p o ns ib ility. Yo u d o no t have to take it.
2. Yo u d id no t d is mis s a wakl yo urs e lf. Ins te ad , yo u wro te him a le tte r o r s e nt s o me o ne to info rm him that he s ho uld no t p urc has e the ite m
fo r yo u. Eve n the n, he will b e d is mis s e d . If yo u d id no t d is mis s him yo urs e lf, b ut s o me o ne e ls e we nt o n his o wn and info rme d him that yo u
have d is mis s e d him and that he s ho uld no t p urc has e the ite m, the n he will b e c o ns id e re d to b e d is mis s e d if two p e rs o ns info rme d him o f this
o r o ne re liab le , re lig io us p e rs o n info rme d him o f this . But if this was no t s o , he will no t b e d is mis s e d . If he p urc has e s the ite m, yo u will have
to take it.
Glossary
Exp lanatio n o f Is lamic Te rms
lim : O ne who has attaine d a c o ns id e rab le amo unt o f Is lamic kno wle d g e .
Amnah :

A trus t o r s o me thing with whic h yo u have b e e n e ntrus te d . Fo r furthe r

d e tails , re fe r to the c hap te r o n amnah.

Auliy : Plural o f " wal" . A wal is a frie nd o f Allah.

Btil : In Is lamic juris p rud e nc e it re fe rs to an ac t whic h is invalid .
Barakah :

Lite rally me ans " b le s s ing s " . It als o re fe rs to the e xp e rie nc ing o f ab und anc e in thing s whic h are o f little value .

Bayus s alam :
the g o o d s .

Te c hnic ally, it re fe rs to a c o ntrac t o f s ale c aus ing an imme d iate p ayme nt o f the p ric e and ad mitting a d e lay in the d e live ry o f

Bid ah : Lite rally me ans an " inno vatio n" . In Is lam it re fe rs to the intro d uc tio n o f ne w thing s into Is lam whic h have no b as is in the Q uran o r
Had ith and re g ard ing the s e thing s as ac ts o f b d ah. A b id ah is a majo r s in in Is lam.
Du : Sup p lic atio n, p raye r o r d e vo tio nal p hras e s .
Fs id :

In Is lamic juris p rud e nc e it re fe rs to an ac tio n whic h is c o ns id e re d to b e imp ro p e r.

Farid : Plural o f fard .

Fard : Lite rally me ans " c o mp uls o ry" . In Is lam it re fe rs to tho s e ac ts and thing s whic h are c o mp uls o ry o n a Mus lim. Ab and o ning o r ab s taining
fro m a fard ac t is a majo r s in. Re je c ting a fard ac t amo unts to kufr.
Fid yah :

Re d e mp tio n fro m the o mis s io n o f c e rtain re lig io us d utie s b y a mate rial d o natio n o r a re lig io us ac t.

G he e : Clarifie d b utte r.
G hus l : The ac t o f was hing the e ntire b o d y fro m he ad to to e witho ut le aving a s ing le
p lac e d ry.
Hfiz : O ne who has me mo riz e d the Q uran.
Hall : That whic h is lawful o r p e rmis s ib le in Is lam.
Harm : That whic h is unlawful o r p ro hib ite d in Is lam.
Ib d ah :

Lite rally me ans " wo rs hip " . In Is lam it re fe rs to all tho s e ac ts with whic h o ne re nd e rs wo rs hip to Allah.

Ijrah fs id ah :

Imp ro p e r le as ing o r hiring . Fo r furthe r d e tails , re fe r to the re le vant c hap te r.

J ahannam : He ll.
J anz ah : Fune ral p ro c e s s io n. The d e c e as e d p e rs o n is als o re fe rre d to as a janz ah.
J annah : Parad is e .
Kafan : The c lo th in whic h the d e c e as e d is e ns hro ud e d .
Kaffrah :

Lite rally me ans " p e nanc e , ato ne me nt, e xp iatio n." In Is lamic law it re fe rs

to re d e mp tio n fro m the o mis s io n o f c e rtain re lig io us d utie s b y a mate rial d o natio n o r
a ritual ac t.
Kuffr :
o f Allah.

Plural o f kfir. A kfir is o ne who re je c ts Allah and d o e s no t b e lie ve in Muhammad

sallallhu alayhi wa sallam as the final me s s e ng e r

Kufr : Re fe rs to the s tate o f d is b e lie f.

Mahr : Do wry.
Makrh : That whic h is d is like d o r d e te s tab le .
Marad ul maut : Re fe rs to the las t s ic kne s s o f a p e rs o n afte r whic h he p as s e s away.
Mas ' il : Plural o f mas ' ala.
Mas ' ala : Lite rally me ans " an is s ue , p ro b le m o r q ue s tio n" . In Is lamic juris p rud e nc e it
re fe rs to a rule o r re g ulatio n.
Mud rab ah : Sile nt p artne rs hip . Fo r furthe r d e tails , re fe r to the re le vant c hap te r.
Mujhid n :

Plural o f mujhid . Re fe rs to a p e rs o n who is e ng ag e d in jihd o r war ag ains t the kuffr.

Mus tahab : That whic h is p re fe rab le o r d e s irab le .

Mutawakkil : O ne who p rac tic e s tawakkul.
Nafs : The s o ul.
Nr : Lig ht.
Ro ti : Flat ro und b re ad .
Shaf : O ne who ho ld s the rig ht o f p re -e mp tio n.

Shaytn : The ac c urs e d d e vil.

Shufah : The rig ht o f p re -e mp tio n.
Sunnah : An ac t c arrie d o ut o r s anc tio ne d b y Ras lullh sallallhu alayhi wa sallam .
Tawakkul : The ac t o f p lac ing o ne ' s c o mp le te faith and trus t in Allah.
Ulam : Plural o f lim.
Wjib : Lite rally me ans " o b lig ato ry" . In Is lamic juris p rud e nc e it re fe rs to an ac t whic h has no t b e e n e s tab lis he d b y an ab s o lute p ro o f.
Le aving o ut a wjib witho ut any valid e xc us e make s o ne a fs iq and e ntails p unis hme nt.
Wakill: Re p re s e ntative
Was iyyah : Be q ue s t
Wilyat : Lite rally me ans " frie nd s hip " . In Is lamic s fis m it re fe rs to that s tag e whe re a p e rs o n g ains c lo s e p ro ximity to Allah.