HM BESSEL

HM BESSEL
Bi:
phm vn tn

HM BESSEL.
Hm Bessel loi 1 l gii p ca phng trnh vi phn:

Mc d hm Bessel c nh ngha cho tt c tr gi ca n, ta ch quan tm n cc s

nguyn thc dng v m.
Vi nhng tr nguyn ca n,
J-n(x) = (-1)n Jn(x).
Hnh 5.6, v Jn cho nhng tr ca n = 0, 1 v 2. Nh l vi x rt nh, J0(x) tin n 1
trong lc J1(x) v J2(x) tin n zero. ( Xem hnh trang sau ).
Ta hy xem hm Bessel khi n tr nn ln. Ta kho st mt im c bit trn cc ng
cong. Hnh 5.7, v Jn (10) l mt hm ca n.
- Khi n m, hm tr nn dao ng khng tt ( under damped oscillator ).
- Vi nhng tr n dng, ta lu n tnh i xng ca phng trinh (5.23).
- Mt quan st quan trng l, vi n > 9, hm Bessel tin n tim cn vi zero. Tht vy,
vi n c nh v beta ln, hm Bessel c th tnh xp x bi:

(5.24)
Trong T (n+1) l hm Gamma.

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Hnh 5.6: Hm Bessel cho n = 0, 1 v 2.

Hm Gamma tin n vcung vi cc sut ln hn 2. Th d, tr gi ca hm Gamma
ng vi cc sut 2, 3, 4, 5 v 6 l 1, 2 , 6, 24 v 120. V hm Gamma nm mu s, c
th thy rng hm Bessel gim rt nhanh khi n tng. l mt tnh cht chnh tc tim
kh bng ca sng FM.

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Hnh 5.7: Jn (10) l mt hm ca n.

Tr li phng trnh (5.23), ta thy cc h s Fourier c cho bi: Cn = Jn (beta).
V sng FM tr nn:

V ej2pifct khngl mt hm ca n, ta em vo du tng:

V ly phn thc:

Ta rt gn sng FM thnh tng ca cc Sinusoids. Bin i F ca tng ny l mt

chui xung lc.

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Hnh 5.8: Bin i F ca FM, i vi tin tc l Sinusoids.

Ta ang gp phi mt rc ri ln ! Bin i ny m rng theo c 2 chiu t tn s sng
mang. N c mt kh bng rng v hn. D Jn(beta) tin n zero ti vi tr gi, nhng
kh bng rng th khng b gii hn. Nh vy, ta khng th truyn c hiu qu v cng
khng th phi hp nhiu ngun tin ring l vo chung mt knh ( Multiplexing ) ( v
trng f ).
Vi beta khng i, cc hm Jn(beta) tin n zero khi n tng. Vi s chn la beta,
s hng J0(beta) tin n zero v sng mang b loi. Trong trng hp AM, s loi b
sng mang lm tng hiu sut. Nhng i vi FM, s loi sng mang khng c li g
c v cng sut ton phn gi khng i.
tnh xp x kh bng ca sng FM, ta xem cc xung hnh 5.8. Trc ht, ta chn mt
tr betanh. T hnh 5.6, ta thy rng, nu beta < 0,5 th J2(beta) < 0,03. Cc hm Bessel
bc cao hn (n > 2) th nh hn. Ti beta=0,5, J1 l 0,24. Vi nhng tr nh ny ca
beta, bin i F hnh 5.8 ch bao gm 5 xung lc gn sng mang. l, thnh phn
ti sng mang v 2 thnh phn cch fm k t sng mang. iu , cho mt kh bng
l 2 fm. Ta bit iu v nhng tr rt nh ca beta(aKf/fm) tng ng vi iu kin
bng hp.
By gi, gi s beta khng nh, th d beta = 10. Nhng tnh cht m ta ni trn ch
rng Jn(10) s gim nhanh chng, khi n > 10. Xem hnh 5.8, ta thy nhng thnh phn
c ngha l sng mang v 10 ha tn mi bn ca sng mang. Mt cch tng qut: Vi
beta ln,s s hng (thnh phn) mi bn ca sng mang l beta ( c lm trn s
nguyn ). iu cho mt kh bng l 2betafm.

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Gn y, Jonh Carson a ra nh lut: Kh bng ca sng FM th xp x bng hm ca

tn s tn hiu cha tin v ch s bin iu:
BW = 2(betafm + fm) (5.27)
iu tha nhn 2 trng hp gii hn. Vi beta rt nh, kh bng = 2fm v ngc li
vi beta ln, kh bng = 2betafm.
Thay beta = aKf/fm vo (5.27):
BW = 2(aKf+fm) (5.28)
* Ta nh li tn s tc thi c cho bi phng trnh (5.18):
fi (t)=fC + aKf cos2pifmt
Ta thy rng fm l nhp thay i ca fi (t) ,trong lc aKf l tr ti a m n di tn t
sng mang - c 2 i lng y iu tham gia vo kh bng ca sng FM.
Th d: Tm bng xp x ca cc tn s b chim bi sng FM vi sng mang c tn s
5khz, Kf = 10Hz/V v:
s(t) = 10 cos10pit.
s(t) = 5 cos20pit.
s(t) = 100 cos2000pit.
Gii:
BW = 2(aKf+fm) = 2[10(10)+5] = 210Hz.
BW = 2(aKf+fm) = 2[5(10)+10] = 120Hz.
BW = 2(aKf+fm) = 2[100(10)+1.000] = 4khz.
Bng ca nhng tn s b chim:
4895 n 5105 Hz.
4940 n 5060 Hz.
3 n 7 Khz.

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Phng trnh (5.28) c khai trin cho trng hp c bit ca mt tn hiu cha tin
hnh Sinusoide. Nu s bin iu l tuyn tnh, th ta c th p dng cng thc ny cho
thnh phn tn s cao nht ca s(t) tm kh bng. Nhng, FM th khng tuyn tnh
nn cch y khng ng.
Ta s tm mt cng thc tng t cho trng hp tng qut. Hnh 5.9, ch tn s tc thi
ca trng hp c bit m tn hiu cha tin Sinusoide v trng hp tng qut.

Hnh 5.9: Tn s tc thi

Trong trng hp s(t) hnh sin, aKf l di tn ti a ca tn s so vi fc. V trong
trng hp tng qut di tn ti a tng t k hiu l deltaf. Cng thc tng qut
cho (5.28) l:

(5.29)
-Nu deltaf rt ln so vi fm, ta c FM bng rng, v tn s ca sng mang thay i mt
khong rng, nhng vi nhp chm. Tn s tc thi ca sng mang thay i chm
t fC-deltaf n fC+deltaf. Nh vy sng FM xp x vi mt Sinusoide thun trong mt
thi gian di. Ta c th ngh l n l tng ca nhiu Sinusoide vi cc tn s nm gia 2
gii hn. Nn bin i F th gn bng vi s chng ( Superposition ) cc bin i F ca
nhng sinusoide y tt c nm trong gii hn tn s. Vy thc hp l gi s rng kh
bng th xp x vi b rng ca khong tn s ny, hoc 2deltaf.
-Nu deltaf rt nh, ta c mt sng mang thay i trong mt khong rt nh ca tn s,
nhng vi nhp nhanh. Ta c th tnh gn ng bng 2 mch giao ng ti nhng gii
hn tn s. Mi giao ng c Cng ha trong na thi gian ton th. Bng ca cc
tn s b chim bi output ca H 5.10 l t fC - deltaf - fm n fC + deltaf + fm.
Vi deltaf nh, => kh bng l 2fm .

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Ta thy kh bng ca sng FM tng vi s tng tr gi ca Kf. V im ny, s dng

FM bng hp ( vi kh bng ti thiu 2fm ) l hp l. Nhng, FM bng rng li c u
im v trit nhiu hn c FM bng hp v AM.

Hnh 5.10: Xp x ca FM bng hp

V d: Mt sng mang 10MHz c bin iu FM bi mt tn hiu Sinusoide c tn s
5KHz, sao cho di tn ti a ca sng FM l 500KHz - Tm bng xp x ca cc tn
s b chim bi sng FM.
Gii:
Kh bng xp x
BW = 2(deltaf + fm).
BW = 2(500KHz + 5KHz) = 1.010 KHz .
Vy bng ca tn s b chim th tp trung quanh tn s sng mang, v trong khong t
9.495 n 10.505KHz. Tn hiu FM th d ny l bng rng. Nu n l bng hp, kh
bng s ch l 10KHz.
Th d: Mt sng mang 100KHz b bin iu FM bi mt tn hiu sinusoide c bin
1V. Kf c tr 100Hz/V.
Tm kh bng xp x ca sng FM nu tn hiu bin iu c mt tn s 10KHz.
Gii:
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Ta li dng php tnh xp x ca Carson:

BW = 2(deltaf + fm)
V tn hiu cha tin s(t) c bin n v, di tn ti a deltaf c cho bi kf , hoc
100Hz .
fm l 10 Khz, tn s ca tn hiu bin iu. Vy :
BW = 2(100Hz + 10 Khz) = 20.200Hz .
V fm rt ln so vi deltaf , y l tn hiu FM bng hp. Kh bng cn thit truyn
cng tin tc khi dng DSB AM s l 20KHz, xp x vi kh bng ca sng FM ny.
V du: Mt sng bin iu gc c m t bi:
landa(t) = 10 cos[2 x 107pit + 20cos1000pit]
Tm kh bng xp x ca sng ny.
Gii:
fm l 500Hz. tnh deltaf, trc ht ta tm tn s tc thi:

di tn ti a ca 10.000 sin1000pit, hoc 10KHz. Vy kh bng xp x c cho

bi:
BW = 2( 10.000 + 500 ) = 21khz .
R rng y l mt sng FM bng rng v deltaf rt ln so vi fm. Nh l ta khng bit
y l bin iu tn s hoc pha khi tm kh bng.

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