Low Rise Office Building Design Aid by E. Chien, P. Eng @ published by Canadian Institute of Steel Construction 201 Consumers Road, Suite 300 Willowdale, Ontario M2J 468First Printing May 1991 Copyright © 1991 by Canadian Institute of Stee! Construction All rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Printed in Canada ISBN 0-88811-074-XTABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword “) Preface Gi) Building Layout & Design Criteria 1-9 Plans, Sections, Design Criteria 2-6 Floor, Roof & Walll Systems, Design Gravity Loads 7-9 Lateral Loads 10 - 22 ‘Areas & Preliminary Seismic Design Forces 12-17 NBC Wind Loads Seismic & Wind Load Summary Lateral Load Resisting Systems ‘Moment Frame with Nominal Ductility Ductile Braced Frame Lateral Stiffness of LLRS Roof System Roof Deck & Roof Diaphragm Roof Member Design Floor System Floor Beam Design Floor Girder Design Floor Stub-Girder Design Floor Member Summary Gravity Columns Interior Column Design Column Member Summary Connections Shear Connections Moment Frame Connections Braced Frame Connections Quantity Takeoff & Cost Estimate 104 - 108 Appendix A - Estimating Cost of Structural Steel 109 - 112 Appendix B - Building Cost 113 - 118 Appendix C - Building Envelope for Low Rise Steel Framed Structures 119 - 132 Appendix D - Lateral Load Resisting Systems for Alternate Building Sites 133 - 136 1 , I 1 1 1 1 1 1 » 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Foreword The Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CISC) is the national industry organization representing the Canadian structural steel, open web steel joist, and steel platework fabricating industries, and their steel mill suppliers. Formed in 1930 and granted a Federal charter in 1942, the CISC functions as a non-profit organization promoting the efficient and economical use of fabricated steel in construction. In 1990, Associate Membership categories were established for detailers, erectors, suppliers, and for individuals such as engineers, architects, contractors and quantity surveyors. Preparation of engineering plans is not a function of CISC. However, the Institute does provide technical information through the services of its engineering staff, by the preparation and dissemination of publications of various types and through the medium of lectures, seminars, conferences and other types of meetings. Architects, engineers and others interested in steel construction are encouraged to apply for Associate Membership and to make use of CISC services. The Steel Structures Education Foundation (SSEF) was established in 1985 to advance the application and use of steel in structures, through education. The CISC works in close co- operation with the SSEF to develop educational programmes related to the design and construction of steel structures. The CISC gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the SSEF for the development of the “Low Rise Office Building Design Aid”, which forms part of the course material for the two-day course entitled Low Rise Steel Buildings. Although no effort has been spared in an attempt to ensure that all data in this book is factual and that values are accurate to a degree consistent with current structural design practice, the Canadian Institute of Steel Construction does not assume responsibility for errors, or oversights resulting from use of the information contained herein, Anyone making use of the contents of this book assumes all liability arising from such use. All suggestions for improvement of this book will be forwarded to the publisher for its consideration in future printingsPreface This set-of design notes, for the limit states design of a low rise (3-storey) steel office building, produced-as part of a continuing effort to provide practical information (0 assist building designers in the efficient and economical use of structural steel. Extensive reference to the National Butlding Code of Canada 1990 (NBC-1990) and to CAN/CSA-S16.1-M89 "Limit States Design of Steel Structures" ($16.1-M89):(both of which contain significant changes from previous editions) is made throughout to assist designers to become more familiar with the use of these documents. ‘This publication, which is written in the format of a simple and logical design office brief, is intended as a reference document to aid in the design of low rise multi-storey steel framed buildings. It recognizes that the most useful way to present practical solutions to many design problems, is to provide a representative design for a complete building structure. Many references to the fifth edition of the CISC Handbook of Steel Construction (Handbook) are made in the design notes. ‘These notes replace an earlier Low Rise Office Building Design Aid based on CAN3-S16.1-M84, "Steel Structures for Buildings - Limit States Design" ‘The design notes cover the essential parts of a typical 3-storey office building containing composite floor construction, open web joist:roof framing, and an open atrium area. The building is also framed to resist wind and seismic effects as required by the NBC-1990 and by CAN/CSA-S16.1 M89. Integration of the structural system with mechanical, electrical and other non-structural elements is covered. The importance of considering structural connections, particularly as they influence seismic design, is emphasized. A practical approach to design is demonstrated throughout, and the design notes are supplemented by commentary and numerous references to clarify the procedures and methods used in framing and analysing the: structure, ‘and to select individual members. ‘The structural calculations for the lateral load.resisting system, comprised of “ductile braced frames” and “moment frames with nominal ductility” (for a seismic zone similar to that of Ottawa, Ontario), are used to illustrate many important:considerations.in seismic design. In addition, the notes contain a quantity takeoff and estimate for the cost of the steel frame.’ Appendices. A to C are included to describe the estimating method used, building costs, and air barrier details. Selection of lateral load resisting frames for ductile performance, other than illustrated by the example building design, may be appropriate; especially if the building is located in a different seismic zone. Appendix D provides guidance on the selection of alternative lateral load resisting frames as influenced by the seismicity at building sites, member selection, and connection design criteria. The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of J. Frewen-Lord of F-L Construction Consultants, Georgetown, Ontario for providing Appendix B on “Building Cost Evaluation”, and the contributions of G. F. Johnson of Morrison Hershfield Limited, Edmonton, Alberta for preparing the material in Appendix C, "Building Envelope for Low-Rise Steel Framed Structures”. The author also wishes to acknowledge Drs. D. J. L. Kennedy, R. G. Redwood, Messrs. D. Calder, M. P, Comeau, W. S. Kendrick, J. S. Springfield, and many organizing committee members of the CSCE Seismic Seminar "91 chaired by P. Timler for providing constructive reviews. In addition, the valuable contribution of D. L.. T. Oakes and other CISC engineering staff in producing these design notes is acknowledged. (i)Building Layout & Design Ci ‘The example building is a three-storey office building which consists of a ground floor (level 1) on grade, two framed floors (levels 2 and 3), a framed roof (level 4) and penthouse, and an atrium extending through the full height of the building. ‘The building is basically rectangular in plan with the north-west and north-east corners cut back at angles of 45 degrees giving a total building area of approximately 2350 m2, The elevator and service core is located adjacent to the north side of the atrium, and an exterior stair tower is located at the centre of the east wall. ical floor and roof plans, elevations and sections are provided on pages 2 through 4. The basic column grid is 9 000 mm x'9 000 mm, with the first row of interior columns from the north wall located on a 12.000 mm grid Tine from the exterior column line, providing a 12 000 mm column- free bay along the north side of the building. A detailed section through this bay is included on page 5. Design criteria are provided on page 6. These include the National Building Code of Canada - 1990, the steel design standard CAN/CSA-S16.1-M89, storey height restrictions, specified design ive and partition loads, ground snow load and associated rain load, reference wind pressures, seismic design data (with an assumed building site at the City of Ottawa, Ontario), and information concerning the type and strength of structural steel and reinforced concrete. ‘The method used for estimating the cost of structural steel, and the cost index on which the cost estimate is based are also provided on page 6.12@ 1 500= 18 000 MSZSZSZSESZL 4 [sl ras | a wall 5272 |, 7456 | 5272. + 400, | 200 9000 |, 9000 |, 9000 1, 9000 |, 9000 |, 9000 |, 900 TF North 300 4 Typical Floor (Levels 2&3) Deck Slab Construction: Live load = 24 kPa 75 mmN.D. cover slab on 75 mm wide-rib steel deck 9.000 Lower Roof (Level 4) Roof Deck: 38 mm deep profile Upper Roof 2COO ROE OO ® soot eee oH so >a : [ a Hal LISTTP) DIP) PIPIOVIPTLIPL TTL Ts South Elevation © ® © © | vopectoot | | pantaua tos owe oot 300 3 ; | sof : | : 200] Udsisisdd ZA West Elevation ® © ® © © eed upper root i tower root 3 TG 1 Z UMddiiidilld, Z East Elevationupper roof lower roof 3 2 1 Section "C" © ‘upper roof Tower roof 4 3 2 1 7540 Section "H”W410x54 ‘ . ‘ emmeth stn ir W610x125 El ln ih gk 540, Ceiling W310x97 W410x46 wa10xs4 H Ww410339 W410x39 wo1ox101 12.000Three Storey Office Structure (Design Criteria) Building Design Code - National Building Code of Canada 1990 Steel Design Standard - Canadian Standards Association CAN/CSA-S16.1-M89 Limit States Design of Steel Structures, Storey Height Restrictions Clear floor to ceiling heights - ground floor 3.150 mm 2nd. and 3rd. floor 2700 mm Mechanical ducts (maximum) 320 mm Ceiling/lighting space (minimum) 190 mm Specified Floor Live and Partition Loads Office floor live load 2.4 kPa PH floor live load 4.8 kPa Partition allowance 1.2 kPa Other Design Load Related Assumptions (Building Site: Otawa) Ground Snow, S 5 = 2.2 kPa Associated Rain Load, S , = 0.4 kPa 24 h Rain = 93 mm Reference Wind Pressures, q1jj) =0.30 KPa drift design 130) =0-37 KPa strength design (Building assumed to be fully enclosed with minimal leakage of air and to be without dominant openings. Maximum internal suction, Cpi = -0.3) Seismic zonal velocity ratio= v=0.10 Acceleration-related seismic zone = Za = 4 Velocity-related seismic zone ‘Structural Materials Structural Steel - “Structural Quality Steels" Grade 300W for W- & WWF-shapes Grade 350W for HSS members Canadian Standards Association CAN/CSA-G40.21-M87 Reinforced Concrete - Strength fe = 25 MPa Density y¢ 300 kg/m3 (normal density or N.D.) In accordance with Canadian Standards Association CAN/CSA-A23.3-M84 "Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings” Structural Steel Cost Estimation Method (See Appendix "A") "CISC-CSCC Method of Estimating the Cost of Structural Stee!" as published in "A Project Analysis Approach to Building Costs" Metric Cost Index (MCI) Assumed = 1700FLOOR SYSTEMS Several steel floor systems suitable for office floor construction are briefly described below. For each system, optimum spans for maximum performance and economy depend on overall building considerations such as storey height restrictions, integration of building services, requirements for fire protection, column layout etc. The choice of a particular floor system for overall economy must therefore take these into account. Hollow Composite (H.C.) Beam and Girder System Consists of steel deck of various profiles, thickness, and nominal depths from 38 to 75 mm, with a concrete cover slab over the steel deck acting compositely with supporting wide flange or welded wide flange sections. Composite action is achieved by means of stud shear connectors. Economical spans range up to about 18 000 mm. This system is used in this building. Hollow Composite Open Web Steel Joist (OWSJ) System Consists of steel deck 38 mm in depth with a concrete cover slab connected to the OWSJs for composite action by means of stud shear connectors. Joists (unshored during placement of slab) are spaced up to 2 000 mm apart, with spans generally from 10 000 to 13 000 mm. Web openings can be designed to accommodate duct work and other services. This system is not used in this building. Hollow Composite Truss System Consists of steel deck nominally 75 mm in depth and a minimum of 65 mm cover slab connected to steel trusses for composite action by means of stud shear connectors. Truss chords are generally chosen from HSS, WT or, less frequently, angle shapes with the overall truss depth between 700 and 800 mm. Trusses (unshored during placement of slab) are spaced from 2 500 to 3 200 mm apart, with economical spans generally ranging between 11 000 and 15 000 mm, Web openings are used to accommodate ducts and services. This system is not used in this building, Open Web Steel Joist with Concrete Slab on 38 mm Form Deck A simple economical non-composite system suitable for low-rise office building floors, with OWSIs spaced at 1 200 mm and spanning up to 8 500 mm. This system is particularly useful for floors requiring no fire protection or with rated floor-ceiling assemblies. However, this system is not specified for this building because of floor framing requirements in the 12.000 mm bays. Stub-Girder Floor System A two-tiered steel framing system with purlin members supporting a composite deck-slab, in which the floor beams (purlins) frame over the top of steel girder members. The floor beams act as continuous cantilever spans and shallow suspended span members, with positive moment segments designed compositely with the deck-slab. The steel girders supporting the floor beams are fabricated from wide flange column shapes, with short W-shape stubs, equal in depth to the floor beams, shop welded to the top of the girders between the floor beams, and interconnected with the deck-slab by means of shear connectors to provide vierendeel girder action, ‘The deck- slab frequently consists of 75 mm composite steel deck with a minimum 75 mm normal density cover slab. Open spaces between the floor beams and the stubs allow for uninterrupted passage of ducts, conduits and sprinkler pipes parallel to floor beams between the underside of the deck-slab and the top of the steel girder. Suitable design spans for floor beams are 7 500 to 13000 mm, and for the stub girder are 9 000 to 13 000 mm. This system is used to frame the 12 000 mm bay of this building.ROOF AND WALL SYSTEMS The building envelope, which is comprised of the roof and exterior walls, must be supported by suitable structural framing which in tum depends on the architectural details required to provide @ functional system. Appendix C discusses requirements for building envelopes for low rise steel framed structures, with emphasis on air barrier systems and the structural supports required. Roofing Systems ‘Two basic roofing systems in common use in Canada are the Conventional Built-up Roofing System and the Protected Membrane Roofing System, sec section C.4 of Appendix C. These are also discussed in detail in "Roofs that Work", published by the National Research Council of Canada in 1989. The conventional built-up roofing system has the membrane outside the insulating layer. The complete roof construction includes the supporting structure carrying roof deck (normally without a concrete slab), gypsum board (if concrete not used), vapour barrier, thermal insulation, and single or multi-ply roof membrane occasionally with top granular finish. Common structural framing includes steel deck on open web steel joists supported by steel girders or trusses. ‘The steel girders may be either simply supported or designed using the cantilever-suspended span (or Gerber) system depending on the sizes of roof bays. Steel trusses can be economical for spans of 10 000 to 15 000 mm. ‘The protected membrane roofing system has the membrane located inside the insulating layer. The complete roof construction normally consists of a supporting structure carrying a roof deck or sometimes a deck-slab, gypsum board (if concrete not used), roof membrane, thermal insulation and ballast. Due to the weight of ballast required, the dead load of this roof construction will be greater than that for the conventional system. ‘The roof construction chosen for this 3-storey building consists of a conventional built-up roofing system carried by a 38 mm roof deck on top of OWSI and steel girder framing, as shown in plan on page 2, and in this section on page 5. Wall Systems Details of the wall systems used for this 3-storey building are shown in Appendix C Figures C.7a to C7e inclusive. DESIGN GRAVITY LOADS Design gravity loads for the roof, office floors and spandrel walls with column covers are provided con page 9.Design Gravity Loads Roof Dead Load felt and gravel 0.35 kPa insulation 0.10 kPa steel deck 0.10 kPa ceiling and mechanical 0.40 kPa total dead load 0.95 kPa plus steel allowance Live Load Based on ground snow 5 =2.2kPa Associated winter rain load = $ ¢ = 0.4 kPa Penthouse floor load = 4.8 kPa Office Floors Design based on H.C. beam/girder and Stub-Girder floor systems using 75 mm comp. steel deck of wide-rib profile with 75 mm cone. cover slab Dead Load floor finish = 0.10 kPa cone. cover slab and steel deck* = 2.65 kPa mechanical and ceiling 0.45 kPa partition allowance 1.20 kPa sprayed fire protec WN total dead load AO kPa plus steel allowance Live Load 2.4kPa_ subjected to NBC live load reduction of 0.3 + V(9.8/B) NBC 4.1.6.9(2) #3% allowance for concrete load above "flat deck” condition for ponding of concrete on deflected steel deck is included. See $16.1 C1.7.1.1 ‘Wall Loads Levels2&3 profiled P.C. ext. panel plus col. cover (assumed) = 9.40 kN/m backup insulation, weather proofing and drywall = 0.34 KN/m glazing load (2.15 m high) 1.26 KN/m Total spandrel wall load 11.0 kN/m Glazed atrium wall=4kN/m Int, shaft wall = 1.0 kN/m jowerRoof Total spandrel wall load = 8.0 kN/m Glazed atrium wall = 2 kN/m PH ext. wall = 4 kN/m At9 m spans, precast concrete spandrel panels can be designed to carry entire spandrel wall self-load plus local wind loading while supported by cols. vertically and floor slabs laterally. However, in this design, itis assumed that the exterior floor members carry a portion of the total spandrel wall (6 kN/m), while the remainder (5 kN/m) is carried directly by columns due to the support arrangements of the spandrel panels. (similar ratio is assumed at roof level) 9Building Area NBC-1990 Part 3, Use and Occupancy classifies buildings for fire protection purposes in terms of occupancy, building height (number of storeys) and building area. The building area, defined in Part 1 of the NBC as the area within the outside surface of the exterior walls, is calculated on page 12. NBC-1990 sentence 3.2.2.40 "Business and Personal Services Buildings up to 3 Storeys" defines the fire safety requirements for the example building. Lateral Loads NBC-1990 Part 4 requires that the effect of live loads due to wind and/or earthquake forces must be considered in’ the design of the structure. The magnitude of these loads depends on the geographical location of the building, on the size of the building, and on the type and layout of the Tateral load resisting system (LLRS). NBC-1990 sentence 4.1.8 and 4.1.9 respectively describe how wind and earthquake loads acting on the structure shall be determined. The location and type of the LLRS depends on architectural constraints. For the example building, brace frames are permitted only in the north/south direction on lines C and H adjacent to the interior and exterior stair shafts. Lateral resistance in the east'west direction is provided by moment resisting frames along the north and south exterior walls, Seismic Loads The deck-slab area, which is equal to the building area less those areas occupied by the atrium, stair-, elevator- and service-shafts, and exterior walls located outside the edge of the floor slab, is computed on page 12. This area is used to estimate the mass contribution (gravity dead load) of the structure for computing seismic forces. It is also needed for costing, see Appendix B. Gravity forces, equal to the dead load of the structure plus 25 percent of the roof design snow load, and the centre of gravity for a typical floor and for the roof level, are computed on pages 12 and 13. ‘The seismic base shear and the storey lateral force is computed on page 14. Calculation of, the seismic base shear is based on the seismic design criteria given on page 6 (v = 0.10-and Z,/Z, 2), with a force modification factor, R = 3 which assumes that the north/south braced frames will be designed as ductile braced frames, and that the eastwest moment frames will be designed as moment resisting frames with nominal ductility. Appendix D provides additional information for appropriate selection of seismic lateral load resisting frames, The distribution of seismic loads to each lateral load resisting frame (LLRF) depends on the relative stiffness of each frame, and the distances from centre of rigidity of the LLRS to the centres of resistance of the various LLRFs comprising the LLRS. For seismic load distribution, the relative lateral stiffness value, K for each LLRF (analysed with preliminary member sizes) is approximated using the top-floor force/deflection relationship. To avoid unnecessary iterations in design calculations, initial K values for the lateral stiffness (assumed as force per unit deflection at top of frame) of each LLRF should be established with reasonable accuracy, using a simple design process. This is not illustrated, but was done as follows: Assuming braced frame E to be the stiffest, preliminary member sizes were selected for combined gravity and seismic loads (using a portion of the seismic loading determined on page 14), and the lateral stiffness of frame E was calculated for the preliminary sizes. Similarly the lateral stiffness of braced frame D was established. For the equal bay spandrel rigid frames the lateral stiffness of each frame was assumed to be proportional to the number of bays, (i.e. 5:2:3 for frames A, B, C respectively) and the seismic load in the longitudinal. direction was proportioned accordingly. ‘Trial member sizes for frames A, B and C were then selected using the approximate 10gravity and seismic loading, and the lateral stiffness of each frame was established. Assuming the stiffness of braced frame E to be unity, the relative stiffness of all frames A, B, C,D and E were computed. Following evaluation of the lateral stiffness of the LLRFs, the centre of rigidity of the LLRS is then established for seismic force distribution. Page 15 provides calculations locating the centre of building mass and the centre of rigidity of the LLRS. Preliminary seismic design forces in both the east/west and north/south directions are evaluated on pages 16 and 17. Using NBC-1990 sentence 4.1.9.1(23), “measured” eccentricities (computed orthogonal distances from centre of mass to centre of rigidity of the LLRS) are converted to “design” eccentricities, and total torsion at each level for each direction of seismic action is computed by multiplying the accumulated seismic force by the “design” eccentricity. The seismic design forces for each frame are then computed to account for direct and torsional seismic effects as distributed using the assumed relative frame stiffnesses. This preliminary seismic force distribution must be subsequently confirmed, since the actual distribution of the seismic storey forces to the LLRS will depend on the final design of each frame. Wind Loads Wind loads acting on the structure are computed on pages 18 through 20. Since the reference height for pressure (calculated as 13.5 m to the mid-height of the roof) is less than 20 m, and since the ratio HW for both major axes of the building is less than 1, the building may be classified as a low rise structure. See NBC Supplement Commentary B section 38. ‘Therefore wind pressures are computed using Figure B-7 from Commentary B of Supplement to the NBC-1990. ‘The end zone distance, with each comer taken in tum (see NBC Supplement, Fig.B-7, footnote number 1), is computed as the distance from the first interior frame to the face of the wall. Sample calculations for wind pressure and wind loads are provided on page 18, and are summarized on pages 19 and 20 for transverse and longitudinal wind loads. ‘The LLRS design is not governed by unbalanced wind effects as stipulated by NBC 4.1.8.3(1)(b), (c) and (d). Therefore, design illustration is not provided. Page 21 provides a summary of seismic and wind loads acting on the various LLRF's. Because the factored seismic loads are significantly larger than the wind loads, seismic forces will control design of the LLRF's. Therefore, the P-forces (for P-A or second-order frame analysis) as computed on page 21, are based on unfactored dead loads only. Due to the distributed nature of dead loads, it should be noted that, the law of statics is maintained for the P-force computation of ‘each LLRF, by assuming gravity loads to be concentrated at the computed centre of mass. Page 22 provides a summary of seismic loads and P-forces for analysis and design of the rigid frames and brace frames which make up the lateral load resisting system "A rea Computation 1. Compute Building Area (see pages 2 and 4) = 63.8 + 2(28.2) + 46.6 + 2(8.6)N2- 7.54 (excluding exterior stairwell) = 184m Building area as per Use and Occupancy of NBC (150 mm distance: slab edge to glass line), Perimeter of building = [36+0.4(2)] [63+0.4(2)] - (9-0.8+0.4) 2 + 3.4(7.54) - 1.45 2+ 184(0.15) = 2330 m2 Building Occupancy : Office (Group D - up to 3 storeys) facing 3 streets (NBC 3.2.2.40) Maximum unsprinklered Building Area = 2400 m2 No fire resistance rating for steel frame and deck-slab Compute deck-slab area (see pages 2 and 4) Atrium area = (18-1) (1840.4-0.1) -(6-0.94)2- 0.84(5.65)2= 276m? O— Shafts and stairwells = 2.4(3.6}+3.3(1.8)+3.4(1.3+2.76+0.38)-0.1457/2 Total deck-slab area = Building area - 184(0.15) - 276 - 29 = 1992 m2 Locate Centre of Gravity (typical floor) Estimate centre of seismic force at each floor level ‘Taking moments about lines ©-O & @™-@® P.C. wall = 11 kN/m Slab area (m2) or | Force due to NBC Table 3.2.2. Distance (m) from base line Floor construction + partition = 4.8 kPa (assumed) Ext Glazed wall = 4 kim Ext. Stair wall = 4 kN/m_ Int, shaft wall 1 kN/m Element Wall length (m) gravity (KN) y x | OSS EDD | 22)+041 13640401) 979 19 392 | including overhangs | “(9-0-8+0.4)?/2 = 640 (2) Slab between lines | 18 [36+0.4(2)] - 276 ©-© & ©-© |-246.9-330.8) 1790 =109 -2 including overhangs | =372 @ Slab berween lin mG) 8 C-G) | 236104001 1590 180 40 including overhangs (4) Slab between lin . ines | (9@)+0.4)(36+0.4(2)) - - ©.® £ 2) | 008104272 = 640 3070 19 538 G) Slab for exterior =10 48 =173 = 646 (6) Ext. wall, line @ =27 297 225 _ (Ext. wall, line © =45 495 - 315 (8) Ext. wall, line G) = 45 495 364 333 (9) Ext. wall, line @ 220 #237 63.0 (10) Diagonal ext. walls 264 45 315 (11) Glazed ext. walls 2 364 210 (12) Ext, stair walls 52 | = 195 = 65.0 (13) Int, shaft walls 22 = 15.7 = 23.2 Total Gravity Load (kN) & Total Moments (kN-m) LF, = 11485|/2M, =201 000} IZM, = 369 000, Coordinates (m) of C. of G. Y= 175 X= 321 12Locate Centre of Gravity (roof level) Roof & 2596 rf, snow = 1.2540.5 = 1.75 kPa Auium 1 Estimate centre of seismic force at roof PH fir, & rf & equipment ~ 10 kPa PH wall ‘Taking moments about lines ©-O© &@-@ FORMS E kPa 4kNim kNim Ext, Glazed wall = 2 kN/m ‘2kNim_ Int, shaft wall 0.5 Nim Element Roof area(m2) or | Force due to |_Distance (m) from base line ‘Wall length (m) gravity (KN) y x (1) Roof between lines 192)+0.4] 13640.42)) - - Raunt otha | 00810822 =610) 129 “ey (2) Roof between lines | 18 [36+0.4(2)] - ©-® & O-@ | (276-40) - 143-15 469 a2 =27.0 including overhangs | = 268 (3) Atrium roof | between lines | 276-40=236 236 =210 | =270 ©-©« O-O | | (4) PH fir & rf, & equip. | | between lines. | 143 1430 ~163 | ~269 ©-©« O-© | (5) Roof between lines | =® & -G) | 286042) 580 w | 405 including overhangs (6) Roof between lines 0 tir [9(2)+0.4] [36+0.4(2)] . . Oe Le. -(9-0.840.4)2/2= 640 | 1120 9 =538 (7) Slab for ext. stair asec sareay =10+13 =55 -175 | =646 (8) Ext. wall, line. @ =2 216 22.5 — (9) Ext, wall, tine © =45 360 - 315 (10) Ext. wall, line ©) | =45 360 33.3 (11) Ext, wall, line @ 27-7.5=20 160 | (12) Diagonal ext, walls =24 192 (13) Glazed ext. walls =18 36 (14) Ext. stair walls =13 6 | (15) Int. shaft walls =2 u (16) PH walls = 6 264 Total Gravity Load (KN) & Total Moments (kN-m) | EF = 6640 | EM, = 118 000|M y =205 000 Coordinates (m) of C. of G. Y=178 X=309 13Ultimate Sei ic Base Shear & Concentrated Storey Force Computation Lateral load resisting systems: ®D®OOQOH®O ® ~ Ductile br. frames (D) & (E)line (C) & line 2 “Moment Frame (A) - Moment resisting frames with nominal ductility: (A) Cline @ from (B) wo () ) (B) Cine (5) from (A) to (C) ) 5 (© Cine © from (E) wo (H) ) © Using NBC Table 4.1.9.B cases 3 and 4, and see P.6, R = Force modification factor for longitudinal and Moment Frame ‘Moment Frame transverse seismic load computation = 3 ®) © Codified building periods, NBC 4.1.9.1(7)(a & b), for ~ moment frame direction = 0.1 N = 0.1 (3) =0.3 second (N= no. of storeys = 3) - braced frame direction = 0.09 hy /V Ds = 0.09 (12) /V (9) = 0.36 second where, hn =max. height to main roof =12m; andDs =9m NBC 4.1.9(7)(b) Given is seismic zonal ratio (Za /Zy )=4/2=2 Using Table 4.1.9.4 of NBC90, for 0.5>T>0.25 and Za /Zy >1.0, the seismic response factor, S 8.4(T-0.25) = 3.78 (note: T=0.3 second is assumed in both directions to ease computation) v =zonal velocity ratio = 0.1 and W = weight of the building ~ 2(11 485)+6640 = 29 610 KN Assuming I and F (importance and foundation) factors being 1.0, NBC 4.1.9.(10) & 4.1.9.(11), the equivalent lateral seismic base shear (elastic response), Ve = vS:LF-W = 0.1 (3.78) (1.0) (1.0) (29610) = 0.378W = 11200 KN NBC 4.1.9.1(5) The minimum (limit state) lateral seismic base shear, V =U (Ve /R) = 0.6 (11 200/3)=2240kN NBC 4.1.9.1(4) Note: Using Rayleigh approximation (see P. 209 of NBC Supplement) on the finished building frame, the codified building period, T, can be increased to 1,20(0,3)=0.36 second, thus $=3.28 and the seismic base shear, V, im this case, could be reduced by about 13% following the preliminary design. See NBC 4.1.9.(7)(c) Because T< 0.7 second, the portion of total lateral seismic force to be concentrated at top of building (F ; ) may be taken as zero, NBC 4.1.9.1(13)(a) Concentrated Lateral Seismic Storey Force (at level x) NBC 4.1.9.1(13) Wx hx Wabx | | F, | Level | any | ave % of V a 4 6640 12.0 79 700 36 \ 806 3 11 485 8.1 93-000 | 42 | 100% 941 2 11485 42 48 200 22 | 493 | Zw, =29610 | EW, hy 221 000 V=DF, =2240 Note: W4=2Fg for level 4 (roof) and W3=EF for level 3 (floor) hy = height to lev. x 14Lateral Load Res ing Systems (Preliminary Asumptions) (A) 5 bay wide rigid frame “ . () (8) 2 bay wide (©)3 bay wide Tigi frame rigid frame Typical Floor (Levels 2 & 3) Lower Roof (Level 4) ‘The centre of mass of the roof is relatively close to that of the floors. To facilitate computation, let us approximate the locus of the centre of mass for the three storey building as: Description Force, Wx (KN)] y | x Wy Wx x | Roof 6 640 178 | 309 | 118000 | 205 000 | Floor 11.485 175 | 321 | 201.000 | 369 000 Floor | _11.485 175 | 32.1 | 201000 | 369.000 Total | 29610 520000 _| 943.000 Y= 520 00029610 =17.6m and X =943 000/29 610 = 31.8 m The centre of mass for the 3-storey building is shown by ® above. Assuming stiffness for Frame (E) being 1.0 unit, the relative lateral stiffness, K of each lateral load resisting frame (LLRF) for preliminary seismic design, is taken as follows*: Frame | Esto West Direction | Frayne |Nomth to South Direction | K y Ky K x | Kx ‘ore - The relative (A) | 032 | 0 0 | stiffness, K, (B) | 0.13 | 36 4.68 | | foreach wil (© | 019 | 36 | 684 | | | be confirmed | ©) | 0.76 | 63 | 47.9 | atconclusion | © | 100] 18 | 18 | ofstructural }——1 | design. EK=064 | EKy=115| TK=176 | TKx=659 | See page 37. — J Y= 11.5/0.64= 18m and X = 65.9/1.76 = 37.4m The mean location of the centre of rigidity for the 3-storey building is shown by ++ above. 15Lateral Load Resi ‘ing Systems (Preliminary Seismic Design Forces) (A) 5 bay wide rigid frame Seismic Direction (@) braced. “frame @) : . it Typical Fl 2 bay wide 18m’ Feitity 1 C3 bay wide (evel? & 3). rigid frame rigid frame Considering seismic activity in the East-West direction: NBC 4.1.9.1(23) e=18-17.6= .4 m = distance between the centre of mass to the centre of rigidity ‘measured perpendicular to the direction of the seismic force Dn = 36 m= plan dim. of the bldg. in the direction of the computed eccentricity, NBC 4.1.9.1(2) Se +0.1 Dy = 1.5(0.4) + 0.1(36) = 4.2 m = design eccentricity #1 Take e,=+4.2m as design eccentricity €x2 = 0.5 € - 0.1 Dn = 0.5(0.4) - 0.1(36) = -3.4 m= design eccentricity #2 | for all rigid frames. er Level | _ Seismic cal Seismic Design Seismic forces _ x | Force, F (kN) | Torsion, My (kN-m) at centre of rigidity are: ~ 4 806 3390 My =Fye x 3 941 3950 | NBC4.1.9.1@22) 2 493 2070 Assumed] Distance en K-a@ |. Design force due wo | Design force due to Frame} fae ofagny Ke |S aL Sismic torsion (KN) _| seis shear (KN) : K (unit) | dm) Lev. 4 | Lev. 3] Lev. 2| Lev. 4] Lev. 3] Lev. 2 | w@ | 032 | is ios | oo [ise ]2i9*] is | 403 | az | 247 (8) | 0.13 18 421} 004 | 753 | 878 | 4.60 | 164 | 191 | 100 © | 019 | 18 | 616 | 006 | 113: | 132 | 690 | 239 | 279 | 146 ©) | 076 | 256 | 498 | 046 | 609 | 71.0 | 37.2 | No toad in North-South © | 100 | 194 | 376 | 035 | 612 | 13. | 373 direction X(K- a) = 1082 * Example calculations: - ~ NBC 4:1.9.1(22) Design force for frame (A) at _ level 3 due to torsion (Myx ) {3950/18 }0.10=21.9 kN Design force for frame (A) at Fike) _ __941 (0.32) = Rw = 941 0.32) sari kw level 3 due to force( Fx ) KatKe+Ke 03240134019 7 47)" 16Lateral Load Resisting Systems (Preliminary Seismic Design Forces) B) 2 bay wide. rigid frame Considering seismic activity in the North-South direction: Ono braced 19/4 m frame & (A) 5 bay wide rigid frame "1m * © braced frame ~ Tigidity centre my (©)3 bay wide i rigid frame Seismic Direction NBC 4.1.9.1(23) Typical Floor (Levels 2 & 3) ¢ = 37.4 - 31.8 = 5.6 m = distance between the centre of mass to the centre of rigidity measured perpendicular to the direction of the seismic force Dp = 63 m= plan dimension of the building in the direction of the computed eccentricity ex) = 15 + 0.1 Dy = 1.5(5.6) + 0.1(63) = 14.7 m= design ece. #1 governs Frame E €x2 = 0.5 e - 0.1 Dp = 0.55.6) -0.1(63) =-3.5 m=design ece. #2. governs Frame D ~. Level Seismic Seismic Torsion, Seismic Torsion, Seismic forces x Force, Fx (kN) Myx; (KN-m) Mya (kKN-m) at centre of rigidity are: 4 806 11800 | (2820 My 3 941 13 800 3290 2 493 7 250 1730 Assumed | Distance Design force due to | Design force due o Frame) siffness | of rigidity seismic [_seismi K (unit) dim) Lev. 4 | Lev, 3} Lev. 2} Lev. 4 | Lev. 3 (A) | 032 65.6 | 76.7 | 403 | @) | 013 [a 262 | 30.7 | 16.1 | NOload in East-West © | o19 | 61.6} 006 |393 | 460 | 24.2 ©) | 0.76 256 | 498 | 0.46 | 507 |soi*| sia [348 [aos | 213 ® | 100 | 194 | 376} 035 [213 | 249 | 131 | as8_| 535 | 280 L(K- a) = 1082 * Example calculations: - NBC 4.1.9.1(22) Design force for frame (D) at Ka wel'3 {Mu/d) 3.290 / 25.6 }) 0.46 level 3 due to torsion(My) = t lk & Design force for frame (D) at FeKo _ 9410.76) _ gg uy level 3 due to force( F, ) KotK@ 0.76 + 1.00 Note: The worse situation occurs when forces duc to torsion and shear are in the same direction. 7NBC Wind Load Computation H= 4,243.9 +39 +3/2= 13.5 m (average height) HAW <1, H<20m, Flat Roof W (North elevation) = 18.4 + 45 +3.4=66.8m NBC "Simple Low Rise Building Procedure" W (West elevation) = 36+ 2(0.4) = 36.8 m Given are reference wind pressures, q¢yg)= 0.30 kPa and 4449) = 0.37 kPa Hy" = 1.06 NBC4.1.8.1(5)(b) Gust-included pressure coefficient for longl. and transverse wind, (Fig. B-7, NBC Suppl.) Cp Cg (forend zones*) = 1.15 +0.8=1.95 + "end zone at each comer must be considered in tu" Cp Cg (for other regions) =0.75 +0.55= 1.30 Per foonote (1) 10 Fig. B-7 of Supp. to NBC “End zone" region of bldg. elevation Other than "end zone" region of bldg. elevation gana Ce Cp Cy 180) CeCp Cy 0.30 (1.06) (1.95) =0.62 KPa gajioCeCp Cy = 0.30 (1.06) (1.30) = 0.41 kPa .37 (1.06) (1,95) =0.76 KPa gaa) CeCp Cy = 0.37 (1.06) (1.30) = 0.51 kPa y =9.4m (End zone width = one framing grid width) > 6m See note (7) of Fig.B-7, NBC Suppl ‘Transverse Win mn tion 18000 1830 26200 3.600 Windawcoat Pees: 5350 : 3900 eae pat Ty to 18 400. 3.400 Sample Caelaton (Level 4) ‘end zone lore, t—— 0.76 kPa 168KN —10,3kN 18:8(0.51)(5.35) = 51.3 KN 31.4 kN 104 kN Reaction Wind Load 36.8 kN 18NBC Wind Load Computation rat se Wind Load Computation Summa 18.000 18 800 26 200 3.800 ‘Wind area at al TF 390 3900 4080 18400 45.000 3a (©) Now En uy with gree edn inenson. CH) ‘Torsion effects as per NBC4.1.8.3(1)(b) does not govern design, Computation illustration is omitted. «assy » La — 43400 ovo ©) ao ® / End zone End zone ew ©) Level 4 Wind Load ( el. 3 NS 18400 A 45000 3400 | 18400 45.000 3.400 : = i cv ©) «wo ® eor® oso (8) Level_3 Wind Load (1 in 30), (KN) End zone End zone Noe 4 3.400 18400 5.000 4340 eo © on @ Level 2 Wind Load (1 in 30), (kN) 19NBC Wind Load Computation Longitudinal Wi mputation Summ; 12.000 12800 12.000 upper roof eat lower roof e 5350 4 2350: 3 3.900 2 4050 1 Moment. Moment- Resisting Resisting Note: - Torsion effects as per Frames (B) & (C) 36.000 Frame (A) NBC4.1.8.3(1)(0) does not gover design. Computation @ a Chote 068) 47 =--G0 ass) p. deoeteLgaVZZZZZZA § any 690) @ OQ © Level 4 Wind Load (1 in 30), 44) orn evel 3 Wind Load (1 in 30), (KN) WE £2. . (56.6) . (29.0) © Oo ® Level 2 Wind Load (1 in 30), (KN) 20Summary of Seismic and Wind Loads (kN) ~ Seismic (factored load) Lev.4 | Lev.3 | Lev.2 Frame Reference @ 422 493, 259 (B) 172 105 | 399 | " (® 671 see P.16 | Using Gq = 1.0 and o.winn = 1.5, fact. EQ force is much greater than factored wind force. Thus, EQ forces See P.17 | will dominate design of LLRFs. 1/30 Wind (specified load) 1/10 Wind (specified load) Frame me Reference Lev.4 | Lev.3 | Lev.2 | Lev.4 | Lev.3 | Lev.2 “@ 30 | 447 | 45 | 316 | 363 | 377 we | isa | ime | isa | 149 | aaa | 147 cor | 237 | 273 | 24 | 233 | 221 | 230 (| 483) S56 577] 392 | as | oa © | 34 100 | 104 | 676 | sia | 343 *** Assume frame (B) ~ 2/3 laterally as stiff as frame (C). Estimation of P-force for P-A Computation 5.000 14 109, mobo soe P12 force stabilized by force stabilized by Fr. Fr.(E)= 11490-3600 (D)= 11 490(14.1)445 = 7890 kN = 3.600 KN P-force due to dead load* (kN) Lev.4# | Lev.3 | Lev.2 @ 3360 | 5900 | 5900 ®) 1310 | 2240 | 2240 © 1970 | 3350 | 3350 Frame 1900 | 3600 | 3600 ® 4740 | 7890 | 7890 | tor | 6640 [ 11490 | 11490 ‘Assumed P-force carried by Fr. (A) = 11 49018,5)/36 (a) 5.900 KN force stabilized by Fr. P-force stabilized by Fr. (B) = (11490-5900) 2/5 (C)~ (11490-5900) 3/5, =2.240KN =3350kN Note: *+ Forces estimated are based on dead loads, since only the "Dead plus Seismic” load combination will be illustrated as governing load combination, using y=1.0. Load combinations such as D+L+Q are wo be completed by the reader using y=0.7. + 25% snow load is included, since seismic base shear is evaluated with the snow content. See pages 12 & 13. 24‘Summary of Seismic Loads and P-forces (kN) an au 247 247 130 = 130 ve eS is is eo oe ET 200 a 9.000 P-force® (kN) 3360 5900 5900 P-force* (kN) 1310 2240 2240 force (kN) 1970 3350 3350 Peforce® (kN) 2380 4500 4500 P-force* (kN) 4740 7890 7890 Frame (A) Frame (B) Frame (D) [F modified onP.94, Frame (E) For preliminary analysis and member selection each frame is loaded with the computed storey force assuming half of this force to be concentrated at each end of the frame. The vertical frames and horizontal diaphragms (Aoors and roof) can be coupled for refined analysis to obtain a more accurate distribution of load to the girders of each frame and to diaphragm-force collecting members. Forces inthe diaphragm-force collecting members will result in continuity (pass-through) forces at each beam to column and girder to column joint. This refinement isnot illustrated for this design example. Approximate pass-through forces for girders at Frame E are shown with the summary of selected floor members on page 74. * Gravity loads likely to be present under the action of the earthquake is assumed, $16.1 C1.27.1.2 22Design of Moment Frame with Nominal Duct ty Seismic design of moment-resisting frames with nominal ductility, in which seismic energy is assumed to dissipate through limited amounts of inelastic action through bending, joint panel zone shearing, or connection deformations, is governed by $16.1 Clause 27.3. The design of moment frame A is illustrated on pages 24 through 29. It is based on the 1.25D+1,0Q seismic load combination, since this is generally the governing case. Ca culation of the seismic force including the P-A effect is shown on page 24. Dead loads and the ismic loads (from page 22) acting on frame A are summarized with the trial member sizes for columns, girders and the grade beams. Frame A is analysed for the seismic loads to establish clastic first order storey deflections at the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th levels. These elastic deflections of 19.7, 17.5 and 14.7 mm respectively are then amplified by the R-factor to reflect inelastic action in the frame. Applying U2 factors (computed using the expression given in $16.1 clause 8.6.1) for converting first order elastic transverse forces to account for second order (deflected frame) effects, establishes the equivalent lateral seismic forces including P-A effects. Pages 25, 26 and 27 show the results, at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th levels, of a re-analysis of Frame A for 1.25D+1.0Q seismic load combination including P-A effects (established on P.24), and include ‘a design check for the typical girder (B-C) at each level. ‘The girders are checked for the governing. factored moments at the intersection of the column and girder axes (which ignores the size of the connections and is conservative). My , the critical elastic moment resistance for the girder is, computed using @, according to $16.1 clause 13.6 and the Roeder-Assadi expressions for the condition of lateral support. “The factored moment resistance, M, , is then computed using the $16.1 clause 13.6 expression. Trial interior and exterior columns for frame A, based on the re-analysis for 1.25D+1.0Q seismic loading (including P-A effects) are checked on pages 28 and 29 respectively. ‘These columns are selected in 3-storey lengths without splices, so that only the lowest segment is checked, using the governing factored moment at the intersection of the column and girder axes. ‘Three design checks are performed according to $16.1 clause 13.8.2, namely a) cross-sectional strength, b) overall strength, and c) lateral-torsional buckling strength. For rigid frame design, it is obvious that lateral-torsional buckling strength generally governs column selection. Ideally, seismic energy dissipation should take place within the panel zone regions. When ductile shear deformation in the panel zone cannot be achieved, extensive inelastic action must be confined to the ends of laterally supported members. Further discussion on the means of energy dissipation. with respect to member lateral support and panel zone stiffening is provided in the section on moment frame connections on pages 83 10 92. Base-fixity for ground floor columns is needed for economical moment frame design to reduce column and beam moments, first order storey drift and instability effects at the ground floor. Some degree of base fixity does occur due to gravity loads in columns, but this is often neglected in structural design, The grade beam (whether concrete or steel) provides shear restraint and fixity to the column bases, leaving conerete footings to carry only the column axial loads. Base fixity and shear restraint can also be achieved by rigidly connecting columns to a continuous basement wall, or by extending columns below ground level to reach footings under the basement slab. Column bases may be economically “pinned” and concrete grade beams omitted when seismic Toads are less severe, ground floor storey height is not excessive, or when properly embedded footings exist with good soil conditions. 23Dead and Seismic Loads for Frame A (inclusive of P-A effect) s644N 768uN 6akNm | *6akNim * Dead Load: z : Sesenenart Level reve 189 EN 189 KN ! T2kNim TkNim_f 1DkNm + Note: Deziled computation tees of dead ioadon frame Aisnot aim Leavin LRN provided here. Mlustrated are. lunfac. dead loads likely to be present under action of E.Q. Level 2 Storey Deflection, Ar (mm) — Factored Storey Storey Trial Member Sizes Storey A limits “S87 load fromP.22_ Shear, Vr (RN) a (Seismic) 1147 ag 10 420K W105 . 3900 i 002h=78mm | aosuny , |. Wo1oxss | i 3900 |Z wer0e 3S oo2n-78mm : 4224493 = 915 Z won |S 2 sop «|g wane: | _ . 51s 4200 002h= 84mm | ' 42244934259 = 1170 Berth get Ca FY 0 mnt Fate fae nai comme RoelOommt OY FaneMse™ (oo shown) ‘Amplified Store Esimated . Deflection (mm) Sumot U2=—ZAIS Ee Storey Sear Ny aulvaten aera ection ( Pore; Peforce Rr in pixatien force with P- effect © ore hE Ve Us EVp &N) 7 R= 44.1 j33608N ny ee ra 1060-464 = 596 KN 1430-1060 = 370 KN RAy Factored Seismic Force (including P-A effect) 24* DL for P-A computation is Results of Frame Analysis (Level 2 Girders) ‘unfactored to reflect loads likely for 1.25 D+ 1.0 E.Q. , inclusive of P-A effect* to’be present under the action of the earthquake. $16.1 CL27.1.2 Trial Girder Section: W610x101 Girder span=9 000 mm y= 29.5 x 106mm* =d-t= 603 - 14.9 = 588 mm J=781x103mm* = Z, =2.900x 103mm3 Class 1 section in bending ($16.1 Table 1) FF F FOP Shear (KN) FP J J J J 391 Note: ‘moment diagram is drawn on the compression side, Moment Qnm. | Mr=S72kNm Sample design check for girder member © ypical member) End moment ratio, k= 391/572 = 0.684 (positive for double curvature bending) ‘Moment coefficient, «02 = 1.75 + 1.05K+0.3%S 2.5 (consider end moment effects only) = 1.75 + 1.05(0.684) + 03(0.684)?= 2.61 use 2.5 $16.1 C113.6 n?E Iyd'?] — Continuous support to top flange: Roeder-Assadi GI +12 | expression as desigr/illustrated in reference ** 3.142? 200 000)( 29.5 x 10®) (588)? 2.9000)? 2.50 230 [77 moa 000) + ] = 784 Nem. Mp=Z xFy=2900(0.3)=870kNm (2/3) Mp=580KN-m_— My>(2/3)Mp 0.28 (870) Mr 784 159 Mp{ 1.0- Oe 15.0.9) (870){ 1.0- )=621 km >My OK * FrameMac™ © 1986, Version 1.12, Compuneering Inc., 113 McCabe Cresvent, ‘Thomhill, Ontario, L4J 286, Canada, ** Roof Framing with Cantilever (Gerber) Girders & Open Web Steel Joists, Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, Willowdale, Ontario, 1989, 25Results of Frame Analysis (Level 3 Girders) . ‘nfacited i vehest inde Mealy for 1.25 D+ 1.0 E.Q, , inclusive of P-A effect* to be present under the action of the earthquake, $16.1 C127.1.2 ‘Trial Girder Section: W610x84 Girder span=9000mm —_ y= 22.6x 106mm4 a 596-11.7= 584mm — J=462x103mm4 —Z, = 2360x 103mm3 Class 2 section in bending ($16.1 Table 1) 7 PF F FP F ‘Shear (KN) 142 PN PY { Nove a =) rN Moment diagram bes is drawn onthe compression side. wee Mp=428 kNm ‘Sample design check for girder member (6) -(€) (typical member) End moment ratio, x = 237/428 = 0.554 (positive for double ciirvature bending) Moment coefficient, @2= 1.75 +1.05K+0.31S2.5 = 1.75 + 1.05(0.554) + 0.3(0.554)*= 2.42 My =| os n2E Iyd'?] Continuous support to top flange: Roeder-Assadi qd * Tz | expression as design/illustrated in reference ** 2 108) (584)? = 2.42 77 000 (462 000) + 3:1427 (200 000)( 22.6 x 108) (584)? ) 559 bam ‘584 2.9 000)? Mp=ZxFy=2360(0.3)=708 kNm (2/3) Mp=472kN-m — Mu> (2/3) Mp 0.28 (708) 337 M.= 1159 M4( 1.9 -025Ma) = 1.15 (0.9) (708)(11.0 - )=462 km >My OK + FrameMac™ © 1986, Version 1.12, Compuneering Inc., 113 MoCabe Crescent, ‘Thomhill, Ontario, LAY 286, Canada. ** Roof Framing with Cantilever (Gerber) Girders & Open Web Stee! Joists, Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, Willowdale, Ontario, 1989. 26Results of Frame Analysis (Level 4 Girders) * DL for P-A computation is ‘unfactored to reflect loads likely for 1.25 D+ 1.0 E.Q. , inclusive of P-A effect* to be present under the action of Trial Girder Section: W410x54 — Girder span = the earthquake. $16.1 C127.1.2 000mm ~~ ly= 10.1 x 10®mm4 d'=d-t=403-10.9=392mm — J=226x 103 mm* Zx =1050x 103 mm3 Class 1 section in bending ($16.1 Table 1) ® © 9 M40 w ‘Shear (kN) seo =3300 “oF Note: 5700 mmoment diagram “Ga isdrawm on the Moment compression side. Mes 1st Nm ‘Sample design check for girder member () - ©) (typical member) End moment ratio, « = 58.9/151 = Moment coefficient, @ 390 (positive for double curvature bending) 1.75 + 1.05 K+0.3 $2.5 .75 + 1.05(0.390) + 0.3(0,390)? = 2.21 Continuous support to top flange: Roeder-Assadi expression as design/illustrated in reference ** +4 3:1422 (200 000)( 10.1 x 106) (392)? 2.(9000)? ] #205 km Mp=ZxFy=1050(0.3)=315kN-m —(2/3)Mp=210KN-m = My<(2/3) Mp Mr=$Mu=0.9(205)=185kN'm >My OK * FrameMac™ © 1986, Version 1.12, Compuneering Inc., 113 MeCabe Crescent, ‘Thomhill, Ontario, J 286, Canada *** Roof Framing with Cantilever (Gerber) Girders & Open Web Steel Joists, Canadian Insitute Of Steet Construction, Willowdale, Ontario, 1989. 27Results of Frame Analysis (Interior Column) for 1.25 D+ 1.0 E.Q. , inclusive of P-A effect* Column FI (typical) Trial Column Section: W610x140 Width/thickness ratios ($16.1 Table 1) 18 b/2t = 230/12(22.2)] hiw = (617-2(22.2)/13.1 = 43.7 14500) = 8.37 > 5.18 (class 1 flange) Cy=0.3(17 900) = 5 370 KN ($16.1 Cl. 2.2) Cr/Cy=0.170 100 (1 -o.39 4 =593 > 43.7 vFy y (Class 1 web) Mp=4 150 (0.3) = =S33 = = 233 = 0.802 245 kKN-m (2/3) Mp= 830 KN-m © 1=0.6-0.4 «= 0,279 (<0.4) thus @1=0.4 ©2= 1.75 + 1.05 K+ 0.3K? =2.79 (> 2.5) thus @2=25 $16.1 Cl, 13.6 & 13.8.4 =4400kKNm > (2/3)Mp S16.1 CL. 13.6 15(0.9) (1 245) 1.0-278 0285) 4200? KL 1.04200) _ 4° KL. 1:0(4 200),_ Ty 50.2 tx 250 & = 158 MPa (for KL/r valué of 84) 17 Thus C yx = 0.265 (17 900) = 4740 kN C ry = 0.158 (17 900) = 2830 kN 200 000(45.1x10°% 77 000 (2180x104) + 190 KN-m > 142? (200 000) (1120 x 10) ** DL for P-A computation is ‘unfactored to reflect loads likely to be present under the action of the earthquake. $16.1'C1.27.1.2 Storey ht, (levels 1 to 2) = 4 200 mm = Column height Axial Force (kN) a Shear (KN) 285 [St Ma= 533 ‘Moment eNm —< 4 Deflection (mm) TT oT Note: Analysis by FrameMac™. Assume K-factor=1; for sway effect included frame. 3.142(200 000) 4 9 4200 Yas 1x10 (3990x109) (@ Mp=0.9(1 245) = 1120 kN-m } Use 1120 kN'm> My=665kN-m_ OK 125 000KN $16.1 Cl. 2.2 U, =-@1L =—04__= 9.403 (Cl. 13.8.3) Cry. Ot 125 000 & = 265 MPa (for KL/r value of 17 ) Cro= AF y=0.9 (17 900) (0.3) = 4.830 kN For class 1 section, subjected to mostly major axis bending (see $16.1 Cl. 13.8.2), 85 Uy May 913, 0.85 (1.0) 66 -secti = Ct 40. = Cross-section Strength =—E— + 23°F? 10 OM, Overall Strength = Ce, 0.85 Uy Me __913._, 0.85 (0.403) 665 =0.694 < 10 OK will never 396 gover when ™ M, 4740 TRO eto OK SRT Lateral Torsional __Cr_ , 0.85 UrMpp__913__, 0:85 (1.0) 665 _ Buckling Strength ~ Cry M, 2830" 11290 O8?7 < 10 OK 28Results of Frame Analysis (Exterior Column) * DL for P-A computation is for 1.25 D+ 1.0 E.Q. , inclusive of P-A effect* lunfactored to reflect loads likely ‘ to be present under the action of Column G1 (typical) the earthquake, $16.1 C1.27.1.2 Trial Column Section: W610x101 Storey ht. (levels 1 to 2) = 4 200 mm = Column height Width/thickness ratios: b/2t = 228/(2(14.9)] = 7.65 vial Foree ‘< 145N(G300) = 8.37 (class 1 flangey Xi Foree GN) cr=942 b/w = [603-2(14.9)/10.5 = 54.6 Cy =0.3(13 000) = 3.900 kN Shear ON) 13 Ce/Cy=0.242 ae os98t)= 515 > 546 (class 1 web) M = 2900 (0.3) = 870 kNm 2318 = = FUE = 0.866 (2/3) Mp= 580 kNm ©1 = 0.6-0.4 k= 0.254 (<0.4) thus @1=0.4 @2= 1,75 +1.05K+03K2 = 2.88 (> 2.5) Deflection (mm) ~ thus @2= 2.5 Note: Analysis by FrameMac™. My= oon 2 Ty Cw Assume K-factor=1; for sway effect included frame, _ 2.5(3.142), a x { 3.142(200 000) Oe «109 109 = Tape VY 200 000(29.5%109 77 000 (781 x109) +| “35 5q— %20.54109 (2550x109) =2670kNm > (2/3)Mp ‘My = 1.15(0.9) (870) {10-248 a) \ ]=818 KN-m > (6Mp=0.9(870) = 783 kN-m } Use 783kN-m > My =367KN-m OK 27 E Ty _ 3.142? (200 000) (764 x 10°) _ Cant 200? 85.500 kN, U; = @L = 04 = 9.404 1.0(4 200) _ gg ” Cry 942 ty” 476 Ee | 785500 “ = 148 MPa (for KL/r value of 88) Sen 265 MPa (for KL/r value of 17) C y= AF y= 0.9 (13 000) (0.3) = 3 510 kN For class 1 section, subjected to mostly major axis bending, Cr 0.85 Ui Mp __942_, 0.85 (1.0) 367 _ Co gM, 3510" 73 O87 <0 OK Cross-section Strength = Overall Strength = qi SMe 2242. 4, 085 0404) 367 9.434 < 1.0 OK Cnty Mr “ 788 (Uniaxial x-x bending) Lateral Torsional _ _Cy_ 0.85 U1 Myp__942_ 0.85 (1.0) 367 _ Buckling Suength ~ Cyxiy Mr 1930? 9—3- = 9889 << 1.0 OK 29Design of Ductile Braced Frame Seismic design of ductile braced frames, in which seismic energy is assumed to dissipate through yielding of braces, is governed by $16.1 Clause 27.4. Collapse is avoided through ductile behaviour and redistribution of a significant proportion of storey shear to tension braces. ‘The design of Frame E as a ductile braced frame is illustrated on pages 31 through 35. Calculation of the seismic forces including the P-A effect is shown on page 31. Dead loads, live loads and seismic loads (from page 22) are summarized with the trial member sizes for the columns, girders and diagonal members of frame E. The frame is analysed for the seismic loads using the trial member sizes to establish elastic first order lateral deflections at the various levels. The clastic inter-storey drift of 6.5, 6.5 and 9.0 mm at each level is then amplified by the R-factor to reflect inelastic action in the frame. Applying U, factors (computed using the expression given in $16.1 clause 8.6.1) to account for second order (deflected frame) effects, establishes the equivalent lateral seismic forces including P-A effects. Page 32 summarises results of structural analysis of frame E for a) 1.25D, b) 1.0Q seismic (including P-A effect), c) 1.25D+1.0Q seismic, d) 125D+1.5 L. Design check (using $16.1 clauses 27.4.3. and 27.4.4.2*) of the diagonal bracing members for frame E is covered on page 33, The various slenderness limits are checked (clause 27.4.3.1) and the factored compressive resistance C, and the reduced factored compressive resistance Cj, (clause 27.4.3.2) is computed. Braces in tension are checked for member capacity (pAF,) and connection capacity (clause 27.4.4.2*), and for reserve tensile strength under extreme seismic loads, to account for the loss in capacity of compression braces due to buckling and yielding, A design check of girders for frame E is shown on page 34. Axial seismic compression in the girder at level 3 is estimated for the condition of buckled compression braces and yielded tension brace connections adjacent to the girder, and is tabulated with the axial and flexural forces due to unfactored dead and live loads acting on the girder. The girder is supported by the slab and meets all requirements for a class 2 section, therefore, for practical purposes C, and T, are assumed to be equal and a simplified axial-flexural interaction expression is used. Seismic axial forces do not govern girder selection at level:3. Similar calculations for the girder at level 2 suggest that the size is adequate. It is shown later (page 101) that conditions at connections require the web to be stiffened for the girder size selected at level 2. The design check for column C23 is shown on page 35. The ultimate load effect of buckled compression braces and yielded tension brace connections in redistributing seismic forces to the bottom section of the column is computed using the brace members selected on page 33. Factored load combinations for a) 1.25D+1.SL, b) 1.0D+1.0(Q with P-A effect) and c) 1.0D+ 0.7L+1.0(Q with P-A effect) are summarized. In this case the column design is governed by load combination c) specified dead and live loads with redistributed seismic forces, where (=0.7) is applied to live load only. * Itshould be noted that the braced frame design is based on $16.1 clause 27.4.4.2(b), although: the CISC commentary to clause 27.4.4.2 suggests some caution in applying this clause. The less severe condition is warranted for the example building since the brace yield load is considerably more that the calculated seismic load (braces are chosen conservatively), the building is only 3 storeys high so that whip-lash effects common in taller multi-storey buildings will not be severe, and because the seismic design criteria are those for an earthquake of only moderate intensity. 30Specified Loads for Frame E (inclusive of P-A effect) ® ® VIOKN, | SBEN | G0KN-2MOKN | 80KN' 100 KN psig yy S36KN 3364N [Veouy aaa So 3504 yee 20 40KN 392 kN 10 KN, CAEN TKN 123KN 120 ki it 3st y° ” AON 06 aN 206 KN | Gravityloads | shown are Dead unfactored & Seismic 9000} Load Load approximate. Load (22) i i ing _Interstorey __Factred Storey ‘Trial Member Sizes above seismic force Drift, Ay (mm) Shear, Vy (kN) Cy Wo10K113 Diagonals 2.0mm Hssi2Ts127%6.4 cy LW610x84° 5 BO 900 se 2 W360x51 S ‘HSS178x178x13 t 6.50 6724784 = 1460 2 OE 6.50 Hss203x20313 650 67247844412 1870 on cu Amplified Storey Sumot yy2——1 Estimated Equivalent lateral Deflection mm) pyfore, force RArHC Storey Shear WN) force with P- effet RA or EC 1 “ayy, wih Peeffes: (KN) i 27.0 4740 kN U2EVy i “| 706 kN £1954 78908 Rap —* 106/2-= 353 kN 8142-407 kN —= = 8142.=407kN 4440/2 = 220kN —» 3 7 4402 = 220 kN * First onder frame analysis 2 by FrameMac™ (not shown) Factored Seismic Force (including P-A effect) 31Results of Frame Analyses* (Frame E) ‘Note: All axial forces shown are in kilonewtons, moment and shear values are not shown. po 1.25 D+ 1L0EQ (with P-Aeffect) y= 10 $16.1 Cl. 27.1.2 1.25D + 0.7(1.SL+EQ) (with P-A effect) y= 0.7 Assumed to be not goveming ‘General Note: Unlike "K" or “A” frames, diagonals in "X" br. frames panicipate 10 relieve gravity axial loads in columns. o—0 0000. EQ(P-A effect included) reversal EQ force implied pisses -s¢ >< one s 125D+1.5L Convention: Negativ. Positive ompression tension * Analysis by FrameMac™. *** Gar. ends pinned for preliminary analysis and gar. selection. For final design, connection forces should include pass-through and girder ‘end moment effects (not shown).Frame E. Design Check of Diagonal Bracing Members zvel2 Trial Section: HS$203x203x13 Fy=350MPa r=76.8mm A=9 260mm? Design length, L = ¥ 4200? +4 500? = 6 160 mm ‘Check for design requirement of $16.1 Cl. 27.4.3.1 Clear width-to-thickness ratio = [b - 2(2)]/t= 12 < limit of 0.8(420)/¥Fy=18 OK KLr= 1.06 160)/76.8 = 80.2 < limit of 1900/VFy=102 OK Cy/A=177MPa_ Handbook C= 9260 (0.177) = 1 640 KN > C¢=1 616 KN Reduction 7 (13394277) factor for Cr= 1 = 0.728 a=Khy/—X 2107 1133.1 140352 tr Vip Reduced factored compressive resistance, Cy = 0.728(1 640) = 1 200 kN Ty (member) = 6 AF y=0.9 (9 260) (0.35) = 2.920 kN (connection) = lesser of : - 2Q + D = 2(1339)-276/1.25 = 2 460 KN (governs) AFy = 9 260(0.35) = 3 240 KN (Tr-Cr=820KN } > (Cr-Cr=440KN} Tension member has sufficient reserve capacity to compensate for the reduction, $16.1 C1.27.43.2 Note: Tension & comp. br. axes have the seme slope, thus, loss of compression = gain in tension in the tension diagonal. Level3 Trial Section: HSS178x178x13_ Fy Design length, L= ¥ 3 9002+4 500? = 5 960 mm Check for design requirement of $16.1 Cl. 27.4.3.1 Clear width-to-thickness ratio = [b - 2(2] /t= 10 < limit of 0.8(420)/YFy=18 OK KLir= 1.065 960)/66.4= 89.8 < limit of 1900/Fy=102 OK 50 MPa 6.4mm A=7970mm2 C,/A=151MPa Handbook Cr=7970 (0.151) = 1200KN > Cy=1136kN Reduction F (10114125) factor for Cy=——— = 0.704 a= Ke {= 1.20 1+0.352% we Reduced factored compressive resistance, C,; = 0.704(1 200) = 845 KN T, (member) = 9 AF y= 0.9 (7 970) (0.35) = 2510 KN (connection) = lesser of :- 2Q + D = 2(1011)-120/1.25 = 1 930 KN (governs) AF y= 7970(0.35) = 2.790 kN ‘Tension member has sufficient {Tr-Cr=730KN } > [Cy-Cy=355KN} reserve capacity to compensate for the reduction. $16.1 C1.27.43.2 Level4 Trial Section: HS$127x127x6.4 is OK (calculation similar to above) L = 4 900 mm C1=2960 (0.131) =388KN — Cyy = 0.682(388) = 264KNT, = 762 KN (Tr-Cr}>(Cr-C} thus OKC, > (Cp=379 KN] OK (see analysis) 33Seismic ‘Action <* Frame E Design Check of Girder Members JBr.widih = 4500 Br-length ~ 4900 Example design of level 3 girder =0918 Unt. seismic tension in br. ©conn. on Ty = 280)42 = 762 kN “Br. wigs = 4500 Red, seismic comp. capacity of br.© Br. length 5960 = 0155 Cyrcc0ay = 264/41 = 294 KN F Unt. seismic tension in br. © conn. Ty= 21011) +(-120)/1.25 = 1930 kN Red. seismic comp. capacity of br. © 1 Gdr. is subjected to max. axial load, Cy sees) = 845/6-(120/1.25) = 843 KN when comp. braces are at reduced load. Axial comp. in girder (br.@ at red. load) = 0.5(762-294)0.918 = 215 kN Axial comp. in girder (br.@ at red. load) = 0.5(1930-843)0.755 = 410 kN Unfactored comp. in lev. 3 gdr. with buckled braces D)& @)= 410#215 = 625 KN* 2Q4D force in lev. 3 girder = 2(0)+89/1.25 = 71 KN (tension ignored; comp. is critical) (C1.27.4.6) Note: some unbalance - due to rounding DryiL+Q) 10D (10 D D+L Design forces | Leading 11.00] 10 y-07 1 inlev. 3 Gar ronson (kN). [89/125=71. 77 -625*|-554 313-206 | # Analysis Moment (kN-m) * 346 134 346 440, 634 | illustrated. Trial girder section W610x84 —- assuming girder fully laterally supported by deck-slab. Ty =QAFy=0.9 (10 700) (0.3)=2890KN Cy=10700(0.3)=3210kKN M, = 636 KN-m. HeE(1-03964 B< TMi 061 €4 or 592<2<878 where, hiw=64 b/2t = 226/2(11.7) = 9.66 <170N300=9.81 Section is Class 2 C,= Ty assumed Load comb. D+Q. Check interaction C¢/C, + Ms/My $ 1.0 Interaction = 554/2890 + 346/636 = 0.74 < 1.0 OK where, M 5 = spec. (unfac.) B.M. Load. comb, Dew(L+0) Check interaction Cr/Cr + Ms/M, $1.0 S161 CL2748 Interaction = 313/2890 + 440/636=0.80 < 1.0 OK Load comb, D+L = Tp= 1.25(72) + 1.5(77) = 206 KN and My= 1,25(346)+1.5(134) = 634 KN-m Te] Te+M ¢/M ¢= 206/2890 + 634/636 = 1.07 (based on non-comp. beam) > 1.0 (composite beam will be used) Example design of level 2 girder Trial girder section W360x51 Max. seismic force in gdr. < 2Q4D = 2(4214)+3/1.25 = #430 kN Max, gdr. moments: (D) = 142 kN-m & (L) = 55 kN-m (based on simple beam) Load comb, D+y(L+Q) Check interaction C¢/C; + Ms/Mr S$ 1.0 D+ 0.7(L) + Q= 14240.7055) = 181 kN'm = Cy=T1=0AFy= 1740 KN 2 Using similar approach as for level 3 girder, the trial section is Class 1 ese! Interaction = 430/1740 + 181/241 = 1.00 = 1.0 OK \ { Load comb. De Consider two 4500 mm Fac, D + Fac. L = 1.25(142)41.5(55) = 260 kN-m single spans fully laterally My (non-comp) = 241 KN-in < My = 260 kN-m (composite beam will be used) supported by deck-sla. Note: Gdr. section will be locally strengthened. See connection design P. 101. 34Frame E. Design Check of Column Member Force direction Check column C23 below level 2, as indicated. Level d <= Unt. seismic tension in br. =T62KN see P. 34 Level3 Unfac. (ult.) seismic comp. in brace © = 388/0.9= 431 KN 1.27.4. B0.9= BIEN T “Feonissabecedwnax) vel Unt. seismic tension in br. © axial load, when braces | Gg)» = 1930 KN see P.34 reach buckling load. | kK Unfac, (ult.) seismic comp. in brace ©) Col. Col. = 1640/0.9:277/1.25= 1 600KN F C1.27.4.6 roy od Considering col. between levs. 2 & 1 and confining For aller braced frames, see column inelastic action in braces, force Q (comp.) in col. C23 leads >y SESS 8 meth on 3. = (431+762)(3900/9810) + 1930(3900/5960) Pando Desige Regoserents” = 474+1263 = 1740 kN ‘Tso, W.K., Redwood, R.G., & Mitchell, D. Column force associated with ult, comp. in braces, = 1740+ sp. dead load = 1 740+1201/1.25 = 2.700 kN ven 2x seismic load (with P-A) + 1201/1.25 = 2(965)+1201/1.25 = 2890 kN C127.4.6 Factored Load Combinations (when specified D=961 KN, L(reduced)=660 kN & Q=1 740 kN): D&L: 1.25(961)+1.5(660)=2190kN) foun eis unlikely to have incl, P-A): Full LL & Max. EQ D&QCincl. P-A): 96141 740=2700KN | (govems huurtinuneacony, D&L&Q(incl. P-A): 96140.7[660]}+1 740=3160KN _) design) thus, y= 0.7 for LL. Trial Section: W310x118_KL/r of column Cy/A=217MPa See Pan 40fHB C 0¢4 200)/77.5 = 54.2 217(15 000) = 3 260KN > 3 160kN OK Vert. component of br. @) fac. dead load = 277(4200/6160) = 189 KN (comp.) Co-incident col. C23 fac. dead load = 1201 kN (comp.) Fac. dead load at base of col. C23, 1.25 D = 189+1201 = 1390 KN (comp.) Vert. component of br. @) fac. seismic force = 1339(4200/6160) = 913 KN (C or T) Co-incident col. C23 fac. seismic force = 965 kN (C or T) Fac. seismic force at base of col. C23, Q = 913+965 = 1880 kN (C or T) Fac. compression (D&Q) at base of col. C23 = 1390+1880 = 3270 kN (comp.) See P.102. Cro= AsFy=0.9(15 000)(0.3) = 4050 KN > 3270kN OK. Vert. component of br. © fac. seismic force = 1339(4200/6160) = 913 kN (tension) Co-incident col. C34 fac. seismic force = 965 KN (tension) Fac. seismic force at base of col. C34, Q = 913+965 = 1880 KN (tension) Conteracting fac. D at col. C34 base =[622+276(4200/6160)}(0.85/1.25)= 551 KN (comp.) Factored uplift at base of col. C34 = 1880-551 = 1330 kN* Use 20+ 8p. in design, see 35Final Evaluation of Lateral Stiffness of Frames Each preliminary designed lateral load resisting frame (LLRF) is loaded at level 4 with an assumed total lateral force of 100 KN, and analyzed for lateral deflection. For each lateral load resisting frame, the lateral force (KN) required to produce one millimetre lateral deformation at the level 4 is shown. Assuming the stiffness (represented by force per unit deflection) of frame E to be unity, the relative stiffness values (K*) for all other frames are estimated through dividing their force/deflection values by that for frame E. The K* values obtained are similar to the K values initially assumed; thus, the preliminary seismic force distribution (page 15) is assumed to be reasonable. Design Assessment of Lateral Load Resisting Frames Several factors influencing the structural capacity of the lateral load resisting frames should be noticed. a) The actual mass of the building is about 6% less than that assumed for preliminary design since the finalized wall system is lighter than anticipated. b) Using the Raleigh approximation method the building period is 0.7s (not illustrated) which is greater than 1.2 times the codified building period of 0.3s. Hence the seismic response factor $ is reduced to 3.28 so that the seismic base shear could be reduced by approximately 13%. See NBC 4.1.9.1(7)(c). ©) Rigid frame members are selected without considering the size of the joint and panel zone deformation effects, which ignores a possible reduction in girder and column design moments of approximately 10%. 4) Actual storey heights for levels 2 and 3, when corrected for beam and girder depths are less than those used for the preliminary structural analysis e) Base fixity at braced frames is ignored. Collectively these factors result in the LLRF preliminary design being some 20% conservative. Since the sample building is located in a region of moderate seismicity (Ottawa), earthquake rather than wind governs design of all LLRF's with seismic performance characteristics described by the force modification factor R=3. Also, members are selected according to the requirements of $16.1-MB89 clause 27. Appendix D provides further discussion on buildings located in other ‘geographic areas. When wind governs design, in which R=1.5 is also specified for seismic load computation, analysis and member selection is simplified as follows: a) For Moment Frames i) P-A analysis is similar to that illustrated but uses factored P-forces. ii) First order drift is amplified by 1.5 for P-A analysis. (load factor of 1.5 for 1/30 wind loads, or R=1.5 for seismic forces). iii) Section class is not restricted even if panel zone is elastic under maximum loading. b) For Braced Frames i) and ii) same as for moment frames. iii) Bracing members are selected using factored loads without other restrictions. iv) Girder and column members are selected without considering seismic force redistribution. 36fe I Final Evaluation of Lateral Stiffness of Frames 44 (mm) Force (KN) | Relative Lateral Load Resisting Frames due to 100 KN _| for 1 mm of| Stiffness atLevel4# | deflection | (K+) 50 wero 30 = = ° XN Frame (A) tale bea ~ 50 wunst 55 | 3|__¢ | worse | 3 & |werox101 | 3,3 16.2 6.17 0.13 | Grade beam j Frame (B) ‘0 wens. 5g [__3 elo 318) furor 2 3 10.8 9.26 0.19 Grade beam | Frame (C) | 4.890 | c 2 r Ginders _Diagoals ap Oy 0, wero ot os Swamy USSIZTIITA =; gNZg Hssimex7ax10 | 9 65 317 0.7 s 5 B W645 issooasz03e11 | - Frame (D) rame 162.000.,4 3 Ginders _Diagonas ee Lweioars : wense en S . 178 2.05 48.8 1.00 8 360851 sso0sxa09413 rame Since K* = K on P. 15, thus, force distribution assumed on P. 15 is OK. # Frame analysis by FrameMac™ 37Roof Diaphragm Design Lateral wind loads acting at the roof level must be transmitted to the vertical LLRS either by horizontal bracing provided in the plane of the roof, or by diaphragm action of the roof deck (or roof slab). Similarly ground induced seismic forces must also be distributed at the roof level to the vertical system for eventual dissipation through ductile structural behaviour. Generally it is more economical to design the roof deck and supporting members as a horizontal diaphragm to transmit seismic or wind forces to the vertical LLRS. "This requires attention to selection 'of adequate deck thickness to resist the lateral forces, recognition of the need to provide adequate strength and stiffness around openings in the roof, and recognition of the requirements for connection of the deck to the structural supporting members. Pages 39 to 43 illustrate design of the roof diaphragm for the example building for seismic forces. Wind loads do not govern for this building. Page 39 summarizes the governing seismic forces acting on the roof-deck diaphragm in the north- south direction, calculated according to NBC 4.1.9.1(15) and (18), and distributed based on the loads computed on page 13. ‘The deck diaphragm is analysed as a horizontal beam supported by the two north-south vertical braced frames, frame D on line H and frame E on line C. Steel deck diaphragm tables for 38 mm deep x 900 mm wide deck recommended by the Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute (CSSBI) are listed on page 40 for design use. These tables are based ‘on working stress design (WSD) principles, and in using them, it should be noted that NBC seismic design is ultimate-load related so that strength checks only are required. Page 41 illustrates the factored shear and moment diagrams for the deck diaphragm, and the design check for the general area of the deck using the tables on page 40 for 0.91 mm deck spanning 1800 mm button punched at 600 mm c/c and transversely welded at 4 welds per unit, Adjacent to braced frame D, diaphragm shear capacity is upgraded by decreasing the spacing of button connections and/or increasing the number of transverse welds per unit. The seismic shear capacity of the deck is taken at 1.5 times the tabulated values for WSD. ‘The deck thickness of 0.91 mm is greater than the 0.76 mm needed for gravity load design (see page 45). It should be noted that perimeter roof beams must be designed and detailed to act as diaphragm flanges. ‘Arc spot welds for connecting the deck diaphragm to the supporting beams and girders are strength checked on page 42. Weld resistance is calculated according to CAN/CSA-S136-M89 rules. ‘Typical roof diaphragm details are illustrated on page 43. 38Roof Diaphragm Design Total diaphragm design force, Vp =v - Sp Wp as per NBC Section 4.1.9.1(15) & (18) Vp=0.1 (0.7) (6640) =465kN << _ Fx=806KN thus V p= 806 KN See pages 6, 12 10 14, Note: Distributed loads, KN/m direction y ee a : (©) Braced Frat a ce ' Q i : ne fine ek Fr = . x : eho 2 : : ' : id a Seismic Action Considered 2 @RigeFnme & 732 782 4 eo o © q @ sel2 218 22|3 0.08 —— 0.08 O82 KN gels @ ,04) a8 : 146 8.00 46 bale o218 3 z z i a 9.36 lo. 324 | [ wae | sn Ovarall loading inragm 000 7 39Roof Diaphragm Design 38 mm deep x To 900 mm wide decks as per Ref. 1. A transverse welds per unit 7 transverse welds per unit WSD Diaphragm Shear Values (kN/m) as in Ref. 1, Tables I1I(a) & (b) Span | Trans. | Botion punch 150mm cic | Botton punch 300 mm ie | Button punch 50-mm efe | Button punch 600 mm ie (my) Welss Deck Sel nm) [Deck Stl (m) | Dek Stl Gm) Desk Sel my (0) | 076 | 91 | 122 | 076 | 091 | 122 | 076 | 091 | 122 | 076 | oor | 1.22 120] 4 | 700] 100 | 168 | ss0| 830 | 148 | s00| 770] 141 | aco | 740 | 137 7 | 980 | 142 | 237 | 820 | 124 | as | 770] us | 208 | 750 | 115 | 204 130] | 620] 870 | 14a | 470 | 700 | 123 | a20| 6a0| 116 | soo | 610 | ira 7 | 840 | 122 | 200 | 680 | 103 | 177 | 630| 920| 169 | 600 | 9.40 | 166 130 | | 370 | 790 | 128 | 420 | 610 | tos | 370] sao | 990 | 350] 330 | 950 1 | 150 | 108 | ws | 90 | 890 | 1s2_| sao | 830] 124 | suo | 290 | 40 2ao | 4 | si0| 690 | a08 | 360 | s10| a6 | 320] «30 | 780 | 280 | 420 | 7.50 1 | 630} 890 | 14s | 420 | 200 | 121 | 420} 630] 113 | 390 | 600 | 109 * The tabulated 1.5 for seismi Note: Shaded d ie & 1.64 for wind design lesign values are used in the following pages values are for a representative 38 mm deep profile. diaphragm shear table from the deck producer should be obtained, to compare with fac. diaphragm shears in LSD. WSD Diaphragm Flexibility Factor, F (10-6 mm/N) as in Ref. 1, Tables III(a) When a specific deck product is selected for LSD, 1, also a WSD shear strength must be multiplied by &) Span | Fame | Baan ch cence] Boon porch Bm [ ano ph Die ce [ Ban ch 6c (2) | Wets| Sor stam) [Dok Sel am) | Deka) Dak Sel (no) 0.76} 091 | 122 0.76 | O91 | 1.22 0.76 | 0.91 | 1.22 0.76 | 091 | 1.22 Tao | «oem maar room [smn nan paoan Janmalanan [nome Jocwen aan | nome 2 [ean [sou [noun feo fan [asain fone omni [on loon as [sone 730} + Jon cnn [a fom oon san pismo Pawn fame [em rank 2 [ovann |ooimn [roan [arm furan [oman lana [or [aoa {warm [nan [sone TRO) TF Yam pasar [son Pe fan aon fom Jarra Paar fwona [oas [oso 7 |seaon [aston sor [aan [ovo rior loan ls. [son frum [sian [swan Fa] 7 Joona so [os [unex poco sian frais rane [sun hose mane [sien 1 Jasin [avon fran fre foun [ow less fon [asuse fawn frre [ase R, i this case, isthe ratio: average deck span / average deck unit length For wind design, deflection check is needed for specified 1/10 wind, For diaphragm perimeter welds, Ref, 2 provides factored shear resistance. References: 1) Design of Steel Deck Diaphragms, Bulletin B14-91, Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute, Willowdale, Ontario, 1991. (for working stress design) 2) Cold Formed Stee! Structural Members, CAN/CS A-CAN3-S136, Canadian Standards Association, 1989 40Roof Diaphragm Design 4 ans, welds pr unit Diaphragm flange force buttoned @ 150 mm cfe f.a: TrorCe ‘ 7 ans. welds! unit, buttoned 1 @ 150mmce | exer menel@'GO mck) = ceo ae s oo oe ee a _ = 36000 oe c Sapuyerpoes ‘Try forall roof area, 38 mm dp. x 091 mm deck, ‘max. deck span Shear (kN) =170 200 124 1890 2.080 =170 217 Moment (kN-m) * Analysis by FrameMac™ 2040 ‘Total reaction at a-e = 2004378 = 578 kN <_ 671 KN ( Frame E seismic load, p. 21) Let us assume design forces to be factored by 671/578 = 1.16 (to allow for torsion) Von linef-g = 1.5 (36) (5.30*) = 286 kN > 170(1.16)=197KN OK *shaded value, P. 40 ‘V; on linea-e = 1.5 (36) (5.30) = 286 KN > 1.16(200)=232 kN OK Mrabouta-e=2040kN-m Flange force, Tr or C r= 1.16(2 040)/36 = 66 kN Minimum tie beam is required between ¢ and n to carry 66 KN of diaphragm axial force. ‘Total reaction at j-k = 217+9.82=227 KN < 399 KN (Frame D seismic load, p. 21) Let us assume above design forces to be factored by 399/227 = 1.76 (to allow for torsion) Vy on line h-i= 1.5 (36) (5.30) = 286KN > 1,76(124)=218kN OK Von line l-m-= 1,5 (32) (7.90) =379kN > 1.76(170)=299KN OK Von linej-k = 1,5 (27) (10.8)=437KN > 1.76(217)=382KN OK Connect diaphragm abcde to line (C) girder for 232 KN of factored shear. Connect diaphragm mijk to line (H) girder for 382 KN of factored shear. Connect diaphragm aeih to line (€) girder for 1.16(378)= 438 KN of fac. shear. Use factored weld resistance as in Ref. 2 on P.40. atRoof Diaphragm Design (Are Spot Welds) an S Forall roof area, 38 mmdp. x01 mm deck, Tomm tr spot welds at 400 mn] Using $136*, factored shear resistance of an arc spot weld, Vi=9c2t()Fy SOc (#) 42 (0.75F x) where <= 0.67 Deck (6 mm (surface diameter of welds) ned 1=0.76 mm, 0.91 mm, 122mm. (thickness) de=O7d-15Et 0.76 ‘t= one sheet thickness assumed SOSH Fy =410 MPa (E410XX electrode) 1.22 Fy =310 MPa (deck steel) * CAN/CSA-S136-M89, “Cold Formed Steel Structural Members” Fac. shear diaphragm abcde to line () gars. = 232 KN. (left of line©).) Assuming spacing of arc spot welds at edge of diaphragm abcde and parallel to deck flutes = 400 mm (max. spacing permitted) No. of welds for 0.91 mm deck = 1 + 36 000/400 = 91 Shear capacity along line (©) = 91(5.7) = 519 kN > 232 KN + shear at right of line ©) OK Note: shelf angle at edge of PH floor is needed to transfer shear from roof deck. Factored shear at interface of diaphragm mijk to line(H) girder = 382 KN. ‘At 400 mm ctrs, the no, of welds for roof deck ~ 1+ 27 000/400 = 69 Total fac. shear resistance along line (H) = 69(5:7) = 393 kN > 382 kN OK Provide 16 mm are spot welds to perimeter of deck diaphragm: - 150 mm ctrs. perpendicular to deck flutes (governed by longl. diaphragm shear), and 400 mm ctrs. (max.) parallel to flutes. See CSSBI Standard for Steel Roof Deck, 1986. 42Roof Diaphragm Design (Typical Details) Lower Roof Plan Button punch a 600 mm Deck span Gost spacing) = 1800 mm q 1 v Deck sheet with = 900 mm Detail "I" (Plan) ‘Are spot welds o beam ‘Are spot welds to HSS, ‘Are spot welds to jist ‘Are spt welds to joist op chord (very other fue) . AN Detail "2" (Section) ‘Are spot welds to HSS connectors ‘Are spot welds to joist top chord (every Nite) AEEUTL FUTURA? AURA er eee me | eA NT | ow town iN fase cepa] EEL Ali Detail "3" (Section) |! Arespot welds o shelf angle Detail “4” (Section) ‘Are spot welds at avg. $400 mm Fe spot welds to beam ts. on gar. to HSS connectors Arc spot welds to bea Rigid Fr) Shel angle ‘Girder connection to carry iaphragen foresto braced frame. LSS connector welded to nt girder. fi (on line C only) Detail "5" (Section) 43Roof Member Design For low-rise buildings the amount of steel necessary to resist roof gravity loads can be a significant proportion of the total steel in the building. Therefore, for economy, roof loads should be accurately assessed. ‘These loads include dead loads and live loads due to snow and/or rain, In addition, the possible influence of wind uplift should be considered. Pages 45 to 50 review basic steps required to evaluate roof loads and to design roof structiral framing members. NBC 1990 sentence 4.1.7 describes how live loads due to snow, ice and rain shall be determined and requires that a roof which can accumulate water must be designed for loads that result from a 24 hour rainfall. Ponding instability can occur in flexible flat roofs with long spans in areas of heavy rainfall. Design snow loads prescribed by NBC 1990 sentence 4.1.7.1 include an associated rain load for a portion of rain load trapped in the snow pack. Page 45 includes a roof framing diagram identifying roof members, and summarizes the various factors required to determine the specified snow loads. Snow distribution and loading factors for snow build-up on roof areas adjacent to the penthouse and other roof vertical projections are evaluated using Figure H-6 of the NBC Supplement Commentary H. ‘A sample calculation for snow loads on the open web joists in the area adjacent to the roof penthouse is provided on page 46. Page 47 summarizes the specified and factored loads acting on roof girder (mark 9) in the same area, The influence of wind uplift on this girder is shown to be insignificant. Page 48 shows the moment and shear diagrams due to loads acting on girder (mark 9), and provides a check of the girder factored moment resistance. Calculations for the web hole reinforcement are not provided, but this reinforcement can be designed using tables for web hole reinforcement in part 5 of the CISC Handbook. Page 49 provides a loading schedule for the roof joists with data necessary for designing the individual joists as required by $16.1 clause 16.5.1. For typical joists J2, J3, J5 and J6, the influence of wind uplift on joist design is negligible. A listing of roof members (selected using CISC computer program Gravity Frame Design 2 - GFD2) with governing reactions, camber and data necessary for detailing purposes is provided on page 50. 44Roof Member Design Upper rf area AVB- Widih* = 190/12.8 = 14.8 m} To facia ilusration, = 190m? <15m,Fig.H-4,NBC | use Fig. H-6 for small PH. Main fi CCommeniary is not sed, HVAC a Roof Member Marking Plan 0.91 mm, ‘deck =12800 8] ote ines= =| jommenbos ‘Shaded area = snow pile-up ‘due to vertical projection. For 38 mm deck, under ‘gravity loading - sheet thickness = 0.76 mm unless noted. However, diaphragm design govorns| deck thickness, see pl ‘upper roof lower roof 3 Roof Snow Coefficients - NBC 1990 (Supplement) See Fig.H-6, Commentary H ® @ Basic roof snow load factor, [Cy = 0.8 ] 1 2.2 kPa] y= 3kN/m3 H6ofNBC p20 12890 12.000 Cre 10 Ss. Vertical projection, h ~ 3.3 m ‘Commentary 66m Widths of projection: - b= 12.8 m for PH East & West walls = 18.8 m for PH north wall = 8 m for exterior stair wall 3msxes 9m xq = 2h = 2(3.3) = 6.6m] (ok) eh es, = °°" 0802) Since (Cao = 3.77) >( & 255 } therefore, [Cao = 2.5 Cay = 0.67 377 Since, { b=8} > 38s 2.2 | therefore, | erefore, 45Roof Member Design (Continued) Design of Roof Girder (Mark 9) i, Penthouse Roof, 4 Snow Accumulation Profile ot 4 ee 31 SSR. {1200 |, 1200 | 1200 |, 1200 | 1200 | 1200 | 1200 | 1800 _|._1800 i 12.000 Sample Calculation : For first joist 16 from left origin, x512-04=08m Cy 225. 25:102-04) © 459 66 NBC-90 specified snow load, S=Ss[CpCwCs Ca] +Sr NBC4.1.7.10) Ca | S| Area [Point toad kPa | kPa | m?| Py ,kN 2.32 | 4.48] 108] 48.4 2.05 | 4.01] 10.8] 43.3 1.77 | 3.52] 108] 38.0 1.50 | 3.04] 108] 32.8 1.23 | 2.56] 108] 27.6 1,00 | 2.16] 10.8) 23.3 1.00 | 2.16] 13.5] 29.2 1,00 | 2.16] 162] 35.0 Using the following values, Jom line = 2 ist line | x Se=22kPa S, = O4kPa | Citing Cy=08 Cw= 10 from left | ™ Cy = 10 36 | 08 Specified snow load, 36/20 § =1.16Ca +04 We 32 = 1.76 (2.32) +0.4 WT 44 48 kPa wT 156 ir 68 Point load on girder #9 (due to snow on J6), n Py, =S-A=4.48 (1.2) (9) i = 48.4 KN 46Roof Member Design (Continued) Design of Roof Girder (Mark 9) Cor ued at 4 Factored total load (kN) from each joist line 901 825 74S 66.7 589 S25 658 789 fretted. i a es ee | v0 | 200 20 | 120 | ro | rao | co 800 | i 12000 : Joist line i Specifier F; szaring |Tyen'an> snows KN] loads ps | loud i | 16 10.8 48.4 14.0 90.1 36 | 108 433 140 82.5 | 6 | 108 38.0 140 745 | 7 | 108 32.8 14.0 66.7 | 7 | 108 21.6 140 58.9 n 108 233 140 525 n | 13s 29.2 176 65.8 qu 16.2 35.0 211 78.9 Roof dead load = 0.95 + joist & girder steel weight ~ 0.95 + 0.35 = 1.30 kPa Assuming steel weight = 0.35 kPa Roof wind uplift assumed = q (1/30) Ce( Cg Cp) = 0.37(1.04)(2.0) = 0.77 kPa (h/10) VS = (12/10) VS = 1,04 and using Fig. B7 of Supplement to NBC for [ CpCg] where, Ce Since { 1.5(0.77) = 1.16 kPa } is only slightly greater than { 0.85(1.3) = 1.11 kPa } there is only slight net factored wind uplift on the roof girder. Wind load ignored. 47Roof Member Design (Continued) Design of Roof Girder (Mark 9) Continued Factored total load (KN) from each joist line 90.1 825 4S 66.7 S89 525 658 789 hit try toy sur ra | woI0x25| 3 oh 540, H ing a ‘Web Opening coins 321 1320x1000 H P| | Factored Shear 514 at (KN) é i i i “54g i sar 930939 gag aa 1 : 6s pas | : g 43 | Factored i 386 & 1 Bending : 1 Moment enn) t 12.000 i Maximum factored design moment, Mr = 939 KN-m Assume unsupported length = 1200 mm Factored moment resistance My for W610x125 = 991 KNem > Mf =939kN-m (ok) (Ly=3 250mm > 1 200mm) L? Deflection under specified snow load = => =P; (for 8 point loads) 1 =L/350 and < 1/300 (ok for roof girder) 3a; L Roof girder to be shop cambered for about 35 mm, Proposed Design Exercises: - 1, Design and detail girder web opening reinforcement 2. Design interior support detail for factored end shear and sprinkler main passage. 48Roof Member Design (Continued) Proposed Roof Joist Design Schedule : Joist |Out-to-out | Joist | Joist] Specified| Specified snow with Specified |imark| depth? | span | spacing | dead load*| associated rain load** ‘wind load (mm) | (mm) | (mm) | (N/m) (N/m) [_&Nim cL | 700 |9000] 1800 71 3.89 | 1.39 | 7000 7 32} 700 | 9000] 1800 ium | [~~—~_L__s # % 72 e M0 — o 3 700 =| 9000 | 1800 171 22 # 34] 700 |9000} 1200 1.14 ss 0.92 | L* ~— | 1200 5800 | a | 45 | 700 | 9000 | 1500 143 | 5 oT z # | 3 ss | J6 | 700 | 9000-) 1200 1g 5.38 # | 7 | 700 | 9000} 1200 114 3.65 0.92 1. Joist design span = 9 000 mm for all typical joists (1 to J7) 2. * Self weight of steel joist to be included by joist designer 3. * Snow load profile approximated for typical joist design (maximum effect) 4, Joist shoe = 150 mm (minimizes ecc. at girder support) (> standard 100 mm shoes) 5. Rectangular HVAC duct opening to be provided at mid span for joists as per roof plan 6. Deflection under specified live load to be not greater than span/300 7. # indicates wind uplift is not critical and need not be considered. 8, + depth selected to facilitate passage of air ducts and services. 9. For method and spacing of attachments of steel deck to top chord, see P.41-43 49Summary of Selected Roof Members (Level 5) Upper Roof Lower Roof (Level 4) »d Roof Members (Levels 4 & 5) a) 7 ]Facire Mark| size |N°° ) ep opening|“A™"} Shear | | Mark] size | N°°F lwep opening | APE") Shear Sus «ana | ND studs (on) | oN) 1 | cisoxis | | 26 | wscoxs9 30 2 | c1sons as | | 25 | waoas 30 3. | cz30x20 22 | | 26 | wasoxas 20 4 | waso2e 30 | | er | wesoxas 8 5 | we10%91 saox900 | 3s | 250 | | po | woo | 16 90 6 | we10x91 ans00 | 35 | 250 | | ps | wssox3s | 16 uo 7 | weroxtis sans00 | 35 | 320 | | ps | waroxs | 20 wo | 10 8 | weroxas szoxio00 | 35 | 350 | | ps | watoxss | 16 10 9. | we1oxi2s saoxio00 | 35 | 350 | | 6 | wacoxsr | 16 40 10. | waroxas so | | pr | wasoxs1 150 11 | wss0xr2 20 | 200 | | ps | weroxes | 20 as | 130 12 | wWotoxes 203900 200 | |p» | wao0x21 40 13 | waroxas 150 | | rio | wst0xs3 30 14 | wasoner xo | | pit | woroxse 2320x1800 350 15 | wasoxe1 40 | | pi2 | wo1oxse 350 16 | wasoxst 20 | 100 | | p13 | wotoxss 32011200 250 17 | wet0xee za0.| | pis, | weroxes 330 18 | W609 0 | | ar | nssizssiz780 30 19 | wo1039 70 | | a2 | ussizeciznae “0 20 | wssoa9 70 | | a3.| ussisosioaas 30 21 | Waeoxa 20 | 90 | | aa | nsstszxiozss 15 22 | wssox9 0 | | as | wacoxsr 165+ 23 | wasoa9 10 ‘To simplify shop detailing, a factored shear is provided to indicate the connection design force based on ‘maximum end shear for each group of similar floor members, * Fac. reaction at centre post 20mm practical camber limit is chosen, Note: PH floor beams are included. 50 SKNFloor Member Design On page 7, in the discussion of floor systems, it is stated that the hollow composite beam and girder system, and the stub-girder system (for the 12 000 mm bay) are used in this building. Pages 52 to 74 illustrate member selection and dealled design checks for atypical composite floor beam (mark 1), a typical composite girder (mark 15), and a typical stub-girder (mark 19), idemtified on the floor member marking plan on page 52. Composite beams are designed according to the rules in $16.1-M89 Cl. 17, which contains some technical changes from the $16.1-M84 edition. These changes are identified where appropriate. ‘The design checks include detailed calculations for resistance of shear connectors, and for composite beam properties, though this data can normally be extracted from design tables contained in the fifth edition of the CISC Handbook. Reference is also made to the CISC publication "Design and Construction of Composite Floor Systems" (referred to in this design notes as CFS). Design procedures for the typical composite beam (mark 1) are shown on pages 52 to 56, and include the following steps: a) Compute member design forces - tributary area and total factored load. ) Evaluate effective slab width (Cl. 17.4.1) and assume trial section. ) Compute factored shear resistance at steel-concrete interface (Cl. 17.9.4), and select trial percent shear connection required. d) Compute shear resistance of stud connectors (Cl. 17.7.2.3), and factered moment resistance (Cl. 17.9.3(©)) of composite section for percent shear connection selected. €) Check shoring requirements under specified load, (Cl. 17.11) f) Check capacity of steel member during construction. g) Check deflection serviceability. h) Check beam camber requirements. Design procedures for the typical girder (mark 15) are shown on pages 57 to 60. ‘These are similar to those for the composite beam, with the added check of longitudinal shear in the cover slab. (Cl. 17.9.9) To minimize cracking in the slab over the girder where it supports composite beams with ribs perpendicular to the beams, it should be noted that Cl. 17.5.2 requires two 15M bars of short lengths be placed continuous over the supporting girder parallel with and at the ends of the supported beams. Design procedures for the stub-girder (mark 19) are shown on pages 61 to 73, and include the following steps: a) Compute tributary floor area and total factored load. (page 61) b) Evaluate effective slab width and assume trial section. (page 61) ¢) Interim check of bottom chord selection. (page 62) ) Simplified vierendeel girder analysis, (page 62) ©) Check critical locations 1, 2, and 3 of bottom chord. (page 62) ) Check axial-flexural strength of reinforced deck-slab using expressions on page 63. (location 7, page 64; location 5, page 65; location 4, page 66, 67) g) Design stub to deck-slab shear connection. (page 67) hh) Check location 6 for combined compressive resistance of centre rib plus longitudinal shear resistance of slab. (page 68) 4) Check web shear resistance of stiffened exterior stub. (page 68) j) Design stub to bottom chord connection. (page 69) k) Check interior stub capacity. (page 70) 1) Mlustrate girder details and deck-slab reinforcing. (page 71) ‘m) Refined structural analysis. (page 72, 73) Page 74 lists selected floor member sizes as designed using the CISC computer program, GFD2, and summarizes typical information required for structural detailing and connection design. 51Floor Member Design Floor Member Marking Plan Use 75 mm thick ND. concrete cover slab - 25 MPa strength ‘Use 75 mm deep “wide-rib” profile composite deck - (0.91 mm sheet steel Mesh reinforcement to deck-stab: layer 150x150 MW9.1xMW9.1 to general area plus Design of Floor Beam (Mark 1) layer 1504150 MW9.1xMWS.1 to top of ea in ptr. + Member design forces Beam Span = 9 000 mm Dead load = 4.4 kPa + Steel allowance See Fo fer ead Deck Span = 3 000 mm Live load = 2.4 kPa (beam spacing) Live load reduction factor, as per NBC 4.1.6.9(2) “Tributary Area, =03+¥ 9.8/B) = 0.902 B=9(3)=27m2 Assuming steel allowance = 0.15 kPa Factored dead load = 0. (4.4 + 0.15) .69 kPa Dead Li ‘actored live load = 041 (0.902)(2. 5 kPa wwe Total factored load = 8.94 kPa PLZ IZ 2 A where, &p=1.25 and @&_=1.5 as per Cl. 7.2.3 of $16.1 9 000 Total factored load per span = 8.94 (27) = 241 KN 241/2 = 121 kN 121 kN Total factored design moment = 241 (9) /8 = 271 kN-m_ + Effective slab width Cis Desi and Consiuction of Effective width of slab, b ; , for composite beam (mark 1) sposite Floor Systems, Canadian lesser of beam spacing and 1/4 of beam span Institute of Steel Construction, 1984. lesser of 3 000 mm and 9000/4 =2250mm $16.1. Cl. 17.4.1 ‘The following design calculation is intended to illustrate in full detail the design considerations and procedure for a typical composite beam member. For background information, see CFS. + Trial Steel Section Properties Try W360x39 d=353mm = b=128mm = t= 10.7 mm = w= 6.5 mm As=4980mm? = 1x=102x10°mm* = S,= 580 x 103 mm? 52Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Beam (Mark 1) Continued + Factored shear at steel-concrete interface bc (0.85 byte fe) = 0.6[ 0.85 (2250) (75) (0.025) ] 2150 kN ASFy = 0.9 (4980) (0.3) = 1340 kN Total factored connector shear for full (or 100%) connection, Qucro0s = lesser of 1340 kN and 2150 KN = 1340 kN Try using 40% shear connection, Qycao%)= 0-4 (1340) = 536 KN $16.1 C1. 1794 150 + Factored shear resistance of one-stud-per-rib connection - force transverse to rib 2 ‘Compute factored shear resistance of 19 mm diameter stud of 125 mm long (prior to installation) or approximately 115 mm long (after installation) situated in a 75 mm deep deck with rib ‘geometry as shown: Estimated pull-out concrete cone area, 73.32 2 _ 84 (63)V2 - 16.8 (12.5) V2 Symbol wzdas | slo c1772 | = 48300mm? as per $16.1 Cl. 17.7.2.3 2 Ape +i + @uste- rGotiay = lesser of O5c0.5 Ase VFEEc and O c415 Age = lesser of 2:8-(0:5) (284) V25 (23700) ,.y 0.8 (415) 284 103 10° lesser of 87.4 KN and 94.3 kN = 87.4kN where, Aye = 20% = 284 mm? 4 and E¢ = y 2° 0,043 YE = 2300" (0,043) Y25 = 23700MPa CAN/CSA-A23.3-M84 CI. 8.5.1 Concrete density = y ¢ = 2300 kg/m? Concrete strength = f' = 25MPa Gr(ivy = lesser of Gr(solidy ANd 50.35 P ApV fe where, p = 1 for 0.8 (0.35) (1) (48 300) ¥25 normal density = lesser of 87.4kN and 28055) (0 (58 500) Ve5, concrete. 10° as per $16.1 Cl, 17.7.2.3 lesser of 87.4KN and 67.6 KN 67.6 KN for each one-stud-per-rib connection (67.8 KN as given by Handbook) 53Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Beam (Mark 1) Continued + Factored moment resistance of composite section - 40% shear connection For about 40% connection, the number of one-stud-per-rib connections required for each maximum and zero moment region = 536/67.6=8 (or 16 studs per beam) For concrete rib spacing of 300 mm, the number of available concrete rib per beam span for stud connection = 9000/300=30 > 16 (ok) Q, for 8 one-stud-per-rib connections = 8(67.6) = 541 kN ‘This produces depth of factored compressive stress block, Qe 541 (10) = 085 bc tab; ~ 0850.6) (25) G50) = "SPM 2250 * let's assume a = 19 mm And leaving a depth above top flange of 150-19= 131mm 541 kn Since total steel factored axial resistance = 1340 KN, and factored concrete resistance = 541 kN; plastic neutral axis in steel section Balancing factored compression force = (1340-541)/2~400 KN 3 Maximum factored axial resistance from steel flange, = 6 bt Fy = 0.9(128\10.7)(0.3) = 370KN_< 400 KN (neutral axis within steel web) Depth of web in compression = (400-370) /[ w Fy ] iss (400-370) / (0.9(6.50.3)] W360x39 7.1 mm, C.G. of tension steel from top flange 4980 (353/2) - 128 (10.7)2/2 - 17.1 6.5) (10.7+17.1/2) ] 7 [4980 - 128 (10.7) - 17.1 (6.5) ] = 248mm Lever arms for moment resistance computation: ~ Centre of tension to centre of concrete stress block = 19/2+131+248 = 389 mm Centre of tension to centre of steel top flange = 248-10.7/2 = 243 mm Centre of tension to centre of steel web in compression = 248-10.7-17.1/2 = 229 mm Mrogaose) factored moment resistance of the composite section (using = 40% shear connection) = [ $4G89) + 3700243) + 30229) ]/ 1000 = 307 KN'm > factored moment = 271 KN-m (OK) Myccaos) with b, = 2250 mm, given by Handbook = 308 kN-m + Compute elastic properties of the composite section io, E. = 200.000 _ Modulus ratio, = DRUG = 844 Equivalent steel area for concrete slab = 75(2250)/8.44 = 20 000 mm? 54Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Beam (Mark 1) Continued + Compute elastic properties of the composite section - continued A y Ay Ay? Area Distance from | Areamoment | M. of I. about Material | (Steel Units) | top of slab top of slab (mm? ) (mm) (103 mm? ) (106 mmé ) Steel 4.980 327 1630 533 Concrete 20.000 315 750_ 28 Total 24.980 2380 561 Ix of steel 102 Elastic neutral axis from top of slab 1; of concrete 9 — 2380.(10)3 _ ~ = Sq980 = O53 mm Total Moof L | 672 2250 (75)° : x Of = 225005)" = “ Tx of conerete = 5° say 9.4 x 108 mm! 2250 I, , or transformed composite section about the neutral axis 2 -| 672 - 24:980.95:3) 10° S_ of composite section = x 10°mm* = 445 x 10®mm* 445 (10)° (B53 + 150 - 3) S x of steel section = 580 x 103 mm3 W360x39 + Design to prevent steel bottom fibre yielding under total specified loads (assuming steel section unshored during concrete placing) Dead load of deck, concrete and steel acting on steel section - (Gpecified load basis) = 2.65 + 0.15 = 2.80 kPa Live and additional dead load acting on composite section - (Specified load basis) = Bending moment on steel section = 2.8 (27) 9/ Bare steel bending stress Comp. beam bending stress - bottom flange This is less than 0.9 Fy = 270 MPa ~ bottom flangs 5.1 (10)3 / 580 119 (10)3 /109 Total bottom fibre sires (See P. 9) .902 (2.4) + 0.1 + 0.45 + 1.2 = 3.92 kPa = 85.1 kN-m. Bending moment on composite section = 3.92 (27) 9/8 = 119 kN-m 55 (See P. 9) 147 MPa 09 MPa 256 MPa _ ‘Beam does not require shoring. $16.1 C1.17.11 150, 353Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Beam (Mark 1) Continued + Check steel member during construction p 1 Steel member during deck placing (prior to welding) Dead load of deck + steel member = 0.1 + 0.15 = 0.25 kPa Construction live load assumed = 0.5 kPa__ (Using value as in CFS) Factored total load = 1.25 (0.25) + 1.5 (0.5) = 1.06 kPa Factored bending moment = 1.06 (27) 9/8 = 32.2 kN-m This is less than Mr of W360x39 = 32.5 kN-m ... beam selection table of Handbook (unsupported length of 9 000mm) OK Step 2 Steel member during concrete placing (prior to composite action) Dead load of deck + concrete + steel = 2.65 + 0.15 = 2.80 kPa Construction live load assumed = 1,00 kPa Factored total load = 1.25 (2.80) + 1.5 (1.00) = 5.00 kPa Factored bending moment = 5.00 (27) 9/8 = 152 kN-m ‘This is less than Mr of W360x39 = 179 KN-m ... beam selection table of Handbook (assuming fully laterally supported) OK + Check member deflection under superimposed load with creep & shrinkage effects Effective moment of inertia in accordance with $16.1 Cl. 17.3.1, Tege= Tx + 0.85(p)°?5(Ir-1x) = (102+0.85 (0.4)°25 (445-102)} 10°= 334 x 10° mm* Assuming 40% of live load, finishing, mech /ceiling loads are long-term loads, Waoqp = [0-4 (0.902) (2.4) + 0.1 + 0.45 + 1.2] 27 = 70.6 KN Weog, = 60% of office floor live load (short-term load) = [0.6 (0.902) (2.4)] 27 = 35.1 kN Estimated composite beam deflection inclusive of creep, 3 3 A=. 15587 Wake, 5, Maal" o11s+5 Estimated shrinkage deflection - as with method outlined in Chp. 4 of CFS & S16.1 App. Eeteb L? _ 57.8 (0.0003) (75) (2250) 9 000 8ni, 8 (8.44) (445) 10° where, @ = 953-45 = 57.8mm (centre of cover slab to elastic neutral axis) and, = 0.0003 (assumed restrained shrinkage) = 16.5 mm 7.9mm Estimated total composite member deflection = A+A, = 16.5+7.9 = 24mm Less than (1/300 = 30 mm). (ok) + Check shop camber of steel member to achieve flat floor dut Total load for deck + concrete + steel = 2.8 (27) = 75.6 kN 5.(75.6) 9 3 = 384 G00) tor (10° = 35.2 mm ig slab placing Deflection due to 75.6 KN of UDL = Specify shop camber = 30 mm Note: Slab placing-levelling is generally carried out in approx. segments of about 20 sq. metres. Steel beam will not deflect the full amount, due to some composite interaction, 56Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 15) Girder Span = 9 000 mm Dead load = 4.4 kPa + Steel allowance 2 Tributary area = a =54m2 Live load = 2.4 kPa Steel allowance = 0.25 kPa For each point load factored dead load = 1.25 (4.440.25)27 = 1S7KN factored live load 5 (0.726) (2.4) (27) = 70.6 KN ‘Total factored load = 228 KN Factored bending moment = 228(9)/3 = 684 KN-m For W460x82 designed compositely with a deck-slab of 75 mm deck & 75 mm cover slab of 25 MPa N.D. concrete, M- for a 40% shear connection may be computed as follows: - + Effective stab width Effective width of slab, b ;, for composite girder (mark 15) = lesser of girder spacing ‘and 1/4 of girder span lesser of 9 000 mm and 9000/4 = 2250 mm ‘The following design calculation is intended to illustrate in full detail the design considerations and procedure for a typical composite girder member. For background information, see CFS. + Trial Steel Section Properties Try W460x82 d=460mm = b= 191mm t= 16mm = w= 9.9mm A= 10400 mm? 1, =370x 108mm? Sx=1610x 103mm? + Factored shear at steel-concrete interface c (0.85 bite fe) = 0.6[ 0.85 (2250) (75) (0.025)] = 2150 kN AsFy = 0.9 (10400) (0.3) = 2810 kN Total factored connector shear for full (or 100%) connection, Q,c100%) = lesser of 2810 kN and 2150 kN = 2150 kN 0.4 (2150) = 860 KN Try using 40% shear connection, Qi. + Factored shear resistance of 19 mm stud in solid slab, 4 youa) Wa Mh g= (180+129)/(2(75)] = 2.1 > 1.5; Use qs ois) 874KN P53. $16.1 Cl.17.7.2.2(a) + Factored moment resistance of composite section - 40% shear connection For about 40% connection, the number of studs required for each maximum and zero moment region = 860/87.4 = 10 (or 20 studs per girder) Q, for 10 connectors per shear span (load point to end support) = 10(87.4) = 874 kN 57Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 15) Continued + Factored moment resistance of comp. section - 40% connection (Continued) ‘This produces depth of factored compressive stress block, Q 874 (10)? H a= = 305mm 085 beFeb, 0-85 (0.6) (25) (2250) let's assume a= 30 mm ‘And leaving a depth above top flange of 150-30= 120mm 874 Since total steel factored axial resistance = 2810 kN, and factored concrete resistance = 874 kN; plastic neutral axis in steel section Balancing factored compression force = (2810-874)/2 = 968 kN 49 Maximum factored axial resistance from steel flange, .9(191)(16)(0.3) = 825 KN < 968 KN (neutral axis within steel web) Depth of web in compression = (968-825) /[ w Fy ] (968-825) / [0.9(9.9)(0.3)] 3.5 mm C.G. of tension steel from top flange cS was0x82 = [ 10400 (460/2) - 191 (16)?/2 - 53.5 (9.9) (16+53.5/2) } J [10.400 - 191 (16) - 53.5 (9.9) } = 344mm Lever arms for moment resistance computation: - Centre of tension to centre of concrete stress block = 30/2+120+344 = 479 mm Centre of tension to centre of steel top flange = 344-16/2 = 336 mm Centre of tension to centre of steel web in compression = 344-16-53.5/2 = 301 mm Factored moment resistance of the composite section (using = 40% shear connection) = [874(479) + 825(336) + 143301) ]/ 1000 = 739 kN-m > factored moment = 684 kN-m (ok) + Compute elastic properties of the composite section Equivalent steel area for concrete slab = 75(2250)/8.44 ~ 20 000 mm? A y Ay Ay? Area Distance from | Areamoment | M. of I, about Material | (Steel Units) | _ top of slab top of slab (mm?) (mm) (203 mm3) | 06 mm ) Steel 10.400 380 3.950 1500 Concrete 20.000 315 750 28 Total 30.400 4700 1530 1x of steel 370 Elastic neutral axis from top of slab 1) of concrete 9 4700 (10) = mo gor = 155 mm Toral Mof . [1910 58Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 15) Continued + Compute elastic properties of the composite section (Continued) 2250 (75)? 12 (8.44) 1, , or transformed composite section about the neutral axis 30.400 (155)? 10° S, of comp, section = Ix of concrete = = 9.4.x 10°mmt =| 1910- x 108mm? = 1180 x 10°mm* 1.180 (10) (460 + 150- 155) Sx of steel section = 1610 x 103 mm3 2.590 x 10°mm? + Design to prevent steel bottom fibre yielding under total specified loads (assuming steel section unshored during concrete placing) Specified dead load due to deck, concrete and steel as a point load = 27(2.6540.25) = 78.3 KN 4.3 KN Specified load due to additional dead and live loads = 27 (0.726(2.4)+0.1+0.45+1.2] Bending moment on steel section = 78.3(9)/3 = 235 KN-m Bending moment on composite section = 94.3(9)/3 = 283 kN-m Bare steel bending stress - bottom flange = 235 (10)3/1 610 = 146 MPa ‘Comp. beam bending stress - bottom flange = 283 (10)3 /2590 = 109 MPa Total bottom fibre stress = 255 MPa This is less than 0.9 Fy = 270 MPa Girder does not require shoring. + Check longitudinal layers 150x150 MW9.1xMW9.1 mesh shear in cover slab A=9.1 mm ? wires spaced at 150 mm cfc. Fry= 400 MPa at 290mm cfc at800mmefe y 2290 mm cle +N 1Osingle studs | single studs | 10 single studs 5 pak * suds placed for minimum tie down - $16.1 C178 wacoxs2 Using $16.1 CL 17.9.9... Critical area of longitudinal shear planes, A gy = (2)(10)(290)(75) = 435 000 mmm? For I-layer 150x150 MW9.1xMW9.1 mesh, A= 2(10)(290)(9.1)/150 = 352 mm? “Cohen en Factored shear resistance, V, =0.8(0.9)A, Fye +2.76 ¢ Agy = 101 +720 = 821 KN “This is less than 0.306 ¢f's Aoy= 1960 KN. (ok to use Vy = 821 KN) ¢ = 180(75)+(180+129)(75)/2 = 25 100 mm 2 Factored axial resistance for area A ¢ is 0.85 O¢ Ag ft =0.85(0.6)(25 100)(0.025) = 320 kN Total factored resistance = 821 +320= 1140 KN > 104, gojig) = 874 KN (ok) Concrete area between long]. shear planes, A 59Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 15) Continued + Check steel member during construction Dead load of deck, concrete and steel = 2.9 kPa Tributary area = 54 m2, construction live load = 0.6 kPa (assumed as in Table 3.2, CFS) Factored total load = 1.25(2.9) + 1.5(0.6) = 4.53 kPa Factored design moment = 4.53(27)(3) = 367 KN-m ‘The factored design moment is less than the factored moment resistance of 482 KN-m for W460x82, where the unsupported length = 3000 mm. The section is (ok) + Check member deflection under superimposed load with creep & shrinkage effects Effective moment of inertia in accordance with $16.1 Cl. 17.3.1, Tope = 1x + 0.85(p)5( Ty-1x) = (370+0.85 (0.4)%25 (1 180-370)} 10°= 918 x 10° mm* Assuming 40% of live load, finishing, mech /ceiling loads are long-term loads, P, = [0.4(0.726)(2.4) + 0.1 + 0.45 + 1.2] (27) = 66.1 KN Assume 60% of live load as short-term load, P, = 0.6(0.726)(2.4)(27) = 28.2 kN A = 23PsL3 , 1.15 (23) PL? _ _23(28.2)(9)3108 , 1.15(23)(66.1)(9)? 107 GASETet 648 Elen 648 (200) (918) 648 (200) (918) Estimated shrinkage deflection - using the method outlined in Chapter 4 of CFS Bay = EEteb 112 _ 118 (0.0002) (75) (2250) 9 000? Balt 8 (8.44) (1 180) 106 where, @ = 155-8 = 118mm and, 0002 (assume restrained shrinkage being less than beam condition) A+As = 147440 = 19mm = 4.0mm Estimated total composite member deflector Less than (L/300 = 30 mm) (ok) + Check shop camber of steel member to achieve flat floor during slab placing Total load for (deck + concrete + steel) , P = 2.9(27) = 78.3 kN = 23PL3 _ _23(78.3)(9)? a Se Se 35 = Gas ET ~ 6480070)" = 27™™ Deflection due to point loads = Specify shop camber = 25 mm. Note: Slab placing-levelling is generally carried out in approx, segments of about 20 sq, metres. Steel girder will not deflect the full amount, due to some composite interaction. 60Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) "Truncated" Stub-Girder Girder span = 12.000 mm Girder spacing = 9.000 mm Tributary area, B = 12(9)(3) /4 = 81 m2 Beam spacing = 3 000 mm Live load reduction factor as per NBC = 0.3+V(9.8/B) = 0.648 Steel allowance = 0.25 kPa Factored point load (due to beam reactions) See P.9 for floor load breakdown. Pp = Gp (4.4 + 0.25) (3) (9) = 157 KN Gz, (0.648) (2.4) (3) (9) = 63 KN M,= 220(12)/2 = 1320kN-m Total factored load, P ¢ = 220 kN V5 = 220(3)/2= 330 KN Try W410x46 as interior stubs: d= 403 mm, b= 140 mm, t= 112mm, w=7.0 mm W410x54 as exterior stubs: W410x39 as cantilever beams: d W310x86 as stub-girder: 403 mm, b= 177 mm, t= 10.9 mm, w=7.5 mm 399 mm (plus 5 mm shims) 310 mm, b= 254mm, A=11000mm?, w=9.1 mm Effective slab width for stub-girder, by = lesser of L/4 and girder spacing = 3.000 mm 3.000 120,180 iA n= E/E¢= 200 000/23 700=8.44 20, 180, ; mst tt $ bs ho Take area moment about in his © top of concrete slab: - ] i oA y | ay | Ay? fo Bement} No.of lranstomed Local Pi Area, mm2| (mm) |103 mm3| 10° mm | 10° mm* a 10 | 10700 | 375 | 401 15 5 : b 20) 4530 | 375) 170 6 2 : c 20 | 2270 | 100 | 227 2B ~ 4 10 | 22900 | 75.0] 1720 | 129 e 5} 100 | soo] so 3 f 5| 1000 | 125 | 125 16 8 10 | 1090 | 750} 82 6 ~ | Deck steel thick- h 20) 144 | 113] 163 18 1 ness = 0.91 mm i 10 | 1170 | 150 | 176 26 - Toral = 46 100 sno | 22 | st ¥=LlAy)/LA= 67.5 mm 1,= EIoca. + D(Ay4)-¥?E A = 83.0 x 10° mm4 61Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) Maximum bottom chord factored tension = Mz /€ = 1 320/0.64 = 2.060 KN Allowing for effects of local bending (say about 35%), factored bottom chord tension 2 060(1+0.35) = 2 780 kN is used for trial bottom chord selection. W410x46 or x54 stubs W310x86 Steel area of bottom chord = 2.780 { 0.9(0.3)] = 10 300 mm2 OK 11000mm? used Assume Simplified Vierendeel M Centre Line 2675 KNsnge shown in 0 Chord | M.of 1. | %of | Shear (KN) atline | Axial force (KN) at line member | x106mm4 | Shear | q B x B Top 83.0 29 957 | 319 1380 1790 Bottom 199 1 234_| 78.1 1380) | 17904) Total 282 100 330 110 (= tension Design check to critical locations of stub-girder (steel members) * location 1 Flexural Capacity End stub member = W410x54 M;=283kN-m > M;=281kNm OK © location 2. Axial/Flexural Capacity Mf=139kN-m and Ty=1380KkN Bot. chord member = W310x86 M,=383kN-m and T,= AFy=0.9(11 000) (0.3) =2 970 KN i joe MtyTr-139 41380 — Utilization ratio M,*T; 383 *2970 0.828 < 10 OK ‘© location 3 Axial/Flexural Capacity slotioa rag. Mt yTt 123 4.1790 - Detailed analysis Uritization ratio= Syl +p! = 383 +7979 70924 < 10 OK intjustity its useFloor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) Deck-Slab Axial/Flexural Capacity Basic design expressions: Depth of rectangular stress block less than cover slab depth by 1 ; i O85 cfc p €u= 0.00: 7 20,180, ut BeFle pean 003 yo, B : =a CA AB ES EB ade ay [33] oste Oss e f, elastic gs SSE utrlais Using A23.3 Cl. 10.2.7. c=a/B1 for f'¢= 25 MPa value B $5=0.85 and $:=0.6 A23.3C1.9.3.2andCL.9.3.3 €y=0.003 A23.3C1.10.3.2 Try value "a" being < cover thickness and proceed to (A) (A) Evaluate strain & stress in tensile steel Figz Gt (telationship shown in above strain diagram) substituting ¢=a/B1 into above expression and simplifying, » and ess as given in A23.3 Cl. 10.2.4 a fs=€sE (B) Evaluate strain & stress in compression steel ae £u (relationship shown in above strain diagram) e- substituting ¢=a/B) into above expression and simplifying, f, if 8s given in A233 CL, 102.4 @ (C) Compute total factored compressive resistance, Cy Cr=085GeFcab1+ (FA's feAslOs |G) (D) Compute factored moment resistance, M step 1 obtain intemal eccentricity, e y-d @ step2 Ensure internal "e” = extemal "e". If not, assume new “a” and repeat (A) - (D) 63Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) Design check to critical locations of stub-girder (deck-slab) bi 120, 180 a (obs tet'e GRAN : “edt Pts 129) Oefs Oss fy ease es neutral axis so neutal Using A23.3 CL. 10.2.7 c=a/By for f',= 25 MPa value Bi = 0.85 Depth of rectangular stress block less than cover slab depth * location 7 Check Axial/Flexural Capacity 380 kN =Mr_ EL= 410mm (ue to external load on deck-slab) f y= 675mm, b. Assuming depth of rectangular stress block, “a’ 3000 mm, E= 200000 MPa See P.61. is 65mm, d=125mm, ~ = —400_ = 0,003= 0.00190 < (x45 = 0.002 f.= 0.001 90 (200 000) = 380 MPa _ (or below yield strain) = 0.00104 < (-400-- = 0.002) .001 04 (200 000) = 208 MPa C= 0.85(0.6(0.025)(65)(3000) +{ 0.208(1000) - 0.380(1000)} (0.85) = 2490 + (-172} (0.85) = 2340 KN 2.490 (125 - $5) + 0.85(0.208)(1000)(125-50) =< 2 + 67.5 - 125 = 104.14 67.5 - 125 = 46,6 mm 2340 intemal e" of 46.6 mm > (e = 41.0 mm) 620kN, ande=40.3mm OK internal “e" of 40.3 mm = (¢ = 41.0 mm) Try new value of "a" = 70mm, thus Cy = M, =2 620 (0.0403) = 106 KN-m ion ratio = CL = M1 1 Utilization ratio = = 3 53 < .0 OK 64Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor ler (Mark 19) Design check to critical locations of stub-girder (deck-slab) Additional design expressions Depth of rectangular stress block larger than cover slab depth (085 befe a= 0008 7 EEh= ¢sf's Oh ers : ess. erst ne axis dealized ribbed slab 2Oribs wisn by ual Area of compressive concrete, A ¢ = 75 b 1 + 10 (155) (a - 75) i 75) 15% 1/24 10 (159) (a-75)| 75+ 22% ES Bi Centre of compressive conc. from slab top, y_ = O85 Gcf'cAct (f'sAs-fsAs) Os e +y-d Cr , + location § Check AxialfRexaral Capacity Mygs02kNm and Crt 7904N e= =28.0mm (due to external load on deck-slab) c d=125mm, d= 50mm, ¥=67.5mm, by 1000 mm, E = 200 000 MPa Assuming depth of rectangular stress block, "a" is 85 mm, 0,003 (125) (0.85) RS 0.003 = 0.000750 < (x0 = £.= 0,000 750 (200 000) = 150 MPa (or below yield strain) = 0,003{ 1-285). 000150 < (4005 = 0.002) £'5= 0,001 50 (200 000) = 300 MPa ‘Ac = 75(3000) + 10(155)(85-75) = 240 000 mn? 75? (3000) /2 + 10 (155) (85-75)(75 + 240 000 C,= 0.85(0.6)(0.025)(240 000) + { 0.300(1000) - 0.150(1000) } 0.85 = 3060+ 127 = 3190 kN 0.002 } 3mm ye 3060 (125-40.3) + 0.85 (0.300) (1000) (125-50) 3190 = 87.2 + 67.5-125=29.7 mm > (¢=28.0 mm) +67.5-125 ‘Try new value of "a" = 90mm, thus C,=3340KkN, ande=27.1mm OK internal "e" of 27.1 mm = (¢ = 28.0 mm) M,=3 340 (0.0271) = 90.5 kN-m. Utilization ratio =Et=-Mtoosa < 10 OK 65Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) Design check to critical locations of stub-girder (deck-slab) Additional design expressions Depth of rectangular stress block larger than deck-rib depth : elastic ba i v efy fy ‘neutral axis 720,180 7 ess esse = 150 mm : Osfs “® AL fy Le, LE 75] : : ray Leta |o— Osf's c= 7 oN ore TU Bi / O85 bette v= 0.003 ¥+e- (150-4) 10 ribs within by ‘Area of compressive concrete, A ¢= 10(155)(75) +b 1 (8-75) 10(155)75?/ 2+ b1 (a-75)( 75 +825) Centre of compressive conc. from slab bot., y = 5-2 Cr= 085 def 'cAct(f'sA's-fsAs)os e= 0.85 Oc f'cAc (dy) +Osf'sA's(d-d) c +(1580-d)-¥ © location 4 Check Axial/Flexural Capacity Mr=31.1kNm and Cr=1380KN e = =22.5 mm (due to extemal load on deck-slab) £ Taking d= 125 mm (neglect top steel), d’= 25mm, y=67.5mm, bj = (000 mm, E = 200 000 MPa Try depth of rectangular stress block, "a" = 105 mm c= 105/0.85 = 124 mm (or =d), thus eg =0 and f,=0MPa Le 085(25) es= 0.008 1 105 f'5=fy= 400 MPa A= 10(155)(75) + 3000(105-75) = 206 000 mm? 10(155) 75? /2 + 3000(105-75)| 75 +105-75) * 206000 85(0.6)(0.025)(206 000) + 0.400(1000)0.85 1630+ 340 = 2970 kN > Cr ¢ = 2630(125-60.5) + 0.85(0.400)(1000)(125-25) * 2970 = 68.6 + (150-125) - 67.5 = 26.1 mm close to the value of (€ extemnai = 22-5 mm) ) =0.00239 > or larger than yield strain f E y c + (150-125) - 67.5 My= 2970(0.0261) =77.5kNm > My Since both (C,>Cy)and(M,>M,), thus the section is OK 66Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) _ Design check to critical locations of stub-girder (deck-slab) ‘© location4 Check vertical shear V¢= 95.7 KN. bo. 120,180, i Assumed effective depth = 100 mm 2 e from bottom of slab ST rst a AT Given by A23.3 Cl. 1.3.4.3 for members subject to axial compression, ver02nGeTe(1-g8t) vd Gross area of ribbed slab, Ag = 150 (3000) - 10 (75) (120+300-129) /2 Cy=1380KN, or Nye=-1380000N Total effective shear area, © ( by: d)= sum of all the shaded areas (180+129) (75) 2 41.000 mm2 = 10{ 250180) + ‘2.= 1.0 for normal density concrete. A23.3 Cl. 11.2.3 3. 1380 000) 341 000 (25) =144000N=144KN > Vs=95.7KN OK <= 02.0.0) (0.60175 [1 - (161 000) * Provide stub to deck-slab shear connection (using 19 mm dia, stud shear connectors) exterior subs stub length = 1500 + 850 = 2350 mm Total shear transfer, Vp =C gat (4) =1380KN Shear connection = 1.5 (1380) /q ,= 1.5(1380/87.4) = 24 studs # (12 pairs of studs) Longl. spacing = 2350/(24/2) ~ 195mm > 6(dia.)=114mm ok at 195 mm cle > h=115 mm Forq, =87.4KN, see P.57. interior stubs stub length = 1250 mm Total shear transfer, Vp=C rat (3) -Cpat @) =1790-1380=410kN 5 (410) /q,= 1.5(410/87.4) = 8 studs # (4 pairs of studs) Longl. spacing = (1250-200)/3= 350mm < 600 (C1.17.8) ok a 350 mm cfc ‘Shear connection Note: The factor of 1.5 is assumed for stud computation to account for short lateral spacing (3.5 dia. spacing) and to minimize failure of stud shear connection. 67Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) An Tongitudinal , Assuningetectvely ayerot ‘si ines | Srshivostawys ac er '* location 6 Check combined factored by2 area Acy ee wea 6- 15M transverse rebar compressive resistance of centre rib plus Planes \ ‘averse rena factored longitudinal shear resistance of slab '80(75) + (180+129)(75)/2 = 25 100 mm? 2(2350)(75) = 353 000 mm? An=2{ 6(200) +2350 9,1) | = 2690 mm? Exterior sab; W410x58 150, length = 2350 mm_ An=2(200) = 400mm? 215M longitudinal rebars rib area Ac Factored compressive resistance of reinforced centre rib = 0.850 Acf'ctOAnFyr $16.1 C1.17.99 = 0.85 (0.6)(25 100)(0.025) + 0.9 (400)(0.400) = 464 kN A Factored longitudinal shear resistance of slab’ = 0.89 AnFyr+ 2.76 0c Acy = 0.8 (0.9)(2690)(0.400) + 2.76 (0.6)(353 000)/1000= 1360KN << O5cf'cAew OK Total factored resistance = 1360+ 464=1820kN > Cr=1380kN OK 2675 mat + Check exterior stub web for horizontal shear resistance [ae 1380kN i Assuming stub web effective shear area, A = (connected length + stub flange width) web thickness = (1500+177) 7.5 = 12 600 mm 2 a Factored shear resistance =0.5$F,A $16.1 C1. 13.4.4 = 0.5 (0.9) (0.45) 12 600=2550kKN° > Vs=1380KN + OK 850 1500 effective length Check exterior stub web for vertical shear resistance V of exterior stub (W410x54) Vr=330KN < V; OK See P.61 339 KN See Part 5 of Handbook 68Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) 2615 i == 1380KN 1500 Vaan “AY WT205x42.5 stiffener a | [-o 38 Plan View L150 (from top of stub) + Design connection at locations "a" and "5" Taking moment about assumed hinge "b", by considering forces in bottom chord, Clockwise moment = 234 (1.500#0.325) - 1380 (0.155) = 213 kN-m Factored tension at "a" = 213 /1.5 = 142 kN ‘Taking moment about a sumed hinge "a", by considering forces in bottom chord, Anti-clockwise moment = 1380 (0.155) - 234 (0.325) = 138 KN-m Factored tension at "b" = 138 / 1.5 = 92 kN Try 6mm fillet welds as detailed in the plan above. Factored shear resistance = 0.918 kN/mm length of weld. See Part 3 of Handbook. Note: Research test indicates that most horizontal shear should be applied at region "a" Total length of group A weld = 2 (600+190) + 180 = 1 760 mm. Factored resistance* = 1 760(0.918) = 1620kN > 142+1380=1520kN OK Total length of group B weld = 2 (90) + 180 = 360 mm Factored resistance = 360(0.918)=330kKN >> 92KN OK * Note: Strength of web metal of Tee stiffener should be larger than fillet weld capacity. 69Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) * Check interior stub end stiffener requirement Compute overturning moment (anti-clockwise) about "c"-"c", ae Cone Line (1790-1380)(0.15-0.0675+0.403-0.2) 31.1 302 1 =31,9G) = 31.1 +50.2= 40.5 kN-m 1 380% 90K Compute modulus of web section, 110280F 1.820 x 10° mn / th 76: Compressive stress due to moment, 1.380&N \F— km) ‘ ? 405 10)" _ 99.3 MPa 78.1800 1820 (10) KN Radius of gyration of web plate, 7/NTE =2.02 mm 223 MPa Ki/r of web plate strip acting as a small column, 0.65 (4-2) / r = 0.65 [403-2(28)] / 2.02 = 112 10] =1010 [120 Unit factored compressive resistance, 64 rane Ey - C;/ A= 107 MPa >> 22.3 MPa OK nd stiffenes | intermedia notrequired = = | Ly 179 fillet welds Plan View (Grom top of stb) * Design interior stub to girder weld connection ‘Compute factored design moment (anti-clockwise) about stub base, (1790-1 380) (0.403+0.15-0.0675) ~31.9 (3) + 50.2 - 31.1 = 122 KN-m Total factored shear at stub base, 1790 - 1380 = 410 kN Distance between assumed weld groups, 1250 - 2 { [(2)(120)?/2] / 12(120)+140} } = 1.170 mm. Factored force on each weld group due to moment and shear at stub base, 122/1.17 + 410/2=309 KN Assume 6 mm fillet welds as detailed in the above plan view. Factored shear resistance = 0.918 kN/mm length of weld. See Part 3 of Handbook. Total length of each weld group = 2(120) + 140 = 380 mm Factored resistance = 380 (0.918) =349kN > 309kKN OK Clear distance between end welds = 1.010 mm or > 5 times the stub flange width. Thus, add two 100 mm long intermediate fillet welds as shown above. 70Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) 12.lines - double studs (19 mm dia.) @ 195 mm spacing a, “4 lines - double studs i (19 mm dia) Centre Line WT205%425 @ 350mm spacing i oS Se Wa10x54 W410%46 Elevation = WITS ‘Transverse bars ‘Two bolt 950__| connection 7 Double mesh 150x150 MW9.1xMW9.1 Plan 2additional 15M transverse bars Double mesh 150x150 MW9,1xMW9.1 10- M15 longitudinal bars "Truncated" Stub-Girder Section ngnnge 1Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) Centre Line , form am T81KN 1000 1260 Elevation Computer Input Data * Member | Area | Moment of neria | Member | area Moment of Inertia Type | mm? | x106mm | type | mm? | x106mmé ‘Top Chord. | 46 100 #30 J 5200 002 Bor. Chord | 11 000 199 s 2.600 oor « 6810 186 * 2190 285 5 68i0 186 ‘ 2400 | 1100 ‘ 2400 | 1100 i 400 | 2000 4 2400 | 1100 k 4000 | 1100 . 2400 | 1100 + Chp. 6 CFS, sub-G, computer analysis Ccenure Line 1500 650 |, 800 Manual Solution vs Computer Results Location | Action | Unit Manual Computer | — % Change 1 moment | kN 281 281 0 2 axial kN 1380 1.400 +1 moment | kNm 139 122 3 3 axial kN 1790 1820 +2 moment | &N-m. 123 106 “4 4 axial kN 1380 1.400 +1 moment | Nem 34 384 +3 5 axial kN 1790 1820 +2 moment | kNm 502 472 -6 7 axial kN 1380 1400 +1 moment | kN-m 566 583, +3 72Floor Member Design (Continued) Design of Floor Girder (Mark 19) Deflected shape VA tension (kN)=72.2 1288 19.8 23.6 86.1 (computer) * Deflection due to tension (kN) =92.0 142. (manual) + spec. D & L load + forces used for weld design. << 1/300 OK 1820 1 ‘Shear (kN) pos 330 40 315 (583) Moment (kN-m) 263 ~ a3 412 ‘op chord 473 7 84 1400 1820 Tension (kN) co i 3 aE E Shear (kN) 700 ps : (22) 131 660 106 Moment (kN-m) tos V(84.2) Note: * Girder deflection is computed based on: ‘beam reaction of (dead + 40% live) =143 kN long term load, plus (60% of live load) = 25.2 kN short term load Top chord area = 22 600 mm2, 4.0 x 106 mm4 when long term load is applied. 73Summary of Selected Floor Members Lev. 3 seismic force on line© gars. = 207)kN- (P31) ‘Assuming uniform distribution (of diaphragm force to ine © girders. * Unfactored diaph. force at Stub-G (12m) to brace frame connection, = 2(407)(12)136 = 271 kN Diaph. force to brace frame ga, 2407}(9)/36 = 204 kN Diaph. force (gdr. 29 to brace frame connection), = 2(407)(15)(36 = 340 KN Diaph. force (gdr. 28 10 gar. 29), Selected Floor Members (Levels 2 & 3) ‘beam conn. to cary significant horal. seismic force. = {40 7)(9)/36 = 204 KN F | Factored] T |Factored] Wo ce Tra ee 1 | w3e0x39 | 16 30 125, 18 | wa1oxes | 18 125 3 [oo | | | [wore | 10 | sors | a | an ¢ | iaos | | [2 [we | co | susne | a | an + | noes | soe-| [2 [mae | 32 | sons | | a «| wis | 26 ae-| |e [uso | me 3 | wus | 2 tare) | a | es | ae ta wo | waime | wo | to | | 2 [wear | 2 ws | 28 m | wana | 0- | seus] | te | | a [wan | an 2 | 10 ® | seme [at | am] | m [rotor | 2 ts we | wes | wo | [3 | wamor | 2 ss | won | 30 | a | | [wun | a | ss | seas | 20 | snow |” | ae | |35 | eon | i | io Lwin | i To simplify shop detailing, a factored shear is provided to indicate the connection design force based on ‘maximum end shear for each group of similar floor members. t 20 mm practical camber limit is chosen. ‘+ factored reaction at Stub-G supports. General Notes on Slab Reinforcement: 1. For general floor area: Use one layer of 150x150 MW9.1xMW9.1 mesh 2, Over each Hollow Contiposite Girder: Use one extra layer of 150x150 MW9.1xMW9.1 mesh, 43. At each Beam-to-Girder Joint: Use two 15M bars of 2000 mim length 4, Additional bars for diaphragm shear transfer between floor and LLRFS are required 74Gravity Columns. Steel columns are usually designed and fabricated in tiers of 2, 3 or even 4 storeys to reduce the number of pieces for handling and erection. This eliminates costly splices, and simplifies details by permitting a greater degree of standardization. For low rise buildings, single tier columns, equal in length to the full height of the building, can provide cost savings in detailing, handling and erection which will usually more than overcome any additional material costs involved. Column base plates must be adequately attached to the column shaft, and must be sufficiently strong and stiff to satisfy conditions of erection stability. ‘Column tiers for the example building are selected for the full column height of 3 storeys. (4 storey at the penthouse). Page 76 illustrates, for the 4-storey column D23, the rundown of the gravity loads and the column selection based on the factored load in the bottom section. Live loads due to snow, office occupancy and service core loads are separated to permit live load reductions to be applied according to NBC 4.1.6.9(2). Column selection is based on axial loading, neglecting any local bending due to beam-to-column connection eccentricities. Page 77 illustrates the design of the base plate for column D23 assuming 20 MPa concrete strength and G40.21-M 300W steel. The size and thickness of the base plate is based on the column factored axial load of 2400 KN. Not illustrated are calculations to verify plate size, weld size, and anchor bolt size for erection conditions. Design of interior column D4, which is laterally unsupported for the full height, can be influenced by the method used to erect the steelwork for the atrium roof structure. This should be considered by the designer and checked by the steel erector. A design, based on the total factored axial load and an unsupported length equal to the full height of the column, is shown on.page 77. Page 78 shows a column schedule for selected gravity load column members (designed by the CISC computer program GFD2), to illustrate typical information required for detailing purposes. 75Gravity Column Design Design of Interior Column (Mark D23) Step1 Live Load Computation (without LL reduction) say, | teas |_Uaetent Lt 00) Tye} wn] s |e |w 5. | snow | 20 | 2 Snow | 162 PH sor | a1 | 30° 3 |ortice | 97 | 30¢ | 43 | 30 2 |ortice | 97 | 30¢ | 43 | 30 * Service core area (not subject to reduction) ‘Step2 Live Load Rundown (assuming 4-storey column tier) Live load on column below Level 2: - ‘Snow = 60+2(20)+162 = 262 kN PH = 50+41+30 = 121 kN Office* = 2{2(30)+43] = 206 KN Office = 2(97) = 194 kN Step3 Compute LL Reduction (based on 2.4 kPa office LL) Tributary are: 194/2.4 = 81 m2 Reduction Factor = 0.3 +V 9.875 = 0.65 Step4 Total LL at Lev. 2 LL = 262+1214206+ 0.65(194) = 715 KN ‘Step Dead Load Computation Dead Load (kN) Lev. | Area }~ n]sfe|w 5. | Root a|i2| 2 4 | Root | 63] 60] 70 | 70 3 Jomice | 199) so} 55 | 60 2 |ottice | 189 | so | 55 | 60 Step§ Total Factored Load, C opD+ay, negligible. = 2350 KN Effect of local eccentricities due to beam framing is considered to be .25(1020) + 1.5(715) upper roof « Rig__RIo 5 N HW 4, : s Upper Roof 4 3 a 3 Lower Roof ~ Sue] 4 (Level 4) 2 : 7 1 Section “x” Typical Floor (Levels 2 & 3) Column D23 Note: Load calculation Total= 1020 KN isnot ittusated in deuil here. Step7 Column Selection For a W310x97 with an ‘unsupported length of 4 200 mm, Cr=2650KN > 2350KN OK 76Gravity Column Design (Continued) Design of Interior Column (Mark D23) Step 8 Base Plate Selection Base plate F y= 300 MPa Assume Cy = 2.400 kN PL30x460x500 2.400 (109) Try base plate size: Required base area = = 235 000 mm? Concrete strength, f= 20 MPa = 104 095d=293 = 104 0.85 (0.6) 20 = 460(500) = 230000 mm? OK Cantilever length about "A" = greater of 104 and 108 = 108 mm 305 460 Required base plate thickness, z, *e= \/ “330 000 (0.9) (300) Plate cantilever / thickness = 108/30 = 3.6 < 5.0 OK = 30mm Value of t pis acceptable. See part 4 of Handbook on base plate design. Design of Interior Column (Mark D4) ‘Snow load from each atrium girder = 44.5 kN Dead load from each atrium girder = 11.0 kN W310%97 Note: Since 4-storey tier length is selected for erection, anchor materials are to ‘be designed to reflect this form of ‘construction condition loads. Total factored axial load on col. D4, C ¢ = 8{1.25(11.0)+1.5(44.5)] = 644 KN Unsupported length = 4 200 + 2(3 900) + 3 300 = 15 300 mm ‘Try HSS305x305x6.4 Fy=350 MPa KL/r= 1.0 (15 300)/121 = 126 < 200 OK See Part 4 of Handbook 644kN OK Cr/ A= 94.2 MPa C1 = 94.2 (7 480) / 103 = 705 KN > 7 ‘Note: Atrium roof framing is assembled ‘at grade level prior to hoisting for final installation at roof level. Bolting of roof framing to column Dé afier hoisting to position could then be followed.Summary of Selected Gravity Column Members F9F99 999 Wind trusses A floor levels 12@ 1 500 = 18.000 + ¥ 2 00.) Column Mark Plan Col. AB G23 F3 F4 Ea DES M ‘Web | owe) |X| I | I a z 3500 —— a 4 ¥ e]] ef] s}} el) st) s]} el] St] af] el) 2}} 3 3/| et) |] 21] sl} él) &}| S]] Sl] Sl) él] gyi é =l! 2]| S}| s]) £}| Sl] S)] Si] a]| si] g]] €}] @ = $1] $1| 1] £1) 21] Sl) e]] e]] S]] = 1 2 a g | 8 | pase | PL25x | PLOSx | PL3Ox | PL3Sx | PL25x | PL30x | PL25x | PL2Sx | PL3Ox | PL30x | PL20x | PL3Sx Pas | 360 | 360x | 460x | 00x | 360s | 400x | 360x | 500x | 460x | 400% | 200% | 400x 380 | 360 | soo | 440 | 380 | 440 | 380 | soo | 300 | 440 | 380 | 440 ‘Note: Not shown are exterior stairwell columns and single storey lift PH columns. 78 = afConnes Steel members are designed to resist governing loads based on structural behaviour which take into account framing geometry, loading conditions, member/connection stiffness, strength, stability, and in seismic design also ductility. Two or more framing members may be interconnected to form a structural joint, which is designed for transmission of governing member forces and to be Compatible with the member support conditions assumed in the analysis/design of the structural framing. For seismic design with R-factors greater than 1.5, special requirements for connections of the LLRS are stipulated in $16.1:M89 clause 27. Simple shear connections, are designed for vertical shear only while allowing relatively free rotation at the point of support. A typical beam-to-girder connection for floor beam mark 1, consisting of a clipped end plate to permit support of the beam while avoiding bolt interference for beams erected on the opposite side of the supporting girder member, is illustrated on page 80. A typical beam-to-column connection for girder mark 15, consisting of double angles shop welded to the column and field bolted to the supported beam, is designed on page 81. This connection requires coping the bottom flange of the girder so that the web can be inserted from above between. the connection angles. Page 82 illustrates the design of a special end plate connection for the stub-girder mark 19 connection to column C23. This column is part of the braced frame on line C, and the connection must transmit the seismic axial force required to link the floor diaphragm to the column at this point, in addition to the vertical shear at the end of the girder. As shown on page 31, the total unfactored seismic diaphragm force to be transferred to the brace frame on line Cis 814 KN, and assuming that this force is uniformly distributed to floor members along line C, the portion of the unfactored diaphragm force to be transferred from the stub-girder 19 to the.column at this point is 1xQ = 271 KN, (see page 74). The connection is designed assuming that, in addition to the shear due to gravity loads, a minimum girder axial force 2xQ is transmitted to the column through the connection at the column flanges while neglecting the bearing resistance offered by the deck-slab at the column flange interfaces. Extending the stub-girder bottom chord to connect for the 2xQ force, the appropriate level of seismic load can be delivered to the braced frame forcing ductile frame performance. All other stub-girders would be designed for simple shear connection at the end stub to column interfaces. Design of connections for the moment resisting frame A (members selected on P.23 to 29) is illustrated on pages 83 to 92. These connections must meet requirements of $16.1-M89 Cl. 27.3. Design of connections for the braced frame E (members selected on P.30 to 35) is illustrated on pages 93 to 103. These connections must meet requirements of $16.1-M89 Cl. 27.4. 79Connections Typical Beam-to-Girder Simple Shear Connection (Clipped End Plate Shear Connection) Floor Beam: Mark 1 W360x39 -Vp=125KN See P.74 Floor Girder: Mark 15 W460x82 Sp i cli Qf W4soxs2, 110 fin Clipped comer o st Vr] Clipped fete end plate on other : Comer Side of gitder web ¢ ~ ic 2 Hal 7 Lei w360%39 w360%39 30 JN YPL10x130%150 65 + 526 C1226 for min 99 edge distance for sc bolt holes —— Section "S" 1. Connected depth = 40+150= 190mm > Half beamdepth OK 2. Using 3/4" (19.05 mm) diameter A325 bolts, bolted "snug tight” to C1.23.5.1 Vr for 3 bolts in single shear (end pl. th. = 10 mm; threads excluded from shear plane), = 3(94.6)=284KN > Ve=125KN (See P.74) OK CL13.11.2(b) 3, Factored bearing force per bolt hole for end plate, By = (125)/3 =41.7 kN B, for end plate per hole based on end distance of (150-80)/2 or 35 mm 0.67 te F, = 0.67(10)(35)(450) = 106 KN > (Br =41.7KN) OK — CLI3.10.1(@)Gi) 4, Factored bearing force per bolt hole for girder web based on 2-side beam framing, Bg = 2(125)/3 = 83.3 KN B, for girder web perhole =3gtdnFy = 3(0.67)(9.9)(19.05)(1)(450) = 171 KN > (Br =83.3 KN) OK CL.13.10.1(0)G) 5. Using 5 mm fillet welds (min.) as shown in the above detail Vz of two 150 mm lines of fillet welds = 2(150)(0.765) = 230 KN > (Vp =125KN) OK 6. Connected beam web factored shear resistance (using CI.13.4.4) 159 L nt Fy=0.5(0,9)(150)(6.5) 450= 197 KN > (Vr=125KN) OK Note: Shear & web buckling of coped beams are assumed to be not critical, otherwise, use C1.13.4.2 80Connections ‘Typical Girder-to-Column Simple Shear Connection _ Simplified Design (Double Angle Shear Connection) Floor Girder: Mark 15 W460x82 Vy =300KN See P.74 Column: Mark F3— W250x73 . LLT6XT6XT9 2Drewm 230mm long 1. Connected depth = 270mm > Half girder depth OK for min, conn. depth. 2. Using 3/4” (19.05 mm) diameter A325 bolts, bolted "snug tight” to C1.23.5.1 Vr for 1 bolt in double shear (angle t=7.9 mm; threads excluded) = 2(94.6) = 189 KN ‘special precaution taken to 3. B, for girder web per hole assuming large end distance, ‘ensure threads are excluded = 0.67 te Fy = 0.67(9.9){3(19.05)](450) = 171 KN, from any shear lane, 4, B, per pair of angles per bolt using end distance of [230-2(80)]/2 = 35 mm, = 0.67 te Fy = 2(0.67)(7.9)(35)(450) = 167 KN 5, Assuming By = 167 KN governs bolt force Factored connection resistance (3 bolts) = 3(167) = 500 KN > 300KN (See P.74) OK 6, Factored shear resistance for two connection angles, V,=2( 05 6Lat Fu} = 2( 0.5(0.9)[230-3(19.05+2 "+2 * )](7.9)(0.450) } = 515 KN C1232 *C1.233.2 > (Vr=300 kN) OK 7. Check "block" tear-out of girder part abc under tear-out force = 300 KN Factored tensile resistance across be, is the lesser of 6 Ag Fy &.0.85 0 Ane Fy = lesser of (0.9(35)(9.9)(0.30)=93.6 KN} and (0.85(0.9)[35-(19.05+2+2)/2](9.9)(0.45)=80 KN} = 80.0 KN Factored shear resistance along ab = 05 @ Lat F, = 0.5(0.9)1235-2.5(19.05+242)1(9.9)(0.45) Total factored tear-out resistance = 80+356 = 436 KN > 300kN OK flange resistance to has not been included. 8, Two 6 mm fillets, ea, 230 mm long provide a capacity = 2(230)0.918 = 422 kN ‘This is greater than 300 KN OK 81Connections _Stub-Girder to Column Shear/Tension Connection (End Plate Axial & Shear Connection) Place note on working drawing: Q=271 KN seismic dap. free transfered to Stb-G Assuming specified reactions: which is connected to the br. frame. See P.74 D=220kKN L=70kN SS 1.25D + 1.5L = 380 kN (as from P.74) Par of loca E.. diaphragm fore is uransfered to the br. frame via bearing cof cover sab on ext. & int. columns & via, gd tocol connections Sf BO. = (neglected in his design) 1.25D41.5L Fac. vertical shear = 380 KN 4.25D+1.0Q Fac. vert. shear = 1.25(220)+271(0,383/12)= 284 KN Fac. horiz. tension = 271 kN 1.25D40.7(1.5L+1,0Q) Fac. vert. shear = 355 kN Fac. horiz. tension = 190 kN 1,0D+0.7(L)+2.00 Fac. vert, shear = 220+0.7(70)+542(0.383/12) = 286 KN (span = 12 m) Fac, horiz. tension = 542 KN (2Q for ductile br. frame conn. design) 2271) = $42 KN (uansferred to girder) Take 1.0D+0.7(L)+2.0Q being the governing case: Take section at gdr. to end plate interface under goveming loads Fac. vert. shear = 286 KN Fac. horiz, tension = 542 kN is 59672 = 300 ooo r0000 = 300+150-y = 383 mm Y=67.5 mm ; see P.61 Estimated max. factored weld force, - 286 ?,/_sa2_? _ N (ero) { 2610) J 0.538. KN/mm Use 6 mm fillets (0.918 kN/mm) ‘Check web steel at weld connection . . (assuming uniform web thickness of 7.5 mm) Fac. web shear = 286/570 = 0.502 kN/mm Fae. web tension = $42. = 0,951 kN/mm ).502(1000)/7.5 = 66.9 MPa Fac. tensile stress = 0.951(1000)/7.5 = 127 MPa Factored critical stress =-¥ (127 + 3(66.9) Using 12 - 3/4" dia. A325 bolts Ap= 285mm? Fy=830MPa V,=94.6KN T,=118kN Vp =286/12=23.8 EN Ty= 582 = By Inspection, design is conservative under rules given in $16.1 Cl.13.11.4 Detailed design check on end pl. thickness, welding/bolting is required (but not illustrated) taking into account: force eccentricities, end distance, local stiffness and prying effects. Fac. shear stress 172 MPa < 0,9(300)=270 MPa OK (5.2 KN (pretension seismic connection) ; also see P.98 82Moment Frame (with Nominal Ductility) Connections $16.1-M89 clause 27.3 specifies design rules to dissipate seismic energy through limited inelastic action by flexural yielding, joint panel zone shearing, or connection deformations. At each girder- to-column joint, the $16.1 Commentary rules require that plastic action be attainable in members, unless significant panel zone yielding can take place prior to plastic moments forming in the members. If panel zone yielding is not achievable, class 1 ot 2 beam & column members must be specified and adequately supported for plastic action. An interior girder-to-column joint at level 2 for the moment frame A is designed on pages 84 to 86. Since the beam-to-column connection designs satisfy $16.1 clause 27.2.5.1, earthquake loads are not multiplied by 1.25 in the design of the moment frame as stipulated by the clause 27.3.3 Page 84 shows the governing forces for the typical connection design established from the analysis on page 25. For comparison with factored design forces the girder factored moment capacity M, of 621 kN-m, the co-incident factored moment at the opposite side of the column is estimated at 424 kN-m' (prorated according to the analysis on page 25), Level 2 girder flexural strength is Jarger than the factored end-moments applied to them, Design of the girder web shear connection is also shown on page 84. Page 85 shows a check of the need for column stiffeners to provide force continuity across the joint (using $16.1-M89 clauses 21.3 and 27.2.4.3), and a check of the column web (panel zone) shear capacity according to clause 27.2.4.1. Included with the column shear forces outside the panel zone, the factored design shear of 1274 kN is approximately equal to the panel zone shear resistance of 1280 kN; panel zone stiffening is not required. Also, the panel zone yields prior to inelastic girder action, so yielding is confined to the panel zone. Thus, seismic energy dissipates thin the panel zone and additional lateral support to the girder is not needed for plastic hinge development. Page 86 illustrates design of column transverse stiffeners. For improved overall joint ductility and structural detailing, full penetration welds at ends of 12 mm stiffeners are specified. Using a similar approach, the exterior girder-to-column joint at level 2 for moment frame A is designed on pages 87 to 89. Since the column web shear capacity is larger than the shear induced by the girder, column web stiffening is not required, and girder flexural ductility is critical, Lateral support to girder, as detailed on P. 89, is, therefore, provided near the exterior column line to prevent girder instability during formation of plastic hinges. Pages 90 and 91 illustrate joint details for moment frame A at levels 3 and 4. Since panel zone shear in the columns is not critical at these joints, lateral supports are also specified to prevent girder instability during formation of plastic hinges. Page 92 illustrates sample design calculation for a moment resisting column base. These include a) computing eccentricity at base, b) evaluating axial flexural capacity of concrete base, ) determining base plate thickness, and d) estimating anchor bolt design force. 83Connections: Moment Resisting Frame with Nominal Du Level 2 - Interior Girder-to-Column J Mlustrating Column Line C (typical) Given: Class 1 sections 1.25189) Dim.| Column | Girder (mm) | W610x140 | W610x101 E Ss #236 4N z & | 129 F596 a 617 os | 21% 5-H bd 230 228 = S 2 t 22 149 w P00 } w 13.1 10.5 x310 k 41 34 WYRE (Note: Mirror image force || My = 532 kN:m_ [Design forces from reversal is assumed. I FrameMac™ | a t 927 KN | (analysis not shown) Restraints assumed: W6i0x140 Girder end (1) tension flange (top) laterally supported. Girder end (2) comp. flange (top) laterally supported. My = 621 kN-m is the maximum factored moment resistance for girder end (1). See P. 25 for My My = 424 kN-m = coincident fac. B.M. at gdr. end (2), when end (1) reaches its capacity. Objectives: Sustain limited amounts of inelastic deformation through flexural action in girders, joint panel zone ductile shearing. ‘* Design of Girder Web Shear Connection Bearing Type Bolt Connection Maximum end shear computed from applied end moments and factored DL, (Mi+M o)/L + 12L)2 = (572+3914)/9 + 1.25(12)(9)/2= 175 KN t see P.25, Fac, resistance of a 3/4" bolt in single shear (10 mm PL & gdr. web, threads excluded) = Total factored shear resistance of 3 - 3/4” bolts = 3(94.6) = 284 KN > 175kN- OK B, on 10 mm plate for n bolts = $ tne F y = 0.67(10)(3)(35)(0.45) =317 KN > 175kN OK V; for shear plate = 0.5 6 Lat Fu = 0,5(0.9)[310-3(19.05+2+2)](10)(0.45) = 488 KN > 175 kN OK .6 KN ‘© Welding of PL10x90 to Column ‘Try 2 x 310 mm long 5 mm fillets (E480XX electrodes) Ratio of eccentricity to length of weld, a = 60/310 = 0.194 Using Handbook table "Eccentric Loads on Weld Groups”, 1.47310) = 456 KN > 175kN OK controlled by col. flange thickness. Coefficient C’ = 1.47 and factored eccentric load Change to 6 mm fillets instead, since fillet sizeConnections: Moment Resisting Frame with Nominal Ductility Level 2 - Interior Girder-to-Column Joint (Continued) Vp =214kN —— ——]) Me=344kN-m AN roo | fl [i 59.6kN ariransverse Mazs72kNm qo Gina 283 kN Transverse Stiffeners * axial loadin girder is modified for) effect of uniform seismic load transfer to girder via deck-slab. | For ulimate resistance, full | sirder depth is used © Check Column Transverse Stiffener Requirement Maximum bearing to col. web by a girder = $72(1000)/603+(129-59.6)/4= 966 kN* This is greater than column web bearing resistance, using Cl. 21.3(a) Byr=$ Wel ty+ Ske) Fy=0.9(13.1) [14.945(41)] (0.3) = 778 kN ‘Therefore, column requires transverse stiffeners to carry factored bearing force = 966-778 = 188 kN Maximum tension to column flange = 572(1000)/603-(129-59.6)/4 = 931 kN* Fac. tensile resistance of column opposite tensile flange of girder, using Cl. 27.2.4.3 Ty = 0.697 t2 Fy=0.6(0.9)(7)(22.2)? (0.3) = 559 KN (Although, for NDMF, T, from o7telFy 6(0.9)(7)22.2)°(0.3) Cl. 21.3 is permitted) ‘Therefore, column requires transverse stiffeners to carry factored tensile force = 931-559 = 372 KN * Check Column Web Shear Capacity Factored horizontal shear resistance (C1.27.2.4.1) of column joint panel zone, 3(230) 22.27 617(603)(13.1) Panel zone slendemess ratio = {{617-2(22.2)]+{603-2(14.9)]}/13.1 = 87.5 <_90 OK $16.1 C127.2.4.2 Maximum panel zone shear induced by girders (1), (2), and column below, (572+344)(1000)/(603-14.9)-283 = 1274 KN "= "1280 KN Since axial stress in panel zone of 927 000/17 900 (= 51.8) MPa is low, panel zone shear capacity is not significantly affected (and matches applied shear). See P. 84. Ductile yielding occurs in unstiffened panel zonk ‘The reader is referred to "Cyclic Behaviour of Large Beam-Column Assemblies”, by E. P. Popov et. al., AISC Engineering Journal, Ist. Quarter, 1986, for test results relating to the effect of column axial loads on panel zone shear capacity when axial stress is severe. 2 Vr=0.556de wf 1 +Sbgtd] = 0.55(0.9)(617)(13.1)(0.3)| 1+ 1280 kN ody 85Connections: Moment Resisting Frame with Nominal Duc Level 2 - Interior Girder-to-Column Joint (Continued) 6 3 2PL124100 ay | PLi0x90 x310 Note: Gear. flange weld gap is set at 6 mm while web is . detailed to clear shear tab Section ", fillet welds * Column Transverse Stiffeners 2PL12x100 Width/thickness ratio of the trial transverse stiffeners = 100/12 = 8.33 Maximum b/t limit for local buckling at yielding, 145 /VF,=8.37 > 833 OK Local buckling not critical (see below) Comp resistance of stiffeners = 6 A Fy = 0.9(2)(12)(100)(0.3) = 648 KN > 188KN (P.85) OK ‘When comers of stiffeners are clipped 25 mm to clear fillet, fac. tensile resistance of stiffeners at col, flange = 0.85(0.9)(2)(12)(100-25)(0.45) = 620kN >372kKN — (P.85) OK ‘Try using 8 mm fillets to connect transverse stiffeners to column flanges, factored tensile resistance = 2(2)(100-25)(1.22) = 366 KN > 372 kN OK For ductile performance, full penetration welds at stiffener ends are preferred, and are detailed as shown above. Factored shear carried by a pair of transverse stiffeners to be transferred to column web, [572(1000)/603-778) + [344(1000)/603-559] + (129-59.6)/2 71-11,5434.7 = 194 kN ‘Connecting stiffeners to column web using two 6 mm (min.) fillets at 500 mm long, factored shear resistance = 4(500)(0.918) = 1840 KN >> 194kN OK 86Connections: Moment Resisting Frame with Nominal Duc Level 2 - Exterior Girder-to-Column Joint | 353 kN | 537 kN Mp=141 kN Mn =241 kN‘ Vj; = 87.5 kN Ve = 137 KN 1.25(189) & 1.25189) & =aen | 2 sae |Z \Z) os 185 kN) y fE 5 )129KN 185 kN] 3 & ISQEN >| 2 <3 S SRP IN= if u ( i " ( S| > a = = z ae Fs Case 1 Case 2 Yea Hoey + V; = 163 kN ae te Mn= eum | ss0KN analysis not | 942 kw W610x101 Restraints: Girder top flange laterally supported. My = 621 KN-m= max, factored -ve moment resistance (P. 25 bot. flange in comp.) Ma = 424 kN-m = coincident fac. +ve. gdr. moment (bot. flange in tension) Objectives: Sustain limited amounts of inelastic deformation through flexural action in girders, joint panel zone shearing. . i Dim.| Column Girder Girder Web Shear Connection — ven: [era | wenbeton | weLnton Same as illustrated for Level2 Interior Gags 1 | oa | 60s Girder to Column Joint on P. 84. sections | 28 228 t 14.9 149 © Column Transverse Stiffener Requirement w 105 10.5 k 34 34 Maximum bearing to col. web by gdr. (case 2) 559(1000)/603+(185-159)/2 = 940kN* This is greater than column web bearing resistance, using Cl. 21.3(a) By =0 Wel th+ 5k ¢) Fy=0.9(10.5) [14.9+5(34)] (0.3) = 524 kN Therefore, column requires transverse stiffeners to carry a portion of factored bearing force = 940-524 = 416 kN * axial load in girder is modified for ‘Maximum tension to column flange (case 2) effect of uniform seismic load 559((1000)/603-(185-159)/2 = 914 kN* distribution to girder via deck-slab, Fac. tensile resistance of column opposite tensile flange of girder, using Cl. 27.2.4.3 T= 0.697 t2 Fy= 0.6(0.9)(7X14.9)? (0.3) = 252 kN ‘Therefore, column requires transverse stiffeners to carry a portion of factored tensile force = 914-252 = 662 KN 87Connections: Moment Resisting Frame with Nominal Ductility Level 2 - Exterior Girder-to-Column Joint (Continued) Yat PL10x90x310 - 6 g 6 Provides lateral support 10 ‘W610x101 column flange Girder LT 2p 16x100x540 Column © Column Transverse Stiffeners 2PL16x100 ‘Widthythickness ratio of the trial transverse stiffeners = 100/16 = 6.25 Maximum b/t limit for local buckling at yielding, 145/VF,=837 > 6.25 OK Local buckling not critical Comp. resistance of stiffeners = @ A Fy = 0.9(2)(16)(100)(0.3) = 864 KN > 416 kN OK. ‘When comers of stiffeners are clipped 25 mm to clear fillet, fac. tensile resistance of stiffeners at col. flange = 0.85(0.9)(2)(16)(100-25)(0.45) = 826 KN > 662KN OK Connecting stiffeners to column flange, try using 16 mm fillets, factored tensile resistance = 2(2)(100-25)(2.45) = 735 KN > 662KN OK. For ductile performance, full penetration welds will be used at ends of transverse stiffeners opposite to girder flanges. Connecting stiffeners to column web using two 6 mm (min,) fillets at 500 mm long, factored shear resistance = 2(500)(0.918) = 918 KN > 662kN OK 88Connections: Moment Resisting Frame with Nominal Ductility Level 2 - Exterior Girder-to-Column Joint (Continued) Provides lateral Isat prinsor PL10x90x310 ese FT supporto || =e NT W610x101 \___—$ column flange | Girder LAN srnisosio 1300_/ PLIGKIO0K | i ay ‘Column “I © Check Column Web Shear Capacity ‘Maximum applied panel zone shear induced by the girder and column below, '559(1000)/(603-14.9)-163 = 788 kN Panel slenderness ratio = 2[603-2(14.9)//10.5 = 109 > 90 thus $16.1 C1.27.2.4.2 not used. byw of column web = (603-2(14.9)/10.5 = 54.6 Cy =0.3(13 000) = 3 900 kN Cy/Cy=537/3900 = 0.138 (See P.87 Case 2) 1300/1 -0396!]= 60.1 > 546 (class 1 web) Factored horizontal shear resistance of column joint panel zone, V1=0.55 de wFy = 0.55(0.9)(603)(10.5)(0.3) = 940 KN > 788 kN Panel zone shear capacity > Factored panel zone shear. Column web does not require stiffeners. Girder end yielding prior to panel zone shear yielding, To enhance ductile girder yielding, provide lateral support to girder at 550 ry Fy = 1500 mm_ adjacent to exterior colum line as shown above. (not an $16.1 NDMF requiremént) Column web is also stiffened by connection to stub-girder; see above detail. 89Connections : Moment Resisting Frame with Nominal Ductility Level 3 - Interior and Exterior Girder-to-Column Joints Dim,{int. column | Ext. column) Girder ¢rum)| W610x140 | W610x101 | Wo10x84} a | 617 603 596 b | 230 228 226 t | 222 149 | 17 wi} 134 105 9.0 k | 41 34 31 e ta W610x84 WO10x84 Girder . Girder PL8x90x310 Lawn. ~2PL12x100 torsional support Note: | Panel zone shear not rica aleve! 3, 'W610x84 girder is lateral vorsionally supported at 1500 mm from col. line. Girder can attain M p 2PL12x100 W610x101 Column W610x84 Girder 2PL12x100 1500 mm to lat-tor. support PL12x100' 90Connections : Moment Resisting Frame with Nominal Ductility Level 4 - Interior & Exterior Girder-to-Column Joints Dim. | Int. column | Ext, column} _Girder (mm) | W610x140 | W610x101 | W410x54 d 617 603 403 b 230 228 7 t 22.2 149 10.9 w 13.1 10.5 75 Note: Inv cot ans seers k 41 34 28} [patrequied ative W410x54 Roof deck, 1800 Girder ; x OO Sr. OWSI 700, Root f Gite : 1200, pui2aso ate \ Note: Panel zone shear not critical at level 4. 'W410x54 girder is lateral torsionally W610x140 supported at 1200 mm from col. line. Column rn Cinder can atin M p PLI2x180 Cap-plate ) 2PL12x85, W410x54 x400 Girder stiffeners || ~—}-——42—— ‘W610x101 Column 1200 mm to attor. support 1Connections : Moment Resisting Frame Interior Column Base Design b=320mm D=840mm d=840/2+220= 640mm E = 200000 MPa Cr=913 KN and My=665KN-m See P.28 wet0e140 (extemal) = Mt/Cy = 728mm —— 44 ‘Assuming grout strength = 40 MPa & anchor bars = 400 MPa Anchor bar size assumed = 45 M (A = 1500 mm?) Using A23.3 Cl. 10.2.7(0), B , = 0.85-0.08(40-30)/10 = 0.77 Assuming depth of rectangular stress block, a = 305 mm, Dist. from elastic N.A., ¢ = a/B, = 305/0.77 = 396 mm us 0.003 (244) 1.00185 396 £,= 0.00185(200 000) = 370 MPa T , = 0.85(2\(1500)(0.37)=944 kN C= 0.85(0.6)(305)(320)(0.04) = 1990 KN C= 1990-944 = 1046 kN 1990 (540 395) >Cr=913 KN —l a2. 1056 220 = 707 mm, internal) = (extemal) Value "a" is accepted. M,= 1046(0.707) = 740 kN-m_— > Mr= 665 KN-m Cr My Cy My 88 < 1.0 OK Max, pressure under base plate = 0.85(0.6)(40) = 20.4 MPa Bending moment on base plate about face of column, Mg-= [20.4(320)(112)? 2] / 1000 = 40 900 KN-mm Moment resistance of base plate of thickness t p, 2 M, ozF,=09( 224} 03) 1.62 kNmm Equating My and My and solving fort p = 45mm s72en Plate cantilever / thickness = 112/45 = 2.5 < 5.0 OK } as given by Handbook on Col. Base Plates Y Factored force in ea. anchor bar = 944/2 = 472 KN CT Note: welding of column shaft to base plate, design of bolt box and shear transfer to ground slab - not illustrated here. Energy dissipation through inelastic action in grade beams 92 Base connected to grade beam,Ductile Braced Frame Connections Rules for design of ductile braced frames, which dissipate seismic energy through yielding of braces, are specified in $16.1-M89 clause 27.4. Application of clause 27.4.4 for connection design, is not an exact science, but rather requires an intuitive approach to the investigation of load- paths satisfying the dual requirements of connection force equilibrium and connection material stability (buckling/yielding), so as to achieve maximum resistance in tension brace/connection when compression braces buckle and yield. This approach recognizes that alternate load-paths depend on the relative stiffness and strength of connection components For design economy, bulky brace joints are avoided by specifying angle of intersection between the axes of the diagonal brace arid the girder (or column) of not less than 30° especially by designing to C127.4.4.1 when the bracing members are relatively large (as may be in the lower floors of multi-storey buildings). For this example building, the size of diagonal bracing members above levels 3 are relatively small, so that less than 30° slope of longitudinal axes of the braces presents no difficulty for connection design. ‘Three typical connections for ductile braced frame E (designed on pages 30-35) are investigated and designed on pages 94 through 103. Page 94 provides the general layout of braced frame E with the three connections identified as details A, B, and C. Design illustrations include a brace-to- column connection (detail A, level 3 - pages 95-98), a brace-to-girder connection (detail B, level 2 ~ pages 99-101), and a brace connection at column base (detail C, level 1 - pages 102-103). Maximum tensile and compressive connection forces (clause 27.4.4.2) for each brace are established from the results of the frame analysis given on page 32. Unfactored compressive capacity of brace is calculated from the factored compressive resistance C, of the brace to illustrate that brace buckling strength is less than connection design forces. Brace to gusset connections are checked for the maximum tension condition (considering gross section, net section, and shear lag effects), and for the maximum compression condition (considering the effect of gusset plate slenderness). Co-incident maximum tension and compression brace connection forces are applied at each joint and checked for joint equilibrium, ‘The joints are analysed for these co-incident forces and the various components of each connection are checked for ultimate strength. Maximum stresses in the gusset plates, welds and bolts are evaluated assuming a logical distribution of forces to the various connecting elements which takes into account their relative stiffness. Gusset plates are shaped for a smooth distribution of forces, and to meet the requirements of $16.1-M89 clauses 27.4.4.1 and 27.4.4.4 to minimize connection eccentricity and_to permit rotation of the square HSS braces when they buckle out of plane. Stiffeners are specified for the large gusset at level 2 to provide lateral stability to the gusset. These stiffeners are required for the assumed Whitmore distribution of forces to be valid. Local reinforcing of the girder web in the region of the gussets at level 2 is required to resist the combined horizontal shear and local moment which must be transferred between the upper and lower pairs of braces. 93Connections: Braced Frame (E) General Layout Column Column Upper Roof storey revised following design. 3780 1W360x51* * stiffened 4200 150 H H Connection Design for Braced Frame (E) Note: Frame geometry detailed is different from preliminary frame analysis. Member forces for detailing may be modified if appropriate. To avoid repetition, member forces (P. 32) are not re-analysed for connection detailing. Wind load does not govern design. 94Connections : Braced Frame (E) Level 3 Brace to Column Connection Suepl Connect member (1 Y $16.1 Cl.27.4.4.2 states ... max. brace connection force is the lesser of: - (a) tensile yield strength of member = A g Fy = 2960(0.35) = 1036 KN (and) _shear lag (b) 2 times fac. seismic load + spec. gravity = (2)380+2/1.25 = 762 kN (P.32)_issmitical ‘Thus maximum tensile/comp. force in brace connection = 762 kN Max. br. capacity = C, / = 388/0.9 = 431 KN (brace buckling resistance < conn, resistance) Using PL20x170 gusset plate and assume unsupported length = 287 mm P33 r=20N12=5.77mm and KL/r=0,80(287)/5.77 = 40 (based on fixed/pinned ends) C,/A=238 MPa and C,=20(170)(0.238)=809kN > 762kKN OK T lesser: 20(170)(09)03) and seg gn ta tS 20[170-2(19+4)} 0.85(0.90.45) 19mm bolts) 6 854KN > 762kKNOK ST SDE Shear lag in gusset plate is negligible, since 1 weld length, L=280 mm and spacing, w=127 mm, or L/w = 2.2. See $16.1 C1.12.3.3.4 b . HSS127x 12x64 686kN 4484 ‘Shear resistance of 6 mm br.-to-gusset welds (weld metal) = 0.67 dw Aw Xy 0.67 (0.67){ 26+3) / V2 ] (2800.48) 168 KN > 762kN OK see figure below ‘Shear resistance of 6 mm br.-to-gusset welds (base metal) = 0.67 9 Ay Fy = 0.67 (0.9)[ 2(6+3)(280) ] (0.35) 1060 KN > _762kKN OK = onHSS metal 3.780 Tensile resistance of brace at connection using C1.12.3 and C1.13.2: : Tre)= ¢ AgFy= 0.9(2960)0.35 = 932 kN frame isnot restricted by gusset connections. Ti = 0.85 6 A ne Fu= 0.85(0.9)(2670X0.45) = 919 KN yeste fame action for energy absorption va T sii) = 0.85 A ne F y= 0.85(0.9(2220)(0.45) = 764 KN yielding of brace is achieved. $16.1 Cl. 27.4.4.4. Thus T, = 764 kN > 762 KN , where [Note - Brace member buckling out-of-plane of :960-2(6.35)(23) = 2670 mm? ae mum filet 75 A g=0.75(2960) = 220mm? weld considering Flat width between weld, w = [4(127)-220)/2 base metal & weld = 234 mm , and weld length, L = 280 mm failure plane aking or 1.5 > LAW > 1.0 use 0.75 for shear lag Age into account 3 mm Gusset-to-beam 8 mm weld fac. resistance ‘cup gap. = 2G90\1.22) = 952KN > 762KN OK 4s 23x380 slot (100 mm Resolve 762 KN of diagl. tension to [am be 280 _1y open slot for erection) horizontal force (~ 686 kN) and PL20«170 \ vertical force (= 332 KN) — + — | Axial (gdr. flange) = 0,9(0.3)(226)11.7 = 714 KN > 686 kN 2" Tensile (gar. web) class 2flange a4. 76476:79%170 Section" = 0.9(0.3)(390)(9.0) = 948 KN > 332kKN OK 95Connections : Braced Frame (E) Level 3 Brace to Column Connection Step2 ynnect mem! ns 2120 KN (2Q+D) P.32 & C127.4.4.2(b) Max. comp. conn, force = 2(1011)+125/1. Max. tensile conn, force = 2(1011)-120/1.25 = 1930 kN (2Q+D) P.32 & Cl.27.4.4.2(b) Max. compressive br. capacity = 1200/0.9 = 1330 KN (inelastic action in br.) P.33, ‘Try 18 mm gusset plate, assuming 30° distribution & eff. length KL ~ 276 mm (Detail A) Eff. gusset pl. area under compression ~ 590(18) = 10 600 mm? ‘Unsupported length r=18N12=5.20mm and KL/r=276/5.20~53 KL = 0.8(4454480+110)3 Cy/A=218MPa and C,=10600(0,218)=2310kKN > 2120kN OK =276mm T += 10 600(0.9)(0.3) = 2860 kN > 1930kN OK. : Shear resistance: br.-gusset 12 mm weld (3 mm fit-up gap) = 0.61(0.67)[2(12+9)N21(360)(0.48) = 2300 KN a > 2120 KN OK 3 Tensile resistance of br. at connection using Sa kN 1.12.3 & CL.13.2 = 2060 KN > 1930 KN OK of, W610x84 See procedure as demonstrated on P.95 ~ & on Resolve 1930 KN diagonal tension to horizontal | (= 1480 KN) & vertical (= 1240 KN) forces. Vertical force is resisted by 140 mm of gusset to «girder and 500 mm gusset to end-plate welds (© 327 kN and 913 KN respectively) 3.780 = 350: HSSI78x V78x13, Using 10 mm (horiz.) & 8 mm (vert) fillet welds for gusset-to-girder and gusset-to-end plate connections, + |i) Vert. welds =2(500)(1.22)=1220 KN (> 913 KN OK) i Horiz, welds =2(140)(1.53)=428 kN (> 327 kN OK) : Gar. web tension = 9(140)0.9(0.3)=340 kN (> 327 kN OK) Detail "A" Horiz. welds =2(715-140)(1.53)=1760 KN (> 1480 kN OK) Check combined critical stress at "p" ‘Note: - Brace member buckling out-of-plane of Fac. shear stress = 913(1000)/[530(18)] = 96 MPa. ae eee a rctene ee ime hieknese Moment = 913(0.17) = 155 kN-m = gusset plate may be bent about "xx" axis. Fac, flexural stress = 155(106)/[18(5302 /6] = 184 MPa Z Fy of HSS178> ZFy of PL18 about "x-x' Fac erica suess= 184+ 3067 = 248 MPa 1480 KN OK Gar. flange axial resistance plus web shear resistance = 0.9(0.3)(226)(11.7) + 0.5(0.9(715-140)(9)(0.45) =714+ 1050= 1760 KN > 1480kKN OK isp en Sites Webs ed 114 kN Ton Gar. Flange Gusset Plate. End Pl. 50 360 PLis \ SS Note Pall-out resistance of 18 mm 2L89K89x7.9 Za ‘gusset plate for br. connection is - 21x60 sot 100 mm same as design checked on P. 99 Section" ‘open slot for erection) 96Connections : Braced Frame (E) Level 3 Brace to Column Connection $16.1.C1.27.45.1 Member ‘Assume governing load condition: Member 8 at max. as per C1.27.4.4.2(b), and at max. as per C1.27.4.4.2(b) Az Cy=762KN See P.95 assumed compression, used to resolve vertical & horizontal forces for weld design, not for br. ‘member design. (conservative) 4384 force due to ® For girder axial forces due to =71 kN Ebr, buckling unfactored dead lads, see P32. FD=7LKN =323 Ne " $ hs waoen | & i © Dead loads are unfactored. WO610x84 ‘Take section at face of end plate: See P.96 Vertl. shear = 33248941240 = 1660 KN Moment at right hand side of "x" (C.G. of welds) 2p. -686(0.360)+(-3234+71)(0.275)+1480(0.117) -143 kN-m_ (anti-clockwise) Check moment left hand side of "x" Wo10n84 = (-542)(0.275) +{-2540+162+536+188)(-0.175) 140 KN-m (clockwise) OK (approx. balanced) Horizl. tension = 542 kN PLI Zl s (2.x seismic load from floor diaphragm) " |e Estimated max. factored weld force 10 = 1660 )?, |_542_, 3043) 107]? PL2OSQ_ ~ | 2(1060) 2(1060) "1060 LU} = 1.01 kN/mm Weld Fac. shear resistance of 8 mm fillet = 1.22 kN/mm Connection Fac. shear resistance of 10 mm fillet = 1.53 kN/mm (at end plate) 97Connections: Braced Frame (E) Level 3 Brace to Column Connection Step 4 Connect end plate to column flange (bolting desis 1,27. 150 : | W410 (stub) =H] 8 wane] | | . gl) Boispeenionl] |g aly i (seismic join) * a 1: 5 @® / at A 20.250 Detail "A" View at end plate Total vertical shear at end plate to column flange interface = 1660 kN Total horizontal tension on end plate = 542 KN. See P.97. Total moment at end plate to column flange interface = 143 kN-m Using 26 - 3/4" dia, A325 bolts Ap=285mm2 — Fy= 830 MPa V,=94.6 KN Estimated moment of inertia of bolt group = 4A.5{ 4802+ (480-80) ? + (480-160)? + (480-240)? + (480-320) ? + (480-400)? 2330 000A» mm* Design force on an exterior bolt: 542, (143) 10? 26 * (2330-000) 960/2 Using Cl. 13.114 and B=0.69 (shear plane through shank), 6 = 0.67 and m=1, V2 .e 12 < 0569.28 (AvFu)? mi? Fac. bolt tension, Tp = =50.4KN Fac, bolt shear, Vp = 1660/26 = 63.8 KN 38? + 0.69 (50.4)? < 0.56 (0.67)? (0.69) { 285 (0.83) }? 5820< 9710 and since V, > Vz thus connection OK for bolt resistance More detailed design check on end plate thickness, welding & bolting is required (but not illustrated) taking into consideration of end distance, local stiffness and prying effects. 98Connections: Braced Frame (E) Level 2 Brace to Girder Connection Step 1 nn mem! 18mm ‘Unsupported length KL = 0:8(4804460+110)3 2120 kN ee 1930 KN see P.96 (2) = 280 mm (similar 10 P.96) See P96 HSS178x178x13 assim rus eV KP 2PL8190, Pull-out resistance of 18 mm. Ny gusset plate: 18 10.5(0.9)(2)(360)(0.45)+0.9(178)(0.3)) =3490KN > 1930kN OK m0 Gusset plate compressive resistance, C, = 2300 KN_ similar to P.96. >C yf =2120kN OK Unsupported length KL va 1552031205013. assay YS .8(4504380+80)3 2900 KN Detail “BY 2460 kN 3 mm Notes: 1. Brace member buckling out-of-plane of frame is not restricted by gusset connections, as it may be ‘bent about "x-x" axis. Ductile frame action for energy absorption via. yielding of brace is 2, PLBx90 stiffeners are specified to prevent out-of-plane buckling of long gusset plates at "a" & " 3. Illustrated are max. forces for gusset plate design (= coincident bracing joint forces) Step 2 Max. tension in gusset plate = 2(1339)-276/1.25 = 2460 KN (2Q+D) See P.32 ‘Max. comp. in gusset plate = 2(1339)+277/1.25 = 2900 KN (2Q+#D) See P.32 Max. comp. br. capacity = 1640/0.9 = 1820 kN (inelastic action in br.) See P.33 ‘Shear resistance 14 mm br.-gusset welds (similar to P.95) = 3050 KN > 2900 KN OK Br. tensile resistance at conn. using C1.12.3 & C1.13.2= 2390KN = 2460kKN OK Using Whitmore distribution, effective gusset plate area = 665(20) = 13 300 mm2 For unsupported length = 243 mm, and using 20 mm gusset plate, r=20N12=5.77mm and KL/r = 243/5.77 = 42 Cr /A=235MPa and C,= 13 300(0.235) =3130kN > 2900kKN OK T r= 13 300(0.9(0.3) =3590KN > 2460kN OK 99Connections: Braced Frame (E) Level 2 Brace to ler Connection 2(1011)-120/1.25 2(1011)+125/1.25 =1930kN (2) @ =2120KN KC nssinsci7exi3 HSsi7ex178x13 yg” 2(214)+ 2125 30 KN % z PL20 “D8 Bae 12 ~ 7” oe 12) 1HS$203x203x13 HS$203x203x13, 2(1339)+277/1.25 2(1339)-276/1.25 = 2900 KN = 2460 KN Note; Illustrated are (2Q+D) coincident forces for gusset plate design. Step3 Horizl, shear = 1480+1620 = 3100 kN Vertl. comp. = 1360-1240 = 120 kN ‘Moment about base of gusset plate = (136041240)(0.211) = 549 kN-m 3100_\?, {120 _, 3(549)103 {ars50y} * {23505 14902 Fac. shear resistance of 10 mm fillet = 1.53 kN/mm OK Est. max, fac. weld force = z ] = 1.31 kN/mm Step 4 Connect lower gusset to girder Horizl, shear = 2130+1800 = 3930 kN Vertl. comp. = 1970-167 Moment about base of gusset plate = (1970+1670)(0.191) = 695 kN-m 3930_\2, [_ 300, 3695103 |? { (1490) 21490)" 14902 Fac. shear resistance of 12 mm fillet = 1.84 kN/imm OK 300 kN Est. max, fac, weld force 68 N/mm, 100Connections : Braced Frame (E) Level 2 Brace to Girder Connection Step Check girder web shear capacity 2(1011)-120/1.25 2(1011)+125/1.25 = 2120 KN, HS$178x178x13 2214) anas : = - =000N fag ETE 14800 ang | SE Pliage : voi, my W360x51 2(1339)+277/1.25 2(1339)-276/1.25 = 2900 KN = 2460 kN Try W360xS1 girder of Class 1 section, selected on P34 Fac. horizl. force at girder bot. flange joint = 2130+1800 = 3930 kN ‘Check horizl. statics = 1480+1620+2(146)+2(138)+2(146) =3960 = 3930kN OK Axial resistance: gdr, flange (2 ends) = 2 6 bt Fy = 2(0.9)(171}(11.6)(0.3) 1070 kN Fac, shear to be carried by gdr. web and 8 mm doubler plate = 3930-1070 = 2860 kN Fac. vertl. force on web & doubler pl. (braces below) = 1970-1670 = 300 KN Fac. moment on web & doubler pl. (braces below) = (1970+1670)(0.191) = 695 KN-m Fac. shear resistance = 0.5(0.9)(1490)(7.2+8)(0.45) = 4590 KN > 2860 kN Check combined critical stress:- Fac. axial stress = 300(1000)/[1490(7.2+8)] = 13.2 MPa Fac. flexural stress = 6(695)(10 ®)/{1490 2(7.2+8)] = 124 MPa Fac. shear stress = 2860(1000)/{1490(7.2+8)] = 126 MPa Factored critical stress = (13.2+124)? + 3(1267 = 258 MPa < 0.9(300)=270 MPa 101Connections : Braced Frame (E) Braced Frame Column Base Detail @ state r= pte region stiffened by oe 1H832083208113 column and bolt boxes vo * PL20 g ‘Unsupported length KL = 08(10043801175)3 = 175 mm Plan on base plate Step Connect bracing mem! 20mm Max. tension in gusset plate = 2460KN (2Q+D) P.99. ‘Max. comp. in gusset plate =2900kN (2Q+D) P.99 Max. comp. br. capacity = 1820kN P99 (inelastic action in br.) Shear resistance of brace-to-gusset 14 mm fillet welds =3050kKN > 2900KN OK (See P.99) Using Whitmore distribution, eff. gusset area = 665(20) ~ 13 300 mm? and KL/r = 175/5.77 = 30 For short unsupported length, and using 20 mm gusset plate, C= 13 300(0.251) = 3340 KN > 2900kKN OK 3 300(0.9)(0.3) = 3590 KN > 2460KN OK Step 2 Connect gusset pla mn se plate by 12 mm vert, and 10 mm horig, fillet welds Horizl. welds = 2(525)(1.53) = 1610 KN > 1440 KN Vertl. welds = 2(100)(1.84) = 368 kN > 360 kN Vertl. welds = 2(580-100)(1.84) = 1770 KN. > 1670 kN Step 3 Check gusset critical stress at "p" and vertical shear resistance Fac. shear stress = 1440(1000)/{(525+25)(20)] = 131 MPa Moment = 1440(0,105) = 151 kN-m Fac. flexural stress = 151(10 ©)/[20(525+25) 2/6] = 150 MPa Fac. critical stress = 150? +3(131)? =272 MPa =0.9 Fy Fac, shear resistance (vert.) of gusset = 0.5(0.9)(20)(580-100)(0.45) = 1940 kN > 1670 KN OK Step 4 Check base plate for column compressive loads (Col. C23) [itaentes | ‘Max. compression at column base = 1200+965+1100* = 3270 KN See P.32, 35.| of 1.25D+Q br. force. ‘Comp. resistance of conc.(shaded area) = 0.85(0.6)(0.025)(440)(680) = 3810 KN > 3270 OK Max. pressure under base plate = 3270/[440(680)] = 10.9 MPa Bending moment about face of column, M ¢= {10.9(680)(65)?/2] / 1000 = 15 700 kN-mm BOt Fe Moment resistance of base pl. (thickness tp ),Mr o2F,=09{ SF) 03) =459 09 kN-mm. Equating My and M, and solving, tp= [13200 18.5 mm Use 20 mm base plate 45.9 Plate cantilever / thickness = 65/20 = 3.3 < 5.0 OK as proposed by Handbook on Col. Base Plates 102Connections: Braced Frame (E) Braced Frame Column Base Detail HS$203x203x13 4173 PL20 230, Detail "C vs ne si v soocrenae Bp stub not illustrated here. ATPTOL OTS af va" PLIG ‘Step5 Weld column and gusset plate to bolt boxes Total uplift based on 2Q+D, = 2(1880) - $51(1.0/0.85 = 3110kN See P.35 Shear on welds of each 12 mm vertical plate "a" ~ 3110/8 = 389 kN Assume bolt box height = 230 mm (as illustrated), and using 6 mm fillets Fac. shear resistance of welds = 2(230)(0.918) = 422 kN > 389kN OK Fac. shear resistance of plate “a” = 0.5(0.9)(16)(230)(0.45) = 745 KN > 389kN OK Fac. axial resistance of plate "a"” = 0.9(149)(16)(0.3) = 644 KN > 389kKN OK Shear on welds of vertical plate “b" = 389 KN (same as for plate "a" ) ‘Step 6 Bolting to resist net uplift, and stub to resist horizontal shear Uplift on each anchor bolt 3110/8 = 389 KN (2Q+D=31 10) > (0.85D+Q=1330, P.35) Horizontal base shear is resisted by embedment of shear stub welded to bottom of base plate and by bearing of column shaft to grade slab. Design not illustrated here. 103Steel Quantity Take-off and Cost Estimate MCI= 1700 Floor Beams for One Level ( Lev. 20r3) Refer to P.74 Mem. | No.of Studs) | Member Gross Mass Men. Member | Sui Mey | Conte | SED | Conte | cons) 1 | 37 | wseox9e | 16 90 ios | 1366 [120 | 27817 2 5 | waconse | 18 80 tos | 2026 | 120 | 4133 3 5 | wasonze | 12 34 10s oo | 124 | 1433 4 a | wasoes3 | 12 34 10s ay | 128 394 5 2 |waows | 2 | 126 aos | 1032 | 126 | 2175 6 1 |waoxss | 26 | 126 Los na | Lo 1262 1 2 | wero | 2 | 138 nos | 1130 | 120 | 2305 8 2 | warosas | 26 | 168 vos | ise | 124 | 3348, 9 2 | waiox9 | 20 | 108 10s aes | 124 | 1866, 10 1 | Watoxde | 18 90 105 5 | 120 387 n 1 | wo1oxss | 20 90 105 ya | 100 | 1350 2 1 |waioas | 12 60 10s 208 | 120 a4 B 1 | watod6e | 18 90 105, 3s | 120 887 “ 2 | wasoxs | 0 23 195 ne | 120 21 15 3. | wacoxs2.¢ | 20 90 vos | 2325 | 100 | 3953 is | 3 | We1oxe | 20 90 vos | 2325 | 100 | 3953 v 1 | waroxss | 18 60 105, 340 | 00 378 8 2 | waiorss | 18 60 05 sso | 120 1183 19 3 | wstowse| 70 | 120 ss953 | 10s | 7036 2 1 | wsiext6e | 70 | 120 sisis | tos | 2353 2 2 | wsio0e| 60 | 120 ‘98 | 105 | 1781 22 | 2 | wsso7e| 20 | 127 ros | 1920 | ras | 3758 2 2 | waiox | 18 64 105 soe | 130 | 1158 2 1 | weioxes | 20 90 Los jos | nas | 1582 25 1 | wssox82 | (0 90 105 ms | wis | isis 6 1 | w36ous | 16 60 1.05 ree | 120 319 2 1 | wasoxs7 e | 20 90 | 10s os | is 1238 2s | 2 | wasoxsie | 20 go | ios | iiss | ais | 22s » 1 |ws10x97 | 20 60 | 105 on | wis 1195 30 1 |ws1ex97 | 20 60 1.05 on | 100 1039 31 1 |watox97 | 20 60 | 105 ou | 100 1039 a2 | 4 | Wasoxs1e | 16 9.0 ros | 2306 | 11s | 4508 3 1 | Wa6ox61e | 16 90 | 105 sie | 1s 1126 3 | 3 | w2s0a8 | 0 30 10s 27 | 180 os 99 | TOTAL | 2020 46730 | 1146 | 91027 Reinforced web openings: 1 opening 340x500 at $600 each 3 openings 340x800 at $450 each 1 opening 340x1800 st $700 each ‘Shop camber of floor members: 63 pieces of floor members cambered at $1700/30 each = $3570 Toial gravity floor member cost per floor = 91 027 + 2650 + 3570 = $97 247 600 1350} Total for openings = $2,650 “700 Notes: ¢= shop camber required. 1 =5% waste allowed, Stud cost wll be included later * = deusled take-off used 104I Steel Quantity Take-off and Cost Estimate MCI = 1700 I Roof Members ( Level 3) Refer to P.5S0 Men] oof Monier Gr Mas : ) Mak [ces] Memb | cansmeny [Ome | | come | con I Te | ews] is | es} me] ae] 3 |e] Gee [3s aw] ae | [a 3) S$] Ses) se a] we | | tae i) 3] same | 2 [ais] ja | | $1 7] Roose | ao | ts] te | tb | uae S| twee | 35 | ue] use | io | ake | a [wens | tof tas | ste | 1b | SSss $ | i] weose | Bo | us| is toa I fo] a | Meabus® | 25 | eB) TSS ie tr | 3 | woe | So | tos | 20m ho Bl 3 | woo’ | 55 | tas | 38H tou B] ot] weowe | so | tos | 2a0 Ss I Ry oi | Ramat | $8 | a | ke a ee i | a] wie. | oo | as] BS Mn wa] wee | So | 18] Se Ms I te] a] woos | 35 | 18] ae ae | 3] waa | go. fotos} So io m2 | waooe | 3p fi tay dm tes A/T | Raeoee | 85] 458 Be. ser 3 | 1 | Wao | so | tas fae sa m1 | Wao Ls $3 ” ‘ia I % | i | Meow | 23 SS i n | @ | owsusous |. 90 [105] 93% | 128° | ase : i] % | ouscous|- 50 [18 | 3a | 13s | eee B | | gupesege’) 35 | tes | fag | tas | Saas lb 3 | @ [owstesoas | 90 | tos | ast | tas | t80e 3 | $ [ows | 59 | ta | Sa | 13s | 288 % | $ {Swe | 39 | te] ate | i | 3a I H |S [ousesens | 35 | te | tar | 1 |. dae ‘tow ding 10 of ist as ass Pas os orf [ wasmae FBP S| tos fe | 139 I m| i| wins [ae] sof tos} ops | 12 | oe | 1} woes | te] sol us| ae | aa |e m | 1 wanuee | 20] ,90[ tos | iss | tz | a ts} 1 waowe® | ie] sol tos | a0 | 12 | oe 1 el) ify spel) oe fe | mt | swenet so| ts | ae | to | oe re 1 | wamese | 2] 90] tos | Ss | a2 | we : pe | 2| woot 33| ts | ot | 12 | te mo} 3° wamas sa] tos | ae | ote | Ste mu} 1 | Wein so] tos | oe | td | a3 re} 1 | woos 3o| tos | ie | to | tas ' ro] | weinss so| tos | 30 | io | ‘oe | met | weiss so] tos |e | tk La | tora, | nor wan | 17 | sass I wa alow. Sd tw be ill Reinforced web openings: (¢= shop camber required. I opens 301000 $0cach=§ 1000 openig320s1800 ar STD each 8.700 oping $3.60 Sopeings 520300 Seach @ 1380. | oping 2012004 S8Deac 5 550 Shop ante of eter mente Tapers of or mentee! SLTONGOcch «= $793 Toul gi for mener cat pr Noa = 96 83D +980 101227 I 105Steel Quantity Take-off and Cost Estimate MCT = 1700 Gravity Columns No. | Member] Length (m) | Confac [Gr Mase kp) | Coslae ] Conn) 1 | wiser m0 | ios | iar? | 10s 722985 1 | wasox73 uss | ros] ites | 105 2121 1 | Ww2s0x80 20 | vos | 1008 | 105 1799 1 | w2s0x80 135 | 105 | 1302 | 105 2328 w310%97 ws | vos | 317 | 105 5636 19 | Tora. ws | 105 34 865 3 Moment Frames (Nominal Ductility) No. | Member | Length (m | Contac [Gr Mass qp] Contac Cost (S) 10 | Warose 30 So Tas to | wor0xss 90 11 | a3t6 13 18378 10 | wetox101 90 11 | 9999 3 22098 6 | wetoxto1 2 x1 | 7999 a 14958, 7 | we1oxt40 R ni | 12936 a 24 190 3 | TOTAL 44556 | 1.206 91.439 2 Ductile Braced Frames No. | _ Member Contac ]r.Mass deg] Cosfac | Cost(S) 1 | w2s0x80 110 | 1368 [0 2551 1 | w250x80 tio | 1056 | a0 1975 1 | w3toxi07 vio} 1g | 110 3412 4 | wa1oxt1 rio | 2012 | a0 3762 1 | w200x36 115 us | tis 283 1 | wor0x91 115 9 | 15 1841 1 | ws3ox72 1s mas | 1s 1457 1 | w36oe4s 2.00 aio | 150 2.065 1 | w310%33 11s m6 | 1s 364 1 | woroxt13 us | aim | us 2286 1 | wo1oxse 115 89) 1s 1700 1 | w360x51 2.00 sis | 150 2341 1 | wasoxse , Ls a6 | 1s 931 2 | ussizxizrasars) | 98 | 120 at 22 1575 2 | ussizmizn6se32)| 98 | 120 546 22 2081 2 | usstraxtrexto ass) | 60 | 120 98 22 2612 2 | ussi7axi7éx13 626) | 60 | 120 $01 22 3a 2 | mss2osx203x11 (646) | 62 | 120 961 22 3595 2 | uss20sx203013 727) | 62 | 120 | 1082, 22 4.086 2 |Lisrtons —@ety| 97 | 1s 6 14 1492 2 | Lisaxsox79 (45) | 60 | tas 200 ta 476 29 | TOTAL ross | 1447 ats 106Steel Quantity Take-off and Cost Estimate ‘MCI = 1700 Atrium Roof Members & Columns ( Level 3) - 4 Mem. | No.of Member Gross Mass ai Member | MERE | Conte | SEM Costa | Cost($) Ai | & |nssi7e2780G8)) 60| 10s | 1758 1s san a2 | 8 |nssizm48@i7) 45| 105 820 15 2091 43 | 8 |nssisoxioa4s.i79)/ 30| 105 451 19 1457 a4 | & |Hssisoxtoa4e.c79)| 15| 105 226 19 To as | 8 | Wésox67 97| 10s | 5439 13 12068 pa | 1 |nsssosxosx64 (58.7) | 155] 11s | 1046 135 2400 cospmes 2 |Hssivaxi7a3055)) 12) 115 08 135 1616 2 | Wind trassos (st) 18 3.000 130 9180 45 | TOTAL | waco | 1436 34010 jing: Steel Gross Mass and Cost Estimate Summary 7. Description Gross Mass (kg)_| Estimated Cost ($) High/Low Roof Members and PH Floor 49211 101227 Roof diaphragm connectors (est) 2.000 3500 2 Typical Floors (Levels 2&3) 93.460 194.494 19 Gravity Columns, 19532 34865 3 Moment Frames 44596 91.439 ‘2Ductile Braced Frames 17953 44176 Atrium Roof & Columns 13.460 34010 Exterior Stairwelt Framing 2380 6070 TOTAL* 242.592 509781 * Note: Ancillary Steel for P.C. wall support is not included inthis totat ‘Shear Studs (Field applied to through steet deck) = 4200 Nos. Estimated cost of shear studs installed = 4200 (1700)/550 = $ 13 000 Estimated Gross Floor Area (GFA) (Levels 1 103 and PH. floor) = (64.4(37.4)-8.6(8.6)+3.8(754)-1.45(1.45)) + 2{64.4(37.4)-8,6(8.6)-17(18.3)+6(6)+3.8(7.54)-1.45(1.45)] + (18.4(6.7)+6(6)]} = 6693 m? Steel Mass as per GFA = 36.2 kgim? 76.17/m2 | (not include studs) 107Appendix A Estimating Cost of Structural Steel Introduction In 1970, the CISC published a “do-it-yourself” method for estimating the cost of erected structural steel to assist designers in the selection of an economical steel framing system for buildings. A slightly revised, and metricated version was presented in 1979. uded adjustments in several product cost factors as well as new cost, factors for stub-girder elements and beam cambering. The method is now widely used by construction professionals, both manually, and as a “built-in” feature of the CISC computer programs. Several minor changes to column & bracing connection factors as well as to column cost factors are also made in this version. General Description Structural steelwork is divided into a number of appropriate categories that define the types of stel sections used, swell as their specific use in the frame. A connection factor (Confac) reflecting connection cost is applied to the net mass of each member in each category to produce gross mass. Next, a cost factor (Cosfac) reflecting the use of each specific member in a frame is applied to the gross mass. Finally, a Cost Index (MCD, calculated regionally from marketplace estimates ofthe cost of a standard sample building is applied to produce a calculated estimated cost for the erected ste! frame. Variation in building typical bay size have a direct effect on the number of connections and member mass in a building - or in fabricator vernacular, the “pieces per tonne”. A bay size modifier (BSM) provides a means of assessing the influence of any significant deviation from a 9 m x 9m bay (or any bay with an area of 81 m2). ‘The BSM curve is illustrated below. 1.15 ; 1 c | E Figure A1: Bay Size Modifier = MOE Modity MCI when typical bay size = E citfers from 9 mx9 m (81 m 2) bays. 8 oF 5 105 8 1.00 é E é 0.95 ogo Lo po — o 50 100 150 200 Bay Area -m 2 Definitions Member Length (L) - Grid dimensions (fc of supporting members), are used to define member lengts. Net Steel Mass (NSM) - The net steel mass is computed as the product of L and nominal mass per unit length. Connection Factor (Confac) - Each member must be connected to others. Material (or shop supplies in liew of) and both shop and field labour allowances arc required. A. series of Confac values applicable to various categories of members has been developed as listed on pages 110 t0 111. 109Figure A2_ Connection and Cost Factors Use bottom chord mass x span x ‘Connection Factors Cost Factors Classification (Contac) (Costac) Simple Continuous * ‘Simple Continuous: Construction Construction Construction Construction 1. Beams (@) ©, Mor shapes < 20 kg/m 1.05 250 {b) C, Mor S shapes 20 to 50 kg/m 4.08 1.80 (c) W-shapes 2 <51 kg/m and Cor S other than above 1.05 1.10 1.20 1.55 (d) W-shapes 2 51-240 kg/m 1.05 1.10 1.00 1.30 (e) WWF (Welded Wide Flanges) 1.05 1.10 1.45 145 2. Plate Girders 1.05 1.25 3. Columns (a) W-shapes up to 50 kg/m 1.054 1154 (b) W-shapes 51 to 285 kg/m 1.054 1.054 (c) W-shapes from USA? 300 MPa 1.054 1204 (d) WWF (Welded Wide Flanges) 1.054 1.204 (e) HSS (Hollow Structural Sections) 1.054 1354 (f) Built-up Sections (3-4 plates) 1.054 1254 4. Spandrels (a) W-shapes up to 50 kg/m 1.95 1.30 (b) W-shapes 51 to 240 kg/m 1.05 1.18 (c) WWF (Welded Wide Flanges) 4.05 127 5. Trusses (Parallel chords) (a) Tee shape chords 1.18 1.50 (b) Double L chords 1.45 1.60 (c) W-shapes 1.15 1.50 (@) WWF shapes 1.18 1.60 (e) HSS chords 1.15 1.80 6. Bracing (a) W-shape 1.10 178 (b) L shape 115 1.40 (c) Flat plates 1.10 1.30 (@) HSS 1.20 2.20 7. Purlins (Roof) (a) W-shapes up to 50 kg/m 1.02 1.10 (©) W-shapes > 50 kgim 4.02 1.00 (HSS 1.02, 1.20 8. Stub-Girders 1.40 1.05 110Connection Factors Cost Factors Classification (Contac) (Costac) 9.Girts (@) Hot Rolled Sections 4.92 1.10 (0) Gold Formed (Fy > 300 MPa) 1.902 250 (HSS 1902 250 10, Sag Rods Charge at $ [MSL] each caried with nuts 11. Open Web Steel Joists & Bridging (a) OWS) 640.21 300W steel 1.05 1.00 - 1.10 (o) OWSS high strength Fy > 375 MPa 1.05 1.10 = 1.25 * * varies with application (6) Bridging for (a) and (b) ‘add 10% OWS mass 1.05 4.18 12, Loose Lintels (minor fabrication) 4.00 07s 13, Base Plates (@) Canadian stee! 1.02 1.00 (b) Heavy USA 1.02 120 14, Bolts Cost included in connection factors 15. Welds Cost included in connection factors 16. Stud Shear Connectors MCL (@) Shop applied Charge at $ [MOL] each (0) Field applied Charge at $ [MOL] each, 550 17. Ancillary Steel Attached eg. Hangers, hung spandrel angles, roof or floor opening frames, etc 1.20 230 Notes: 1. For Cantilever and Suspended Span (Gerber) Construction: Modify Continuous beam factors as: Confac-- use 1.05 and Cosfac - use 80% of Cosfac shown Modify simpie column factors to reflect discontinuity: Confac- use 1.20 and Cosfac - add 5% to Cosfac shown 2. Add camber cost where applicable (MCU30) dollars each for minimum of 20 typical beams 3. Figure based on Canadian dollar at par wih U.S. dolar. Add 0.06 to Cosfac for each 10 cents drop in Canadian vs. U.S. dollars. 4. For columns of braced frames and moment frames with or without rigid bases, Confac and Cosfac values are to be increased by about 5% 11Gross Steel Mass (GSM) - The GSM is computed by applying a Contac to the NSM for each category of member. GSM =NSM x Confac Member Classification “Raw” steel sections vary significantly in their base cost, depending upon method of manufacture and mass per unit length. Likewise, the utilization of these members in various frame components will significantly influence theit end cost, e.g. a heavy W section used as a secondary member requiring 2 simple shear connections for a substantial steel mass would have significantly lower cost than a light W section used as a diagonal bracing member requiring 2 complex connections for a fraction of the mass of the previous member. Thus a number of

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