Stimulus: anything causing a response

Response: a reaction to a stimulus

-Unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that automatically
elicits a response.
-Unconditioned response: automatic response to a
particular stimulus.
-Conditioned stimulus: previously neutral stimulus that
has been associated with a natural stimulus.
-Conditioned response: a response to a stimulus that is
brought about by learning.

 Emotional Conditioning
-Stimulus Generalization: response spreads
from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that
resemble the original.
-Extinction: gradual loss of an association.
-Spontaneous recovery: sudden reappearance
of an extinguished response.
Removal of Fears

 Reinforcement- follows a response and strengthens the

tendency to repeat that response.
Positive reinforcement- addition of something pleasant
Negative reinforcement- removal of something unpleasant.

Punishment- process of weakening a behavior by

following it with unpleasant consequences.

 Generalization- behavior spreading from one situation

to another.
Discrimination learning- learning to tell the difference
between one event and another.
Shaping- gradually refining a response by reinforcing as
you move closer to the desired answer.
Chaining- reinforcing connection between parts of a
sequence.

 Schedules of Reinforcement- different

methods of reinforcing
Continuous reinforcement- reinforcement given
each time behavior occurs.
Partial reinforcement schedule- reinforcement
not given each time an act is performed.

Group 1: Variable Ratio

Group 2: Fixed Ratio
Group 3: Variable Interval
Group 4: Fixed Interval
**Explain the reinforcement and present through
a skit one example of how this is used in the real
world

 Social Learning- learning from the behavior of

others.
--Observational learning- observing and imitating a
behavior.

 Ability to learn abstract, subtle things that cant be learned

through conditioning or social learning.

--Ex. Crossing path of black cat, walking under ladder, breaking a

mirror.