composition and dose. However, toxicity is rare and somewhat self-limiting and reports of
dependence are infrequent. This suggests that simple steps to limiting availability through marketing
and purchasing constraints would be sufficient to limit dextromethorphan misuse and abuse.
According to the 2008 WHO questionnaire for review of
psychoactive substances for 35th ECDD (Annex 1), when abused,
dextromethorphan is administered orally in large amounts and the
experience varies by dose. Recreational doses can vary and range from
100 mg to 1200 mg or more. Low doses produce a mild stimulant effect.
Moderate doses generally produce intoxicating effects that are
sometimes compared to alcohol or cannabis use. In high doses
dextromethorphan acts as a dissociative hallucinogenic substance and
can cause a feeling of separation from one's body. Warnings regarding
dangerous interactions with other substances (e. g. dextromethorphan
+ MDMA) are quoted. In the USA dextromethorphan is reportedly
abused in combination with alcohol by adolescents primarily for its
hallucinatory effects. It is abused by all age groups, however abuse in
the adolescent population is especially a concern.
Ingesting large doses of DM will result in several psychotropic
effects, primarily as a result of accumulation of the active
metabolite dextrophan.21,22 Symptoms have been described to
occur in stages or steps (Table 1).3 Initially, abusers report mild
stimulant effects followed by hallucinations and delusions. 3,6
Subsequently, abusers report development of feelings of dissociation
often described as out-of-body experiences similar
to those often associated with phencyclidine and ketamine. 3
These effects are often accompanied by feelings of euphoria,
ataxia, restlessness, and loss of concentration.6 Typically, these
symptoms occur at DM doses greater than 2 mg/kg, with higher
doses (>7 mg/kg) producing more dissociative effects
In severe acute ingestions, various adverse effects have been
reported, including nystagmus and mydriasis.1,3,6 Because DM is
known to antagonize serotonin receptors, clinicians should be
cognizant of the possibility for serotonin syndrome, which may
be characterized by a variety of symptoms, including altered
mental status, rigidity, hyperthermia, and seizures.1,24 In cases
of massive DM ingestion, respiratory depression, tachycardia,
and hypertension have been documented.1 Liquid preparations
of DM may possess a higher propensity to induce gastrointestinal
symptoms as a result of ethanol-based diluents
require increased public aware- ness of the drugs potential for abuse,
increased awareness of the inherent risks associated with abusing DXM,
and increased diligence of parents, educators, health care providers,
law enforcement personnel, and retailers who market products containing DXM.
Kasus penyalahgunaan obat batuk yang mengandung dekstrometorfan
belakangan cukup marak terjadi. Penyalahgunaan obat yang dijual secara
bebas terbatas ini, ada yang sampai menyebabkan kematian karena
overdosis. Kasus penyalahgunaan obat batuk yang mengandung dekstrometorfan
belakangan cukup marak terjadi. Penyalahgunaan obat yang dijual secara
bebas terbatas ini, ada yang sampai menyebabkan kematian karena
overdosis.