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High Availability Design

Ram Dantu

Hi
Slides are adopted from various sources from Cisco and
Interwork Inc.,

Agenda

Definitions
Concepts / Calculations
Examples
Challenges

Availability as a percentage
1 year = 525960 minutes
Availability
99%
99.9%
99.99%
99.999%
99.9999%

Unscheduled downtime per year


3 days 15 hours 36 minutes
8 hours 45 min.
52 min. 36 sec.
5 min. 15 sec.
32 sec.

Getting downtime from availability


1 year = 525,960 minutes
Uptime = availability * Time
Annual Uptime = Availability * 525,960
Annual Downtime = 525,960 Annual Uptime
--------------------------------------------------------Availability = 0.9999
Annual Uptime = .9999 * 525,960
Annual Uptime = 525,907.4
Annual Downtime = 525,960 525,907.4
= 52.596
----------------------------------------------------------Downtime = (1-Availability) * Time

Availability vs. Reliability


Availability = users perception
Reliability = individual component failures
Reliability impacts maintenance costs but
doesnt necessarily have to impact
availability

Defects Per Million


Availability
99%
99.9%
99.99%
99.999%
99.9999%

DPM
10000
1000
100
10
1

Calculating Availability
Availability =

MTBF
MTBF + MTTR

Example: 6500 Chassis


MTBF = 369897 hours (about 42 years)
MTTR = 4 hours
Availability = 369897 / ( 369897 + 4 )
= 369897 / 369901
= 0.9999892 = 99.99892%

6500 Availability
Module

Availability

Chassis

99.99892%

Power Supplies

99.99873%

Supervisor - including software

99.99516%

GBIC Line Card

99.99577%

GBIC

99.99907%

10/100 Line Card

99.99577%

Availability Formulas
Serial availability

Availability

99.999%

99.999%

99.999%

= AvailA AvailB AvailC


= 99.999% 99.999% 99.999%

= 99.997%

Availability Formulas
Parallel availability

A
99.9%
B
99.9%

Availability

= 1 ((1 AvailA) (1 AvailB))


= 1 ((1 99.9%) (1 99.9%))

= 99.9999%

Availability Formulas
Parallel-series availability
A

99.9%

99.9%

99.9%

99.9%

99.9%

99.9%

99.9999% 99.9999% 99.9999%

= 99.9997%

Availability Formulas
Series-parallel availability
A

99.9%

99.9%

99.9%

99.9%

99.9%

99.9%

99.7%

= 1 ((1 99.7%) (1 99.7%))

= 99.9991%

Core
Distribution

Access

One Core / Distribution 6500

Chassis

99.99892%

Dual power

99.99999%

Supervisor + software

99.99516%

Dual GBIC Line Cards

99.99999%

Dual GBICs

99.99999%

Single switch availability

99.99405%

Pair of Core / Distribution 6500s


Series-Parallel Availability
99.99405% series availability each
Two switches in parallel
1 ((1 99.99405%) (1 99.99405%))

= 99.999999%

Access Layer 6500

Chassis

99.99892%

Dual power

99.99999%

Dual Supervisors

99.99999%

Dual GBIC Line Cards

99.99999%

Dual GBICs

99.99999%

10/100 Line Card

99.99577%

Switch availability

99.99888%

Access port availability

99.99465%

Challenges

Improving availability at the access layer


NIC Teaming in servers
Reduce MTTR
MTBF = 369897 hours
Availability with MTTR of 4 hours = 99.99892%
Availability with MTTR of 2 hours = 99.99945%
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Challenges
Long convergence times
Spanning tree
Eliminate layer-2 links where possible
Avoid layer-2 loops
Use STP enhancements where appropriate
Routing protocols
Use a link-state (or EIGRP) routing protocol
Use routing convergence enhancements
Minimize routing table sizes
Limit convergence scope

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