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Anxiety Disorders
Phobic Disorder
A specific phobia is an intense fear of a specific object or situation, such as
snakes, heights, or flying.Between 5% and 12% of the population worldwide
suffer from phobic disorders, making it the single largest category of anxiety
disorders.
There are five categories of phobias: (1) environment phobias, such as lightning
or tornadoes, (2) animal phobias, including insects, (3) blood-injury phobias, such
as blood or getting a shot, (4) situational phobias, such as elevators or bridges,
and (5) other phobias not otherwise specified.
Any phobia may produce a state of panic when the sufferer is confronted with the
phobic object/situation.A wide variety of physical symptoms are experienced,
such as nausea, increased heartbeat, dizziness and sweaty palms.
The hormonal response to fear has evolved as a benefit, as it helps humans
react to dangers.Researchers in evolutionary medicine believe this adaptation of
phobias allows humans to realize there is a potential threat and to act accordingly
in order to ensure greatest possibility of protection.
Social Phobia
Excessive Worry
Panic Disorder
Sufferers of panic disorder often feel fine one minute, and yet the next may feel
totally out of control.Panic attacks produce very real physical symptoms, from a
rapid increase in heartbeat to a churning stomach sensation.
These brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension are often marked by
trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, and/or difficulty
breathing.Attacks can be triggered by stress, fear, or even exercise; the specific
cause is not always apparent.
Although the genetic link is clear, 75% those diagnosed with panic do not have a
close relative with the disorder environmental factors, such as moving out of the
family home, getting married, starting a new job or having a baby often precede
the onset of panic disorder.
Since panic attacks can occur unexpectedly, they can become a cause of
ongoing worry and avoidance; sufferers start to dread the next attack, and quickly
enter into a cycle of living in fear of fear'.Panic disorder exhibits comorbidity with
smoking, caffeine and alcohol consumption.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
People with OCD are plagued by constant thoughts or fears that cause them to
perform certain rituals or routines.The disturbing thoughts are called obsessions,
and the rituals are called compulsions.
The phrase obsessivecompulsive is commonly used to indicate someone who is
excessively meticulous, perfectionistic, or otherwise fixated.However, a person
who exhibits these traits does not necessarily have OCD (a debilitating disorder),
and may have no clinical condition at all.
Symptoms of OCD include excessive washing or cleaning; repeated checking;
extreme hoarding; preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts;
relationship-related obsessions; aversion to particular numbers; and nervous
rituals.
Both psychological and biological factors play a role in causing the
disorder.Evolutionary psychology indicates that some obsessions/compulsions
may have been advantageous, such as compulsive hygiene, checking the fire in
the hearth, or monitoring the environment for enemies.
Behavioral therapy (BT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and medications
(such as SSRIs) should be regarded as first-line treatments for OCD.The specific
technique used in BT/CBT is exposure and ritual prevention, which involves
gradually learning to not perform the ritual.
Compulsion
Psychological Disorders
Key terms
agoraphobia The fear of wide open spaces, crowds, or uncontrolled social conditions.
agoraphobia The fear of wide open spaces, crowds, or uncontrolled social conditions.
amygdala The region of the brain, located in the medial temporal lobe, believed to play a key role in the emotions, such as fear
and pleasure, in both animals and humans.
anxiety an unpleasant state of mental uneasiness, nervousness, apprehension, and obsession or concern about some
uncertain event.
anxiety an unpleasant state of mental uneasiness, nervousness, apprehension, and obsession or concern about some
uncertain event.
benzodiazepine a psychoactive drug that is, in general, safe and effective in the short term, though cognitive impairments,
aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur.
cognitive therapy a type of therapy that seeks to help the patient overcome difficulties by identifying and changing
dysfunctional thinking and emotional responses.
comorbidity The presence of one or more disorders (or diseases) in addition to a primary disease or disorder.
DSM a manual that provides a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders.
Egodystonic Thoughts and behaviors (dreams, impulses, compulsions, desires) that are in conflict, or dissonant, with a
person's ideal self-image.
Egosyntonic Behaviors, values, and feelings that are in harmony with or acceptable to the needs and goals of the ego, or
consistent with one's ideal self-image.
inter-rater reliability The degree of agreement among raters; gives a score of how much homogeneity, or consensus, there is in
the ratings given by judges.
Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders
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Psychological Disorders
B) Serotonin.
C) Glutamate.
D) GABA.
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Psychological Disorders
B) Serotonin.
C) Glutamate.
D) GABA.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/
Psychological Disorders
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Psychological Disorders
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Psychological Disorders
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Psychological Disorders
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