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115
115
115
An Introduction
x191Wz
x13Wz
K
W
KLL J1
K J2
W
J1
J2
115
J3
EKKKF
115
Physical Measurements
WIntroduction 1 J1
K
W
W EF
K J1
J2
J1
115
J3
J4
K J5
J6
WMeasurement Units 1 J2
J J
International bureau of
J2 J
115
W
E1 J1F
E1F
E1 J1FK
KE J1 J1F
Quantity
(SI) Unit
Symbol
length
meter
mass
kilogram
kg
time
second
thermodynamics
temperature
kelvin
electric current
ampere
luminous
candela
cd
amount of
substance
mole
mol
E1FE1 J1F
Quantity
(SI) Unit
Symbol
plane angle
radian
rad
solid angle
steradian
sr.
E J1 J1F
W
WThe Metric System1 J2 J1
(MKS
E1 J1F
J3 J
115
(Meter, Kilogram,
system)
K(K)KelvinSecond)
WThe Gaussian system (CGS)1 J2 J2
(MKS)
K
(CGS
system) Gauss
(FPS System)
(CGS) (MKS) K
KK
KK
J4 J
115
WDimensions1 J4
dimensional
W {consistency
W
[L]
[K]
[M]
[A]
[Mol]
[T]
[Cd]
xz
W
K J1
K J2
K J3
K(CGS)(MKS) J4
W
v=
x
t
W
J5 J
115
[L] [T ]1 = m s1
W
(MKS) ( m / s )
K
E1 J1F
Application
Isaac
Newton
WForce
r
F = mar
( ar ) (m)
W ( s ) ( m / s )
r
r v ( m / s )
a= =
= ( m / s2 )
t
(s)
( 1 m / s2 ) ( 1 kg )
r
r
F = ma = ( kg )( m / s 2 )
[ M ][ L ][ T ] 2 W
J6 J
115
K ( kg . m / s 2 )
E1 J2F
Application
W
rr
W = F .r
( rv ) ( F )
W
m
)( m )
s2
m2
= ( kg 2 )
s
J = ( kg
K [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
( 1 N )
( 1 m )
KVoltCoulomb
? ?
J7 J
115
K
E1 J3F
Application
(m)
K()
WSolution
W(A)
A = CL M T
( , , )
W
m2
J = kg 2
s
[M ]1 [LT 1 ]2
[L] [M ] [T ]
= 1, = 2, = -2
W
W
K=
1
mv 2
2
W
C = (1/ 2 )
KE1 J5F
J8 J
115
Factor
Prefix
10 24
yotta-
10 21
zetta-
10 18
exa-
10 15
peta-
10 12
tera-
10 9
giga-
10 6
mega-
10 3
kilo-
10 2
hecto-
10 1
deka-
Symbol
Factor
Prefix
10 -24
yocto
10 -21
zepto-
10 -18
atto-
10 -15
femto-
10 -12
pico-
10 -9
nano-
10 -6
micro-
10 -3
milli-
10 -2
centi-
da
10 -1
deci
Symbol
y
z
a
f
p
n
m
c
d
E1FE1 J5F
Prefixes for (SI) units
(yotta) prefixes
K(yocto)
KE1 J1F
KE5 J1F
( r )
K
J JE1F
K
J9 J
115
Wdimensional analysis
E1 J4F
Application
Q = kA
( T2 T1 )
t
d
W
Wkconducting heatWQ
W ( T2 ,T1 ) WA thermal
conduction coefficient
KWdWt
WSolution
WJoule
Q = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
k = [ M ][ L ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 1
A = [ L]2
Z
Z
T = [K]
d = [ L]
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ M ][ L ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 1 [ L ] 2 [ K ][ L ] 1 [ T ]
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
K
J10 J
115
E1 J5F
Application
( I ) ( R )
K(P)resistive power
WSolution
W
R = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2
W
P = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3
W
I = [ A]
( P )
P I R
W
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 = K [ A ] [ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2
= K [ A ] 2 [ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 3
W
2 = 0
= 2
W[L]
2 = 2
=1
J11 J
115
=2
W
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 = K [ A ] 2 [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2 = R
[ A]2 = I 2
P = KI 2 R
K = 1
KE1 J6F(SI)
E1F
Quantity
Dimensions
area
amount of substance
acceleration
angular momentum
current
capacitance
mass density
energy
electric charge
L2
m2
Mol
mol
EF
LT 2
ms 2
ML2 T 1
kg m2 s 1
M 1 L2 T 4 A 2
kg 1 m2 s 4 A2
ML3
kg m3
ML2 T 2
kg m2 s 2
AT
A s 1
E1 J6F
Quantity
electric potential
Dimensions
ML2 T 3 A 1
kg m2 s 3 A1
ML T 3 A 1
kg m s 3 A1
KE1F
J12 J
115
Quantity
Dimensions
ML2 T 3 A 2
kg m2 s 3 A2
T 1
s 1
ML T 2
kg m s 2
inductance
ML2 T 2 A 2
kg m2 s 2 A2
length
luminous intensity
Cd
cd
luminous flux
CdSr
cd sr
luminance
Cd L2
cd m2
mass
kg
moment of inertia
ML2
kg m2
magnetic flux
ML2 T 2 A 1
kg m2 s 1 A1
MT 2 A 1
kg s 2 A1
electric resistance
frequency
force
magnetic pole
LA
mA
magnetic field
strength
L1 A
m1 A
km
permeability
MLT 2 A 2
kg s 2 A2
surface tension
M T 2
kg s 2
specific heat
L2 T 2 K 1
m s 2 K 1
time
temperature
torque
ML2 T 2
kg m2 s 2
thermal conductivity
MLT 3 K 1
kg m s 3 K 1
volume
L3
L3
velocity
LT 1
LT 1
E1 J6F
J13 J
115
[ ] J JW
E1 J7F
capitallower
case
K ( , , , , )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
solid
anglePlane angle
( ) K
K ( Z )
Greek Name
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
Lower case
Capital
Greek Name
Lower case
Capital
Xi
Omicron
Pi
Rho
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega
J14 J
Nu
115
E1FE1 J7F
E1 J6F
Application
(x) Projectile
K ( gr ) ( vo )
K
WSolution
x ( vo , g )
(K)
( , )
x = K vo g
[L]W
{[ L ][ T ] } {[ L ][ T ] }
1
= [ L ] [ T ] [ L ] [ T ] 2
= [ L ] + [ T ] 2
W
[ L ] = [ L ] + { T ] 2
KE1F
J15 J
115
[ T ] 0
[ L ][ T ] 0 = [ L ] + [ T ] 2
dimensions analysis
+ = 1 = 1-
(1)
--2 = 0 - = 2
-(1-) = 2
-1 + = 2
2- = -1
= -1
(2)
W(1)
= 1- = 1-(-1) = 2
x=K
vo2
g
K
E1 J7F
Application
W a ( x )
x = xo + vo t + ( 1 / 2 )at 2
( vo ) ( t ) ( xo )
KEFK
WSolution
[L]
J16 J
115
[ L ] + [ L ][ T ] 1 [ T ] + [ L ][ T ] 2 [ T ] 2
W
[ L] = [ L]
= [ L ][ T ] 1 [ T ] = [ L ]
= [ L ][ T ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ L ]
K
E1 J8F
r
Application
( F ) ( f ) oscillationfrequency
K
WSolution
W
f ( F , l, m / l )
K(K)
v = KF l m
l
dimensions
KEFanalysis
K(s-1)(SI)
[ T ] 1 = K [ M ][ L ][ T 2 ] [ L ] [ M ] [ L ]
= K [ M ] + [ L ] + [ T ] 2
J17 J
115
W [ M ] 0 [ L ] 0
[ M ] 0 [ L ] 0 [ T ] 1 = K [ M ] + [ L ] + [ T ] 2
EF
+ = 0 + = 0
2 =
EF
EF
= 0 =
2 = 1 = 1 / 2
= 1 / 2
= 1
m
f = KF l
l
1
2
1
2 1
= KF l m
K
l
1
2
1
2
F
m
(m / l ) 2 W
1
( l )1
K ( m / l ) (m) (m / l ) 2
1
J18 J
115
Summary
K(SI)
(CGS)(MKS)
W(SI)
J(FPS)
J
K
J
J
K ( 1 dyne cm 2 esu 2 ) ( 9 10 9 Nm 2 C 1 )
E1 J5F
J19 J
115
Self Test Exams
W
{
( l ) ( p ) ( p / l )
K ( r ) ( ) ( visconsity )
W
W
r2
= K
( s l )g
v
( r ) Stocks law
( g ) ( ) ( l ) ( v ) ( s )
K K =
2
9
W
( T ) ( A ) black body
K ( t ) (Q)
W
Q =
Stefen-Boltzman
A t T4
constant ( )
K(SI)
J20 J
115
KEF
J21 J
115
Unit One Exercises & Problems
1 J1
K(SI)
W 1 J2
r
F = mar
W J
r
K ( ar ) (m) ( F )
F = G m1 m2 2
r
W J
r
( r ) ( m2 ) ( m1 ) ( F )
K ( G )
W J
v = vo + x t
x = xo + v t + ( 1 / 2 )x t 2
( xo ) ( x ) ( vo ) ( v )
K ( t )
1 J3
( l )
K ( g ) ( T ) ( m )
1 J4
W
r
F = kx
J22 J
W J
115
K ( k ) ( x ) ( F )
r
F = G m1 m2 2
r
W J
( r ) ( m2 ) ( m1 ) ( F )
K ( G )
1 J5
K(CGS)K(CGS)(MKS)
1 J6
K J
K J
K J
K J
K
W ( 6.37 106 m ) 1 J7
J
J
K J
J23 J
115
Optional Problems
K ( 3 108 m . s 1 ) 1 J1
KL
KL
1 J2
K ( 1 u ) ( 1 u )
K J
( 1.4 1021 kg ) J
J24 J
J24
115
Scalars & Vectors
WIntroduction 2 J1
scalars
vectors
(y)(x)(x-y
plane)
(x)
counter
clockwise
K J1
J2
K
J3
K
J4
K
J25 J
115
J5
K
WScalars2 J2
Wscalar
K magnitude J1
Kmeasurment unit J2
W unit
(5)
(5 kg)W
WVectors2 J3
W
Kmagnitude J1
K(xyz)(xy)direction J2
Kaction point J3
Kaction axis J4
J26 J
115
force
velocity magnetic
field displacement
(N-W direction)(10 N)
(1 N)
KE2 J1F
E1F(10 N) ( F ) E2 J1F
(A) ( A )
r
( F ) E2 J1F
E1F
K(135)(45)
J27 J
115
W (F
= 10 N)
W
K
KE2 J2FK ( B ) ( A )
r
r
( B ) ( A ) E2 J2F
( A ) E1F
r
( A ) ( B )
r
( B ) ( A )
r
K ( A + B = B + A ) ( C = A + B ) (A)E1F
J28 J
115
( B ) ( A ) ( C )
r
W ( B ) ( A )
r r r
C= A+B
(2-5)
KE2 J2F
E2 J2F
( C )
cosine law
r
( B ) ( A )
r
W?? ( B ) ( A )
C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )
K
K
??
ApplicationE2 J1F
J29 J
115
r
r
( B ) ( A )
K ( = 90 ) E2 J3F
E2 J3F
WSolution
W ( = 90 )
C 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )
= ( 4 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 + 2( 4 )( 2 ) cos ( 90 ) = 16 + 4 = 20
C 2 = 20
C = 4.47
r
( C ) W
K
ApplicationE2 J2F
cosine
law
( A = 3, B = 4 )
K ( = 30 ) E2 J4F
E2 J4F
J30 J
115
WSolution
C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )
C 2 = ( 3 )2 + ( 4 )2 + 2( 3 4 ) cos ( 30 )
C 2 = 9 + 16 + 24( 0.8660 ) = 45.78
C = 6.76
ApplicationE2 J3F
r
( F2
r
= 9 N ) ( F1 = 6 N )
E2 J5F(P)
K ( = 120 )
E2 J5F
WSolution
E2 J2F
J31 J
115
( F )
K ( F )
2 J4 J1
W
r
( B ) ( A ) Wcommutative law J1
r r r r
A+ B = B+ A
(2-6)
Wassosiation
law
J2
r
WE C B A F
r r
r r
r r
( A+ B)+C = A+(B +C )
(2-7)
r
r
W ( A ) ( A )
r
r
A + ( A ) = 0
(2-8)
WVectors Subtraction2 J4 J2
K ( B ) ( B )
r
J32 J
115
r r r
r
A B = A + ( B)
(2-9)
v
( B )
K ( A )
E2 J4F
K
(x, y)
cartesian axes
y-
x-components
Wcomponents
(0.0) J1
J2
K J
(sin) J3
(tan)(cos)
K
( A ) E2 J10F
( ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
r
K ( A )
J33 J
115
WE2 J6F
r
K ( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) J1
E1F J2
(a b c)K
r
(0,0) ( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
K
J3
( ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
r
K ( A )
cos ( ) =
Ax
Ax = A cos ( )
(2-10)
KE1F
J34 J
115
sin ( ) =
Ay
Ay = A sin ( )
(2-11)
(x, y)
K ( )
W (
= 90 ) J1
Ax = A cos ( 90 ) = 0
W
Ay = A sin ( 90 ) = A
K ( Ay )
W ( = 0 ) J2
Ax = A cos ( 0 ) = A
W ( Ax )
Ay = A sin ( 0 ) = 0
( = 0 )
W(2-11)(2-12) J3
J35 J
115
Ay
Ax
tan ( ) =
A sin ( )
A cos ( )
Ay
Ax
(2-12)
(2-12)
{ ( Ax ) ( Ay )
r r r
W ( A1 , A2 , A3 ,...)
W ( Ay ) ( Ay )
W ( Ax ) ( Ax )
r r
K ( A1 , A2 ,...)
( )
W(2-12)
A
A
A
tan( ) =
= tan1
(2-13)
(2-13)(2-12)
(2-
W ( Ay / Ax ) 13)
J36 J
115
tan ( ) = 1
= tan1 ( 1 )
= 45
(a b c)E2 J7F
(a b c) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) E2 J7F
( Ay ) ( Ax )
r
E A F (a
b c)
A 2 = Ax2 + Ay2
A=
Ax2 + Ay2
(2-14)
(2-13) (2-12)
K(2-15)(2-14)
A=
( A ) + ( A )
2
(2-15)
r
( A )
( Ax ) ( Ay ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
ApplicationE2 J4F
J37 J
115
(22) )
KE2 J8F
(215 km
WSolution
r
(0.0) ( A )
W(90-22)
A = 215 km
r
K ( A )
Ax = A cos ( )
= 215 cos ( 68 ) = 80.5 km
r
K ( A )
Ay = A sin ( )
= 215 sin ( 68 ) = 199.34 km
E2 J4FE2 J8F
(2-
W(2-14)13)
J38 J
115
A =
=
(Ax )2 + (Ay )2
(80.5)2 + (199.34)2
= 215 km
tan ( ) =
Ay
Ax
199.34
= 2.476
80.5
= tan 1 ( 2.476 ) = 68
=
WUnit Vectors2 J6
( x , y , z )
K unit
vectors
( x , y , z ) ( i , j , k )
( i , j , k )
( Ax ) ( x , y ) ( j ) ( i )
K ( A ) ( Ay )
KE2 J9F
J39 J
115
r
k
A = Ax i + Ay j + A
z
(2-16)
E2 J9F
( i , j , k )
E2 J7F
r
( Ay ) ( Ax )
A = Ax i + Ay j
(2-17)
KE2 J5F
ApplicationE2 J5F
W ( A )
r
A = 4i 5 j + 3k
W
+ 4i , 5 j , 3k
J40 J
115
+ 4 , 5, + 3
(x, y, z)
WE2 J10F
r
( A ) E2 J10F
2 J7
WComponents
( A )
r
r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
W ( C ) ( B )
(2-18)
r
B = B x i + B y j + B z k
(2-19)
r
C = C x i + C y j + C z k
(2-20)
J41 J
115
W
R x = Ax + B x + C x
(2-21)
R y = Ay + B y + C y
(2-22)
R z = Az + B z + C z
(2-23)
r
R = R x i + R y j + R z k
(2-24)
( x , y , z )
r
( R ) ( Rx , R y , Rz ) W
K ( i , j , k )
ApplicationE2 J6F
r
W ( R )
r
A = 4i + 6 j + 2k
r
B = 3i + 3 j 2k
r
C = i 4 j + 2k
WSolution
Rx = 4 + 3 + 1 = 8
Ry = 6 + 3 4 = 5
Rz = 2 2 + 2 = 2
W
J42 J
115
r
R = 8i + 5 j + 2k
WVectors Product2 J8
KKW
WDot ProductEKF2 J8 J1
EKF scalar
W
rr
A.B = A B cos ( )
(2-25)
( )
r
r
( B ) ( A )
r
r
KE2 J11FE A dot B FE1F
r
r
( B ) ( A ) E2 J11F
( 90 ) W
E F
( 360 ??( ) 1
K- )
J43 J
115
J 1
i .i = 1 1 cos ( ) = 1 1 cos ( 0 ) = 1
i . j =
i . k =
J 2
1 cos ( 90 ) = 0
J 3
1 cos ( 90 ) = 0
W
i = j = k =1
J4
r r
A.B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k )( B x i + B y j + B z k )
r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = B x i + B y j + B z k
E2 J7F
Kdistribution law
ApplicationE2 J7F
J44 J
115
W ( B ) ( A ) ( )
r
A = 3i 4 j
r
B = 2i + 3k
WSolution
r r
A.B = A B cos ( )
Ax2 + Ay2 =
(3)2 + ( 4 )2
=5
B = B x2 + B z2 =
( 2 )2 + (3)2
= 3.6
A=
r r
A.B = ( Ax i + Ay j )( B x i + B z k )
= ( 3i 4 j )( 2i + 3k )
= ( 3i ).( 2i ) + ( 3i ).( 3k ) + ( 4 j ).( 2i ) + ( 4 j ).( 3k )
= ( 6 )( 1 ) + ( 9 )( 0 ) + 8( 0 ) ( 12 )( 0 ) = 6
W
cos ( ) =
6
= 0.333
18
K ( = 110 ) ( B ) ( A )
Cross ProductEXF2 J8 J2
vector
r r r
A B = C = A B sin ( )
(2-26)
J45 J
115
( ) (C)
r
r
E B
r
FE A FE2 J12F
( C )
E2 J12F
( A )
( B )
W ( C )
B A = A B
(2-27)
r r
A B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k ) ( B x i + B y j + B z k )
(2-28)
distribution
r r
law ( A B )
J46 J
115
( x , y , z )
W
W ( j ) ( i )
i j = i j sin ( )
W
i = j =1
( k ) ( = 90 )
W ( j ) ( i )
i j = 1 1 sin ( 90 ) = 1( k ) = k
WK ( z ) ( k )
i j = k
(2-29)
j k = i
(2-30)
k i = j
(2-31)
KE2 J13F
(k)(j)(i)E2 J13F
J47 J
115
ApplicationE2 J8F
W
r
A = 3i 4 j
r
B = 2i + 3k
r r r
C = A B W
WSolution
r
r r
C = A B = ( 3i 4 j ) ( 2i + 3k )
= ( 3i 2i ) + ( 3i 3k ) + ( 4 j 2i ) ( 4 j 3k )
= 0 + 9 ( j ) + 8( k ) 12( i )
r
C = 12i 9 j 8 k
i i = j j = k k = 0
(2-32)
i i = 1 1 sin ( 0 ) = 0 W
K ( k k ) ( j j )
J48 J
115
Summary
A
A
= A1 x + A2 x + ...
= A1 y + A2 y + ...
tan( ) =
A
A
W
W ( i , j , k )
r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = Bx i + B y j + Bz k
r
C = Cxi + C y j + Cz k
R = Rx i + R y j + Rz k
J49 J
115
(B,
A) W
r
C = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos( )
( B ) ( A )
K ( )
( B, A ) W
r r
A . B = A B cos( )
B
K ( )
( B, A ) W
W
A B = A B sin( )
r
( C )
( B, A )
K
J50 J
115
Self Test Exams
K
W
r r r
KE2 J14F ( m ) ( F1 , F2 , F3 )
K J1
K J2
E2 J14F
J51 J
115
W
y-componentx-component
KE2 J22F
E2 J15F
W E2 J15F
K Fx J1
K Fy J2
J52 J
115
J3
W
r
W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 2i + 3 j
r
B = 3i + 3 j
W
r
K ( 2B ) ( 3 A ) J1
r
K ( B ) ( A ) J2
r
K ( A B ) ( A + B ) J3
r
K ( B ) ( A ) ( ) J4
r r
K ( A . B ) J5
r
K ( A B ) J6
W
KEF
J53 J
115
Unit Two Exercises & Problems
(7) ( A ) 2 J1
(250)
( x, y )
r
K ( A )
W ( A ) 2 J2
x = -25
y = 40
K ( A ) J1
r
K ( A ) J2
( 15 m )
r
( R ) 2 J3
( 30 )
K ( x, y )
2 J4
KE2 J16F ( 20 ) ( 12.5 m )
E2 J4FE2 J16F
K J1
J54 J
115
K J2
r
W ( D ) ( C ) 2 J5
Cx = 7.4, C y = 3.8, Cz = 6.1
Dx = 4.4, Dy = 2.0, Dz = 0
r
K ( R )
r
W ( B ) ( A ) 2 J6
r
A = 4 i + 3 j
r
B = 13 i + 7 j
K ( j ) ( i ) J1
r
K ( A + B ) ( R ) J2
r
W ( B ) ( A ) 2 J7
r
A = 3 i + 4 j
r
B = 5 i j
r r r
R = A+ B
r r r
R= BA
r
r
W ( B ) ( A ) 2 J8
r
A = 4 i 3 j + k
r
B = i + j + 4 k
r
K ( A + B ) J1W
K ( A B ) J2
W ( C ) J3
r
A B+C =0
r
W ( C ) ( B ) ( A ) 2 J9
J55 J
115
r r
r
A B = 2C
r r
r
A + B = 4C
r
C = 3 i + 4 j
r
K ( B ) ( A )
r
E2 J10FE2 J17F
K ( B ) ( A ) ( R ) J1
r
K ( R ) J2
r
K ( R ) J3
K2 J11
( 6 m ) ( 12 m )
( 3 m )
KE2 J18FK
J56 J
115
E2 J11FE2 J18F
2 J12
W
i .i = j . j = k . k = 1
-1
i . j = j . k = k .i = 0
-2
i i = j j = k k = 0
-3
i j = k , k i = j , j k = i
-4
(10) ( A ) 2 J13
r
W(60)(6) ( B )
r
K ( B ) ( A ) J1
r
K ( B ) ( A ) J2
r
W ( B ) ( A ) 2 J14
r
A = 3 i + 3 j + 3 k
r
B = 2 i + j + 3 k
r r
A . B = A B cos ( )
r r
A . B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Ay By
K
r
W ( B ) ( A ) 2 J15
r
A = 3 i + 5 j
r
B = 2 i + 4 j
W
J57 J
115
1
2
3
r r
A B
rr
A.B
r r r
( A + B ).B
J58 J
115
Optional Problems
2 J1
W
K ( 40 ) ( 1200 m ) J1
( 123 ) J2
E2 J19F ( 258 m )
E2 J19F
W ( C ) ( B ) ( A ) 2 J2
r
A = 3 i + 3 j 2 k
r
B = i 4 j + 2 k
r
C = 2 i + 2 j + k
r
r r r r r r r r
A ( B + C ), A .( B + C ), A .( B C )
r
r
E2 J20F ( B ) ( A ) 2 J3
1 r r
A B
2
J59 J
115
E2 J20F
J60 J
J64
115
Force & Motion
WIntroduction3 J1
KE1F
forcemechanics
motion
K
W
microscopic W J1
atoms
molecules
K?quantum mechanics?
E1F
K
J61
115
W J2
speed of light
Krelativity
EF
W
J1
K
J2
K
J3
K
J4
K J5
K J6
J62 J
115
WDisplacement3 J2
E3 J1F B A
displacement
KBA
E1F
E3 J1F E2F
Wdistance
B A B A
K
E3 J1F
WAverage Velocity3 J3
( v ) average velocity
( t ) ( x )
W K
v=
x x2 x1
=
t t2 t1
(3-1)
( v )
J63 J
115
( x2 ,t2 ) (x,
t)
( x1 ,t1 )
W
x = f(t)
(3-2)
Kvector
ApplicationE3 J1F
x = 3t 4t2 + t3
K ( 1, 2 ,3,4 ) J1
K ( t2 = 4s ) ( t1 = 0 ) J2
K ( t2 = 4 s ) ( t1 = 2 s ) J3
WSolution
x(1 s) = 3(1) 4(1)2 + (1)3 = 0
-1
x(2 s) = 3(2) 4(2)2 + (2)3 = -2 m
x(3 s) = 3(3) 4(3)2 + (3)3 = 0
x(4 s) = 3(4) 4(4)2 + (4)3
= 12 64+ 64 = 12 m
x = x(4 s) x(0 s)
-2
x = 12 m 0 = 12 m
v=
x 12 m
=
= 3( m / s )
t
4s
-3
J64 J
115
x 14 m
=
= 7( m / s )
t
2s
WInstantaneous Velocity3 J4
intanntaneous velocity
average velocity
W
v = limt 0
x dx
=
t dt
(3-3)
(3-3) (v)
(t) (x)
ApplicationE3 J2F
W
x = 2 - 2t + 4t2
K(t)(x)
Kt = 1 s
WSolution
Wt = 1 s
v ( 1s ) =
dx d
= ( 2 2t + 4t 2 )
dt dt
= 2 + 8t = 2 + 8( 1 )
= 6( m / s)
J65 J
115
WAcceleration3 J5
( v1 )
( v2 )
average acceleration
W ( a )
v2 v1 v
=
t2 t1 t
(3-4)
a=
Winstantanous acceleration
r dv
a=
dt
(3-5)
(3-5) (3-3)
(t) (v)
W(t)(x)
ApplicationE3 J3F
W
x = 50t + 10t 2
(t1 = (t)(x)
W 0)
K J1
Kt2 = 3 s J2
Kt2 = 3 s J3
WSolution
Kt2 = 3 st1 = 0 J1
J66 J
115
x ( t = 3s ) x ( t = 0 )
t
x ( t = 3s ) = 50 ( 3 ) + 10 ( 3 )2 = 240 ( m )
v=
x(t = 0 ) = 0
t = t2 t1 = 3 0 = 3 ( s )
v=
240 ( m )
= 80 ( m / s )
3( s )
W J2
v=
vt =3
d
( 50t + 10t 2 )
dt
= 50 + 20t
vt =3 = 50 + 20 3 = 110 ( m / s )
W J3
dv
dt
d
a = ( 50 + 20t )
dt
at =3 = 20 ( m / s 2 )
a=
K
WConstant Acceleration Motion3 J6
W
J67 J
115
a=
dv
= ao = const .
dt
( ao )
Kt = 0
W
d v = ad t
W EF
dv = a dt
v = at + const .
(3-6)
const.
v = vo
t=o
vo = a ( o ) + const
vo = const
W(3-5)
v = a t + vo
(a) ( v )
( vo ) ( v )
W(3-6) ( a = ao ) ( vo )
v = a t + vo
(3-7)
K
W
J68 J
115
v = dx = at + vo
dt
dx = at dt + vo dt
W J J
dx = a tdt + v dt
1
x=a
t
+ vo t + const
2
(3-8)
W
t=o
x = xo
xo = a ( o ) + vo ( o ) + const
W
W
xo = const
W(3-7)
x=
1 2
at + vo t + xo
2
( x )
( xo ) ( xo ) ( x )
( x xo ) =
1 2
at + vo t
2
(3-9)
W(3-9)(3-7)
v vo
a
(3-10)
W(t)(3-7)
t=
W(3-9)
J69 J
115
( v vo )
1 ( v vo )2
+ vo
a
2
2
a
a
2
2
1 ( v + vo 2v vo ) v vo v 2
=
+
2
a
a
2
2
2
v + vo 2v vo + 2v vo 2vo
=
2a
2
2
v vo
=
2a
( x xo ) =
v 2 vo2 = 2a( x xo )
(3-11)
W
W
WE1F
v = vo + at
1 2
at + vo t
( x xo ) =
2
2
2
( v vo ) = 2a ( x xo )
ApplicationE3 J4F
K J1
K(30 m/s) J2
K(30 m/s) J3
WSolution
(3-11) J1
( x xo ) E1F
K ( x xo ) = d W ( d )
J70 J
115
a=
v 2 vo2
2 ( x xo )
m
( 50 ) ( 30 )
s = 5 ( m / s2 )
=
2 ( 160 ) m
v
a=
t
v ( v vo ) ( 50 30 ) m / s
=
=
t =
a
a
5 m / s2
= 4( s )
2
W(30 m/s) J2
30 (m / s )
v
=
a
5 (m / s 2 )
= 6 (s)
1 2
x xo =
at + vo t
2
t=
xo = 0
W J3
vo = 0
1 2
at
2
1
x =
(5 m / s 2 )(6s ) 2
2
= 90 (m)
x =
J71 J
115
reference
system
inertia law
K??
?
?
equilibrium
conditions
W
r
F =0
W
r
r
p = mv
( vr ) (m)momemtum ( pr )
J72 J
115
( ar )
r r
F
a
(3-11)
W
F1 F2 F3
=
=
= const .
a1 a 2 a 3
(m)
K
r
W(3-11)
F = ma
(3-12)
external forces
internal forces
(3-12)
(x, y, z)K
Fr
Fr
F
x
y
r
= ma x
r
= ma y
r
= ma z
(3-13)
J73 J
115
(3-13)
(ax,
ay, az)(m)
(SI)(3-12)
W
N = (1 kg)(1 m/sI2)
ApplicationE3 J5F
(8
kg)
W (30 N)
K(3 N) J1
J2
WSolution
E3 J5FE3 J2F
( f k , F ) J1
W (x)
= F fk
30 3 = 8 ( ax )
ax =
27
= 3.375 ( m / s 2 )
8
J2
J74 J
115
= ma
30 = 8 ( ax )
ax =
30
= 3.75 ( m / s 2 )
8
ApplicationE3 J6F
K(45 N)
K J1
K J2
J3
WSolution
E3 J6FE3 J3F
( vo = 15 m / s ) J1
K ( F = 0 )
W J2
r
r
F
x = max
F f k = max
0 45 = 20 ( ax )
a=
45
= 2.25 ( m / s 2 )
20
J75 J
115
J3
v vo
t
v vo
0 15
t=
=
= 6.6 ( s )
a
2.25
a=
K(6.6 s)
ApplicationE3 J7F
(9.110-31
kg)
( vo = 106 m / s )
W{
v = vo + at
ax = 0
voy = 0
J76 J
115
= mea y
Fy = mea y
ay =
Fy
me
F
vy = vo y + y t
me
8 10 17
10 8
= 0 +
31
9
.
1
10
5
= 8.79 10 ( m / s )
WWeight3 J9
weight
r
( F = mar )
gravetational
attraction
W
r
r
W = mg
(3-14)
( gr ) (m)
( gr )
K ( ar )
(3-14)
( j ) (y)
r
r
W = mgj
(3-15)
J77 J
115
K(y-axis)
W
K J1
K(g) J2
W
Winertia mass J
minertia =
F
a
(3-16)
Wattraction mass J
K
r r
(W1 ,W2 )
K ( m1g , m2 g )
m1 g
m2 g
r
W1
= r
W2
(3-17)
gravitational acceleration
J78 J
115
r
W1 = ( m1 )( g )
r
W2 = ( m2 )( g )
(3-18)
W(3-17)(3-18)
m1 g
m2 g
m1
= const .
m2
W
m mg
W
m
=1
mg
m = mg
K
WNewtons Third Law
3 J10
K
r
E FBA F(B)(B)
(A)
W
J79 J
115
r
r
FAB = FBA
(3-19)
E3 J4F
W
K
intertial frames
actionK
Kreaction
KE3 J5F
( W )
r
K ( N )
J80 J
115
J
r
K ( N ) ( F )
r
( F ) J
r
K ( N )
WFriction
3 J11
( F )
EFEF
friction force
K J1
K J2
W3 J11 J1
J81 J
115
( F )
( N ) ( f s )
K
( F )
K ( f k )
W
r
( F ) J1
r r
F fs
(3-15)
r
( f s ) ( f s ) ( F )
r
E3 J6F ( F )
(fs
max) ( f s ) J2
r
r
f s max = s N
(3-16)
r
( s ) ( W ) ( N )
115
fkfsE3 J6F
J3
r
( f s )
r
r
fk = k N
(3-17)
coefficient of kinetic
( k )
Kfriction
W3 J11 J2
Nonfrictional incline
E F J
Wsurface motion
KE3 J7F
J83 J
115
E3 J7F
(W)(m)
()
(x, y)
W
r
( W = mg ) W
J1
(g)
K ( N ) J2
r
( N ) ( W )
W
Wx=W sin
Wy = W cos
(Wy)(N)
W
Wy + N = 0
J84 J
115
(Wx)
W
Wx = mg sin () = ma
a = g sin
(3-18)
(3-18)
K
ApplicationE3 J8F
(g
= 9.8 m/s2)
WSolution
W(3-18)
= 45
= g sin
= (9.8) sin (45) = 6.93 (m/s2)
K
W
K(3-18)
Frictional incline E F
Wsurface motion
E3 J8F
J85 J
115
E3 J8F
( W ) (m)
()
( x , y )
W
r
K ( W
= mg ) W
J1
(g)
K ( N ) J2
r
( N ) ( W )
Wx = W sin
Wy = W cos
r
r
( W y ) ( N )
( f k ) ( Wx )
J86 J
115
= W x f k = ma
mg sin f k = ma
a=
mg sin f k
m
(3-19)
ApplicationE3 J9F
E3 J8F
(20 N)(12
kg)
(30)
K(9.8 m/s2)
WSolution
W (3-19)
= 30
m = 12 kg
fk = 20 N
g = 9.8 (m/s2)
a=
( 12 )( 9.8 ) sin( 30 ) 20
12
= 3.2 (m/s2)
K(3-19)
J87 J
115
Summary
W
r
v = 0
K
W
(m)
ar =
F
m
K
?WW
K?
J88 J
115
m = F
a
W
(W1,
W2)
W ( m1g , m2 g )
m1 g
m2 g
W1
W2
W
F
fs
r
r
f s max = s N
( s )
W(fk)
fk
r
= k N
K ( k )
r
W ( a )
v = vo + at
1 2
( x xo ) = at + vo t
2
2
2
( v vo ) = 2a ( x xo )
W
J89 J
115
KWv
KWvo
KWx
KWxo
KWa
KWt
J90 J
115
Self Test Exams
K
W
(97 kg)
K(470 N)
KE3 J9F
W
(15 m)
(6 m/s) J1
(110 g)
KE3 J10F
J2
KEF
J91 J
115
Unit Three Exercises & Problems
( vo = 30 m / s ) 3 J1
( v = 40 m / s ) (20 s)
K
(40 m/s) 3 J2
W K(-2 m/s2)
K J
J
K
(6 (80 kg) 3 J3
Wkm/h)
K J
K(4 s) J
E3 J9F(100 kg) 3 J4
KE
J92 J
115
E3 J9F
E3 J9F
(16 kg) 3 J5
K(4 m/s2)(40 N)
J
K
K J
(15 kg) 3 J6
E3 J10F (35)
K (50 N)
K J
K
J
KE f k f s F
J93 J
115
E3 J6FE3 J10F
( x ) 3 J7
W ( t )
x = 2 + 10 t + t 2
W ( tx ) ( x )
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) ( t ) J1
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) J2
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) J3
K ( t = 2 s ) J4
J94 J
115
AppendixEF
Physical Constants
NO
absolute zero
temperature
acceleration due
to gravity at sea
level
(W h
d
Avogadros number
1.6022 10 19 C
charge of an electron
8.988 10 9 N .m 2 / kg 2
6.673 10 11 N .m 2 / kg 2
constant in
Coulombs
gravitational constant
9.109 10 31 kg
me
mass of an electron
1.673 10 27 kg
mp
mass of a proton
Plancks constant
2.99792458 10 8 m / s ( exact )
1.67492 10 27 kg
mn
speed of light in a
vacuum
mass of neutron
8.85 10 12 F / m
permittivity of space
4 10 7 T .m / A
permeability constant
273.15 C
0K
9.801 m / s 2
6.626 10 34 J / Hz
4.136 10 15 eV . s
J95 J
115
Conversion Factors
=
atomic mass 1
electronvolt1
1 N .m
Joule1
1 V .C
Joule1
coulomb1
19
J96 J
unit
115
AppendixEF
WMathematical Signs
>
<<
<
>>
(10 ) = 10
a b
ab
WAlgebra
:Fractions
b
c = b
d
cd
ab
b
a =
c
c
ac
a c
=
b d bd
a
b
c
d
= ad
bc
a
c
ad + bc
+
=
b
d
bd
:
K x =
b b 2 4ac
2a
K x =
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
x 2 + 2x +
J97 J
= 0
115
WTrigonometry
:Definitions of trigonometnc Functions
u = sin EFWinverse functions
K
y
r
x
cos =
r
sin
y
tan =
=
cos
x
1
r
=
sin
y
1
r
=
sec =
cos
x
1
x
ctn =
=
tan
y
sin =
csc =
:Simple Properties
J98 J
115
sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan
sin
= cos
2
sin ( ) = sin
cos
= m sin
2
cos ( ) = cos
tan
= ctn
=
2
tan
tan ( ) = tan
:Properties of a triangle
+ + =
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos
a
b
c
=
=
sin
sin
sin
a 2 + b 2 = c 2 W =
2
:Trigonometric functions
J99 J
115
W
sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan
W
sin ( + ) = sin
cos ( + ) = cos
tan ( + ) = tan
J100 J
115
sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan
W
csc =
1
sin
sec =
1
cos
J101 J
ctn =
1
tan
115
Appendix EF
J102
J
-102-
115
AppendixEF
J
W
QW
P
Q r
l
P
Q = K r
l
W
[ M ] 0 [ L ] 3 [ T ] 1 =
K {[ M ]{ L ][ T ] 2 [ L ] 2 [ L ] 1} {[ M ][ L ] 1 [ T ] 1} [ L ]
[ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 [ M ] [ L ] [ T ] [ L ]
[ M ] + [ L ] 2 + [ T ] 2
+ = 0 =
(1)
2 + = 3
(2)
2 = 1 2 + = 1
(3)
W (3)
= 1 = 1
W (1) ( )
= 1
W (2) ( ) ( )
2 +1+ = 3
1+ = 3 = 4
1
P
Q = K 1 r 4
l
J103 J
115
Q=K
Pr 4
l
(SI)
K
WW
= [ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1
W
F L
A v
=
1
( kg )( m )( s ) 2 s
=
( m )
1
m2
m
1 1
= kg .m .s
= [ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1
W
W
r2
s g
v
m2 kg m
= kg .m1s 1
m.s 1 m3 s 2
W
[ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1
J104 J
115
r2
l g
v
m2 kg m
=
= kg .m1.s 1
3 2
1
m.s m s
W
[ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1
K(SI)
K
W
Q
A t T4
WW
N .m = kg
m
m2
.
m
=
kg
= [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
2
2
s
s
W W
A = area = m2 = [L] 2
T = time = s = [T]
T 4 = temperatur = K 4 = [K] 4
W
=
[ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
[ L ]2 [T ] [ K ]4
= [ M ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 4
= kg .s 3 K 4
J105 J
115
K
WW
= 5.67 10 8 kg .s 3 .K 4
J106 J
115
J
W
F1 y = F1 sin ( 1 ) = 4 sin ( 40 )
= 3.06 N
F2 x = F2 cos ( 2 ) = 2 cos ( 135 )
= 2.57 N
F2 y = F2 sin ( 2 ) = 2 sin ( 135 )
= 1.41 N
F3x = F3 cos ( 3 ) = 3 cos ( 290 )
= 1.41 N
F3 y = F3 sin ( 3 ) = 3 sin ( 290 )
= 1.026 N
= 2.676 N
F=
( F ) + ( F )
(2.676 )2 + (1.16 )2
= 1.16 N
tan ( ) =
= 2.82
F
F
= 2.91 N
1.16
= 0.433
2.676
( x, y ) W
K ( F ,Fy ,Fx )
W
K
WE2 J14F
J107 J
115
F1x = F1 cos ( 1 )
= 10 cos ( 45 )
= 7.07 N
F1 y = F1 sin ( 1 )
= 10 sin ( 45 )
= 7.07 N
F2 x = F2 cos ( 2 )
= 7 cos ( 60 )
F2 y = F2 sin ( 2 )
= 3 .5 N
= 7 sin ( 60 )
F3 x = F3 cos ( 3 )
= 6.06 N
= 6 cos ( 135 )
F3 y = F3 sin ( 3 )
= 4.24 N
= 6 sin ( 135 )
F4 x = F4 cos ( 4 )
= 4.24 N
= 6 cos ( 330 )
F4 y = F4 sin ( 4 )
= 5.19 N
= 6 sin ( 330 )
= 3 N
W
1 Fx = F1x + F2 x + F3 x + F4 x
= 7.07 + 3.5 + 4.24 + 5.19 = 11.52 N
2 Fy = F1y + F2 y + F3 y + F4 y
= 7.07 + 6.06 + 4.24 3 = 14.37
3
( F ) + ( F )
2
F=
= ( 11.52 )2 + ( 14.37 )2
= 18.4 N
tan =
F
F
14.37
= 1.247
11.52
J108 J
115
W
r
r
3 A = 6i + 9 j
W ( 3 A ) J1
r
W ( 2B )
r
2 B = 6i + 6 j
r
W ( A ) J2
A =
( Ax )2 + (Ay )2
(2) 2 + (3) 2 =
B =
(B x )2 + (B y )2
(3) 2 + (3) 2 =
4+9 =
9+9 =
13 = 3.6
18 = 4.24
W ( A + B ) J3
r r
( A + B ) = ( Ax + Bx ) i + ( Ay + By ) i
= ( 2 3 ) i + ( 3 + 3 ) j = i + 9 j
r r
W ( A B )
r r
( A B ) = ( Ax Bx ) i ( Ay By ) i
= (2 ( 3 ))i ( 3 3 ) j = 5i 0 j = 5i
J109 J
115
( ) J4
r r
A . B = A B cos ( )
r r
A . B = ( 2i + 3 j ) . ( 3i + 3 j )
= ( 2 )( 3 ) i .i + ( 2 )( 3 ) i . j + ( 3 )( 3 ) j .i + ( 3 )( 3 ) j . j
= 6 + 9 = 3
W
( i . j = j .i = 0 )
A. B
3
=
= 0.196
(3.6) (4.24)
A B
cos ( ) =
W ( A . B ) J5
r r
( A . B) = A B cos ( )
KE4F
r
W ( A B ) J6
r r
( A B ) = A B sin ( )
= ( 2i + 3 j ) ( 3i + 3 j )
= ( 2 )( 3 )i i + ( 2 )( 3 )i j + ( 3 )( 3 ) j i + ( 3 )( 3 ) j j
= 6 k ( 9 )( k ) = 6 k + 9k = 15k
K ( j i = k ) ( i j = k ) ( i i = j j = 0 ) W
J110 J
115
J
W
W
r
KW N
KW mgr
W
r
f k = k N
fk
470 N
=
N ( 79 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )
= 0.61
k = 0.61
k =
W
K
W
J111 J
115
r
r
f k = ma
r
r
r
v f2 = vo2 + 2ax
r
vf = 0
r v2
( 6 m / s2 )
a= o =
= 1.2 m / s 2
2x
2( 15 m )
r
f k = ( 1.2 m / s 2 )( 0.11 kg ) = 0.13 N
r
f k = 0.13 N
r
r
f k = k N
r
r
N mg = 0
r
r
N = mg
r
r
f k = k mg
r
fk
0.13 N
k =
=
mg ( 0.11 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )
k = 0.12
J112 J
115
Contents
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
7 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1
J1
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1
J2
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1 J2 J1
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1 J2 J3
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1 J2 J2
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 1
J3
10
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1
J4
22
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
23
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
24
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
26
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
27
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
27
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2
J1
28
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 2
J2
28
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2
J3
29
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2
J4
33
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2 J4 J2
33
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 2
32
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2 J4 J1
J5
115
37
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 2
J6
41
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2
J7
39
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2
J8
40
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2 J8 J2
42
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
47
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
50
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
54
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
55
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
56
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3
J1
56
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3
J2
57
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3
J3
58
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3
J4
58
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3
J5
59
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3
J6
63
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3
J7
64
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3
J8
67
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3
J9
68
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3
J10
70
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3
J11
39
70
71
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2 J8 J1
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3 J11 J1
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3 J11 J2
115
75
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
77
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
78
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
88
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF
89
K K K K K K K K K K K K 10EF
93
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF
94
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF
103 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
115
K
References
WArabic References
?? J1
K19912 J1
?? J2
K1985 J
?? J3
K1981K J
?? J4
K1977K
?? J5
K1984
?? J6
K1977
?? J7
K1981 J3 J2 J1
?? J8
J
K1983
?? J9
115
K1982 J
WEnglish References
1-
"Fundamentals of physics"
Halliday. Resniek. Walker. Fourth EditionK John Willey & sons. 1997.
2-
"College Physics"
Francis Weston Sears. Addison - Wesely. 1984.
3-
4-
"Electronics"
Millman & seely. Mc Graw - Hill. 1951.
5-
6-