3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6.3. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.5. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.6. - ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.8. , , . . . . . . . . 50
6.9. . . . . . . . . 65
7.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.2. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.1. . . . . . . . . 98
8.2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.3. C
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8.4.
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.1. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.2.
- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.3. - -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
9.4. -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

9.5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.4. ,
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.7.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

178
196
201
201
206
217
217
234
239
239
245
248
249
249
264
275
280
285
292
292
298
302
308
311
315
318

13.8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.9.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.10.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.11.  . . . . .
13.12. . . . . . . .
13.13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.14
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.15.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.16.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.17.
. . . . . . . . . . . .
14. -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.1. ,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

326
329
336
351
354
356
360
360
364
367
381
381
393
405
408
416
422
429

.  .
() - , , .
-
, . , . V- , , .
,
. V-
.
.
, , .
. 64, 36
144 . , .

- .
,
-
7 .
, , ,
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,
.
.
.
. -

,
. .

. ,
,
.
.
.
.
. ,

(), . ,
()
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.
, .
-
,
.


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() . -

1010 . , , ,
.
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-
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.
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-

.
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(), .
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.

- . , , ,
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10

() .
, , . (, - ()
). , ( ) ,
( )
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-,
( ) . -, , .
.

, . ""
. ,
"
.
, . ,
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, .
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: , . , ,
.
.
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11

. .
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, .
,
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"" ,
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() , .
() . , (4 - ).

, . ,
, ,
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12

, .
. 4- - 4-,
.
4  4- .

, , 4 4 - . ,
. 4 -
. ,
4 - , . ( ). ,
. , . , .
, . -,
.
- , , .

()
(). , "... .
". - .
, - . .

- . , .

13

[15]. , ,
. . . . .
- .

. , . , -
--, . ,
 ,
, , , ,
(., , : ..
.- .: , 2002.- 664 .; .. : . . 2-, .
.- .: , 2005.- 848 .; ..
. - .: .
/ . .; . .. .- .:
, 2006.- . 374  479; .., ..,
.., .., .. / . .. . .: , 2008.- 496 .
( - 07  07 - 07005); ..,
.., .. / . ..
.- .: , 2003.- 720 .; .. .:  , 2012.- 108 .). ,
, . , , , , .
- 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012 ., . 2011

14

2008 - 2012 . . .: , 2012.

.
. . , , .
3 16 . , . ,
. .
, , , , , ,
, , , ,

. ... . .
. . . . . .
... . . , ... . . , ... . . , .
. . , , .

. . .
. . ,
. , , ,
.
: 125009, , . , 11, . 7,
. .. .
, E-mail: potapov@cplire.ru
: 119361, , . , 46,
""
( - - ).
, E-mail: podosenov@mail.ru
. . , . . , . , . . .
, 2014.

6.1.

15

C

B
().
, , [1].
() , ,
.
()
,
- .

6.1.

4- ( ),
, . - - ,
- ( ).
, , , ,
. , ,
- ,
- . , , " .

.
..
[1-4] .. [5]. [5],
, , ,
- .

16

6.

:
- (+ ) .
t = t0 ( ) .
- ? -
[6].

.
, -
. ,
, .. , -
. , - ,
.
,
- ,
,
, ,
F .
.
- (+ )

V = + + V F ,

(6.1)

V - 4 - ,

g V V = 1,

(6.2)

g - ,
= ( V) V( F) ,

(6.3)

= [ V] V[ F] ,

(6.4)

F = V V .

(6.5)

, , , - .
,
.

6.2.

17

(6.1) :
1. , 4 - V , , .
, , F (6.3-6.5),
(6.1) .
2. , , F . (6.1)
V g . (6.1) (6.2)
,
.
4 -

2 V
2 V
=
.
(6.6)
x x
x x


!

+   V ,
2[ ] V = 2[ ] V +
x
x
c (6.1-6.6),

R,
V = 2[ ] + 2[ ] + 2[ (V] F ).

(6.7)

(10.1), (10.7), R,

- ,
, - , . (6.7)
() [7], [8].

6.2.
.
, .

. va

va
vb
+
=0
xb
xa
va
vb

=0
xb
xa

18

6.

dva
va
va
=
+ vb
= aa = const.
dt
t
xb

(6.8)

(6.8)
, .. .
, .. ,
. (6.8)

va = aa t + v0a ,

(6.9)

v0a - . , , (6.8)

Z t
va =
aa ( )d + v0a .
(6.10)
0

,
. , ( , , ) .
, ,
, .

, . , ( ),
. ,
, , .
, .
. , . ,
.
.
. , . -

6.2.

19

. ,
, = = 0
[133] " , ,
F ( )
4 - V
.
[9]. - [10],
. , , ..
.
, , ,
. , (6.7)
= = 0, g F F = const, . , ,
,
.
[9], , , , ,
, .
, , ,
. (
.) , "," .
.
, , ?
.
[11]. ,
-

20

6.

[133] [11].
.
,
..
.
, , ,

dS 2 = (dx0 )2 (dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 ,

(6.11)

x0 = ct , x1 , x2 , x3 - ,
:
p
x1 (y 1 , t) = y 1 + (c2 /a0 )[ 1 + a0 2 t2 /c2 1],

x2 = y 2 ,

x3 = y 3 ,

x0 = y 0

(6.12)

x1 (y 1 , ) = y 1 + c2 /a0 [cosh(a0 /c) 1],

x2 = y 2 ,

x3 = y 3 ,

t = (c/a0 ) sinh(a0 /c),

(6.13)

(6.12)
, (6.13) - . (6.12) (6.13)
(6.11) [11]

dS 2 =

c2 dt2
a0 tdtdy 1

2
1 + a0 2 t2 /c2
(1 + a0 2 t2 /c2 )1/2
(dy 1 )2 (dy 2 )2 (dy 3 )2 ,

(6.14)

dS 2 = c2 (d )2 2 sinh(a0 /c)cd dy 1 (dy 1 )2 (dy 2 )2 (dy 3 )2 , (6.15)

(6.14), (6.15) [133] kl = gkl + g0k g0l /g00 ,
" "

dl2 = (1 + a0 2 t2 /c2 )(dy 1 )2 + (dy 2 )2 + (dy 3 )2 ,

(6.16)

dl2 = cosh2 (a0 /c)(dy 1 )2 + (dy 2 )2 + (dy 3 )2 .

(6.17)

, , , .

21

6.2.

x1 (y 1 , T ) = y 1 cosh(a0 T /c) + c2 /a0 [cosh(a0 T /c) 1],

x2 = y 2 ,

x3 = y 3 ,

t = c/a0 (1 + a0 y 1 /c2 ) sinh(a0 T /c),

y 0 = cT,
(6.18)

dS 2 = (1 + a0 y 1 /c2 )2 c2 (dT )2 (dy 1 )2 (dy 2 )2 (dy 3 )2 .

(6.19)

(6.12), (6.13), (6.18) ,

(6.11).
.
( ) ( ),
- .
(6.1) ,

= = 0,

g V V = 1,

g F F = a0 2 /c4

(6.20)

(6.7) (6.3) (6.4) , 0

c . C (6.1)
V = V F
(6.21)
Ee ,

V 0 = g00 1/2 ,

Vk = V k = 0,

V0 = g00 1/2 .

(6.22)

x1 .

dS 2 = D(X 1 )(dX 0 )2 A(X 1 )(dX 1 )2 (dX 2 )2 (dX 3 )2 .

(6.23)

A(X 1 ) ,
g0k [134]. (6.21)

c4
A(X ) = 2 2
4a0 D
1

dD
dX 1

2
.

(6.24)

22

6.

(6.24) (6.7) . X i
y i

dy 1 = A1/2 dX 1/2 ,

X 0 = y0 ,

X 2 = y2 ,

X 3 = y3 ,



2a0 y 1
dS 2 = exp
(dy 0 )2 (dy 1 )2 (dy 2 )2 (dy 3 )2 .
(6.25)
c2
a0 y 1 [7].
(6.25)
 2
dV 1
g 11 g00
a0
DV 1
1 1
1
1
=
+ 00 V 0
00 =
= 2 . (6.26)
F =
=
1
dS
dS
g00
2g00 y
c
4- .
(6.25)
y 2 = y 3 = 0, y 1 = const. ,


a0 y 1
s = exp
,
(6.25a)
c2
s - , -
.
, . [6 c.109] (6.25) . , (6.19).
,
, ,
- .
, , ,
[101], , " , , (., , [6 c. 105], [102 c.
404]".
. 404 [102] . :"

: ,
."

23

6.2.

.. [15 . 281],
.
, , ( ) ,
. ,
-.
- ,
[133]
!
2 g
2 g
2 g
1 2 g
+
R, =
2 y y
y y
y y
y y

!
+g

= g R.,

(6.27)



1 g
g
g
=
+

,
2 y
y
y

(6.28)



g
g
1 g
+

= g
,
2
y
y
y

(6.29)

,
.

,
(6.25),

R10,10 =



2 


1
g00
1 2 g00
a0 2
2a0 y 1

exp
.
2 y 1 2
2g00 y 1
c4
c2

(6.30)

R = g R,

R00 = R10,10 ,

R11 =

a0 2
,
c4

R10 = 0.

(6.31)

R=2

a0 2
.
c4

(6.32)

,
.

24

6.

E (6.25) (6.30) g00 =

(1+a0 y 1 /c2 )2 , , R10,10 = 0,
, , (6.19), (6.11) ( )
(6.18). (6.7),
. (6.25), (6.30)
[7] [13, 14].
(6.25 - 6.32) ,
"". , .
. , ,
, . ,
( ..
). . . , "" ! ,
"" ,
- -
(6.25)!
- ,
, ,

a(y) =

a0
,
1 + ac02y

a0 , y -
.
(6.19).
, "" , , ,
. ""
,
"".

6.3. -

25

6.3. -
(6.25) -
. , (6.25)
x ,

x = x (y ),

(6.33)

(6.25)? (6.25)
, - .
(6.11)
, .
( 4 - ) .
. ,

, ..
.

, .


. , . t = t0
, .
,
.
, ,
, .
.
.
.
, , .
:

26

6.

- .
, , , , - . - ,
. , , ,
, -
. ( ) , ,
.
.

. , ,
(6.25) . , .
4 , .. . (6.25)

d2 y
dy dy
+

= 0,

dS 2
dS dS

(6.34)

(6.25) . ,
y 1 ,



2
d dy 1
1 g00 dy 0

=
.
(6.35)
dS dS
2 y 1 dS
(6.25)


1+

dy 1
dS

2


= g00

dy 0
dS

2
.

(6.36)

(6.35) , (6.36)

dy 1
= tan(a0 S/c2 ),
dS
exp(a0 x1 /c2 )
dy 0
=
,
dS
cos2 (a0 S/c2 )

y 1 = x1 +
y0 =

c2
ln | cos(a0 S/c2 ) | .
a0

(6.37)

c2
tan(a0 S/c2 ) exp(a0 x1 /c2 ). (6.38)
a0

27

6.3. -

, S = 0, dy/dS = 0, y 1 x1 ,
. S/c = x0 /c = t
,
- . ,
, .
(6.37) (6.38) (6.25) , y 2 = x2 , y 3 =
x
3

dS 2 = c2 dt2 cos2 (a0 t/c)(dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 .

(6.39)

, ,
. [1-4],
, , , . (6.37),
(6.38) x1 , x0 ,
,


2


a0 2 y 0
c2
1 2 
exp(2a
y
/c
)
ln 1
x1 = y 1
0
,
4
2a0
c


c2
a0 y 0
0
1 2
x =
arcsin
exp(a0 y /c ) .
(6.40)
a0
c2
(6.40) (6.39) (6.25).
(6.40) ,

x1 = y 1

c2
ln | cos(a0 t/c) |,
a0

t = t.

(6.41)

(10.41) t v 1
p
v 1 = c tan(a0 t/c),
v = (g11 v 1 v 1 ) = c sin(a0 t/c).
(6.42)
v
t1 = c/(2a0 ).
(6.39)

011 =

1
cos2 (a0 t/c),
2c t

101 =

1
ln cos2 (a0 t/c).
2c t

(6.43)

28

6.

4 - V
(10.40)

V =

x
,
y 0

(6.44)

4. 4 -

V1 = sin(a0 t/c),

V 0 = V0 =

1
,
cos(a0 t/c)

= exp(a0 y 1 /c2 ).

(6.45)
C (6.45) (6.39) ,
(6.3)
(6.4) , 4 -
g F F = a20 /c4 (10.5) .
, (6.39) - - , 4 - (6.45)

- . (6.39) (6.42) ,

dS 2 = c2 dt2 (1 v 2 /c2 )(dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 .

(6.46)

-
. (6.36), (6.37), (6.19),
, (6.11), .
: " , , (6.46)
?"
.

6.4.
, ,
, .
- ,
. ,
. ,
(10.1) = 0,

29

6.4.

= 0 , F = 0. V = (const) ,

x = V S + y ,

(6.47)

y - , ,
, S = , - . y ,
S = 0 V , V y = 0
(6.47)

xk = V k S + yk ,

x0 = V 0 S + Vk yk /V0 .

(6.48)

(6.48) (6.11) 3 - vk

dS 2 = (dy 0 )2 (kl vk vl /c2 )d

y k d
yl .
(6.49)
x1 , , (6.49) , (6.46), .
yk
y k y1 = V 0 y 1 , y2 = y 2 , y3 = y 3 ,
(6.48) ,
(6.49) (6.11).
,
,

V0 = 1/(1 v 2 /2 )1/2 .
(6.46) , ..
(6.46) - . (6.48) , ~v
,
, ~v .

k
yk = ykk + y
,

ykk = yp v k v p /v 2 ,

k
y
= yp ( kp v k v p /v 2 ),

(6.50)

k
ykk - ~v , y
- ~v . , k
k
= y
.
y k : ykk = V 0 ykk , y

yk = y k y p

k p
vk vp
pv v
+
y
V 0.
v2
v2

(6.51) (6.48)


~
1
~v (~v R)
~ + p ~v
~r = R
+ p
1
,
2
v
1 v 2 /c2
1 v 2 /c2

(6.51)

30

6.

~ 2
+ (~v R)/c
t= p
,
1 v 2 /c2

(6.52)

[1], [15],
(6.49) . ,
(6.52) (6.48) , .. . (6.46) , .. v
.
,
. :


(
) .
, . [13], "
- "
.

6.5. -
, ,
. (6.25)
, -
. - , ,
.
- , - (6.35) (6.36), , , S = 0 . v k
- , [133], ,

vk =

cdy k
,
(g00 )1/2 (dy 0 + (g0k /g00 )dy k )

(6.53)

31

6.5. -

,
,
- .
(6.25)

v 1 = c exp(

a0 y 1 dy 1
)
,
c2 dy 0

v=

11 v 1 v 1 .

(6.54)

(6.35), (6.36)


dy 1
c2
2
1
2
= tan(a0 S/c + 1 ), y =
ln | cos(a0 S/c + 1 ) | +c2 . (6.55)
dS
a0

exp(c2 )
dy 0
=
,
2
dS
cos (a0 S/c2 + c1 )


c2
y0 =
tan(a0 S/c2 + c1 ) + c3 exp(c2 ),
a0
y2 = z2 , y3 = z3 , s = z0 ,
(6.56)
c1 , c2 , c3
.
(6.54) - (6.56) ,

v 1 = c sin(a0 S/c2 + c1 ).

(6.57)

S = 0, v /c = = const.
1

sin c1 = .

(6.58)

S = 0 y 1 z 1 -

af
ln | cos c1 |.
c2

(6.59)



c2  cos(a0 S/c2 + 1 ) 
1
ln
y =
 + f (z , ).
a0 
cos c1

(6.60)

y 1 (0) = f (z 1 , ),

c2 =

f (z 1 , ) ( (6.35)
(6.36) ) c3
, -
, :
 0 2  1 2
y y
y
y
g00 (z ) =
g
=
g

= 1,

00
z 0 z 0
z 0
z 0
y 0 y 0
y 1 y 1
g01 (z ) =
g00 0 1 = 0,
0
1
z z
z z

32

6.

g11 (z ) = g00

y 0
z 1

2

y 1
z 1

2


2
f
=
cos2 (a0 z 0 /c2 + c1 ). (6.61)
z 1

g01 = 0
2

c3
f
= c3 1 ,
a0 z 1
z

(6.62)



a0 f
c3 = exp
(),
c2

(6.63)

() . f (z 1 , ) ()
, .. ,
a0 (6.39)
.

() = tan c1 ,

f (z 1 , ) =

z1
.
cos c1

(6.64)

-


c2  cos(a0 z 0 /c2 + c1 ) 
z1
1
y =
ln 
+
 cos c1 ,
a0
cos c1


a0 z 1
c2
0
cos c1 exp 2
y =
a0
c cos c1



1
a
0z
0 2
,
tan (a0 z /c + c1 ) tan c1 exp 2
c cos c1

sin c1 = v0 /c = .

(6.65)

(6.65) a0 0, ,
.

z 1 z 0
y1 = p
,
1 2

z 0 z 1
y0 = p
.
1 2

(6.66)

c1 = 0, z = x (6.37), (6.38).
(6.65) (6.25),

dS 2 = (dz 0 )2

cos2 (a0 z 0 /c2 + c1 )

(dz 1 )2 (dz 2 )2 (dz 3 )2 .
cos2 c1

(6.67)

33

6.5. -

-
, (6.65), (6.37) (6.38) y 1 y 0 .

x0 =

U=

c2
arcsin[sin z0 tan c1 cos z0 exp(
z 1 )],
a0


c2 1
x1 =
z ln | cos c1 U |
a0

q
1 + 2 tan z0 tan c1 exp(
z 1 ) tan2 c1 exp(2
z 1 ),

z0 = a0 z 0 /c2 + c1 ,

z1 =

a0 z 1
,
c2 cos c1

x2 = z 2 ,

x3 = z 3 .

(6.68)

(6.68) - ,
,
. a0 0 .

z 1 z 0
,
x1 = p
1 2

z 0 z 1
x0 = p
.
1 2

(6.69)

(6.68)

z 0 + c1 c2 /a0 = u0 ,

z 1 / cos c1 = u1 ,

z 2 = u2 ,

z 3 = u3 , (6.70)

(6.67)

dS 2 = (du0 )2 cos2 (a0 u0 /c2 )(du1 )2 (du2 )2 (du3 )2 .

(6.71)

(6.68) z0
z1 u0 u1 z0 = a0 u0 /c2 , z1 = a0 u1 /c2 ,
, (6.39) ,
, (6.39) (6.71).
- ,
, [11]:

-
- , . -
,
- .
- .

34

6.

- , ,
" 

 0 

#
u a0
a0 u1
c2
u0 a0
0
,
arcsin sin
tan c1 cos
exp
x =
a0
c2
c2
c2

x1 = u1
s
P =

1 + 2 tan

u0 a0
c2


tan c1 exp

a0 u1
c2

c2
ln | cos c1 P |,
a0

tan2 c1 exp


2a0 u1
.
c2
(6.72)

(6.72) - - .

6.6. -
- ,
- , . - , ,
. , , - .
- ,
. .
. "
- ,
.
- (6.39), ,
a0 = 0 , . , xk
t - .
- , "" - t = f (z k , T ) ,
xK = (z r ) ( .. [12] - ),
0 = 0.

6.6. -

35

, "" (6.39). 3
-
: ( )
( ).
. , , ,
. , .
, , -
. (6.37),
(6.38) - , (6.40)
- .
, , ,
- (6.39).
, , - (6.37),
(6.38).
(6.39) (6.11) - (6.39).
, [135]. ,
, , , , . , .

( ), ( ), , .
, , . ,
: , ( )
(6.11) ,
( ), , (6.39).
,
. ( )
. -

36

6.

. ,
""
" ". .., n
m, m .
, m n .
(6.12) (6.41), (6.12) t T , T
- , , T t .
r



a0 2 T 2
c
.
(6.73)
arccos exp 1 1 +
t=
a0
c2
- (6.39)

dS 2 = g00 c2 dT 2 g11 (dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 ,



2
2 1/2
exp 2(1 (1 + ) )


 ,
g00 =
(1 + 2 ) 1 exp 2(1 (1 + 2 )1/2 )

g11



2 1/2
= exp 2(1 (1 + ) ) ,

a0 T
.
c

(6.74)

(6.25),
[133]

1
(g00 )1/2 y 0
c

(6.40), (6.41), (6.73).

s


c
c
2
1/2
=
1 exp 2(1 (1 + ) )
=
sin(a0 t/c).
a0
a0

(6.75)

, ""
- ,
- ,
. a0 0 (6.74) ( (6.39)) , (6.39)
(6.74) .

6.6. -

37

"" 0 = 10 /2 .
(6.75),
m = (c/a0 ) ln ( + (1 + 2 )1/2 ) [133] (0 /).
(6.75)
, . (6.75)
" , .
, , = c/a0 = 347.22 . ,
, ,

, . (6.73), (6.75) , -
t = c/(2a0 ).
. 1 t a0 t/c T a0 T /c, (6.73). ,
, "" /2,
tmax = 347.22 .
.2
a0
T 1(T ) =
c
T a0 T /c

T 2(T ) =

m a0
a0 T
= arsinh
.
c
c

, ""
T 2(T ) = 1, max = 347.22 .
[133]

m =

c
2a0 T
ln
.
a0
c

, t = c/(2a0 ) ,

38

6.

. 1:

. 2: :
T 2(T ) , T 1(T )

6.6. -

39

- l


Z t s
c2
x1 x1
g11
dt = (1 cos(a0 t/c)) =
l=
t t
a0
0

c2
= (1 exp 1
a0

!
a0 2 T 2
1+
.
c2

(6.76)

(6.39) (6.41).
t = /20 l = c2 /a0 . l -
(6.39) (6.46), .
(6.76) (6.11) (6.12)
t T ,
!
r

Z T s
a20 T 2
x1 x1
c2
g11
1+ 2 1 .
dT =
(6.77)
l1 =
T T
a0
c
0

l = a0 t2 /2, l1 = a0 T 2 /2,
T .
. 3


q
2 2
1 exp 1 1 + a0c2T
l(T )
q
=
F (T ) =
,
l1 (T )
a2 T 2
1 + 0c2 1

(6.77a)

(6.76) (6.77).
(6.42) ,
(6.75), c , -

v
.
a0

(6.78)

c, ,
. > c/a0

40

6.

. 3: -
, .. "" - .

[12]. u1 [16]
1/2

u1 =

cg00 dx1
cdx1
= 1/2
= c tan(a0 t/c),
k
g0k dx
g00 dT

s

gi0 gj0
u=
gij ui uj = c sin(a0 t/c),
g00

(6.79)

(6.80)

(6.42).

. -, . ,
( )

6.6. -

41

10 /c2 , , . ,
-, ,
. :
1.
a0
( ) [133].
2. , .
:
1. , x . x(T )
T
[133], (6.77)
!
r

Z T s
a20 T 2
x1 x1
c2
g11
1 + 2 1 . (6.81)
dT =
x(T ) = l1 =
T T
a0
c
0
T1 - ( ). cT0 = x(T1 ), T0 = 4
.
(6.81),

r
T1 = T0
.

1+

2c
= 1.215T0 = 4.86
a0 T0

(6.82)

1 ,
, [133]

1 =
.

c
a0 T1
arsinh
= 0.555T0 = 2.22
a0
c

(6.83)

v(T1 ) T1

v(T1 ) = q

a0 T1
1+

a20 T12
c2

= 0.981c.

(6.84)

2. , , - . ,

42

6.

, " "(, , ), .
, , . .

(6.73). ,
(6.73), (6.82) ,
 t1 T1 ,

r



a0 2 T12
c
=
arccos exp 1 1 +
t1 =
a0
c2



a0 T0
c
= 0.37T0 = 1.48.
(6.85)
arccos exp
=
a0
c
.
2
(6.75)

2 =

c
sin(a0 t1 /c) = 0.238T0 = 0.952 = 347.17cym
a0

(6.86)

.
, .
, 347
.
4 347.17 ,
347.22
. , 72 , 10 /2 ,
. ,
- , 10 /2
, - 347 1 12
, c2 /a0 = 9 1012 , , 9.46 1012 . -
(6.46). -
, , ( ) ,
. , ,
, -

43

6.6. -

. x, . c2 /a0 = 9 1012 -
x,
.
, - / ,

.
(6.77) T = T1 . (6.82),


1 exp a0cT0
l(T1 )
=
,
(6.77b)
F (T1 ) =
a0 T0
l1 (T1 )
c
,


T0
1 exp c2 /a0
l(T1 )
F (T1 ) =
=
,
cT0
l1 (T1 )
c2 /a

(6.77c)

cT0 = 4 9.46 1012 =37.84 1012 , c2 /a0 = 9 1012 ,

F (T1 ) =

1 exp(4.2)
= 0.2345.
4.2

(6.77d)

, , , 4.26
, , " . ,
, , ,
.
, , .
,
( )
. , , , , , (6.16) (6.17).
, L0
-
L,
r
a2 T 2
L = L0 1 + 0 2 1 = 5.2L0 .
(6.87)
c

44

6.

5.2 . ,
, .

.

6.7.
,
,
. .. (6.74) ,
~e
:

e() = p

|g |

e()
=

p
|g |,

(6.88)

.
"". ,
u(k) , , ,
(k)

u(k) = c

e dx
dx(k)
= c (0)
.
(0)
dx
e dx

p


|g11 |dx1
a0 t
(1)
= c sin
.
u = cp
c
|g00 |dx0

(6.89)

(6.90)

,

- :

1. , , ,
, , (6.25),
F (y ).
2. (6.37), (6.38) - , (6.39).
3. (6.73) - .
4. (6.88), F()() (x ) (6.74).

45

6.7.

4 .
- . -
.

, -
(6.39). F , " " . ,
~ , x1 ,
E

F(0)(1) = F(1)(0) = E = const.

(6.91)

(10.87)

F01 = F10 = E cos(a0 x0 /c2 ),

(6.92)

, ,
, (6.39).
-
[133]

F
F
F
+
+
= 0,

x
x
x



1

4

gF
= j.

g x
c

(6.93)

(6.93),

g = cos(a0 x0 /c2 ),

F 01 = g 00 g 11 F01 =

E
,
cos(a0 x0 /c2 )

1 ( gF 10 )

0,
g
x0

(6.94)

mc

DV
e
= F V .
ds
c

(6.95)

, , 4- (6.45)
(6.43) (6.1) - (6.5)

46

6.

V V = F = V
F1 =

a0
,
c2


V


V
 ,
x
= = 0,

a0
tan(a0 t/c),
c2
a0 2
g F F = 4 .
c

F0 =

(6.92) (6.95),

a0 =

eE
.
m

(6.96)

, ,
, - . ,
(6.25).
(6.40),
x x
F .
F (y ) =
y y

F01 = E exp(a0 y 1 /c2 ).

(6.97)

""
F()() = e() e() F ,
(6.98)

F(0)(1) = E = const.

(6.99)

- ,
, . , ,
~.
E
, :
1. , . (6.12), (6.13)
(6.14), (6.15).

6.7.

47

2. , - (6.39) (6.74).
(6.40) ( (6.12),
). - (6.25).
, " , - " " ".
,
- , . -
, , (6.11),
, . [1], ,
. ,
- - ,
. ,
- (
- ), - (6.74) (6.11), -
( ) .

[1]. , - ,
,
. , .. .
dx - - , , (6.74) (6.11)
. ,
- . (6.11) (6.74)
, , , - ,
~ ,
A
(6.11)
(6.74) [1]. (6.11) . , ,
- , " ".

48

6.

5. , , - (6.74), (6.88),
(6.11).
- .
,
,
- (6.98) (6.11).
, ""
- ,
(
[17], [18]), , - ,
.

.
2E , D1 = E ,
a0 = Ee/m. "
. T = 2Ee. ,
(6.95)
e
DV
= F V .
mc
ds
c

(6.13) (6.15) ( a0 2a0 ).

(6.25) ( ) (6.93) (6.25) ( ).



a0 y 1

F01 = E1 = D1 exp 2
= D1 g00 , D1 = E = const.
c

(6.100)

49

6.7.

4- (6.2)


q
a0
eE
dV 1
12
2 1+V
=
1 + V 12.
dS
c
mc2

(6.101)

eE/m = a0 , a0 /c2 = ,

V 1 = tan x(S)

(6.102)



1
dV 1
1 dx
1
=
=

+
.
dS
cos2 x dS
cos2 x cos x

(6.103)

(6.103) , x = 0, S = 0,
 
x
= S,
(6.104)
tan
2
V 1

V1 =

dy 1
2S
=
.
dS
1 2 S 2

(6.105)

V 0 4- , (6.105) .


dy 0
1 + 2 S 2
a0 y 1
0
V =
=
exp
.
(6.106)
dS
1 2 S 2
c2
(6.105) (6.106) , S = 0 y 1 = x1 ,

y 1 = x1



c2 
a0 2 S 2 
ln 1
,
a0
c4 

y0 =

S exp(a0 x1 /c2 )
,
1 a0 2 S 2 /c4

(6.107)

x1 - , S/c - .
(6.25) ( ),
2

dS2 = dS 2 (1 S 2 2 )dx1 2SdSdx1 dx2 dx3 .

(6.108)

50

6.

(6.108) ,
S = exp(a0 x1 /c2 ),
, [363], . y 0 ,
y k xk (6.25) .
, .. ,
, ,
. ,

y 1 = x1 + a0 t2 ,

,

a0 .
, "" . , , (6.7)
: ,
- .
, - .

6.8. , ,
, r0 , 0 , z0 , t0 r, , z ,
t :

r0 = r,

0 = + t,

z0 = z,

t0 = t,

z .



2 r 2 2 2
2
c dt 2r2 ddt dz 2 r2 d2 dr2 .
dS = 1 2
c

(6.109)

, r/c < 1. [19] ( [87]

) , , .. , ,
c r > c/ .

51

6.8. , ,

, .
[20], [88], ,
,
, .
. ,
.
e [21] , r
c, r/c  1 v = r. , (
) v = r,
= const, (6.109). r , v(r) < c
.
, (6.1) (6.7)
= 0 ,
.

2 2
= const.
c2

(6.110)

, ,

V 1 = V 2 = V 3 = 0, V 0 = D1/2 , V1 = V3 = 0, V2 = P V 0
dS 2 = D(r)c2 dt2 2P (r)cdtd dz 2 r2 d2 dr2 ,
g22 = r2 , g33 = 1,
P
r2
k= g = P 2 r2 D K, g 00 = , g 02 =
K
K
D
K 1/2
g 11 = 1, g 22 = , 12 =
,
K
cD1/2

g00 = D,
det k g

g02 = P,

F1 =

g11 = 1,

1 dD
,
2D dr

F 2 = F 3 = F 0 = 0.

(6.111)

(6.1)


1/2
P dD dP

2
2

= 2
Dr + P
.
D dr
dr
c

(6.112)

52

6.

(6.7)
(6.112), ,


1/2

dD
= 2 DP Dr2 + P 2
.
dr
c

(6.113)

(6.110) , [12],

i =

c ijk
e jk ,
1/2

e123 = 1,

(6.114)

= det k kl k, kl (6.3)
[133]

kl = gkl +

g0k g0l
.
g00

(6.115)

(6.110) [21].


1

2 r 2
.
= 1 2
c
(6.112) (6.113) , ,
(6.112) (6.113) (6.109), -, . 0 =
+ (r)t (r), (r)r < c,
, .
(6.111) , 0 r ,
-.
(6.112), (6.113) . , r/c  1 (6.111)
(6.109). r/c  1 (6.112),
(6.113)


2r
c
D = D0 exp
, P =
.
(6.116)
c

6.8. , ,

53

r/c > 10 D0 = 5, = 1.7. r (6.111) ,

, [133].
g00 > 0, g ,
, , , .

cP
,
(6.117)
a = c2 F 1 =
Dr2 + P 2
r , r a =
c.
(6.111), (6.112), (6.113)
"
#
2 D
DP 2 r2
D2 P r
2
2
R10,10 =
2P Dr +

,
2
Kc
K
cK 3/2
"
#
Dr Dr3
R20,20 = 1/2
P ,
cK
cK 1/2
"
!#
P
r
Dr2
P Dr

2+
,
R12,10 =
cK
c
K
K 1/2

R12,12 =

P2
2 D2 r6
Dr3 P
+

2
.
K 2 c2
K
cK 3/2

C R = g g R,
(
"
!#
2DP 2
r2 D
2 r2
Dr2
R=
1 2
1 2 2+
K2
c
K
P
!)
rP
2Dr2
+ 1/2 1
.
P2
K c

(6.118)

(6.119)

, (6.115),
!
P2
2
2
r2 d2 + dz 2 .
(6.120)
dl = dr + 1 + 2
r D
z = const
"
!#
P2
2 r2 P 2
2K
P 2 Dr2
P2
+ 2
2 +
2
12,12 =
K
c
Dr2
r D
K
K

54

6.

!
rP
+ 3/2 2Dr2 P 2 .
cK

(6.121)

P12,12
2 .
11 22 12

(6.122)

DP 2
2
2 P 2
DP r
= 2 2 2 + 2
+ 5/2 2Dr2 P 2
K
c
c K
K c
P2
+ 2
K

!
P 2 Dr2

D 2 r2
.
c2 K

(6.123)

r = 2 /c2 .
,

dS 2 = D(r)c2 dt2 dz 2 dr2 ,

(6.124)

(6.116) (6.117) (10.25) a0 = c.


2r 2 2
2
c dt dz 2 dr2 ,
(6.125)
dS = D0 exp
c
, . ,
. ,
(6.25) ,
.

(6.109).
(6.112) (6.113).
:

r
,
c

D Z,

Px
.
r

(6.126)

55

6.8. , ,

(6.112) (6.113)

dY
2Zx2
=
,
dx
Zx2 + Y 2

(6.127)

2ZY
dZ
=
.
dx
Zx2 + Y 2

(6.128)

U ,

Y
U ,
x Z

(6.129)

U
2 + U2
dU
+
=
,
dx
x
1 + U2

(6.130)

2U
1 dZ
=
.
Z dx
1 + U2

(6.131)

, ,

U
1 + U2

(6.132)

dv
v
+ (1 v 2 ) = (2 v 2 )(1 v 2 ),
dx x
 Z x

Z = D(x) = exp 2
v(x)dx .

(6.133)
(6.134)

v(x). , (6.120)

dl2 = dr2 +

1
r2 d2 + dz 2 .
1 v2

(6.135)

dl2 = dr2 +

1
1

2 r 2
c2

r2 d2 + dz 2 .

(6.136)

(6.135) (6.136) ,
v(x)
-, - .

56

6.

(6.120) (6.136), P(x).

p
xv(x) D(x) c
.
(6.136a)
P (x) = p
1 v(x)2
(6.133). v ,
, v = x,
. D(x)
 Z

D = exp 2 vdx = exp(x2 ) = 1 x2 ,
(6.137)
(6.109).
(6.133) , x v = 1.
, .
(6.133) . . 100 v(x).
, x, v(x) x,
x, v(x) 1
x v(x)

v(x) = 1 (x),

(x)  1.

(6.138)

2 , (x)

1x
d
= 2
.
dx
x

(6.139)

= 0 x2 e2x ,

v(x) = 1 0 x2 e2x ,

(6.140)

0 - .
D(x)


2x 2
D(x) = D0 exp 2x e
(x + x + 1/2) ,

(6.141)

D0 = 5 (6.116) ( (6.116)
(6.141) ).
P (x)
s
D0 c
P =
, 0 = 1.73,
(6.142)
0

6.8. , ,

57

. 4:
0 (6.116). , D(x) P0 (x) = P (x) /c
. 5. (6.109) (6.111), , D(x) Dk (x) = 1 x2 ,
P0 (x) Pk = x2 .
Dk (x) 0 < 1, D(x)
0 x .
, ,
. 4 .
. "", ( )
.
1

1 =

r
2r
2cT0
=
=
= 9173.45.
c
cT
cT

58

6.

. 5:
4 . 2

2 =

2 r
2r
2cT0
=
=
= 8 = 25.13.
c
cT2
cT2

,
(6.109),
.
(6.111), .
. ,
. [133],
. ,

, ,
Z

I
1
g02
2
vr

t =
d =
exp
vdx .
(6.143)
c
g00
c 1 v2

6.8. , ,

59

, c, , [22] ( ).
, , .
,
. ,
, .
t0
t.
Z

vr
4

exp
vdx .
(6.144)
t0 =
c 1 v2
v = x
[22].
4S
t0 = 2 ,
(6.145)
c
S - .

t0 =

4
exp (2x).
D0

(6.146)

.
- , . c.
. [21] .
[21] .
{x },
= 1, 2, 3, 4, x4 = ict. ,
, - .
, x3 . h () , ~h(4)
4 - V , ..

ih (4) = V .

(6.147)

(6.147) ,

ih (4)h (a) = i(4a) = V (a) = 0,

(6.148)

.. , (6.147),
.

60

6.

4 -

Va = V (r)ak nk ,

V3 = 0,

V4 = p

i
1

v 2 /c2

1
, V (r) = p
,
c 1 v 2 /c2

xk
, r2 = x21 + x22 , ak = ka , 12 = 1. (6.148)
r
v(r) .
, (6.4) .
= [ V] V[ F] ,
(6.149)
a, k = 1, 2,

nk =

(ab) = [ V] h (a)h (b).

(6.150)

, ~h(3) x3 , ha (2)
na .
~h(3) ~h = (3), ~h2 ~ha = ha (2) = na .
(6.151)
~h(3) (ab) (a, b = 1, 2)
, ~h(3)
.

h ()h () = (),

iV4 n2
n1

h () =
0
iV4 n2

iV4 n1
n2
0
iV n1

0
iV
0
0
,
1
0
0 iV4

(6.152)

(6.153)

(6.153) - , - . (6.150)

(ab) =

0
(ab),
c

(ab) = (ba),

(12) = 1,

(6.154)

, . 0

. ,
0
(ab) =
[h (1)h (2) h (2)h (1)].
(6.155)
c
, ~h(3) ~h(4), , ~h(1) ~h(2) .

6.8. , ,

61

, (6.155) ~h(1) ~h(2). ,

~h(3) ~h(4) ~h(1) vech(2) x1 x2 . (0 )
x1 x2

cos sin 0 0
sin cos 0 0
(0 ) =
,
(6.156)
0
0
1 0
0
0
0 1

h (0 ) = (0 )h () =
iV4 n2 cos + n1 sin
iV4 n2 sin + n1 cos

0
iV n2

0 iV cos
0 iV sin
.
1
0
0
iV4
(6.157)
, h (0 )
(6.155). . , : ~h(3),
, ~h(4), 4-. .

iV4 n1 cos + n2 sin

iV4 n1 sin + n2 cos
0
iV n1

. , .
(6.154) 0 = const, ,
V
V3
2i0 V4
V
+ +
=
.
(6.158)
r
r
r
c
v

v v
+ = 20 (1 v 2 /c2 ).
r
r

(6.159)

[19], [20]. (6.159) , v(0) = 0

 


20 r 
c2 d

v(r) =
ln I0
(6.160)
,
20 dr 
c
I0 (x) - [51]. ,
x2
1 x4
I0 (x) = 1 +
+ 2 4 + ...
4
2! 2

62

6.

v(r) =

0 r
0 r.
1 + 02 r2 /c2

(6.161)

0 r/c  1,
r
1 x
e ,
I (x) =
2x



c
v c 1
< c.
(6.162)
40 r
, (6.160)
, .
, .
. ,
(r) v(r)
 


c2 d
20 r 
v(r)

(6.163)
=
ln I0
(r) =

r
20 r dr 
c
r0 , 0 , z0 , t0 r, , z ,
t :

r0 = r,

0 = + (r)t,

z0 = z,

t0 = t,

(r) z r,


2 r 2 2 2
c dt 2r2 ddt dz 2 r2 d2
dS 2 = 1 2
c


 2 
d
2
2 2 d
2r t (d + dt) dr 1 + r t
dr
dr
2

(6.164)

dl2 (6.115),


r d + dr 1
2

dl = dz +

2 r 2
c2

2 2

+r t
1

2 r 2
c2

d
dr

2 

+ 2r2 drdt d
dr
. (6.165)

6.8. , ,

63

, , ..
, . , - .
" ..
(6.148), r = r0 , x3 . (6.154)

(ab) = 0,

r > r0 .

(6.166)

1
(6.167)

~ = ~v = 0,
2
. , , ,
.
(6.158)

V
V3
V
+ +
= 0,
r
r
r
r > r0
r0
V = p
,
r 1 r02 /r2

(6.168)

(6.169)

v=c

r0
,
r

va = vab nb .

(6.170)

, [1]
.
. 4-
(6.148), , v = v(r, t). 4-

dV
= a ,
dS

p
dS = cdt 1 v 2 /c2

(6.171)

, (6.153),

dV
a0 (b)
= 2 ,
(6.172)
h (b)
dS
c

64

6.

a0 (b) - , .
(10.172)

a0 (2)
V2
=
,
r
c2

V
a0 (1)
.
=
x4
c2

(6.173)

(6.173) a0 (2) = 0 (r, t)2 r,

V =

0 (r, t)r
,
c

0
a0 (1)
=
= 0 (r, t).
t
r

0 r
v(r, t) = p
,
1 + o20 r2 /c2

(6.174)

(6.175)

0 (6.174), 0 (r, t). , 0 = 0,

(6.175) r
0 . 0 = 0 (t) t = 0 0 = 0,

Rt

0 (x)dx

2 .
R
2
t
1 + rc2 0 0 (x)dx

v(r, t) = s

(6.176)

0 = const,

v(r, t) = q

0 rt
1+

20 r 2 t2
c2

(6.177)

,
. , .

, ,
.

65

6.9.

6.9.
, -. (6.1), (6.7) ,
. , , , , "" .
[23],

g = g g g = 0,

(6.178)

,
.
(6.178) ,

..
+ T
=
,


1
= g g + g g ,
2
..
..
..
..
T
= S
S.
+ S.
,
..
S

[] .

(6.179)
(6.180)
(6.181)
(6.182)

, (6.179) ..
S
. (6.178) - (6.181)

g = g
g
g = 0.

(6.183)

,
(6.180).

(6.6) (6.7)

R,.
V 2S.
a = 2[ a] ,

a V .

R,.
= 2[ ] + 2[|| ] .

(6.184)
(6.185)

[24], (6.185)

,.
[ T
R,.
= R
+ 2
]

66

6.

+ 2S.
T].
T.
.
+2T[||.

(6.186)

(6.1), (6.184), (6.186)

V = 2
[ a] 2T a]
R
,.
[||.



[ T + T T S.
+2V
T
. ,
].
[||. ].

(6.187)

R
,.  - ,
(6.180).
(6.1)

V = T.

V + + + V F .

(6.188)

, ,
,
g , V , S
.

7.1. ...

67

, , ,
-,
( ) . -, . .

7.1

,
,
, ,
- . , , , , - , .
.
,
,
,
[25], [26].

() .. [12] [18].
, ( ), . "" ,

68

7.

, ( ), 4 - V , .
.

x = (y k , 0 ),

(7.1)

x - , y - ,
, (1/c) 0 -
, , . , ,
-

k
0
. (7.1) y ,
. , x / 0

x /y k . (7.1)
, "" "" ,

4- y k 0 .
,



,
h
=
= V ,
hk = V V

0
0
y k

y k

, h0 = V .
(7.2)
x
[23]

hk =

= h

= h

,

y

(7.3)

y
/
,

= hk
(7.4)
= = V ,

0
0
k

x
x
y

y
(7.3) , .
= h

+ h h h ,

(7.4a)

7.1. ...

69

- .
C .

C.
= [
=
]




 1
h
h
h
1 h
h h = h h

. (7.5)


2
2
x
x
y
y

[23],

)
+ T ,

T = C + g
+ gg C
g C
. . (7.6)
.

- , . , (11.2)
,
[23]
...

+ 2 + 2C 0.
R
(7.7)
= 2[

[|
| ]

]
(7.6) (7.7)

[ T 2T T 2C T .
... = 2
R

[|
| ]

(7.8)

(7.8)
n
o

g = g h h ,

g00 = 1,

g0k = 0,

(7.9)

g -
. ,
.

, (7.6).
,
...
R

.
[23]

2
2

= 2C
.

y

y

y
y
y

(7.10)

70

7.

,
. ,
,
(7.2),

Ck0l = kl ,

2C00k = Fk ,

Ck = 0,

(7.11)

Fk = F hk .

kl = hk hl ,

(7.12)

(7.12) (6.4)
(6.5), 4 -
. (7.11) (7.10)

2
2

= Fk .

k
0
0
k

y 0
y y
y y

2
2

= 2lk ,

k
l
l
k

y 0
y y
y y

(7.13)

(7.13)
[27]. (7.9), (7.6) (7.2)
( ) () ( )
( )

00

()
=
n

kn l ,

0
n

0k

k
l

= kn ,

k
0
= Tm
= 0,
Tm
= Tk

l,k

l.
0.

= kl ,

= 0,

00

T00k.
,
= Fk

T0kl. = Tlk0 = kl. ,

kl + kl = hk hl V ,

T0k0. = F k ,

Tk0l = kl .

(7.14)
(7.15)

, y 0 ,







m
n
FF F, (7.16)

m
m
k
l
k
l
l
n
l
n
k

k
+ k
l
k l
0
y
, ,

F .

[k l]
0 kl
y

(7.17)

71

7.1. ...

(7.16)





m
n
F F F.
g
ln + ln
km
+
m
+ k

(k l)
k l
0 kl
y

(7.18)

,
, ,
. ,
- . ,

...
... + R
... + R
R
,

,
"
= 2 C.

+ C
.

(
+ C.

)#

(7.18a)

R
R
R
...
... +
... +

,
,

... + 2C R
... ,
... + 2C R
= 2C.
R
,

.
.
,

(7.19)

.
(7.8)

( )
  ( )
 

...

R
= 2[
+2
+ 2C

[|
|

K...

2C.

 
.

(7.20)

K...
,
, . .

72

7.

(7.6) (7.3), . ,

g = 0.
g =
(7.21)

] g = C
[
0=
K
) .

,(
y

(7.22)

(7.20),

,(

) = 0.

(7.23)

(7.18)
,

= C
R
[
]

+ C
.

(
+ C.

)
.

(7.24)

(7.24) , .
,
6= R

R
(7.25)

,
.
, ,
-.


+R

=1 R
(7.26)
R

,
,

2
, -. , ,

+R

= 0,
R
(7.27)

,
+ R
,

. R

= C 0
R
+

R
,

. 0
y

+C0.

g
g
g

0
+ C0 .
+ C
.

0
0
0

y
y
y

(7.28)

7.1. ...

73

= ac qa 2 cq,
R
a
b,
cq
qb
b
c
a
b
= 2
[a + 2 Fc 1 Fac + 1 Fa ,
R
a
b,
c0
b]
c
a
b
cb
2 b
2
= FFc
Fc) 2nc)n + n cn .
R
0b,
c0
b
(b
(b
b.

(7.29)

=R
2q[a ,
R
b]
c
a
b,
cq
a
b,
cq

(7.30)

- R
a
b,
cq
. . (7.29) (7.30)
= 2q[a + ac qa 2 cq.
R
b
c
a
b
b]
c
qb
a
b,
cq

(7.31)

(7.31)
[28].

V = h V = 0 ,

V = 0 =
[

V T 
V,
V T 
[
=
[|
|. ]
]
[
]. 
V = + ,

k l
kl
kl

V = F,

0 l
l

V =
V = 0.

0 0
k 0

(7.32)

(7.32)

[a +
[a = Fc.

b]
c
b]
c
a
b

(7.33)

a
, b, c (7.33), , (7.33),

a +
ca +
c + Fa + Fca + Fc 0.

b
c
b
a
b
b
c
b
a
b

(7.34)

[12].
(7.18) (7.33), (7.29)

=
[a 1 Fac + 1 Fa ,
R
a
b,
c0
b]
c
cb
2 b
2

= bc + n .
R
c b
0b,
c0
n
0
y

(7.35)

74

7.

(7.29) (7.35) , .
1

= bc + nn + 2nc + R
R
b
c
b
n
b
c
b
c
0
y
Fc) 2nc)n + nc. ,
Fb Fc
(b
n
b
(b
a a 2 F a 1 Fa + 1 Fcc
=
R
b0
a
b
a
b
b.
2
2 b
1
1
a a
aa + Faa F a ,

b
a
b
b
2 b
2
=
R
00

b
n F n + bn .
n cn c Fn F n
n
b

(7.36)

= 2Fn F n 2
n F n bn .
R
n
b
(7.19) .


1 


R
[]
R g R =
2




[
]

 , .

+ C,
+R
+2C.
R
R

(7.37)

(7.38)

(7.38) , ,
,
,
.
..
[12], , [12].

1
1
ab = Dab , c = Aca , aa = D,
c
c
1 n
1 a
1
1 a

c = Dc , c. = Ac. , Fb = 2 Fb , F = 2 F ,
c
c
c
c

gab = hab ,

1 , . , [133] [135]
,
[23]. [23], [135]
, [133]
.
[133], [23] , [135] .

7.1. ...

=
,

xk
y

1
=
.
0
c t
y

75

(7.38a)

(7.36),





Dik
Dij + Aij
Dkj + Ajk. + DDik Dij Dkj
t
ik 0,
(i Fk) 1 Fi Fk + c2 R
+3Aij Ajk. +
2
c


j hij D Dij Aij + 2 Fi Aij 0,

c2

D
j F j 1 Fj F j 0.
+ Djk Dkj + Ajk Akj +
(7.39)
t
c2
(7.39) , . .
. ,
, .
- .
,
, (7.8) ,
. . ,
(7.33)

[a
Vc = 1 R0 .

b]
2 ab,c.
a
c, b,

b
0
R .
-, ,
, . 4- V , - , (6.1) . (7.1) ,

76

7.

"" , ,
4- x y k ,
,
, . "" ,
.
. (6.11) (7.2)
2

dS 2 = dy 0 + g

n k
dy dy ,
y n y k

g
= g V V .

(7.40)

g
- ,
.

dy 0 = d 0 + V

n
dy = V dx .
y n

(7.41)

(7.41) , dy 0 , .. y 0
- .
(7.40) ,

dy 0 = V dx ,
, - .
[12] [29].

Vk = V

dy k
= 0,
d 0

= gk V = gk0 V 0 = k0 ,
g00

V k = hk V =

y k

(7.42)



gn 0 gk0

2
dl =
gn k dy n dy k .
(7.43)
g00
(7.43) [133]. , (7.42) (7.43)
(7.2).

7.1. ...

77

. , -
.
(7.6) .

(7.9)

)
=

1
g ),
g ( g
+ g

.

y

(7.44)

, (7.44)
, (7.44)
. , c (7.2)

+ L ,
= h =
x
y
s

V = h V = 0 ,

L V V ,

V = V

x
,
y

(7.45)

y 0

0 s .
(7.45) , L0 = 0.
(7.6) (7.45)
n
o
=
+ T , T = L + L L ,

g
1
,
2 s

00 = 0k = 0,

(7.46)

- ,

(7.9). ,
(7.6),
+ ,
=

= T + T .

(7.47)

78

7.

(7.7) (7.47), (7.45) (7.6)

...

+ 2[
R
]

= 2[
]

+ 2[|
0.
(7.48)
+ 2C
| ]

s
(7.48)

+2L[

,
+ 2
... = 2[
K

[|
| ]

(7.49)

-. (7.48)
(7.49)

...
K

2[ ]

2[|

| ]

2C

+ 2L[

(7.50)

(7.50) :
1. (7.50)
( )
,
.
2. , ()
(7.50), , .
, : , (7.3), n o

,

,
(7.6)
(7.46).

, ,
(7.9)
. , . (7.3)
(7.9),

g = g g g

g 0.
,

(7.51)

79

7.1. ...

(7.6) (7.51)

g =
g + T g + T g

(7.52)

2
g =
g = 0.
,

g + T + T 2L ,
g =

T,
= L + L L

(7.53)

T,
+ T,
2L = 0.

(7.54)

g =
g = g = 0.

(7.55)

,
(7.1), , (7.1) .

, , . ,

. , (7.1), 0 -

. 4 - V

(7.56)
V = ,
0
4 -
.
1
2 =
(7.57)
,
g
0 0
C



V
hk = V V
=
,
, h0 =

y k

2 ,
T

.
n o

80

7.

y k

, h0 = V .
(7.58)
x
(7.3)
(7.6) C
(7.5).
, .
(7.58)

hk =

Ck0l = kl ,

2C00k = Fk

kl = hk hl ,

ln
,
k
y

Ck = 0,

Fk = F hk .

(7.59)

(7.60)

(7.58),

g = g h h ,

g00 =

1
,
2

g0k = 0,

(7.61)

g -
. ,
.

, (7.10),

2
2

= 2lk = 2lk ,

0
k y
l
l y
k
s
y
y
y




1
2
2
ln
ln
=

=
F

. (7.62)

k
0
k y
0
0 y
k
k
k
k
s
y
y
y
y
y





ln 1
ln 1
T0k,
=

,
T
=
F

0
k
00,k
k
k
k
2
2
y
y

1
1
lk , Tkl,0 = kl .
(7.63)

, .

Tm
= Tk

l,k
0,
0 = 0,

T0l,k = Tl0,k =

= h =
+ L ,
x
y
0

7.1. ...


L

0 V ,

V = V

x
.
y

81

(7.64)

(7.6) .
(7.9) (7.44) , (7.44)
, (7.44)
.
, c (7.2)
(7.64)
n
o
=
+ T ,



1

L + L L ,
T
=

g
1
,
2 0

00 = 0k = 0,

(7.65)

- ,

(7.61),
gkl
= 1

,
0,kl
2 0
gn l
= 1

,
n
,0l
2 y 0

g00
= 1
,

0,0l
2 yl

g00
= 1
,

n
,00
2 y n

g00
= 1

,
0,00
2 y 0
n =
n,

kl
kl

(7.65a)

n ,

k
l
kl =
gkl .
(7.49) (7.50). (7.49)

p
= g (m
K

m
k
00
0k,lm

l
l k
),

= P ( ),
K

ik,lm

k l im
km
il
ik,lm




qr
km

K0k,
g00
g kqm

r
0m
=
s


g00
g00
g00
1 2 g00
1 00
n

.
m

k
y n

2 y k y m
2
yl y m

(7.65b)

(7.65), (
.. = 0)

82

7.

,
(. (7.20)).


Z t

a
x =
v( ) d + y a , x0 = ct = 0 .
(7.66)
0

0 .
(7.61)

dS2 =

1 0 2

dy n dy k ,
d
+
g

2
y n y k

g
= g V V .

(7.67)

g
- ,
.

dS2
(7.40) , ,
dy 0 , (7.41),

d 0 = cdt. , . ,
,
,
, , .
1/2 (7.57).
(7.66) (7.66)

dS2 =

1
2
dx0 (nk + Vn Vk )dy n dy k .
V02

(7.68)

C (7.68) .
. [1], y k k
.
-
, , , (7.68),
. [136]

7.1. ...

83

. , ,
.
(7.68)
(7.67)

xa = a (y k , x0 ),

x0 = ct = 0 ,

(7.69)

[25]

k n
dy = dX k ,
y n

(7.70)

, , , t.
.
(7.69)

dS2 =

m n l k
1
2
d 0 (mn + Vm Vn )
dy dy .
2
V0
yl y k

(7.71)

,
(7.69) (7.71)
1. .
, , -, [133].
, r0 , 0 , z0 , t0
r, , z , t :

r0 = r,

0 = + t,

z0 = z,

t0 = t,

z .
(7.71) ,
.


2 r 2 2 2
r2 d2
2
dS2 = 1 2
c dt dr2
(7.72)
2 2 dz .
c
1 c2r

84

7.



2 r 2 2 2
2
c dt 2r2 ddt dz 2 r2 d2 dr2 .
(7.73)
dS = 1 2
c
, r/c < 1 , ( ). :
(7.72) , (7.73) - . t = const (7.72) ""

(7.43). (7.72) (7.73) g0k ,
[133].
t .


2 r 2
2
dt2
(7.74)
d = 1 2
c
, ,
.
(7.72) .
, , :
( ) "".
2. () .
6, ,
: .
,
(6.14), (6.15).
(6.12) (7.71) (

(7.71) y k y k )

dS2 =

c2 dt2
(1 + a0 2 t2 /c2 )(dy 1 )2 + (dy 2 )2 + (dy 3 )2 .
1 + a0 2 t2 /c2

(7.75)

(6.13) (7.71) (c = 1, t )

7.1. ...



a0
dS2 = c2 d 2 cosh2
(dy 1 )2 + (dy 2 )2 + (dy 3 )2 .
c2

85

(7.76)

(7.75) . . [1], , , ,
. , (7.76) (7.75) , (6.13) t = (c/a0 ) sinh(a0 /c).
(7.75) (7.76) (6.14) (6.15) , ( ) ,
(
) "",
(6.16) (6.17).
(6.14) (6.15),
(6.11) (6.12) (6.13), g01 .
, ,
, t = const (6.14)
= const (6.15)
.

,
, ,
"" "", ..
. g0k = 0
g00 = 1 [135] [133].
, ,
. "" !
.

, ,
.
-
.
, - , "" , -

86

7.

, .


. ,
, "" .
" " ""
(.. )
, ""
. . , , .

.
(6.25) (7.76) ?
, -. (6.25) , (7.76) -
-.
(6.25) ,
(7.76)
, -.
, (7.76) ( ) .



0
2
0 = a0 cosh a0
(7.77)
R
01,1.
c4
c2

2

= 2 a0
R
c4

(7.77a)

, ,
, .
[133],
, , .. . "" .
, (7.40)

7.2. , ...

87

dy 0

y k (7.41).
2

dS2 = d 0 + g

n k
dy dy ,
y n y k

g
= g V V ,

(7.78)

(7.40). ,
(.. (7.78))
, (. (7.40).
,
, , ,

-, .

7.2. ,

.
. 4 -
- V . , 4 - U V .
.
(7.2),

1
dU
=
h f .
m0 c
dS

(7.79)

(7.79) m0 - , f - 4 - .
(7.2) - (7.6),

h = h T ,

h = 0

( )

dU
U
= 1 f T U
U
.
+
U

m0 c
dS

(7.80)

(7.81)

, U = V (7.14)

88

7.

(7.81). ,
, - . (7.81) ,



u2
2
2
2
(7.81a)
dS = dy 0 dl2 = 1 2 dy 0 ,
c
u - . (7.14) (7.38),
[27]
r
u2
dE

i k
i
2

1 2.
+ mDik u u mFi u = c V f
(7.82)
d
c
r

dpk
u2

n
k
k
l
.k
k
k

+ n l p u + 2m(Di + Ai )u mF = cf
1 2.
(7.83).
d
c
(7.82) (7.83) :

m0 c2
E=q
,
2
1 uc2

m0 ui

pi = q
,
2
1 uc2

m=

E
,
c2

d =

dy 0
,
c

(7.84)

E - ( (..) [27])
, m - (..) , pi - (..)
. (7.82) (7.83) [27].
. ,
, (7.1)
g
f

V f = f0 = V0 f 0 + Vk f k = g00 f 0 + 0k f k = g0 f = 0 , (7.85).
g00
g00
(7.82) [27]. (7.83) .
,
, .
(7.81) h

,
. (7.14),

U

D
f
K =
2g (U V )U [ V] .
m0 c
dS

(7.86).

7.2. , ...

89

(7.86) K - 4- , 4- U ,
f /(m0 c) - 4- , (7.8) . ,
(7.86) , .
, 4-
4- (7.6).
... (7.8) R

T T T + T T + T T ,
T =

. .
.

.
.

(7.87)

(7.8)

... = 2
[ T 2T T .
R

]
.
[
||.

].

(7.88)

(7.80), (7.88) ,
.

...

... = R,
h h h h R
= 2[ T].
2T[||.
T].
.

(7.89)

T.

T.
= F V V V ( + F V ) + V . + V . .

(7.90)

T, =

1
[F V + F V + F V ],
2

F = 2[ V] .

(7.91)

, , - ,
, . ,
(7.89)
.
(7.89) -, ( ) , (7.6) (7.91).

90

7.

,
.

, 1/c2 . (7.29) (7.36)

= 0,
R
a
b,
cq

0,
R
a
b,
c0

Fc) ,

R
b
c
(b

Fc) ,
R
0b,
c0
(b

0,
R
b0

n F n .

R
00

(7.92)

F b - 4-,

F b = ab /c2 , ab .

n an = 4k,

(7.93)

k - , - .

= 4k , R
= 0, R
= 1
Fc) .
R
(7.94)
00
b0
b
c
2
c
c2 (b
(7.94) ,
- .
. (7.91)

T.

,


V
V

.
(7.95)

T. = F V V V F V = g V
x
x
, . ,

-.

R =

T
F

+ V V F V .

x
x

(7.96)

R = 2

F
+ .
x

(7.97)

91

7.3. ...

G =

F
T

+ V V

x
x

F
1
g .
(7.98)
x
2

F V + g

R =

(F V ) F

.
x
x

(7.99)




(F V ) F

F
[ ]
=

=2 g
+g
F
,
x
x
x
x

(7.100)

g - , (11.40). (7.100) , ,

G
0,
x

(7.101)

7.3

, ,
v 2 /c2 .
(7.40)

dS 2 = 2 dt2 mn

m n
y k

yl

dy k dy l .

(7.102)

(7.102) , gmn = mn , t - . , (7.102)

.
, (7.102)
.
, .

92

7.

, . ,
. ,
t1 , t2 . , , (t2 t1 ). ,
, ,
. ,
,
(7.102). (7.102)
(6.11) xn = n (y k , t), n
x t, ..
. , , ,
-
.
. (6.11)
xn = n (y k , t), xn .
( (7.102)) ,
, g00 g0k .
- . ,
.

(7.102)

kl = mn

m n
y k yl

(7.103)

[30]

d
kl
= 2
kl ,
dt

(7.104)

kl .

y k
k
, dy /dt = 0,

d
kl

kl

kl dy m

kl
=
+ m
=
= 2
kl .

dt
t
y dt
t

(7.105)

93

7.3. ...

,
.

va
va
+ v k k = ga ,
t
x

+
(v a ) = 0.
t
xa

(7.106)

(7.106) xb ,

ga

(ab +ab )+(kb +kb )(ak +ak )+v k k (ab +ab ) =

, (7.107)
t
x
xb

d
ga
(ab + ab ) + (kb + kb )(ak + ak ) =
,
dt
xb

ab



1 va
vb
=
+
,
2 xb
xa

ab



1 va
vb
=

2 xb
xa

(7.108)

(7.109)

(7.109) ab , ab -
.
(7.107) a, b,

a
ga

+
bk
kb =
.
t a
xa

(7.110)

, ab = 0.

va
vb
ab
bb
ab =
=
,
=
.
xb
xa
xb
xa

bb = 0,
a
b a

(7.111)

(7.103).
(7.102) [133] .


1 a

k
b

+
b
k ,
(7.112)
R00 = 2
c t a


1 b b

R0a =
b
a a
b ,
(7.113)
c


1

k
k

Rab = 2
(
) +
ab
k 2
a
bk .
(7.114)
c t ab

94

7.

,

 k

dkl
l
,
(7.115)

ab =
+ 2ml mk
t
dt
y a yb
, (7.114)

 k
l
1 dkl
m

Rab = 2
+ kl m
.
(11.116)
c
dt
y a yb
(7.108),

 k
l
1 gk
m
m

Rab = 2
.
+

kl
km
m
l
c xl
y a yb

(7.117)

, , ga = /xa ,
- , . (7.110), (7.112)

= 4k .
R
00
c2

(7.118)

(7.113) (7.111)

= 0.
R
0
a

(7.119)

(7.117)

 m
= 4k + F , F = g kl + gk
R
a
b
a
b
a
b
c2 ab
xm
xl
 k
l
m
+kl m
km lm
.
(7.120)
y a yb
(7.118) - (7.120) , Fab = 0, ,
[133]. , Fab 6= 0,

.
, , ,
, . (7.103) ,
.

95

7.3. ...

Fab = 0.

(7.121)

- ,

xa
, na na = 1.
(7.122)
va = v(r, t)na , na =
r
(7.106), (7.122), (7.121)

1 v
= ,
r t

1 v v 2
2
+ 2 +
= .
r t
r
r r

(7.123)

:
1.
- , , ,


kM0
1
1
2
= 0, =
, v = 2kM0

+ v02 ,
(7.124)
r
r
r0
M0 - , , v0 -
r = r0 . (7.123) (7.124)

v
= 0,
t

1
v 2 = 2kM0 .
r

(7.125)

(7.125) (7.124) ,
. (7.125),


r=

3c
2

2/3

F 1/3 (t0 t)2/3 ,

2kM0
= rg ,
c2

(7.126)

rg - . , c
,
.
. ""
"" . t0
, t = 0 r = r0 , r0 - . ,
r(r0 , t) t < t0 .

96

7.

(7.102)
2

dS = c dt

r
r0

2

dr02 r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 ),

(7.127)

(7.126),

2 r0 3/2
,
3 rg 1/2

(7.128)

dS 2 = c2 dt2 

dR2

2/3
3
2rg (R ct)


4/3
3
(R ct)
rg 2/3 (d2 + sin2 d2 ),
2

(7.129)

[133].
,
- . ,
, , . , ,
.
(7.129)
, ,
, ,
. , .
, T r1 r(r1 , T )

  1/2
 1/2 
r r
2 r1 r1

,
T =
3 c rg
c rg

(7.130)

, [31]. t.

.

7.3. ...

97

2. [31], [133], ,

v(r, t) = H(t)r.

(7.132)

(11.123), ,

1 v
= 4k,
r t

3 v v 2
2v v
+ 2 +
= 4k.
r t
r
r r

(7.133)

(7.132), (7.133)

H
= 4k,
t

H
4
+ H 2 = k.
t
3

(7.134)

8
k,
(7.135)
3
. [31] ,
[31] ,
H2 =


r = r0

t t
t0 t

2/3
,

(7.136)

(t0 t ) - "" .
(7.136) (7.127)

dS 2 = c2 dt2

t t
t0 t

4/3 

dr02 r0 2 (d2 + sin2 d2 ) ,

(7.137)

()
.
, , ,
,
, .

98

8.

, . "" 6
. , " . ,
. ,
 .

8.1.
6, ,
(6.1),
.

[133]

4
F
= j,

x
c

F + F + F = 0,

F = 2[ A] . (8.1)

(8.1) F - , j - , A - 4-.
, (7.1), (7.2)

F = 4 j ,

F +
F +
F = 0,

F = F + 2C0 A0 ,

F = 2[ A] ,

A = h A ,

(8.2)

F
= h h
F ,

j = h j .

(8.2a)

8.1.

99

(8.2) , F "". F

[ A] ,
F = 2[ A] = 2

(8.3)

(7.6).

""
A0 c , . (7.11). , , ..
"".
.
(8.2)

F =
F + T F + T F = 4 j ,

g F )
F = 1 (

g
y

F k0
(F kl + 2kl A )
+
0
l

(F k A0 ) Fl (F kl + 2kl A0 )

+ll (F k0 F k A0 ) =

4 k
j ,
c

(F 0k + F k A ) + (F kl + 2kl A ) = 4 (U V ),

0
0
k
kl

(8.4)

- ,
k
, - ,

j = c U . , A . , ,
A
= 0,
(8.5)
x

A0
Ak + k A0 F Ak = 0.
+
k
k

k
0

(8.6)

~,
E
~
D,

100

8.

~ B
~ ,
H
[133] .
p
p

(8.7)
Ek = F0k , Bkl = Fkl , Dk = g00 F 0k , H kl = g00 F kl
[133] (7.9). :



E
1 abc E
1

~
~
( E) = e

, H a = eabc Hbc ,

2
2
y
y
1 cab

~
a = eabc bc ,
e (Fa Eb Fb Ea ) = F~ E,
2
2


H
1 abc H
c

~ H)
~ a =
(
e

,
c

2
y
y

~ E
~ = 1 (E a ). (8.8)

a
y

(8.8)

abc =

eabc ,

abc = eabc ,

e123 = e123 = 1,

abc - .
, (8.2) , (7.1),
( ), .

~
~
~ E
~ = 1 ( H) F~ E,

~ E
~ = 2
~ H
~ + 4 ,

~
1 ( E)
~
~
~
F~ H,
H =
0

~ H
~ = 2
~ E.
~

(8.9)

, .

1 ( )
= 0.
(8.10)

0
, (8.2), , , (8.9) ( )

8.1.

101

4 - ,
.
, , 3-
, ..
[16].
. ,
.
~a(y ) (y ) :
n an

~ (
~ ~a))k = ((
~
~ ~a))k ak + R
kal + 2k
,
(

.l
0

k
~
~
~ = 2 ,
~ (
~ ~a) = 2 ak ,

c 0
c 0
~ ~a F~ ~a ,
~ ~a) + D
~ ~a = (

c
0
0
0

~ ~a = (
~ ~a) D (F~ ~a) F~ ~a ~a D.
~

0
0
c
c

(8.11)

, (8.11) (7.38).
(8.7),

A
l

~ k = kl
(E)

~ A )k (F~ A )k .
(
0
0

~
~ =
~ A
H
+ 2 A0 .
c

(8.12)

(8.13)

(8.12) (8.13) (8.9). , ,

(8.1), (8.1) ,

F = 2[ A] .
(8.9) . (8.11),

102

8.

(7.17), (7.34),
~
2 ( )
~ F~ = 0,
~
~
~ F~ = 0.

(8.14)

c 0
(8.6),

2A0 +

~
1 ~ ~
D ~ ~
~ ~ D 0
~ A
(
F

A
+
(
F

A)
+
F
A
)
+
A

D
+
c
c
c
0
0

~
42
2
2 ak
~
~ 0 ~
~ A]

A0 +
[
+ 4 .
(8.15)
D ) (A F ) =
a
( Ak
2
c
c
c


n

A
n A

~ D 0
k
k
0

kAl + 2k
~
2A
A
+
R
+
F

A
+
.l
c
0
0
 ~ k




2A0
D 2 k l Ak


k
k
~

=
D A +
+
+ A0 + F A0
c
c c l
0
 

k


k
2A
2 k

~
~ A
~ . (8.16)
A0 +F k A0 F~
0 F~
Dlk Al +
c
0 c
(8.15) (8.16)

2=

2
2
0

kl

k
l

(8.17)

- = aqR
, R
, R
b
c
a
b,
cq
a
b,
cq
, (7.31). ,
, . ,
,

, .

8.2.

1
kl = Dkl = 0.
c

(8.18)

8.2. ...

103

2A0 +
=

~
~ ~
~ A (
~ A0 F~ )
(
F

A)
+
F

0
0

~
2
42
~
~ A]
A0 +
[
+ 4 .
2
c
c

(8.19)



A

~
k
k
0

~
kAl
2A
+F A +R

.l
0





k
~
n
2A0
n A
k
~
+2
+
=
c
0


 

k

k
2A0 ~ ~
k

~
k
~
~ A

A
+
F
A

0
0
c
0

(8.19a)

,
"" ,
? ( , "").
, , ,

, 0 . ..
(8.18) :

kl
0

= 0,

F
= 0.
0

(8.20)

(7.17), (8.20) F0 = 0, 0 = 0

[ F = [ F =
[ F = 0.

(8.21)
]
]
]
0
y

h
= 0,
F]
h [

(8.22)

F
F

= 0.
x
x

(8.23)

(8.23) - .
(8.23) V , , = 0

dF
+ F F V F = 0.
dS

(8.24)

104

8.

4- g ,


2e2 dF

g
+ F F V F .
3c
dS

(8.25)

. e - , "" , ( ).
, , = 0 g
[133]. , g = 0.
, .
). , , ( ) . , 2,
, .
(6.18)
(6.19),
T , [9]. ,
, "", , , ( ). ,
(7.2) ,

=
, 0 = cT , V
= 0, 4 - V
0
y k
:

hk =

y k

h0 = V ,

F1 =

h0 =
1

=
1+
a0
,
c2

= V ,
0

a0 y 1
c2

gkl = kl ,

F 2 = F 3 = 0,

hk =

Fk =

y k
,
x

g00 = 1,
ln
.
k
y

(8.26)

, (8.26), ( (6.19))

ds2 =

(d 0 )2
,
2

(8.27)

8.2. ...

105

.
[9], 4 -
a0 t
.
(8.28)
V 1 = s
2
1
2
2
c
1 + a0c2x
a0c2t
, (8.28) (8.23). , .
C (8.19), (8.19) (8.11).

~ A0 F~ ) = 4 .
A0 + (

(8.29)



 

~
~
~
~ A
~ F~ A
.
= F~
A +

(8.29a)

(8.6)

Ak F Ak = 0.
+
k
k

(8.30)

(7.16),

F F F.

k l
k l

(8.31)

=
, , (8.30) (8.31),
..
k
k

Ak

Ak = F k ,

= const.

(8.32)

(8.13), (8.14) (8.32) , ,

"" , (8.23), , ..
~ = 0.
H
(8.33)
(8.19) , .

106

8.

A0 = h0 V (12.26), A00 = A0 /, (8.29)

2 A00
A00

+
F
= 4Q(y 1 )(y 2) (y 3 ).
(8.33a)

k
y k y k
y k
(8.33a)
.. (. [32] ).

2 + (y 1 + c2 /a0 )2 + c4 /a0 2
Qa0
A00 = 2 
2
1/2 ,
c

2
1
2
2
4
2
4
2
2
+ (y + c /a0 ) c /a0
+ 4c /a0

(8.33b)

2 = (y 2 )2 + (y 3 )2 .

1

A .
A = h A = V A0 +
y 1
(8.32) , Q.
, (6.18), , 4- V 1 (8.28),



2
2
a0 y 1
a0 x1
a 2 t2
1+ 2
= 1+ 2
02 ,
(8.34)
c
c
c



( (x1 + c2 /a ) 2 + (x1 + c2 /a )2 c2 t2 + c4 /a 2
0
0
0


A0 = Q
(x1 + c2 /a0 )2 c2 t2 R
)
ct
1
,
(x + c2 /a0 )2 c2 t2


( ct 2 + (x1 + c2 /a )2 c2 t2 + c4 /a 2
0
0


A1 = Q
(x1 + c2 /a0 )2 c2 t2 R
)
x1 + c2 /a0
1
, 2 = (x2 )2 + (x3 )2 ,
(x + c2 /a0 )2 c2 t2

107

8.2. ...

s
R=

2
+

(x1

c2 /a0 )2

c2 t2

c4 /a0 2

+ 42 c4 /a0 2 .

(8.35)

(8.35) [33],
[34]. C

, (8.35) .
). ,
(8.23). , "" , .. ""
, (8.25) g = 0.

.

. , ~ H
~.
(8.9) E
~
H

~
~ =
~ A
~ F~ ,
H
+ 2 A0 =
c

(8.36)

~
E
~ =
~ F~ ,
E

A0 .

(8.37)

(8.14), (8.36) (8.37),

(8.9)


~
2
~
~
= 0,
+ F +
c

(8.38)


~
~ F~ 2 = 4 .
+
c

(8.39)

= + i,

i2 = 1.

(8.40)

C, i (8.38), (8.37)

~
2i
~
~
+ F +
= 4 .
(8.41)
c

108

8.

(8.41) , ""
.
, (7.10)
(7.11) , y
k
/

/y k .

. . (8.4)

(F kl + 2kl A ) F(F kl + 2kl A ) = 0,

0
0
l
l
(F 0k + F k A ) + (F kl + 2kl A ) = 4 ,

0
0
kl
k

(8.42)

(8.42)

F kl = FF kl ,

l
l

F kl = (F kl + 2kl A0 )

(8.43)

(8.43) (7.33),

1
ac) = Fc,
(a bc
b
a
b
2

(8.44)

kl = 2Fkl ,

l
l

(8.45)

(8.43) (8.45) (8.43)

F kl = kl .

(8.46)

(8.46) (8.43)



ln

+ Fl kl = 0,

(8.47)

ln
= Fl .
l
y

(8.48)

(8.48) . (7.17),
. ,

109

8.2. ...

F .
(8.49)
kl
0=
[k l]

y 0
.

dS 2 = c2 dt2 dr02 r02 d02 dz 02 ,

(8.50)

g11 = 11 = 1,

g00 = 1,

g22 = 22 = r02 ,

y 1 = r,

y 2 = ,

y 3 = z,

x1 = r 0 ,

x 2 = 0 ,

x3 = z 0 ,

g33 = 33 = 1,

y 0 = c,
x0 = ct.

(8.50)

x2 = y 2 +

0
x ,
c

y 2 = x2

0
x ,
c

x3 = y 3 .

x1 = y 1 ,

(8.51)

4- V

V0 = p

= V 0,

1 2

V2 =

0
V ,
c

V2 =

r2 0
V ,
c

r
.
(8.51a)
c

.
V 3 = V3 = 0,

V 1 = V1 = 0,

h0 = V ,

h2 = 2

hk =
0
,
c

h1k = k1 ,

y k
,
x

h0 = V ,

h3k = k3 ,

h1 = 1 ,

h0k =

h2k =

h3 = 3 ,
1
2 ,
1 2 k

r2
2 .
c(1 2 ) k

(8.52)

,
.

g = g h h ,

g11 = 11 = 1,

g22 = 22 =

r2
,
1 2

110

8.

g11 = 11 = 1,

g00 = 1,

2
2

2
2

=r

g 11 = 11 = 1,
2


1

g00 = 1.


.

(8.53)

, (7.72) g00 ,
. ,
, (7.72) . ,
, (7.73). ,

, (7.13). .
, (8.42). . (r).
4- F .
(7.44)
( ) () ( ) ( )

22

0
0

0
0

22
r
1
= 
=
2 ,
2 r
2
1

= 0,

0k

k
l

)
=

12

22
1 22
1
.

= 
2
r
r 1 2

(8.54)
(8.54) = 0. , 4- F . ,
4- F 1 , . ,
DV 1
dV 1
F =
=
+
ds
ds
1

1
22

V 2V 2 =

2 r
,
c2 (1 2 )

F1 = F 1 . (8.55)

2 r
F1 = h1 F = F1 = 2
.
(8.56)
c (1 2 )

111

8.2. ...

(8.48),
Z
p
2 r
1 2,
ln =
dr,

=
c
3
c2 (1 2 )

(8.57)

- 3 - , .
, (8.43)
p

F kl = c3 1 2 kl .
(12.58)
(8.42)
p
(F 0k + F k A ) + c3 1 2 kl = 4 ,

0
k
kl

(8.59)

2 2
,
(8.60)
2 )2
, ,
,

kl kl =

r2 (1

2 1 2 2 2 1 1 + 2
2c3 2
4
+
+
+
+ 2
=
,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
r
r

z
r 1 r
r (1 )
V0
A0 = V0 ,

V0 = p

1
1 2

(8.61)

(8.61) ,
, , ,
. , ,
. , , .
, .
(8.61)

dP
1 1 + 2
2c3 2
+
P = 2
,
2
dr
r1
r (1 2 )2

P =

.
r

(8.62)

,
(8.62)

P =

c1 (1 2 ) c3
,

(8.63)

112

8.

c1 - , .
,

V0

= 0 + A0 F1 = F01 .
r
r

(8.64)

F
.

0 l
k l

0 l
F = h

h F
0
l + h h F
l
0 =
l + h h F
= h h Fk

A0
(V 1 V 1 ) + A0 (V F V F ).
(8.65)
r
F01 = F10
F12 = F21 , :
= +

F01 = 01





A0
1

V0 A0 V0 F1 =
c3 c1 ,
r

(8.66)

= c1 r.
(8.67)
r
, .
. x1 = r cos , x2 = r sin , x3 = z ,
0
F12
F12


F12 = 12 + V2 V0

0
F12 = F12

2
1
x1 x2
0 x x
0
+ F21
= rF12
.
r
r

(8.68)

[133],
0
, F12
= Hz . (12.67)

Hz = c1 .

(8.69)

c1 c3 . . F01 =
Er .
(8.68), ,

c1 = c3

.
c

(8.70)

113

8.2. ...

.
(8.71)
c
c3 , . c1 = 0
Hz = c3

Er =

c3
2
= ,
r
r

c3 = 2,

(8.72)

- . ,
.
, ,

Hz =

2
= const,
c

~ =0
E

r < R,

(8.73)

R - . c1 = 0
, .

Er =

2
,
r

~ =0
H

r > R,

(8.74)

. , = jT , j - , T - .
(8.73),
4j
= const,
r < R,
(8.75)
Hz =
c
.
. c1 c3 ,
, . , (8.70) , , .

2

r = F = A0 + A F = 2 p 1
E
,
01
0 1
r
r
1 2

r < R,

(8.76)

2
2
r = F = 2 = 2 r .
E
01
2
r
c

r < R,

(8.77)

114

8.

,
, ,
,
2 .
( ) c1 = 0. c1 r.

r = F = 2 p 1
,
E
01
r
1 2

r > R,

(8.78)

, , < 1. . , ,
.
. (8.58)
p
(8.79)
Fkl = c3 1 2 kl .

12 , (8.60)

12 12 11 22 =

r2 (1

2
.
2 )2

(8.80)

(8.53), 12 ,

12 =

(1

3
2) 2

F12 = c3

.
1 2

(8.81)

c3 = 2. ,
, .
,

. , .
. , , , .
,
.
,
. .. (8.53) ,
~e
:
p

e() = p ,
e()
|g |,
(8.82)
=
|g |

115

8.2. ...

.
"". , , ,

1
2
z,
p
= H
F (
1)(
2) =
c
1 2

0<r<

c
.

(8.83)

r = F
, E
01
(8.53).
"" "" "" . (8.43) (8.46)

Fkl = Fkl 2kl A0 = ( 2A0 )kl

(8.84)

A0 = V0 , Fkl
, . ,

(0) = 0 ,
,
(8.63)
d
c1 (1 2 ) c3
=
,
(8.85)
dr

= 2 ,
r < R,
(8.86)

 
r
R
= 02 + 2 ln
,
r > R, 0 =
.
(8.87)
R
c

F12 =

2
,
(1 2 )2

r < R,

(8.88)

(8.89)

F12 =

 

2
2 0 + 2 ln Rr
(1 2 )2

r > R.

, , . ,

F F = F F = inv.
(8.90)

116

8.

,
(8.90)
 2
 2


F12 g11 g22 F01 g00 g11 =

2


=

F12

 2
g 11 g 22 F01 g 00 g 11 = (Hz )2 (Er )2 .

(8.91)

, ,
(Er )2 , e
(Hz )2 . , ,
. (8.91)
.
. , : ,
.
,
.

: ,
. ,
. ,
. ( (8.83) 2
) ,
(8.73), . , .
,
(8.79). " " [35].
, , ,
(8.76) 2
(8.78).
,
, , . , ,

117

8.2. ...

(8.9) ,

~ E
~ = 2
~ H
~ + 4

c

.

. [17]
, [17]
[36].


~
(~
~r) H
2
0
~ (~
~
~
(~
~r)E
~r),
2
E = E
c
c (1 + )

(8.92)


~
~r) E
2
~ + (~
~0 = H
~ (~
H
(~
~r)H
~r),
2
c
c (1 + )
p

1
1 2

(8.93)

(8.92) (8.93) , - . ,
~ ~r ~ H
~ , . ,
E

[17],
[36].
.
.
, ,
. .

.
, , r r .

118

8.

6. , ,
,
. [37]

d~v
~ + m[[~
~ r]],
~
= F~ + 2m[~v ]
dt

(8.94)

~v - , F~ - . ~ r].
, ~v = [~
(8.94)

F~ = 0,

(8.95)

, . F~
(8.76) (8.83). q , ,
. , ,
- .




2
v 2
1
z = q 2 p 1
r v H
p

= 0. (8.96)
F =q E
c
r
c c
1 2
1 2
, , , .
, .

8.3. C
.
c
[1],
(6.25). [133]




1

4j
1

gF
=
,
gA
= 0. (8.97)
g y
c
g y

119

8.3. ...

,
(6.25).
" "[38] . (8.97) (6.25)

a0
(8.98)
A1 = Qa exp(ay 1 ), A2 = A3 = 0, a 2 .
c
0 , ,



 2


2 A0
1
4j 0
00 A0
00 A0

gg
+
(8.99)
+
g
=

g y 1
y 1
c
y 2 2
y 3 2

A0 a

1
A0
= 4Qeay (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 ).
1
y

(8.100)

(8.100) .

A0 = u(y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) exp(y 1 ),

a
.
2

u
 1
ay
a2
u u = 4Q exp
(y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 ),
4
2
a

u=



Q
ar
exp
.
r
2

(8.101)

(8.102)

(8.103)

, (6.25) - , , - .
, (12.100)


Q
a0 r(1 cos )
A0 = exp
.
(8.104)
r
2c2

~
E




~ = Q exp a0 r(1 cos ) ~r + a0 r ~r ~i ,
E
r2
2c2
r
2c2 r

(8.105)

r - ( ) , , , -
- ~r ~i, ~i = a~0 /| a~o |.

120

8.

. F0k =
Fk0 (8.105)




a0 r(1 cos )
a0 r
Q
1
n
+
n

,
(8.106)
F0k = 2 exp
k
k
k
r
2c2
2c2

nk - r
kl .

Fkl (8.98)
Fkl = 0.
(8.107a)
, .
[133], - .


1
1

F F + F F g ,
(8.107)
T =
4
4
(6.25), (8.106), (8.107), (8.107) , Sk =
cT0k
Sk = 0,
(8.108),
. -
6 , (6.37), (6.38).

y 1 = x1 +

c2
ln | cos(a0 S/c2 ) |,
a0

c2
tan(a0 S/c2 ) exp(a0 x1 /c2 ).
(8.109).
a0
(8.109), ,

y y
F =
F .
(8.110).
x x



exp(a0 x1 /c2 )
2
0 2 1
F0p =
F

sin
(a
x
/c
)
F
(8.111).
0p
0
p 01 ,
cos2 (a0 x0 /c2 )


1 2
0 2
1
1

Fkl = exp(a0 x /c ) tan(a0 x /c ) l F0k k F0l .

(8.112).
y0 =

F
=

x x
F ,
X X

(8.113)

8.3. ...

121

r



a0 2 T 2
c2
,
(8.114)
x =
arccos exp 1 1 +
a0
c2
(6.73) t,
T ,
, . x1 = X 1 , x2 = X 2 ,
x3 = X 3 .

F = g00 F0k , F = Fkl ,

(8.115)
0

0k

kl

g00 (6.74).
(6.88)

F()()
= e() e() F
=p

F
p
.
|g | |g |

(8.116)

,
(6.11),
:





a0 r(1 + cos )
Q
a0 r
a0 r
cos

1
+

,
(8.117)
Ex = 2 exp
r
2c2
2c2
2c2
r




Q
a0 r
a0 r(1 + cos )
a0 2 c2
E = 3 1 + 2 exp

1
+
1
+
, (8.118)
r
2c
2c2
T2
- , 2 = (x2 )2 + (x3 )2 = (y 2 )2 + (y 3 )2 .
r2 = 2 + (y 1 )2 (6.12) (6.41) (6.73)


2
p
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
r = + x + (c /a0 )(1 1 + a0 T /c ) ,

cos cos = y 1 /r, y 1 r2 .

:
H = sin(a0 t/c)E ,

H = Hx = 0,

(8.119)

t (6.73). [32], [33], .

1
2
4
4
= 8Q c (x + c /a0 ) , H
= H
x = 0, H
= 8Q c cT ,
E
2
a0
R3
a20 R3
4 2
1
2
2
2 2
4
2
x = 4Q c (x + c /a0 ) + c T + c /(a0 ) , E
= 0,
E
a20
R3

122

8.

s
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
4
2
+ 42 c4 /a0 2 .
R=
+ (x + c /a0 ) c T c /a0

(8.120)

-
. ,
, ,
s


H
a0 T
1 exp 2(1 (1 + 2 )1/2 ) , =
.
= sin(a0 t/c) =
E
c
(8.121)
(8.120)

H
cT
= 1
=s

x + c2 /a0
E

1

1+

y1
cT

 < 1.

(8.122)

, cT < x1 = c2 /a0 .
g00 .
,
Ex E
(a20 T 2 /c2 ), (a0 y 1 /c2 ), (a0 r/c2 )
, . .
, , . [38],
" " , [39 - 44], . , [32]
g00 ,
.
, ..
y 1 z

y 1 = (c2 /a0 )((1 + 2a0 z/c2 )1/2 1),

(6.19) .


1

2a0 z
2a0 z 2
2
2
(dz)2 (dy 2 )2 (dy 3 )2 . (8.123)
dS = 1+ 2 c (dT ) 1+ 2
c
c

g00 (6.19)
(y 1 a0 /c2 + 1)2 = (1 + 2a0 z/c2 )

8.3. ...

123

g00
y 1 .
, [9], " .. . , ,
c2 /a0 < y 1 < . (1 + a0 x1 /c2 ) > a0 T /c,
, . [32],

T , ,
.
. [45].
[32] -

"
. [39 - 42], [44]
,

"" "". -
, , .
[43], , ,
. , ,

. .
.
,
, , .
:

-
. .. - : " ." :" , , -
.
, . , -

124

8.

.
. ( ) . ,
. . .. , .
, , - , ,
. - . ,
, , . , . . ,
",

, "[38],
[45].
( ).

( ) , ( ), (
) .
( ..
) , ( )
.
[46] (
,

- )

.

,
(8.23)
(8.25).
, , = 0 g

8.3. ...

125

[133] . , (8.24) g = 0, [45]

.
(8.23) , ,
, (10.19), . (6.14), (6.15),
, ..
. , ,
, ,
! .
, "" ,
. . , , , ,
. , , ,
, , .
, (6.25), , (6.39), (6.45) F0 = (a0 /c2 ) tan(a0 t/c), F1 = a0 /c2 ,
(8.23) . ,
(8.117-8.119) - , .
, "
[32], - .
, (8.23), (8.24) ,
r < c/, - .
[137] , , [133], , g00 = 1 2 r2 /c2 > 0
g00 < 0.
[7] ,
- . 6. r
g00 .
(8.25)
,
-

126

8.

,
.

8.4.
, .
(8.25)
, ,
[133]

~
~ E
~ = 1 D ,

~
E
~ =
D
,
h

~
~ H
~ = 1 B ,

c
~
~
~
~
B = D = 0,
~
H
~ =
B
,
h

h = g00 .

(8.124)

~ ,

 
 

~

1 2E
1
2~
~
~
~
~
~ E)
~ = 0,
E h
E + (
c2 h 2
h
~
E
~ E
~ =
~ 1 .

h
h

(8.125)

 

 
~

1 2H
1
2~
~
~
~
~ H)
~ = 0,
~
H h
H + (
c2 h 2
h
~
H
~ H
~ =
~ 1 .

h
h

(8.126)

~ E
~ .
H
(8.125), (8.126).
~ y 2 c
- , E
~ y 3 c ~i3 ,
~i2 , H
y 1 c ~i1 , .
, , ,

1 2E
2E
a0 E

2
= 0.
2
2
2
c h
x
c x

(8.127)

8.4. ...

2H
a0 H
1 2H

2
= 0.
c2 h 2
x2
c x

127

(8.128)

x = y 1 , y 0 /c = , E1 = E3 = 0, E2 = E(x, t), H1 = H2 = 0,
H3 = H . (8.127)

 2
a0 E
E
+
.
(8.129)
h
x2
c2 x
p = p(x) (8.129)
 2  2


E dp
E
dp
d2 p
e2ax
+
a
+
.
(12.130)
p2 dx
p
dx dx2
(8.130) ,

d2 p
dp
+ 2 = 0,
a
dx dx




dp
= eax , p =
1 eax , = const.
dx
a
, (8.130)

2ax

2E
p2

dp
dx

2



dp
d2 p
2E
E
a
+ 2
= 2 2 .
+
p
dx dx
p

(8.131)

, x p = x,
= 1, (8.127)

1 2E
2E

= 0,
c2 2
p2

(8.132)

.. . , (8.127)






a0 x
c
exp 2 1
E = E1 +
a0
c





c
a0 x
+E2
exp 2 1
a0
c

(8.133)

E1 E2 . H
(8.133). v

128

8.

,
v = /()1/2 ,  = = 1/(g00 )1/2 = exp(a0 x/c2 ).

1,

, [133],
, , . , , .. , 1 x > 0,  = < 1
x ,
. 2 x < 0 , ,  = > 1
,
.
, ,
, " ".
(6.25) y 2 y 3 ,
.
, (6.109) (6.25) ,
cdy 1
,
v=
(g00 )1/2 dy 0
v1 = 1 v2 = 2 .
(6.74), - ,
-
.

v=

dx1
=
dT

1/2 ,


(1 +

2 )1/2

1 exp(2 2(1 +

(8.134)

2 )1/2 )

= a0 T /c.
- ,
, (8.134)
(6.74) (6.88)
(1)

v (1) = c

e dx
(0)

=c

|g11 |1/2 dx1

= c.
|g00 |1/2 dx0

(8.135)

8.4. ...

129

, , (6.88) (6.25) (6.74) - , . (8.134) ,

, = 0
v , = 3/2
0.931 c.
(8.133) , , = 0 .
1 2 (8.133) (6.25)





a0 x
c
0
(8.136)
exp 2 1 ,
1 = 0 y /c +
a0
c


2 = 0





c
a0 x
y /c
exp 2 1 ,
a0
c
0

- (10.39)




exp ac02x
0 c
1 =
tan(a0 t/c) +
1 ,
a0
cos(a0 t/c)

2 =

(8.137)

(8.138)



exp ac02x


0 c
tan(a0 t/c)
+1 ,
a0
cos(a0 t/c)

(8.139)

0 - .
4 - , 4 - ,

- (6.74) ( ) (6.11). (6.11)
(6.74) . (6.74),
(6.88), (8.138), (8.139) (6.42), 1
(10.11) ,

0
1 = K(0)
c = 0 exp(a0 y 1 /c2 )

(1 + v/c)1/2
(1 v/c)1/2

v - , (6.42).

(8.140)

130

8.

,
00
2 = K(0)
c = 0 exp(a0 y 1 /c2 )

(1 v/c)1/2
(1 + v/c)1/2

(8.141)

(8.140) y 1 > 0 , (8.141) y < 0.

(8.140) (8.141) ,
: ,
1/(g00 )1/2 = exp(a0 y 1 /c2 ), , [133].
, ( ), ,
( ). .
(8.140) (8.141)
, (6.41)





a0 x1
a0 x1


exp

exp

c2
c2
a0 y 1

 = p
.
(8.141a)
=
exp 2
c
1 v 2 /c2
cos ac0 t )

1 = 0 exp(a0 x1 /c2 )

1
1 v/c

(8.142)

2 = 0 exp(a0 x1 /c2 )

1
1 + v/c

(8.143)

v (6.42)
(6.75).
,
(6.19) ( ,
(6.19) - , ,
).

0

1 = K(0)
c = 0

1
(1 + v/c)1/2
1 + a0 y 1 /c2 (1 v/c)1/2

(8.144)

00

2 = K(0)
c = 0

1
(1 v/c)1/2
1 + a0 y 1 /c2 (1 + v/c)1/2

(8.145)

8.4. ...

131

, ,

1 = 0

1
1 a0 T /c + a0 x1 /c2

(8.146)

2 = 0

1
1 + a0 T /c + a0 x1 /c2

(8.147)

1 - , x1
,
,
2 - , .
" " , (8.146) (8.147)
(1 + a0 x1 /c2 ) > a0 T /c = .
, y 1 = 0,
, , (8.141) (8.140)
[1]. ,
.
, . 6.6, , ,
.

a0 ( ) [133]
.

a0 T
v1 (T ) = q
a2 T 2
1 + 0c2

(6.84a)

v(T )
(6.73) (6.42) :
"
!!#1/2
r
a20 T 2
v2 (T ) = c sin(a0 t/c) = c 1 exp 2 1 1 2
(8.147a)
c
, y 1 = 0.
. 6 vk(t) =
v1 (T )/c vn(t) = v2 (T )/c, t.(
, t -
- ,

a0 T
,
c

132

8.

. 6:
T - . . 6 ,

. (6.84)

a0 T1

v1 (T1 ) = q

1+

T1 = T0
.

a20 T12
c2

= 0.981c,

r
2c
1+
= 1.215T0 = 4.86
a0 T0

(6.84)

(6.82)

v2 (T1 ) c, . 6.
, , , (
) . .
. 7 , . Ak(t) = 2 (t)/0 -
(8.141) y 1 = 0, v v1 (T )
(6.84).

8.4. ...

133

. 7:

An(t) (8.41) y 1 = 0, v
v2 (T ) (8.147). ,

0.12 , ,
, .. 0.02 . 1
(6.25) (6.11)
, .
, (6.25) ( y 1 ), E0
y 2 , y 3
1 , [7]
(16.24) , y 1 x1 . (16.20) . ,
x1 = 0 ,
. , "
,
". ,
, , ,
y 1 = 0 , (8.141) . 7.

134

8.

H0 = E0 . , , ,
. F F02 F12 .
[133]

F12

F02 = E0 sin(1 ) + E0 sin(2 ),



1
H0 sin(1 ) + H0 sin(2 ) ,
=
g00

(8.148)
(8.149)

(8.136), (8.137).
- (6.39)

y y
F ,
F =
x x
y (x ) (6.37), (6.38). (6.75)
F - (10.74) , (6.88)
- ,

. ,


E = E0 (1 /0 ) sin(1 ) + (2 /0 ) sin(2 ) ,
(8.150)


H = H0 (1 /0 ) sin(1 ) (2 /0 ) sin(2 ) ,
(8.151)
1 , 2 (8.138), (8.139), 1 2
(8.142) (8.143).
,
. ,


= E0 (
E
1 /0 ) sin(1 ) + (
2 /0 ) sin(2 ) ,
(8.152)

= H0 (
H
1 /0 ) sin(1 ) (
2 /0 ) sin(2 ) ,

(8.153)

1
2 (8.146), (8.147), 1 2

c
1 =
ln (1 + a0 x1 /c2 a0 T /c),
(8.154)
a0
c
2 =
ln (1 a0 x1 /c2 a0 T /c).
(8.155)
a0

8.4. ...

135

,  . [63] [1 - 4]
,
[13], [14], ,
. , (6.25) [7] ,
[13], [14].

136

9.

9

, . , - -
. [47] [8]. , .
,
: , . , , .

9.1 ,

,
, . , , ( ) .

" "
,
, ,
.
, , .
,
,
. ,
"" , .
, .

"". ""
( ). ""

9.1. ...

137

, .
" " , .
, ,
, , . , , , -
. ,
, .
: Q,
, , ,
, - ?
. , .
,
.
, ,
, .
,
" "( [136]). , ..
- .
,
.
. .
, .

.
,
, (6.25),
a0 , T~ , . ,
, ,

138

9.

, .
,
, ,
.
.
. , .
.
.
, . ,
(8.104). , , .
. ,
(8.104). , , ,
, .
, "",
,
. , , ,
, .

, ,
, ,
, .
, ( ), , .. .
,
 . ,
,
( , ) "-

9.1. ...

139

" .
A0 , (6.25), (8.100),
(8.104), (8.105), (8.106). (8.100), (8.1048.106)
.
, h  q ,
. ,

. , . , .
"" . , "" .
.. ""
. .. (6.25) , A0
, dQ ( - ).
, y 1 .

+ d.
dQ = 2d .
y 1 + h/2

(8.104),
A00


a0 y 1 h/2
4c2
0
exp
.
A0 =
a0
c2
A000

A000 =

4c2
a0

140

9.

A0

8c2
A0 =
a0

A0 = A00 + A000 A0 .



4c2
a0 y 1 h/2
.
(9.1)
A0 =
1 exp
a0
c2
, (6.25),
a0 a0 . h 0, ,
0 = 2 .



20 c2
a0 y 1
.
(9.2)
A0 =
1 exp 2
a0
c

,


a0 y 1
A0
(9.3)
E1 = F01 = 1 = 20 exp 2 .
y
c
(9.3), , a0 y 1 /c2 .
,
. .
,
""
, (9.3). , ,
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
(9.3). ,

"" , (6.25)

141

9.1. ...

, .. a0 a. a0 a (6.25).
, ,
, (6.25).
2

ds2 = exp((y 1 ))dy 0 exp((y 1 ))dy 1 dy 2 dy 3 ,

(9.4)

(y 1 ) (y 1 ) . , [133].
D1 D1 = const exp(/2).

E1 = F01 ,
D1 = g00 F 01 ,
~
E1
~ = E .
D1 = ,
D
g00
g00
[133], (13.3),

+
a0 y 1
= 2 .
2
c

(9.5)

, ""
q
F1 =
F 10 V0 ,
(9.6)
m0 c2
V0 = exp(/2) - 4 
m0 q .
(9.6) , F 1 ,
, . ,
.
, F 1 (9.4),
4 .

1
E0 q
=
exp(/2),
1
2 y
m 0 c2

(9.7)

E0 = 20 . (9.5), (9.7) ,
y 1 = 0 = 0



E0 q
a0 y 1
exp(/2) = 1
1 exp 2
,
m0 a0
c

142

9.




a0 y 1
exp(/2) = exp 2 .
2
c

(9.8)

(9.4) , y 1
1

y1

y =

exp(/2) dy 1



2
2E0 q y1
2
2
2
dS 2 = exp
dy 0 y1 dy 2 dy 3 .
m0 c2

(9.9)

(9.9) , (6.25)
a = E0 q/m, , q
.  , . ,
, , .
, (
)
(
).

, , (9.9) (9.25) a = a0 .

"" .
,
~e(0) , ~e(k) y k ( [17], [18] ).
. :

e() = p

|g |

e()
=

|g |,

e(0)
= V ,

e(0) = V ,

(9.10)

. ""

F(0)(1) = E(1) = e(0) e(1) F = 20 = const.

(9.11)

(9.11) , ,

9.1. ...

143

. , , . - , ,
, ,
. - , .
- ,
, (6.7) "".
.
, , . , , , ""
. , ""
m e
(6.25), , y 1 a0 = eE/m.
(8.106) ""
(9.10),

F
p
F()() = e() e() F = p
|g | |g |

(9.11a)

F(0)(k) =





Q
a0 r(1 + cos )
a0 r
1
.
exp

n
+
n

k
k
k
r2
2c2
2c2

(9.11b)

(9.11b) E = 100
/ 1 10%.
(8.106) (9.11b) ,
. ,
, . (9.11b) , ""
,
.
"" , , .
(9.11b) = 0 ,


Q
a0 r
F(0)(1) = 2 exp 2
(9.11)
r
c
=

F(0)(1)



Q
a0 r
= 2 1+ 2
r
c

(9.11d)

144

9.

(8.105) = 0
, =

 

~ = Q exp a0 r ~r 1 + a0 r ,
E
(9.11e)
r2
c2 r
c2
(9.11b) = /2
,


Qa0
a0 r
F(0)(1) =
exp 2
(9.11f )
2rc2
2c




a0 r
a0 r
Q
(9.11g)
F(0)(2) = F(0)(3) = 2 1 + 2 exp 2 .
r
2c
2c
= /2
(8.106).

, .
,
, . ,
a0 (8.100), , a0 = 0.5Ee/m, E - , e - , m - .
, , [138],
" F = 0.5E . , =
N e/S , S - , N -
.
Fe = 0.5eE .
, " "a0 = 0.5eE/m, "". ..
, ( ) "
. ,
, , , .
0 , , .
, .
. , ,

9.1. ...

145

/2. ( ) :
, . ~ , E
~
" " E
0 = 0.5eE/m.
. y 1 ,
.
.. " " y 1 , - (6.25) .
(9.3)


a0 y 1
(9.12)
E1 = F01 = 40 exp 2 .
c

C = Q2 /2W ,

(9.13)

Q - , W - . -
( ) T00 ,
T 00 T00 -
. , . [18]

y = f (x ).
(0)
T(0)(0) = T (0)(0) = T(0) . , - [133]


1
1
T =
F F + F F g ,
(9.14)
4
4

T()() = e
() e() T .

(9.15)

[18]
Z

W =
gT V dS ,
(9.16)

146

9.

g , dS = V dV . dS - , ,
, ( ..
4- V ).
(9.16) .
, ,

T = 0.

(9.16a)

-
- . - ,
-
.
.
(9.16)
" "(9.16a), , .


T


V

= V T + T V = T V F = 0.

(9.16b)

(9.16b) , , ""(9.6), , V F
F
.
, (9.16b) , , .
4 - ,
. , - . - ,
,
.

147

9.1. ...

(9.16b)



1
(0)
(0)
T
=
gT
= 0.
g y

(9.16c)

(9.16c) 4 - .


Z
Z

(0)
g T (0) d4 y =
gT
d4 y = 0.
(9.16d)
y
, "" , ( , )
Z
Z
I

gT (0) dS =
gT (0)(0) d3 y
gT (0)(0) d3 y = 0. (9.16e)
V1

V2

""
Z
Z

(0)(0) 3
gT
d y=
gT (0)(0) d3 y = W,
(9.16f )
V1

V2

V1 V2
.
(9.16) (9.16f) ,
.
.
E ,
S h
, ,

W0 =

E2
2hS = 0 Qh,
8

Q = 0 S.

(9.16g)

h , W0 .




Z

a0 h
E 2 Sc2
(0)(0)
gT
dV = 2
1 exp 2
,
W =
8a0
c

(9.16h)

E = 20 .
, h , ..

a0 h
1
c2

148

9.

, (9.16h)
(9.16g). ,
h , W0 ,
,

Z

E 2 Sc2
Qmc2
ESc2 m
gT (0)(0) dV = 2
=
= N mc2 . (9.16i)
=
W =
8a0
2e
e
:

N ,
S . Q .
(9.16i) , , (..
) , .

, !
, (6.25) ,
(9.14), (9.15), (9.4), (9.9) -

T(0)(0) =

E2
,
8

T(1)(1) =

E2
,
8

T(2)(2) = T(3)(3) =

E2
,
8

E = 40

(9.17)

-
.
(9.16), (9.17)



Z

E 2 Sc2
a0 d
W =
gT (0)(0) dV =
1 exp 2
,
(9.18)
8a0
c
S - , d - .
a0 = 0.5Ee/m
u = Ed, u - ,
C

C = Q2 /2W =

S eu
4d 2mc2

1

.
eu
1 exp 2mc2

(9.19)

149

9.2. ...

eu/mc2  1, (9.19)


eu
S
C = C0 1 +
,
C0 =
4mc2
4d

(9.20)

. ,
5 104
2.4%.

9.2.
-
-
. .
,
,
. , . , "",

- .
- .

G = R (1/2)g R

G00 = 0,
(k 6= l)

G11 = 0,

G0k = 0,

Gkl = 0,

(k, l = 1, 2, 3) G22 = G33 =

a0 2
1
R= 4 .
2
c

(9.21)

" "
8k
G + g = T ,
= 4 ,
(9.22)
c
k .
- [133], -

150

9.

(6.25), .
T = 0, " "

a0 2
= const.
2c4

(9.23)

- . [133], T
, (
) ,
~
E
~
H , .
~ = 0 , E
~ y 1 ,
H
~ D
~
. [133], 3 - E
:

E1 = F01 ,
D1 = g00 F 01 ,
~
E1
~ = E .
D1 = ,
D
g00
g00
,
~ y 1 , , E
.
-

T00 =

g00 ~ ~
D D,
8

~ D
~ = D1 2 ,
D

T11 =

g11 ~ ~
D D,
8

T22 = T33 =

D1 2
.
8

(9.24)

(6.25)
~ = 0,
~ = 0,
E
D
(9.25)

~
D


a0 y 1
D1 = const,
E1 = exp
D1 .
c2

(9.26)

- D1
a0 .

a0 = 2kD1 .
(9.27)
- ,
.

9.2. ...

151

, " " . (
, "").
, , ~ ,
E
.

a0 =

eE
,
m

(9.28)

e - , a0 - , m -
.
" "

mc

DV
e
= F V ,
dS
c

(9.29)

D - . (9.29) DV /dS
( .. )
(9.29) (6.20) , (
)

a0 2
DV DV
e2
= 4 = 2 4 F F  V V  g .
dS dS
c
m c

(9.30)

a0 =

e
D1 = const.
m

(9.31)

, (9.31) (9.28).
.. - a0 "" D1 (9.27),
, .

e2
= 2k.
m2

(9.32)

, (6.25)
, -

152

9.

- . , "" D1

kD1 2
.
c4

(9.33)

, (9.32).
" "[48]. , ,
106 , 1021 .

9.3. -
-
1.
-
.
, ,
. 9.1, .
R, Q. E
- .
- ,
. , ""
. , "
[138].
, .
,
, ,
R, . , , ,
.
, ""
. , , , , .

9.3. - -...

153

. , , ,
, " .
( "" ), , ""
, - . ,
"" , " , .

- ,
.
.
,
"" .
, (8.104) (6.25) dA0


a0 r0 (1 cos )
dQ
,
(9.34)
dA0 = 0 exp
r
2c2
r0 - ( ) dQ
, - - ~r ~i , ~i = a~0 /| a~0 |.
~i dQ . ""a0
()

eE
,
(9.35)
2m
. e - , m -
, E - . , , "" , .. m,
, .
, "" .
a0 =

(6.25)
, - . . (9.34),
r


Q exp( 2 )
r
eQ
A0 =
((1 + 2R/r)) () , =
(9.36)
4R
R 8mc2 R

154

9.



Q exp( 2 ) i
A0 =
(i(1 2R/r)) (i) ,
4R

(9.36a)

(9.36), (9.36a) r -
() - , (i) -
.
Z
2
() =
exp(t2 ) dt
0
Z
2i
(i) =
exp(t2 ) dt = i erfi().
0
,
(6.25), ,

dS 2 = exp()(dy 0 )2 r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 ) exp()(dr)2 ,

(9.37)

r.
(r) (r) . -
(9.37),
"
"[133]. , (9.36), (9.36a).
""D1


1
2
1
r sin exp(/2)D = 0,
(9.38)

D1 =

Q
exp(/2).
r2

(9.39)

(9.38) (9.39) ""D1 E 1

F01 [133]

D1 = 11 D1 =

Q
1
exp(/2) = E1 ,
r2
g00

E1 = F01 ,

kl = gkl , (9.40)

kl - .
(9.38) (9.39) ,
(r) (r).

9.3. - -...

155

(9.36) (9.37) F
F01 = F10


Q exp( 2 )
(
+
2)

()
(1 2 2 )
F01 =
4r2
r


2 exp( 2 ) 
eQ

1 exp(4( + )) , =
+
.
(9.41)
8mc2 R

F01



Q exp( 2 )
=
(i 2i) (i) (1 + 2 2 )i
4r2


2 exp( 2 ) 

1 exp(4( )) .

(9.41a)

(9.41), (9.41a) F01 (9.40), , (r) (r)





+
exp( 2 )
exp
=
( + 2)) () (1 2 2 )
2
4


2 exp( 2 ) 

1 exp(4( + )) .
(9.42)
+

+
exp
2



exp( 2 )
=
(i 2i) (i) (1 + 2 2 )i
4


2 exp( 2 ) 

1 exp(4( )) .
(9.42a)

, ,
,
q , r . m0 . F 1
(6.5),
(9.37)

V k = Vk = 0,
V0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

V 0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

F 1 = F (r),

F 0 = F 2 = F 3 = 0.

(9.43)

(6.5), (9.37) (9.43)

F1 =

1 d
exp().
2 dr

(9.44)

156

9.

, , , .
.

F1 =

q
1 d
exp() =
F 10 V0 =
2 dr
m0 c2

Qq
exp(/2).
m0 c2 r2

(9.45)

(9.41)-(9.45)
Z 
Z
q
Qq
exp(/2) =
F
dr
=

exp( 2 )(1/ 2 2)
01
m0 c2
4Rm0 c2




2 
( + 2) () + 1 exp(4( + )) d + 1 .
(9.46)

C1 .
(9.45)
, ..

F01 =

A0
r

A0 (9.36).


Qq exp( 2 )
exp(/2) = 1 +
(
+
2)

()
m0 c2 4r

qA0
.
m0 c2



Qq exp( 2 ) i
exp(/2) = 1 +
(i 2i) (i)
m0 c2 4r
=1+

=1+

qA0
.
m0 c2

(9.42), (9.42a) (9.47), (9.47a)





exp( 2 )
2
 
(
+
2))

()
(1

2
)
4



exp
=

2
Qq exp( 2 )
1 + m0 c2 4r
( + 2) ()

(9.47)

(9.47a)

9.3. - -...

157



1 exp(4( + ))


+

exp( 2 )
1 + Qqm
(
+
2)

()
2
0 c 4r
=

 

exp
=
2

r 2 A0
Q r

0
1 + mqA
2
0c

(9.47b)

exp( 2 )
4




(i 2i)) (i) (1 + 2 2 )i



Qq exp( 2 ) i
1+
(i 2i) (i)
m0 c2 4r



1 exp(4( ))



2 ) i
(i

2i)

(i)
1 + Qq exp(
m0 c2 4r
=

r 2 A0
Q r

0
1 + mqA
2
0c

(9.48a)

(9.47), (9.47b) . , ,
= 50 kV = 0.11, e2 /mc2
= 0.35355, = 0.015. , = 50 kV = 1.66 104 .
c
( (9.47b) ,
2 )


exp() =

1+

Qq
rm0 c2

2
= exp().

(9.48)

(9.48) Q q ,
. 
, Q, q . , q = 0,
, (4 ).
 , ,
,
[133]. Q q  ,
(9.45) F 1 ,

158

9.

 "" .
, , .
,
q 2 /m20 = k ,
Q2 /M 2 = k , M - Q, k - . ( .) (9.47b), (9.48a)
- . ,
,
-
, , .
-
.
, ( . - )
(9.47), (9.47b).

e. e2 /M 2 = k
M = 1.86 106 .
= 2.7 1014 /3 (9.41) = 2.5 109 . .. - ,
(9.47), (9.47b).
, , , , - . - .

,
.
,
F(0)(1) (6.88)
.
R.
C = R.

9.3. - -...

159

, .
(9.13)
C = Q2 /2W .
(9.49)
(6.88)
(9.37),

V k = Vk = 0,

V 0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

V0 = (g00 )1/2 .

[18] (0)
T(0)(0) = T (0)(0) = T(0)
-. ,

= T(0)(0) = T V V .
(9.14), (9.15), (9.40),

Q2
,
(9.50)
=
8r4

.

- (9.37), (9.47),
(9.47b). (9.16),


Z
Z

Q2 exp +
A0 (R)Q

2
W =
gT V dS =
,
(9.51)
dr =
2 R
r2
2
A0 (R) (9.36) r = R.
C


4
,
C=R
exp( 2 )[(3) ()]
""


2i
C=R
,
exp( 2 )(i)

(9.52)

(9.52a)

= 1.563 102 n,

160

9.

n , .
, (9.52), (9.52a)


C = R 1 + 2 2 ,

(9.53)


2 2 
C =R 1+
,
(9.53a)
3
50 kV 2.44% 0.8% ""
(9.49), (9.52)

C=

Q
.
A0

(9.54)

A0 (9.36) r = R.
, (9.49) (9.54) , .
(9.51) , . . (9.51)

1
W =
8

Ek =

1
gg Ek El dV =
8

A0
,
y k

00 kl

1
Dk = kl El ,
g00

Z
g
Ek Dk dV,
g00
kl = gkl ,

(9.51a)

(9.51b)

(9.51b) kl  .
, g0k = 0. (9.51a)
" "[133]

1 k
( D ) = 4

y k

(9.51c)

W =

1
8


Z 
g 1
k
(
A
D
)

4A

0
0 dV.
g00
y k

= ,

g00

(9.51d)

9.3. - -...

(9.51d)
Z
Z
1
1

k
A0 dV.
W =
( A0 D ) dV +
8
y k
2

161

(9.51e)

,
. 1/r3 ,
, .
, 2
Z
1
1

(9.51f )
W = A0 dV = A0 Q,
2
2
(9.51).
, [133] ()
. , , , , .
[133]
.
,
Q, N , .
(9.51) (9.36),
(9.33a) R 0. Q = N e
[139]

z exp(z )(1 (z)) 1 +

(1)m

m=1

1 3 . . . (2m 1)
,
(2z 2 )m

(9.55)

z =  1




Q
1
2mc2
4mc2 R
A0 (R)
1

=
1

4R 2
2 2
e
eQ


QA0
4mc2 R
W =
= N mc2 1 2
2
e N
2 , , .
, ,
,
.

162

9.

R 0

W = N mc2 .

(9.56)

"".
(9.36a)


Q exp( 2 )
A0 (R) =
(i) ,
2Ri
z =  1

A0 (R) =

4mc2
.
e

. 8
V = |A0 (R)Q/N mc2 | R,
y = R/r0 , r0 = e2 /(mc2 ) -
:
, " .
""(, ).
(9.34) (9.34) .
, , . . " " R 0.05r0 . " " ,
, .
- , .
R 0

W = 2N mc2 .
(9.56a)
. (9.56a) , Q = N e
N .

9.3. - -...

163

. 8: : V1 (x, y) -
" V2 (x, y) - " " x = 1 -
, "" R 0
W = 2mc2 .
, , .
(9.56)

e2
Q2
r0
=
C =
= ,
2
2W
4mc
4
.
"" 0

A0 (r) =

Q
,
r

W =

Q2
2R

.
,
. ,

.

164

9.

, .
. , " ". ,
e,
, , . ,
, . .
[136], " 1906
, , ".
, . (
) -
. .
.
(..
),
[133]. . [49]. , [49] [133],

Z

1
0
(T00 T11 T22 T33 ) gd V.
P = mc =
c
P 0 - 4 - , dV - () , g - 4 -
.
- ,

T = 0,

T (0)(0) = T00 ,

(6.88) (9.37),

V k = Vk = 0,

V 0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

P 0 = mc =

2
c

V0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

T (0)(0) gd V.

9.3. - -...

165

P 0 W (9.16), (9.16f) 2/c. 1/c ,

,
, .

, ( ) .
(9.56) .
A0 W
, , .
(6.88), (9.37) (9.41) (9.42)


Q
+
F01 = 2 ,
F(0)(1) = exp
2
r
. [133]
, F0k . (9.41) (9.42) r = R
R 0

F01 =

Q
.
R2

,
r  r0 r  r0
, r0 .
(9.36) (9.51) ,
Q = e R R = 0.05r0 = 1.68 1014
.
Wmax = 2.565mc2 .
R 0, , , W = 2mc2 . ,
, , 1.7 1014 .
,
r = 1016 . . , .
. . , [50]
[136], r0 1013 ,
.

166

9.

( , ) ,
.

(). "" 4 - P ()

Z
Z
1
1
gT e()
dS
=
gT (0)() dV,
(9.56b)
P () =

c
c
P (0) W (9.56a), c,
P (k) .
,
, .
.
, z . , , , ,
,
(9.56b)
Z
~
1
~ dV, H
~ = 1 ~v H.
~
g E H
(9.56c)
P~ =
4c
c

~, H
~ , ~v  ,
E
.

Z
Z
~

1
~ dV = 1
~ v E)]
~ dV. (9.56d)
g E H
g[~v E 2 E(~
P~ =
4c
4c
, P~ = 0.
, 4 - ,

p
p

v
gdV cdt = g 0 dV 0 cdt0 , dt0 = dt 1 2 , = , Ez = Ez0 ,
c

1
Ey = p
Ey0 ,
1 2

Ex = p

E 0
Hy = p x ,
1 2

1
1 2

Ex0 ,

Hz = 0,

Ey0
Hx = p
.
1 2

9.3. - -...

167

, Pz = P (3)

Z
v
2
2 p
p
(Ex0 + Ey0 ) g 0 dV 0 .
Pz =
4c2 1 2

Z
p
2
4
v
v
p
p
Pz =
E 02 g 0 dV 0 =
W,
(9.56e)
3 4c2 1 2
3 c2 1 2
W (9.51), -
(9.56a).
4/3
, .

2.
, , .
z , . ,
(9.34), r0 - ( ) dQ
, - - ~r ~i ,
~i = a~0 /| a~0 |. ~i dQ
. ""a0

() (9.35).

" [138]. ,
. , ,
, R , . ,
, ,
. (6.25)
, - .

168

9.

.
, r0 c .

r0 cos = R cos .

(9.57)

dQ

ddz,
(9.58)
dQ = Rddz =
2
.

, R 0 .
A0

2 2
+z
a
 Z + exp 0 2c2

Z

a0 cos
p
dz. (9.59)
A0 =
d exp
0
2c2
2 + z 2

A0 = 2I0 ()K0 (),

eE0
a0
=
.
2
2c
4mc2

(9.60)

E0 -
, I0 , K0 -
[51].
-
, .
(6.25),
, -

dS 2 = exp()(dy 0 )2 exp()d2 2 d2 dz 2 .

(9.61)

.
() () .
-
(9.61),
"

9.3. - -...

169

"[133]. , (9.60).
""D1


1
1
exp(/2)D = 0,
(9.62)

D1 =

2
exp(/2).

(9.63)

(9.62) (9.63) ""D1 E 1

F01 [133]

D1 = 11 D1 =

1
2
exp(/2) = E1 ,

g00

E1 = F01 ,

kl = gkl ,

(9.64)
kl - .
, ()
().
(9.60) F01 = F10

F01 =

a0
A0
= 2 (K1 ()I0 () I1 ()K0 ()).

(9.65)

(9.65) F01 (9.64), ,

() ()


+

exp
= (K1 ()I0 () I1 ()K0 ()) =
F01 .
(9.66)
2
2
, ,
, q ,
. m0 . F 1
(6.5), (9.61)

V k = Vk = 0,
V0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

V 0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

F 1 = F (),

F 0 = F 2 = F 3 = 0.

(9.67)

170

9.

(6.5)

F1 =

1 d
exp().
2 d

(9.68)

,
, .
.

F1 =

q
1 d
exp() =
F 10 V0 =
2 d
m0 c2

2q
exp(/2).
m0 c2

(9.69)

(9.65)-(9.69)

exp(/2) =

q
m0 c2

Z
F01 d =

qA0
+ C1 ,
m0 c2

(9.70)

C1 - .
A0
. , A0
.
. .
(9.10) (9.63), (9.64) F(0)(1)

F(0)(1) =

2
.

(9.71)

E0
F(0)(1) .

a0
eE0
e
=
=
,
2c2
4mc2
R2mc2

R.

(9.72)

(9.72) , .
[51].

r
I0 () '

1
e ,
2

r
K0 () '

e
2

(9.73)

9.3. - -...

4 -

A0 () =

171

2mc2 R
=
,

(9.74)

, , A0 0.
, , A0 : .
C1
(9.70) g00 .
(9.70)

exp(/2) = 1 +

qA0
.
m0 c2

(9.75)

(9.66),

exp(/2) =

1
A0
.
2 1 + mqAc02

(9.76)

 1,
[403]

I0 () ' 1,

K0 () ' ( ln (/2) + C),

(9.77)

 


a0
A0 () ' 2 ln
+
C
,
2c2

2
A0
'
,

(9.78)

C = 0.57721566490... - .
(9.78)
. -
, (9.75), (9.76)

exp(/2) =

1
1+

qA0
m0 c2

(9.79)

h,
(9.16) -(9.18), (9.51). T (0)(0) -

T (0)(0) =

2
22

(9.80)

172

9.

Z
W =
h
=
2

gT

h
V dS =
2

F01 d
R

A0
A0 (R)h A0 ()h
d =

2
2

(9.81)

(9.74) A0 () = 0,
R 0, (9.81) (9.72)

 

A0 (R)h
e
e
2
= hI0
W =
K0
.
(9.82)
2
2mc2
2mc2
(9.82) , h ,
, .
, ..
e
1
(9.83)
2mc2

W =

hmc2
= N mc2 ,
e

(9.84)

N - h .

, (,
), , , ,
, , .
.
,
(9.56), (9.84) (9.16i) .
. , , .
,

.
,

9.4. - ...

173

. ( ). , ,
,
"" . , () "",
. (),
.
. . ""
. ,
(
) .
.

9.4. -

-
, , . ,
, ..
. , ,
, . , ,
. , (6.7)
, , . ,

.
. , , - , [133]. ,
, ,
, , . , ,

174

9.

,

. [29] ,
[52] . - [133]

dS 2 = exp()(dy 0 )2 r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 ) exp()(dr)2 ,

(9.85)

r.
(9.85) , .. , g0k
. (6.1)
,

V k = Vk = 0,

V 0 = (g00 )1/2 ,
F 1 = F (r),

V0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

F0 = F2 = F3 = 0

F1 =

1 d
exp().
2 dr

(9.86)

, (6.7) (9.86) (r) (r).

, F 1 (9.85).
. .
). , , , ,
, . ,
. , .
. ,
, ( ) .
, ,
, (9.85) [7] .

dS 2 = exp(rg /r)(dy 0 )2 r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 ) (dr)2 ,

(9.87)

9.4. - ...

175

rg = 2kM/c2 . (9.87) , = 0 ,
(9.86) .
, - ,
- (9.87) . ,

.

, - . , ,
, ,
.
,
, - , , ,
(9.86) (9.87). ,
- (9.87),
- .
, . , [53],
(9.87) , .

(9.87) . , ,
, ,
- . ,
, , .
, .
). (9.87) , = 0, .
,
,
. , ,
, , , , ,

176

9.

. (9.85) ,
, ( [54] ) urr = ur /r
. u = u = ur /r , urr
.
,
, [30]

1 ij + 2 ik jl kl ,
P ij = I

I1 () = kl kl =

1
(1 exp()), (9.88)
2

, -
I1 - ,
ij
ij
, = g - (9.85).
ij =

1
0
(ij ij
)
2

0
ij
- .

(V ) = 0
[30],
[55]
= 0 exp(/2),
(9.89)
0 - " " .
" "

[406]

j P ij = aj ,

(9.90)

j - " ,
ij .
, , ( ).), , (9.90) (9.89)

exp()

d
0 kM
= 2
,
+ 2)r2
dr
(

(9.91)

9.4. - ...

177

, ( = 0)


+ 2
2kM

exp() = 1 2
,
c20 =
,
(9.92)
c0 r
0
c0 - .
,

F 1 = c2 a1 = (11 )1/2 kM/(cr)2 ,

(9.86) (9.91), ,
, = 0

 2 r
c0
2kM
(9.93)
=2
1 2 1 .
c
c0 r
(9.92) (9.93) c0 -
(9.87), . [28] ,
.
(9.92) 11
, (9.93)
g00 , exp()
(rg /r).
, - , ,
, (9.85), (9.93)
c0 ,
(9.92).

 r
2kM
dr2
2
.
dS = exp 2 1 2 2 (dy 0 )2 r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 )
c0 r
1 2kM
c20 r
(9.94)
(9.94) , .
, 5/6 .
. , (9.87).
, ,
, .

178

9.

. -
, . ,
.

9.5

. ,
.
, .

, .

( )
.
, . ,
,
,
. ,
(
) 
. [1], [11],
[15]. , ,
.
[56], [57], [58], .
, V4
(+ ) ,
:

x = x (y k , 0 ),

(9.95)

9.5. ...

179

x  , y k  ,
; 0 /c  .
,  . ,
,
.
[133]

Z
S=

mc(ds + A dx ),

e
,
mc2

(9.96)

ds
ds = V dx , V  .
[133]

DV
= F V ,
ds

(9.97)

F = A A =

A
A

.
x
x

(9.98)

, d
s = ds +
A dx (9.96)
Z
S = mc d
s,
(9.99)
[133].

dU
+ , U U  = 0.
d
s

(9.100)

, (9.97) (9.100) .
d
s ,

d
s = (V + A )dx U dx ,

U =

dx
dx ds
=
= P V ,
d
s
ds d
s

U V + A ,

P (1 + A V  )1 .

(9.101)

180

9.

, U U
4

U = g U = V + A .

(9.102)

(9.97), (9.98), (9.100), (9.101), (9.102) ,

g :

g = + 2 A A + A V + A V ,

(9.103)

 .
,
:
1. (9.97) .
2. g , (9.103).
4 (9.101), (9.102). ,
. F (9.98) , ..
F .
.
""e = m, (9.103)
.

8k
1
R g R = 4 U U .
2
c

(9.104)

(9.104), g U
(9.102) (9.103), 4 V , A F
, ..
.
, (9.95).
(9.103)  g , ,   , ,

 , . ,
.

9.5. ...

181

(9.102)

U = S  U + V + A ,

  ,
S  =

(9.105)

S   . (9.105), ,

[ U] = 2[ V] F ,
2

(9.106)

[ U] = 0;

2[ V] = F .

(9.107)

(9.107) V , (9.97). (9.107) (9.101)

U =

= V + A ,
x

(9.108)

(9.103)

g = +

V V .
x x

(9.109)




2

g = +P V V
1+
x x



P V + V ,
x
x

(9.110)

(9.101)

P = (1 +  A V )1 =


V
x

1


=

d
ds

1
.

(9.111)

(9.103), (9.108) (9.109)

g U U = V V ,

(9.112)

.. , , [8].

182

9.

.

. , A .
.
(9.109) ,
. , :

= x0 + (xk ),

Va = V (r)na = V (r)

xa
.
r

(9.113)

(9.109) (9.113), [133], "",

kl = gkl + g0k g0l /g00 ,

gl = g0l /g00 = g0l /h,

fkl = gl /xk gk /xl .

:

+ V0 V
, fkl = 0, V0 2 V 2 = 1,
h


2 2
2V 2 + 2V0 V
r + V
r
kl = kl + D(r)nk nl , D
,
1V2
kl = g kl = kl + T nk nl , nk = nk , V 0 = V0 ,


2 2
2V 2 + 2V0 V
kl
k
r + V
r
ln = n , T =
.
(9.114)

2
V 0 + V
r

g00 = h = 1 V 2 ,

gl = nl

(,
) [133]
!
p

r2 F

= 0, F h = 1 V 2 ,
r
1+D

183

9.5. ...

r D
1
r F
=
,
2 r (1 + D)
F r

r
rg
2kM
rg /r

, F = g00 = 1 , rg 2 .
D=
1 rg /r
r
c
D+

(9.115)

(9.116)

(9.114) (9.116) 4
, .
r
1/2

rg
rg
, V1 =V =
,
V0 = V 0 = 1 +
r
r

d
=V  =
= 1.
(9.117)
r
x
ds
, /c = = s/c
.
V0 + V

(9.117), (9.101) (9.108) (1 + A V ) = P 1 = 1,

4 U =
V .
U V (9.108).
(9.117) (9.113),

3/2

2 r3/2
2
r
+1

.
= c = s = x0 + rg
3
rg
3 rg 1/2

(9.118)

(9.114), (9.117), (9.118),

""
T (""),
[59].


  
1/2

rg
r r
r
rg
2
d
s = c dT 1
dr 2
+1
2 +
r
rg rg
rg
r

1/2  1/2

1/2 
r
r
r
rg
+2cdT dr 1 +

1+
rg
rg
r
rg
2

r2 (sin2 d2 + d2 ).

(9.119)

4 , (9.95), 0 = /c = s/c.
(9.117) dr/ds = V = (rg /r)1/2 . , R s =
2/3(r3/2 /rg 1/2 ), R  .

184

9.

(9.118)

3
r=
(R c )
2
2
x0 = cT = R rg
3



2/3

rg 1/3 ,

2/3
3/2
3
(R c )
+1
,
2rg

(9.120)

,
(9.119) [133].
(9.117), (9.120) ,
. v , 4 g , a
N :

1/2
r
rg
1 d2 r
dr
= v = c 1 +
= g = 2,
,
dT
rg
c2 d 2
2r

2
d2 r
c2 rg
rg
a=
= 2 1+
,
dT 2
2r
r
!
d
mv
mrg c2
N=
= 2
.
(9.121)


1/2
2
dT
2r (1 + rg /r)1/2
1 v2
c

0 < r < , .
v a , v(0) =
c, a(0) = c2 /(2rg ). N (9.121), , ,

N =

kmM

r2 1 +

2kM
c2 r

1/2 .

(9.122)

, 4 cV 1 (9.117) 4 gc2 (9.121) , ,

, .
(9.117) (9.121)
r1 > r r 0

185

9.5. ...

T [45].

  1/2
 1/2 
2 r1 r1
r r

=
,
3 c rg
c rg
T =

2
3


1+

r1
rg

3/2


3/2 
r
rg
.
1+
rg
c

(9.123)

(9.124)

(9.123)
, [31].
(9.123), (9.124) , r 0 r r1 ,
, .
t, .
t T [59]

1
T =t
c

  1/2 
1
1/2 
Z 
r
r
rg
rg
1+

dr
1
1
rg
r
rg
r
" 
3/2
 1/2 

rg 2
r
r
1 r
=t
1+
2
1+
c 3
rg
rg
3 rg
#

 1 (r/r )1/2 


g
ln 
 ,
 1 + (r/rg )1/2 

(9.125)

(9.119) .
dr/dt dr/dT = v (13.121)



dr dT
dr T
T dr
dr
=
=
+
.
(9.126)
dt
dT dt
dT t
r dt
, (9.125),


 1/2
dr T
dr
rg
rg
= dT drtT = c 1
,
dt
r
r
1 dT r

(9.127)

"" , [31]. ""

,

186

9.

(9.122)
,

r 0, |v| = c/ 2.
(9.127) , , t [31], [133].
(9.125), r rg , t T .
.. [60] , ,
, ,
.
,
. , . ""
. [91]

T ,
, (9.119) "" , r, ,
T

ds2 = c2 dT 2 dr2 r2 (sin2 d2 + d2 ).

(9.128)

(9.119) rg /r  1  (9.128). ,
(9.119) ,
, (9.119),
.
, W0 , 4 [133].
(9.108), (9.118)

W0 = m0 c2 U0 = m0 c2 = m0 c2 (V0 + A0 ).
, (9.117), (9.118), (9.129), (9.113)
1/2

rg
,
A0 = 1 1 +
r

(9.129)

9.5. ...

Ak =

Vk =
xk


1+

r
rg

1/2

r
rg

1/2

rg
r

1/2 
nk .

187

(9.130)

(9.130) , A V = 0, (9.117).
, g (9.119) , V A . (9.130)
F


A
A

,
Fkl = 0,
F =
x
x

F0k =

A0
r n
pg k
=
.
k
2
x
2r 1 + (rg /r)

(9.131)

, ,
F ~ . Ek
"" H
(9.122)

Ek = F0k =

N
nk =
m0

kM nk

1/2 .
2kM
r 2 1 + c2 r

""Dk = Ek

1/2
2kM
1
1+ 2
,
c r
k

Dk =

M
nk .
r2

(9.132)

(9.133)

, 

~ E
~ = 0,

~ D
~ = 0,

~ = 0.
H

(9.134)

ED
=
8

kM 2

8r4

1+

2kM
c2 r

1/2 .

(9.135)

, , [380].
W r0

1/2

Z
M c2
rg
2
1+
1 ,
(9.136)
W = 4r dr =
2
r0
r0

188

9.

W = (kM 2 )/(2r0 )
rg /r  1.
(9.119),
, , .
.
(9.119)
d
s2 = 0 :

 1/2 
 
r
dr
= c1 (r) = c 1
dT 1
rg


1/2  1/2
1

r
r
r
1+
1
,
rg
rg
rg


dr
dT


2

(9.137)


 1/2 
r
= c2 (r) = c 1 +
rg


1/2  1/2

1
r
r
r
1+
+1
,

rg
rg
rg

(9.138)

(9.137) , (9.138)  .
r < rg (9.137), (9.138) , ..  [133].

c1 (rg ) = 0.
r = rg r0 >
rg .

c1 r>rg > 0; |c1 | c r 0; r
.

c2 < 0;

|c2 | c r 0;

r .

|c2 | r = 3rg .
|c2 (3rg )| =

c(7 + 3 3)
.
11

r1 r2 0 r < .
rg /r  1,

c1 (1 0.5(rg /r)1/2 rg /r)c,

9.5. ...

189

c2 (1 + 0.5(rg /r)1/2 rg /r)c.

dr/dT
c , , , " ",
T ""+
"" t .
:

C , , , , 11.2 /, [59].

III.
[133].
(9.95), 0  , ,
.
, , :

dl2 = ( V V )

x x k l
dy dy
k ldy k dy l ,
y k y l

(9.139)

( V V ) =  ,

V =

x
.
0

(9.140)

V  , V V = 1. ,
(9.139), , .

" ". , , [133] ,
2

ds2 = d 0 kl dy k dy l .

(9.141)

""V4 V4 x y k , 0 .

190

9.

. kl (13.141), (9.142)?

kl = kl = ( V V )

x x
.
y k y l

(9.142)

,
"" ""[59], (9.112).
" (9.139)

dl2 =

V1

r
x0
V0
R
R

2

dR2 + r2 (R, 0 )(sin2 d2 + d2 ),

(9.143)

r  , R 
. .
"" 
[133].
(9.142)


2  2
r
(" x0
#1/2
)

0
0
r
x0
r x0
+
0 = 0.
(9.144)
0 R
R
1 + f (R)

(9.144) x0 (R, 0 ). r(R, 0 ) , f (R)  .

(9.144).
) 0 /c =
s/c (9.95),

x0
s

2

r
s

2
= 1,

(9.145)

, (9.144) (9.145) ,

2 x0
2 x0
=
,
Rs
sR

191

9.5. ...

r
s

2
= f (R) +

F (R)
,
r

(9.146)

df
1 dF
+
= 0.
dR r dR

(9.147)

(9.147) f = c1 = const, F = c2 = const.

, [133],
f = 0, F = rg .
(9.144) ""V4 [141], (9.120).
) (9.144) x0 /R = 0,
0

x = ( ),

r
0

2

= f
0

2
,

r = |f |1/2 .

(9.148)

(9.148) , f < 0. , f = sin2 R, = a( 0 ).

(9.140), (9.1419.143),

1
=
1+f

x0
0

1
,

0 2

(V ) = cos


R,

r
R

2

= a2 cos2 R,

d
s2 = (d 0 )2 a2 ( 0 ){dR2 + sin2 R(d2 + sin2 d2 )}.

(9.149)

(9.149) [133].
, a( 0 ) = cT , T 
.
""
""

Tmax =

2a0
4kM 1
=
,
c
3c2 c

(9.150)

M  , k  .
""
(9.148)

r
r
=v=
= c sin R c,
x0
T

(9.151)

192

9.

dv
= 0.
(9.152)
dT
, "
" "" "" T r ( ).
. [15].
"" ""
1
a0
T = a(t) = (1 cos ),
(9.153)
c
c
, [133], cdt = ad .

1
= h1 ,
T

h1 = h tan

1 da
= h,
a dt


1/2

=h
1
.
2
cr

(9.154)

(9.154) , "" cr 1/h1 ""1/h

.
) (9.95) ,
[8],
x
(9.155)
V k = 0,
y
,

x0
V 1 r
= 0
.
R
V R
(13.144)
p
p
V 0 = 1 + f, V 1 = f,

(9.156)

f > 0.

(9.157)
s
f
r(R, t) =
x0 + B(R) = vT + B(R),
1+f
B(R) - .

(9.157)

(9.158)

9.5. ...

193

[8], g k
() (9.140)

ln
.
(9.159)
g k = kn
y n
g k = 0.

= ( 0 ).

(9.160)

, (9.157) (9.158) B = 0,
p
x0 ( 0 , R) = a( 0 ) 1 + f

p
r( 0 , R) = a( 0 ) f ,

1
a
= 0.

(9.161)

, f = sinh2 R,

d
s2 = (d 0 )2 a2 ( 0 ){dR2 + sinh2 R(d2 + sin2 d2 )},

(9.162)

[133].
,
.

V1 =

dr
dr
=
ds
cd

a( 0 ) = c =

cT
.
cosh R

(9.163)

, a( 0 )/c
"".
"" ""h1 = 1/T

1 da
0
h=
, t= .
a dt
c

v
u
1 cr
u

.
h1 = ht
(9.164)
2 2
1 + hc2r 1 cr
cr
"" ,
"".

194

9.

, ,
""[61]. "" r = a( 0 ) sin R
r = a( 0 ) sinh R .
[133]

a() = a0 (1 cos ),
a3 =

M
,
2 2

a0 =

2kM
3c2

0 = ct = a0 ( sin )

a() = a0 (cosh 1),

a3 =

3c2 a0
,
4k

0 = ct = a0 (sinh )

, (9.148)

r(R, t) = a(t) sin R

r(R, t) = a(t) sinh r

2r
4kr
=
.
2
t
3

(9.165)

(9.165) . ,
(9.165) t
"". "" . , . , (9.162) (9.163)

d
s2 =

c2 d 2
c2 2 {dR2 + sinh2 R(d2 + sin2 d2 )}.
0
1 + 2a
c

(9.166)

a0 = 0 (9.166) [31], ,
, .. -
[3] [62].
, , ,

9.5. ...

195

, .
,
(9.154) (9.164) ,
"" "".

, , - :
:

1. 
, ,

. ,
. ,
, . (9.119),

. ,
r  , t T . rg /r  1 . , "" , ,
r rg ( ) .
:
2. C , , , , 11.2 /, . [31],
+
.
3. ,
t, , , , , -

196

9.

(9.125). ""
.
, , ""[61].
"" r = a( 0 ) sin R
r = a( 0 ) sinh R .

9.6.

1 , .
, , . , . - , , . .
, , ( ,
) ,
, (9.34)
 0 0

a0 r (1 cos )
0 dS 0
exp
,
(9.167)
dA0 =
r0
2c2
r0 - ( ) dQ0 = 0 dS 0
, 0 - ,
, - - ~r ~i ,
~i = a~00 /| a~00 |. ~i dQ
. ""a00 ()

a00 =

eE 0
2 0
=
,
2m
m

(9.168)

~n0 ,
.

9.6. ...

197

(9.167)

dA0 =



0 dS 0
e 0 (r0 + ~n0 ~r0 )
exp

r0
mc2

(9.169)

F0k .
(9.169),
, xk . 3


Z 0

e 0 (r0 + ~n0 ~r0 )

A0
exp

F0k = k =
x
r0
mc2



xk x0k
0 e xk x0k
0k
+
+
n
dS 0 .
r02
mc2
r0

(9.170)

xk

~n, .


Z 0

e 0 (r0 + ~n0 ~r0 )

=
exp
r0
mc2



~0
~n N
0 e
~ 0 + ~n ~n0 dS 0 .
+
~
n

N
r0
mc2

(9.171)

~ 0 ~r0 , N
.

= 2.
, ""
[142].
.
3 , -,
, .. (6.25) ( ) .
, - .
.

198

9.

- ,
.
, ( , , - ).
(, ).
,
, , ,

dS 2 = g00 (dy 0 )2 kl dy k dy l .

(9.172)

,
y 0 , y k . ,
g0k .
, , (9.172)

V k = Vk = 0,

V 0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

V0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

(9.173)

, (4-) , ,
, ,
[133].

F k = k00 (V 0 )2 =

1 km g00
g
.
2g00
y m

(9.174)

, ,
, .

.

Fk =

1 km g00
e
e km
g
= 2 F k0 V0 =
g F0m V 0 .
2g00
y m
mc
mc2

(9.175)

" "[133] 4 ,
(9.172). ( "" ) [133].


k

D
= 0, Dk = g00 F 0k .
(9.176)
y k
4 , , ,
.

9.6. ...

199

(9.170) ,
. ,
, .
, (9.173), 4 - .
(9.10) .
,
, F01 .
F(0)(1)
() ()

F01 = e0 e1 F()() =

g00 11 F(0)(1)

(9.177)

, F(0)(1)
.
(9.171) F01 .
,
, . ,

,



Z 0

e 0 (r0 + ~n0 ~r0 )

exp
2 g00 11 =
r0
mc2



~0
~n N
0 e
0
0
~

+
~n N + ~n ~n
dS 0 .
r0
mc2


(9.178)

(9.178) , ,
, . ,
, .
, ,
. ,
, (9.178) 2 4 .
(9.176), (9.178) (9.175) , -

200

9.

.
(6.7) , = = 0 .
,
. , .

10.1. ...

201

10

.
,
.
[8], [106].

10.1.


,
- , . , , , . .
, - , , , . . .
(9.172) (9.173).
y 0 . , g0k .
, . - .
- ,
, .
, g00
.
(4-) ,
,

202

10. ...

(9.174). , (9.175). -

, - , ,
, .

. ,
, ,
,
. ,
, , , ,
(9.174). "-" .
,
(9.176), (9.178) (9.175).

(6.7) , = = 0
. .
, ,
m0 q .
: " ,
Q, , , ?"
. ,


, ..
q
DV
= F V .
(10.1)
m0 c
dS
c
,
7 6,
, . , , , (9.9)


2E0 qy 1
2
2
2
2
2
dS = exp
dy 0 y 1 dy 2 dy 3 ,
m0 c2

10.1. ...



q
dV 1
E0 q
qE0
12
1 + V 12.

1
+
V
=
dS
m0 c2
m0 c2

203

(10.2)

,
a = E0 q/m. q .
,

.
, ,
,
. :
.

(9.174) (9.175), , (10.1). (10.1)
. . ,

dV
+ V V = 0.
dS

(10.3)

, , .
.
,
,
(4-).
, .
, . (10.3)
.
, ,

204

10. ...

. ,

-.
, . , 4-
,
. ,

m0 c

q
DV
= F V ,

c
dS

(10.4)

V - 4- , F - -.
(10.4) , , . , .
"" .

, . , ,
.
: " -
, ?"
. ,
.
,
, . " ",
.
, .
.
.
-

10.1. ...

dS 2 = g00 (dy 0 )2 + gkl dy k dy l ,

205

(10.5)

,

Z
1
1
g00 dy 0 =
g00 y 0 .
(10.6)
=
c
c
, y 0 /c . , , ,
.
,
.
, - . ,
 . .
, ()
. 9.5
6.6 -.
, ,

. , , .
.
, , -
.
, , , ..
. ,

.
, .
.

206

10. ...

10.2.


. , (9.9).
(10.3), .. . , , .
(10.3), , (6.35)-(6.38) -.
(6.25), ,
(9.9)
.

dy 1
= tan(a0 S/c2 ),
dS
dy 0
exp(a0 x1 /c2 )
=
,
dS
cos2 (a0 S/c2 )

y 1 = x1 +
y0 =

c2
ln | cos(a0 S/c2 ) |,
a0

a0 =

E0 q
,
m0
(10.7)

c2
tan(a0 S/c2 ) exp(a0 x1 /c2 ). (10.8)
a0

, S = 0, dy 1 /dS = 0, y 1
x1 ,
. S/c = x0 /c = t
. (10.7) (10.8) (9.9) , y 2 = x2 , y 3 = x3

dS 2 = c2 dt2 cos2 (a0 t/c)(dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 .

(10.9)

, , , .
(10.7), (10.8) x1 , x0 ,
,
2

a0 2 y 0
c2
exp(2a0 y 1 /c2 ) |,
ln | 1
a0
c4


c2
a0 y 0
0
1 2
x =
arcsin
exp(a0 y /c ) .
a0
c2

x1 = y 1

(10.10)

(10.10) (10.9) (9.9).

207

10.2. ...

(10.10) ,

x1 = y 1

c2
ln | cos(a0 t/c) |,
a0

t = t.

(10.11)

(10.11) t v 1
p
(10.12)
v 1 = c tan(a0 t/c),
v = (g11 v 1 v 1 ) = c sin(a0 t/c).
v
t1 = m0 c/(2E0 q).
(10.9)

011 =

1
cos2 (a0 t/c),
2c t

101 =

1
ln cos2 (a0 t/c).
2c t

(10.13)

4 - V
(10.10)

x
V = 0 ,
y

(10.14)

4. 4 -

V1 = sin(a0 t/c),

V 0 = V0 =

1
,
cos(a0 t/c)

= exp(a0 y 1 /c2 ).

(10.15)
C (10.15) (10.9) ,
(6.3)
(6.4) , 4 -
g F F = a20 /c4 (6.5) .
(10.9) (10.12) ,

dS 2 = c2 dt2 (1 v 2 /c2 )(dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 .

(10.16)

.



F
F
F
1

4

+
+
= 0,
gF
= j . (10.17)
x
x
x
g x
c

208

10. ...

, (10.9),

F01 = F10 = E0 cos(a0 x0 /c2 ),

(10.18)

g = cos(a0 x0 /c2 ),

F 01 = g 00 g 11 F01 =

E0
,
cos(a0 x0 /c2 )

1 ( gF 10 )

0,
g
x0
.

(10.19)



E0 qy 1

F01 = E1 = D1 exp
= D1 g00 , D1 = E0 = const, (10.20)
2
m0 c
(10.10)

F (y ) =

x x
F .
y y

(10.18) (10.20).
""

e() = p

|g |

e()
=

p
|g |,

F()() = e() e() F ,

,

F(0)(1) = E0 = const.
,
, ~.
E
(10.4)
. (10.9), (10.13) (10.15)

10.2. ...

209



a0


V , F0 = 2 tan(a0 t/c),
V V = F = V

x
c
a0
a0 2
F1 = 2 , = = 0, g F F = 4 .
c
c
(10.18) , (10.4)
.
, ,
,
(10.4).

.
, :
1. , . (6.12), (6.13)
(6.14), (6.15). (, , ,
, xk , , y k , T ,
.)
q
y 1 (x1 , T ) = x1 + (c2 /a00 )[ 1 + a00 2 T 2 /c2 1],

y 2 = x2 ,

y 3 = x3 ,

y 0 = x0 ,

a00 = a0 =

E0 q
m0

(10.21)

y 1 (x1 , ) = x1 + c2 /a00 [cosh(a00 /c) 1],

y 2 = x2 ,

y 3 = x3 ,

T = (c/a00 ) sinh(a00 /c),

(10.22)

(10.21)
T , (10.22) - .
(10.21) (10.22)

dS 2 =

c2 dT 2
1+

a00 2 T 2 /c2

a00 T dT dx1
(1 + a00 2 T 2 /c2 )1/2

(dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 ,

(10.23)

210

10. ...

dS 2 = c2 (d )2 2 sinh(a00 /c)cd dx1 (dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 , (10.24)

(10.23) , (10.24) [133]
kl = gkl + g0k g0l /g00 , " "
2

dl2 = (1 + a00 T 2 /c2 )(dx1 )2 + (dx2 )2 + (dx3 )2 ,

dl2 = cosh2 (a00 /c)(dx1 )2 + (dx2 )2 + (dx3 )2 .

(10.25)
(10.26)

,
.
2. - (10.3).
(10.7), (10.8) (10.9).
, ,
xk
y k . ,
, .

. , ,
.
(10.21) (10.22) T = const = const, .
(14.7)-(14.9) S/c = t = const . t.
(10.7) (10.21),

s



E0 q 2 T 2
cm0
arccos exp 1 1 +
.
t=
E0 q
m20 c2

(10.27)

10.2. ...

211

(10.9) , 6 10.

dS 2 = g00 c2 dT 2 g11 (dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 ,



2 exp 2(1 (1 + 2 )1/2 )


 ,
g00 =
2
2
1/2
(1 + ) 1 exp 2(1 (1 + ) )


g11 = exp 2(1 (1 + 2 )1/2 ) ,

E0 qT
.
m0 c

(10.28)

.
m T





E0 qm
m0 c
E0 qT
m0 c
sinh
, m =
arsinh
.
(10.29)
T =
E0 q
m0 c
E0 q
m0 c
(10.29) , .
(10.27) (10.9) ,
, ,

cm0
.
2E0 q

(10.30)

,
[133]

1
(g00 )1/2 y 0
c

(10.10), (10.11), (10.27).

s


c
c
2
1/2
= 0
1 exp 2(1 (1 + ) )
= 0 sin(a00 t/c).
a0
a0

(10.31)

(10.32)

212

10. ...

. dm
dT

p
dm
= 1 2 ,
dT

v
.
c

(10.33)

,
t
T (10.27).
(10.7) T

= p
,
1 + 2

(10.34)

dt
=s
dT


exp

2
12

(10.35)

1
.
1 2

(10.36)


2 1

(10.35) (10.33)

D=

dt
=s
dm


exp

2
12


2 1

. 9

(10.36).
D :
= 0 D = 1, = 0.25 D = 0.992, = 0.5 D = 0.960,
= 0.75 D = 0.849, = 0.95 D = 0.338, = 0.99 D = 0.016.
(10.36) ,
. . ,

, , . , = 0.75
15% , . .
, , -
 . .

10.2. ...

213

. 9:
.
" , ,
(10.9)
?" , , ,
(6.25), ,
.
, . .
() , () , ,
. , , , ,  ,
, , . ,
(.. "")
(9.9).

214

10. ...

- . , , ,
, , ,
.
-
(6.39), xk y k , t t ..

dS2 = c2 dt2 cos2 (

a0 t/c)(dy 1 )2 (dy 2 )2 (dy 3 )2 .

(10.37)

, .
, , ,
(10.9)
.



2
a0 x1
2

(dx0 )2 (dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 ,

(10.38)
dS = exp
c2
(6.25) y k xk .
,
. , , -
.


, , .
. ,
. , "" "" .


:
1). (10.37)
( ) .
2). (10.1)
(10.37)
(10.7).

215

10.2. ...

( (10.17-10.20) ..), x y .
:
). (10.7) (10.8) (9.9) (10.9).
b). (10.10) (10.9) (9.9).
c). , , (10.37) (10.38), (10.10)
xk y k , y k xk , x0 y 0 ,
y 0 x0 , a0 a
0 . , , .. y 1 > x1 a
0 > 0.

- (10.37)

y 1 = x1



2

a
2 x0
c2 
ln 1 0 4 exp(2
a0 x1 /c2 ),
a
0
c



c2
a
0 x0
1 2
y =
exp(
a0 x /c ) .
arcsin
a
0
c2
0

(10.39)

(10.39) ,

y 1 = x1

c2
ln | cos(
a0 t/c) |,
a
0

a
0 =

E0 q
,
m0

y 0 = ct.

(10.40)

(10.40) (10.7) .
, (10.39)
(10.1), m0 , .
4- V (10.39)
(10.14)

y ,
V =
(10.41)
x0

4
. 4 -
V1 = sin(
a0 t/c),

V 0 = V0 =

1
,
cos(
a0 t/c)

= exp(

a0 x1 /c2 ).

216

10. ...

V1 =

tan(
a0 t/c)
.
cos(
a0 t/c)

(10.42)

(10.37)

011 =

1
cos2 (
a0 t/c),
2c t

101 =

1
ln cos2 (
a0 t/c).
2c t

(10.43)

(10.42), (10.43) (10.37)

V V = F = V


V

V ,
y

F0 =

a
0
tan(
a0 t/c),
c2

a
2
a
0
, = = 0, g F F = 40 .
(10.44)
2
c
c

- (10.37) (10.18).
F1 =

F01 = F10 = E0 cos(

a0 y 0 /c2 ),

(10.45)

(10.42), (10.44) (10.45) ,

(10.1) .
, " , , (10.9)
?" :
1. (10.9) - ,
(9.9) - (10.9).
(10.16).
2. (10.38) - ,
, . (9.9).
,
.
(10.9) (10.38) ,
.

.

217

10.3. ...

10.3

a).
m0 q
, Q. , ,
m0 , Q . ,
,
Q. -

dS 2 = exp()(dy 0 )2 r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 ) exp()(dr)2 ,

(9.37)

(9.47)
(9.48).

(10.3) -. , -
, , .
= /2.
- ,
- [133].

S S
m0 c2 = 0.
y y

(10.46)

(9.37) (10.46)

S
y 0

2
e

S
r

2

1
2
r

2

m20 c2 = 0.

(10.47)

-
S

S=

E0 y 0
+ M + Sr (r).
c

(10.48)

E0 - , M - .
(10.48) (10.47)


Z s
E2
M2
Sr =
exp( ) 20 m20 c2 + 2 exp()d r.
(10.49)
c
r

218

10. ...

(9.47) (9.48)

2
r4
Q2

exp() = 
1+
r4
Q2

A0
r

qA0
m0 c2

exp( ) = 
1+

2 .

A0
r

(10.50)

2

qA0
m0 c2

4 .

(10.51)

r o
y 0 /c.

S
= const.
E0

(10.52)

(10.48-10.51),
s


2
exp(/2)dr
M2
qA0
m20 c4
v (1)
=
=
1
+
1
+
.
1

c
exp(/2)dy 0
E02
m20 c2 r2
m0 c2
(10.53)
v (1) - "" .

.
(10.53) M = 0
s

2
v (1)
qA0
m20 c4
= 1
1+
.
c
E02
m0 c2

(10.54)

,
[133].

m0 c2 g00
E0 = q
.
(10.55)
2
1 vc2
(10.55) v
cdl
v=
,
(10.56)
g00 dy 0

10.3. ...

219

dl -
. . , "", "" , , .
(9.48a),
s

2
|q||Q|
v (1)
= 1 1
.
(10.57)
c
m0 c2 r

, . , R = 0.8 1013 cm. r0 = 2.8
1013 cm.
(9.36a).
r


r
Q exp( 2 ) i
eQ
(i(1 2R/r)) (i) , =
.
A0 =
4R
R 8mc2 R
(9.36a)

r
r
r
eQ
me r0
r
r
=
=
= 0.0154 .
(10.58)
2
R 8mc R
R 8mp R
R
me , mp - . = 0.0154, (9.36) ,
(10.54)
s

2
r0
v (1)
m2 c4
= 1 02 1
.
(10.59)
c
E0
r
(10.59) , E0 /m0 c2 =
1. (10.59)
s

2
v (1)
r0
= 1 1
.
(10.60)
c
r
(10.60) ,
c,
r0 .

220

10. ...

r0 /2. , . , r r0 /2.
"" 1.4 1013 cm,
.
,
, , "" [31]

v (1)
=
c


 r
rg
rg
1 1
.
=
r
r

(10.61)

(10.61) rg - .
e2 kmp me r0 rg /2
(10.60) (10.61) .
(10.60) (10.61) . (10.61) ""
, c
r 0.
(10.60)
, r = r0 .
[133],
v
u
1
v (1)
=u
(10.62)
2 .
u1 
c
t
r0
1+ r
(10.62) ,

c r 0. r = r0 , v (1) = .866c. , r > r0
14%. r0 /r  1 (10.60) (10.62)
. r0 /r > 1 :
, - .
,
. (10.54) E0 , r, v (1) = c.
.

10.3. ...

221

(10.59), E v

E=

E0
,
me c2

v=

v (1)
.
c

s

2
1
r0
.
v = 1 2 1
E
r

(10.63)

(10.64)

(10.59) , E 1
v r = r0 . r0 , , .

v = 1.
v .
rmin , ,
, .

r0
.
(10.65)
rmin =
E+1
(10.65) ,
E . . (10.64), (10.65) .
(10.54) (9.36a). (9.36a)



Q exp( 2 )
A0 (R) =
(i) ,
2Ri
z =  1

A0 (R) =

4mc2
.
e

(10.54) ,

E=4

mp
1.
me

(10.67)

, , .

222

10. ...

r1 .
y 0 /c
Z
dr
(10.68)
y0 =

2 s

2 .
1 rr0
1 E12 1 rr0
r r0 .
,

.

.
s
Z
Z
dy 0 2
dr
s
(10.69)
c = dr exp() 2 exp() =

2 .
dr
E 2 1 rr0
, r1 rmin , (10.65).
"s
r2
r1
r0
(E 2 1) 12 + 2 1
=
2
c(E 1)
r0
r0

r
 E 2 1 (E 2 1) r12 + 2 r1 1 + (E 2 1) r1 + 1 #


r0
r0
r02
1



ln 
 .

E
E2 1 
(10.70)
, ,
.
E = 1.
E = 1 (10.69)


r0
r1
1+
.
(10.71)
=
3c
r0
(10.70) E 1. (10.71) r1
. .

10.3. ...

223

(10.64) , E(r),
.



r0 
(10.72)
E(r) = 1 .
r
(10.72) , E(r) r < r0 , ,
r = r0 /2 r 0. ,
r = r0 " r = rmin
(10.65). E() = 1, 1 E(r0 ) = 1.
, E = E1 < 1 .
rmin r1 = r0 /(1 E1 ). E = E1 > 1 . , rmin , "" .
M = 0
.
.
. (10.53) v (1) = 0, M 6= 0 , U (r) =
E0 (r)/(me c2 )
s


M 2 
r0 
(10.73)
U = 1 + 2 2 2 1 .
me c r
r
C. A.
[143], [144].
r0 rg /2. C ,
(9.48)
.
.

E (10.63), a x
M
r
rg
a=
, x = , r0 .
(10.74)
me crg
rg
2
(10.73)
r


a2 
1 
U = 1 + 2 1
.
x
2x 

(10.75)

224

10. ...

U (x). , - . U (x) = E U 0 (x) = 0,
r

3/2


2
2a 
1 
2
1
.
(10.76)
x1,2 = a 1 1 2 , E =
a
x1,2 
2x1,2 

, - .

r




3
2a 
1 
2
1

(10.77)
x1,2 = a 1 1 2 , E =
a
x1,2 
x1,2 
U0 (x) .
s


1
a2
1
.
(10.78)
U0 (x) =
1+ 2
x
x
, (10.75) , ,
(10.78).
x  1. (10.78) ,
x 1,
U0 .
(10.75) . (10.78) a [31] [133]. (10.75)
a x 1 (10.78)
.
(10.76) (10.77). , a2 = 2 ,
a2 = 3.

r1 = 2rg 4r0 .
p
E1 = 27/32 = 0.919, ,
(10.55),

v = c 3/3 = 0.577c.
p
r1 = 3rg , E1 = 8/9 = 0.943, v = c/2
[144].
a2 < 2 (
a2 < 3). a 2 r2 = 4r0 r2 = 2r0 ( r2 = 3rg

10.3. ...

225

. 10: U (x, a) a

r2 = 1.5rg ). Emax Emax = 0.919

Emax = ( Emax = 0.943 Emax = ).

r1 = rg 2r0 , Emax = , v = c, ( r1 = 1.5rg , Emax =
, v = c).
. 10 a . a =
0
. a = 2,

.
a = 1.665, a = 5 2.551.
. 11 , .
, - . (10.76).
, - -

226

10. ...

. 11: x
a

. , . 11, a = 2,
.
, a = 3.
. 10, 11 x > 0.5. ,
, .
U (x) (10.75) U (x) x = 1/2. ,
x U (x) ,
, .. a = 0.
x = 1/2 , U (x)
. U (x) ,
. . 108,
(10.75) < 0.5
, E >
Emax . E > Emax = 1.5 ,

10.3. ...

227

. 12:

E ""
0.5 > x > 0 (. . 12). , x x = r/rg r/(2r0 )
, , , . ,
, . , x = 1/2 r = r0 ,
.
" " U (r0 ) = 0 (. . 12)
. ,
"" r0 . , r0 .
.
[133], S/M = const.

228

10. ...

(10.48)  (10.51)
Z
s
=

r2

exp(

E2
) c20

Md r

m20 c2 +

.
M2
r2

(10.79)


exp()

.
r  r0 .

.
,
[133], (10.49) M .
Z s
M2
r2
E 2 r4

d r.
(10.80)
Sr = m0 c
(r r0 )4
m20 c2 (r r0 )2
(r r0 )2

r r0 = r0 ,

m20 c2 (E 2 1) = 2m0 E 0 +

E 02
,
c2

E 0  ( ),
Z r
2r0 m20 c2 + 8r0 m0 E 0
M 2 5r02 m20 c2
E 02
Sr =

d r.
2m0 E 0 + 2 +
c
r
r2
(10.81)
e2 kmp me r0 rg /2
Sr ,
- . 1/r2 . M 2 ( )
6r02 m20 c2 . .
[133],

, .
M 2 , . 5r02 m20 c2 /r2

10.3. ...

229

M 2 /r2 ,
Sr = Sr0 + Sr ,
(10.82)
Sr0 (10.81) , Sr
Z
5m20 c2 r02 d r
q
Sr =
.
(10.83)
02
2
2r m2 c2 +8r m E 0
2r2 2m0 E 0 + Ec2 + 0 0 r 0 0 M
r2
Sr
(10.83)

Sr =

5m20 c2 r02
.
M

(10.84)

S
Sr
=+
= const,
M
M

Sr0
Sr0
Sr
=

.
M
M
M

(10.84) ,

Sr0
= 2,
M

5m20 c2 r02
.
(10.85)
M2
(10.85)
.
,
, e2 kmp me
r0 rg /2. ,
, .
= 2 +

( - ). , v c.
(10.80)
r r0 = r0 ,

230

10. ...

, E  1, E0 = m0 c2 E
M [133]

M
m0 cE

(10.86)

E0
Sr =
c

Z r
4r0
2
6r2
1 + 0 02 + 020 d r.
r
r
r

(10.87)

, r0 /  1. (10.87)

Z r
E0
4r0
2
Sr =
1 + 0 02 d r.
(10.88)
c
r
r
2r0 rg

[133]. [133], ,

,
. ,

4r0
.
(10.89)
=

, r0 . (10.53), E  1

s

2
v (1)
2
r0
= 1 2 1
.
(10.90)
c
r
r
, ,
v (1) = 0.
(10.90).

,

1 =

r12
,
|r1 1|

,
r0

r1

r
.
r0

(10.91)

(10.91)

r1 = 2,

1min = 4

(10.92)

10.3. ...

231

. 13: r1 1 .
1 < 4 ""
: r1 = 1 Y = r1 + 1. r1 0. ,
r1 = 1 r1 = 0 .
(10.66) 4- (10.53) r1 0,
. . 13 R1 1 r1 r1


. [31] [133]
3/2

r
r
, 2 , r2 .
(10.93)
2 = 2
rg
rg
r2 1
(10.92)

r2 =

3
,
2

2min =

3 3
2

(10.94)

232

10. ...

: r2 = 1 Y = r2 .
r1 > 1 r2 > 1 .
r2 < 1 (10.93) , . ,
, . , 2 < 2min = 2.6 , , .

27rg2
= 6.75rg2 .
(10.95)
= 22min rg2 =
4
1 < 1min = 4 ""
"" (. . 13).

1min =

r12
,
1 r1

p
21min + 41min 1min
r1max =
= 0.83.
2

(10.96)

(10.97)

, "" , .
, r < r0 .
r = 2r0 r = r0 , "" .
p

p = 21min r02 = 16r02 4rg2 .

(10.98)

,
v
c, E = 1.
, (10.78)

U (xmax ) = 1.

5
[8] (26.47) , r1 = 2, 1min =
2( 2 + 1) : r1 = 2, 1min = 4.

10.3. ...

233

xmax = 2, a = 2.
= 2crg /v

2
c
= 22min rg2 = 4rg2
.
(10.99)
v
< 2crg v .
U (x) (10.75) U (x) = 1 U 0 (x) = 0,
(. . 10, )
r

3/2


2a 
1 
2
2
.
(10.100)
x1 = a 1 1 2 , 1 = 1
a
x1
2x1 
(10.100)

22 + 222 + 16
2
a =
= 2.773,
16

a = 1.665,

x1 = 1.309. (10.101)

= 3.33cr0 /v

2

2
c
c
p = 2 = 11.1r02
2.77rg2
.
(10.102)
v
v
,
r < r0 E = 1 ""(. . 14)

[133], M c < |Qe| Qe < 0

r .
. , ( )

<

cr0
v

(10.103)

3.33 , . ,
r0
. r0 . ( )

r0 .

234

10. ...

. 14: , .
, , ""

b).
,
. ,
.
. ,
, . .
,

,
.
, .
:
1. ,
- -

10.3. ...

235

, , .
2. . , ,
,
- .
108 ,
1013 , (9.37) (9.48)

2
2 

r0
e2
= exp(),
(10.104)
=
1

exp() = 1
rm0 c2
r
e - , m0 - .
[133], P 4-,

P =

S
.
y

(10.105)

4- . (10.48) (10.49)
s


M2
E2
Pr = exp( ) 20 m20 c2 + 2 exp().
(10.106)
c
r
, "" 4-, (9.10).
s


1
E2
M2
P(r) =
Pr = exp() 20 m20 c2 + 2 = P (r) .
g11
c
r
(10.107)

I
I
(r)
P dr = nr h,
M d = n h,
(10.108)
nr n .
s

2


I
n2
h2
r0 E02
h
2 c2 +
1+

m
dr = nr h, h =
. (10.109)
0
r
c2
r2
2
E0 , nr n .

236

10. ...

I p
A + 2B/r C/r2 dr,

B=

r0 E02
,
c2


A=

m20 c2

C = n2
h2

r02 E02
.
c2


E02
2 ,
c
(10.110)

, A .
r, .
. [64],



I p

B
2
A + 2B/r C/r dr = 2 C .
(10.111)
A

r
1
r0 E0
r2 E 2
p
(10.112)
1 20 02 = nr h.
2
2
2
2
2
c
c M
m0 c E0 /c
E (10.63),
"
#1/2
2
0
e2
E = 1 + q
, 0 = E, =
, (10.113)
2
hc
n 2 0 2 + nr
- . 0
[65],
.

E = 1 ,

(10.114)

 - , = 1/137, , ,
 (10.113),
.

10.3. ...

237

 - , ,

. (10.113) (10.114)
, 0  1,
"
#


2
2
0
1
2
3
0
2
, n = nr + n , 0 = 2 1 2 .

= 2 1+
2n
n n
4n
2n
(10.115)
W = m0 c2 n = j + 1/2,


2

W =

4 m0 c2
0 m0 c2

2n2
2n3


3
1

.
j + 1/2 4n

(10.116)

.
, , . , .
. (10.116)
, (10.116) .
Ws .

2
1
Ws W
100% = 2 100% = 2 0.00266%
Ws
2n
n

(10.117)

.
[66],
j1 = n 1/2 j2 = 1/2 n .
(10.73).

(10.76), ,
. , nr (10.113).
n n.
E .

E=q

1
1+

,
2
n2

n = n ,

e2
.
hc

(10.118)

238

10. ...

, ,

E =1

34
2
+
.
2n2
8n4

(10.119)

(10.76), . a  1, r/r0  1.
, . (10.76)

x1 = a2 (2 1/a2 ),

E1 = 1

1
.
8a2

(10.120)

(10.120) (10.119)
2 , (10.74) .

M=

nme cr0
= n
h.

(10.121)

, .
, , a2 = 2
r1 = 4r0 . (10.76) .
r
27
E1 =
.
(10.122)
32

(10.118),
r
27
= 0.017.
(10.123)
n=
5
, ,
n . ,

.
,
.
, -
, . , .

11.1.

239

11

, .
- - .

11.1.
, , , .
() , ""
. ,
, , .
,
,
. ,
(
) .
, . ,
(
.)
, .
, ( )
"" . , , ,

240

11. ...

(6.25). .. (6.25)
,
""
( - ).
.
,
.
,
. , , ,
[50]


1 2
2
2
(11.1)
2 2 k0 = 4g 0 (~r ~r0 (t)),
c t
g 0 - , ~r0 (t) - - ,

g k02 = 4g 0 (~r ~r0 (t)),

k0 =

2c
.
h

(11.2)

(11.2) - , h - , ~r
- - , g -
. (11.2)
- . ,
= A

1 ( gA )
=
.
(11.3)
g
y
(11.3), (11.2)



1

gg

k02 = 4g 0 (~r ~r0 (t)).

g y
y

(11.4)

(11.4), g .
(6.25). (11.4) (6.25), ,
.

a0
k02 = 4g 0 (y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 ).
c2 y 1

(11.5)

11.1.

241

(11.5)

= u(y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ) exp(y 1 ),

a
a0
= 2.
2
2c

u
 1
ay
a2
u ( + k02 )u = 4g 0 exp
(y 1 )(y 2 )(y 3 ),
4
2
a

 r

a2
g0
u = exp r k02 + 04 .
r
4c

(11.6)

(11.7)

(11.8)

, (6.25) - , , - .
, (11.5)
r

4k02 c4
( a r
1 + a2 + cos )
0
0
g0
.
(11.9)
= exp
2
r
2c

, , ,
, " "
.
,
.
,
. , . .
, , ,
. d Rd R sin

r

4k02 c4
( a r0
)
1
+
+
cos

0
a20
2R2 sin
d =
exp
d.
(11.10)
r0
2c2
- - - ~r0

242

11. ...

. , , ,
"" , , - - . ~r0 ~r
.
, , , ,
, , .

.
" " .
, , ,

Z
g 0 rp 1 exp(r(f b + x))
dx
(11.11)
= e
2r
b
1

s
4k 2 c4
x = cos , f = 1 + 02 ,
a0

a0
,
2c2

p
R
, b = 1 + a2 2ax.
r
(11.11)
p=

g0
exp (s2 + s2 p2 (1 f 2 ))
2Rs

(11.12)

s(1p(1+f ))

exp(u2 )du,

(11.13)

s(1+p(1f ))

a s
s
r
r
a0
s=
=r
.
2p
4Rc2

(11.14)

(11.4) , . (9.37),
(r) (r) . (11.4)






2
+

2 2
exp
r
= k0 r (r) exp
.
(11.15)
r
2
r
2

243

11.1.

(11.15) (r) (11.13)

(r) (r).
, ,
, "" ""g 0 , r .
m0 . F 1
(6.5), (9.37)

V k = Vk = 0,
V0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

V 0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

F 1 = F (r),

F 0 = F 2 = F 3 = 0.

(11.16)

(6.5), (9.37) (11.16)

F1 =

1 d
exp().
2 dr

(11.17)

, , , . . ,

g0
DV

=
(g V V )
(11.18)
dS
m0 c2
y

[50].
,

g0
1 d

exp() =
,
exp()
2
2 dr
m0 c
r

(11.19)

2g 0
(r) =
(r).
(11.20)
m0 c2
, (11.20), (11.13) g00 . g11 (11.15),
:

dY
+ h(r)Y (r) = k(r),
dr

Y (r) = exp(),

h(r) =

2 dT
,
T dr

244

11. ...

 
2
T (r) = exp
r
,
2
r

k(r) =

2k02

(11.21)

, ,
:
 Z r
Z r
Z r

Y (r) = exp
h(r)dr
exp
h(r)dr k(r)dr+
d

 Z
+C exp

d
r


h(r)dr .

(11.22)

. r = d , C .
.
2

Z r
T (r)
,
h(r)dr = ln
T (d)
d


2
Z r
T (d)
2k02
4
exp()r
dr + C
.
Y (r) = 2
T (r) d
r
T (r)

(11.23)

(11.23) Y (r) (d, C). , ,


2 

Z
T ()
2k 2

Y (r) =
1 2 0
exp()r4
dr .
(11.24)
T (r)
T () r
r
(11.13), (11.20) (11.24) - .
, - , [16].


 
n

1 2
T =
k
g .
(11.25)
+
4 y y
2 0 y y
n - , . T(0)(0) -



n d d 1 2

T(0)(0) =
+
k
.
(11.26)
4 dS dS
2 0 y y
(11.16)


n
2 2
kl
T(0)(0) =
k g
.
(11.27)
8 0
y k y l

245

11.2. ...

, (9.51) ,
Z

W = T (0)(0) gd3 y =



 2 
+ 2
d
r sin k02 2 + e
dddr =
2
dr

 
 2 
Z
+ 2 2 2
n
d
exp
=
r k0 + e
dr.
(11.28)
2
2
dr

n
8

exp

(11.15), (11.28)



Z
+ 2 2 2
n
exp
r k0 dr =
2
2



Z

2
n

exp
r
dr,
(11.29)
=
2
r
2
r
W





n
(R) (R)
2 
W = (R) exp
R
.
(11.30)
2
2
r r=R
. (11.2), , , [369],

g k02 kR = 4g 0 (~r ~r0 (t)),

k0 =

2c
.
h

(11.31)

R - , k - ,
. , [18]. ,
[67-69], [93]. ,
.

11.2.

.
k0 = 0, . .

246

11. ...

R,

.
, . ,
. ,
" .
,
,
(15.13), f = 1.

g0
exp (s2 )
2Rs

s(12p)

exp(u2 )du,

(11.32)

a s
s
r
r
a0
=r
.
s=
2p
4Rc2

(11.33)

, s . , g 0 = kM , k - ,
M - . a0

, s
r
r
rg
2kM
s=
, rg = 2 ,
(11.34)
4R R
c
rg - .
(11.15)






2
exp
r
= 0,
(11.35)
r
2
r
,


2
exp
r
= kM.
(11.36)
2
r
(11.30),

n
W = k(R).
2

(11.37)

247

11.2. ...

"" ,
kM
=
,
R
(11.32) s 0,

W =

n k2 M 2
.
2 R

(11.38)

1
n= ,
(11.39)
k
.

W =

1 kM 2
.
2 R

(11.40)

, . ,
.
, -.
, , ,
.
(11.40) , R 0 M
.
.
. (11.37) (11.32)
p = 1.
r


1 rg
g 0 exp( 2 )
(i) , s(R) = =
.
(11.41)
(R) =
2Ri
4 R
R 0, , (9.55),

W = 2M c2 .
,
.

248

11. ...

11.3.
. ,
. . ,
,

. ,
. , , ,
, ""
.
(9.36) (9.36),
. 1
9.3 ""
(9.56) N=1, ..


4mp c2 R
,
(11.42)
W = mp c2 1
e2
mp - , R - . , (9.41)
, R 0.

W = mp c2 .

(11.43)

1 ,
(9.36),
(9.36)

249

12.1. ...

12

, ,
. ( ). - , , , , , . ,
.
. ( )
, , , , .
, . .

12.1.

.
. , (, [133]),
,
[1], [17], [70], ,
, .
(+ ), ,

dS 2 = dx dx ,

(12.1)

250

12.

g = ,

, = 1, 2, 3, 4,

x4 = ict, i =

1.

, - . x4 = ict

.
- .
( ),


O, ~h ,
(12.2)
.
(12.2)


O, ~h() ,
(12.2)

~h() = h ()~h .
(12.3)

. h () .
O (12.2) , O x , .
(12.2), (12.3) , ,
x(), (12.2). (12.2)
(12.3)

dx() = h ()dx .

(12.4)

,
~h() ~h() = (), ~h ~h = .
(12.5)

h ()h () = (),

h ()h () = ,

~h ~h() = h ().

(12.6)

- ~
, A
.

~ = A~h = A()~h().
A

(12.7)

12.1. ...

251

, (12.5) (12.6),

A() = h ()A ,

A = h ()A().

(12.8)

, (12.4) , ..
dx() . (12.4) .
x() (12.4).
I
Z
x() =
h ()dx =
C ()df 6= 0.
(12.9)
(L)

(f )

(L) (f ).


1 h () h ()

.
(12.10)
C () =
2
x
x
C () , , , . , , .
. (12.3)
,
~ A(), A
,

dp A() = ()A()dx .

(12.11)

() = ()
, A . (), , ,
,

dp A = dp A()h () + A()dp h () = 0,
dp A() = h ()

h ()
A()dx .
x

, (16.11),

() = h ()

h ()
.
x

(12.12)

252

12.

() A()


A()

DA() = dA() dp A() =

()A() dx .
(12.13)
x

A()
DA()
= A() =
()A().
x
x

(12.14)

, A() . T (),
,

T () =

T ()
()T ().
x

(12.15)

h () =

h ()
h ()
+ h ()
h () 0.
x
x

(12.16)

, . T x()

T
T
= h ()
.
x()
x

(12.17)

2T
h () T
2T
= h ()
+ h ()h ()
,
x()x()
x x
x x


2T
2T
h ()
h () T

= h ()
h ()
.
x()x() x()x()
x
x
x

C(, ) = C ()h ()h (),

(12.18)


h ()
h ()
1
C(, )h () = C() =
h ()
h ()
. (12.19)
2
x
x
(12.19),

2T
2T

= 2C()
= 2C(, )
. (12.20)
x()x() x()x()
x
x()

12.1. ...

253

(12.20) , ,
. ,

(, ) = h () () = C(, ) + C(, ) + C(, ).

(12.21)

, ,
(O, ~h(a)) O () , .
, O,
. () .

x0 = L0 x ,

L0 L0 = ,

L0 = const.

(12.22)

(12.8)

A() = h ()A ,
A h () 4, ,

A0 () = h0 ()A0 = L0 L0 h ()A = A().

(12.23)

, A(), ,
.
,

~h(0 ) = (0 )~h(),

()() = (),

(12.24)

() . (12.24) , , , . (12.24) A1 2 ...n , , .

A01 2 ...n = h1 (1 )h2 (2 )...hn (n )A(1 ...n ) =

= h1 (10 )h2 (20 )...hn (n0 )(1 10 )(2 20 )...(n n0 )
(1 10 )(2 20 )...(n n0 )A(10 20 ...n0 ) = A1 2 ...n .

(12.25)

, A1 ...n (1 ...m )
n

254

12.

m . ,
(12.8), .

A1 2 ...n (1 2 ...m )h1 (1 )h2 (2 )...hn (n ) = A(1 ...n 1 ...m ),

(12.26)
A1 2 ...n (1 2 ...m )h1 (1 )h2 (2 )...hm (m ) = A1 ...n 1 ...m .
(12.27)
, A()
Z
I
I
1
R ()A()df =
dp A() = ()A()dx =
2

1
=
2

() ()

+
x
x

+ () () () () A().
df

(12.28)

() ()

+ () () () ().
x
x
(12.29)
(12.29) (12.12), ,
R () =

R () 0,

(12.30)

R () - ,
.
, () ,
.
,
, .
, . y - ,
x

y = f (x ),

x = (y ).

(12.31)

(12.1)

dS 2 = g dy dy ,

(12.32)

255

12.1. ...

g =

x x
.
y y

(12.33)

- ~r,
M , y .
~
h
r y , ..
, ~

~r
~
.
h=
y

(12.34)

y M
,
.
~
h
. ~ , M
A
~
h , M

.
~ = A~h
A

(12.35)

A , y ,
~ .
A
~
,
h

~ ~
h h = .

(12.36)

,
~ = A~h
A

(12.37)

A - . ,

, .
(12.2) ,

~h
~h
= 0.
=
x
y

(12.38)

~r
~r
x
~
h = ~h h

=
,
=
x y
y

~r y ~
y
~
h = ~h h
=
h =
.

y x
x
(12.39)

256

12.

,
.

.

A = h A = h A ,

A = h A ,

A = h A .

(12.40)

g =

x x
= h h ,
y y

g =

y y
= h h ,
x x

h h = .

(12.41)
(12.3),
{O, ~h()}. , :
.
.
~h() ~h
= h
(),

~h() ~h
=h
(),

()h
() = h h = g ,
h

()h
() = (),
h

()h
() = h h = ,
h

()h
() = h h = g .
h

(12.42)

~ .
A

()A = h() A ,
A() = h

A = h() A(),

A = h ()A().
(12.43)
y .
(12.39),

Z 
I
h
h
1

df = 0.
(12.43a)
h dx =
y =
2
x
x
(f )

(L)

, , .

()dy .
dy() = h
I
Z
()dx =
y() =
h
C ()df =
6 0,
(L)

(12.43b)

(f )

C (),



1 h () h ()
C () =

2
y
y

12.1. ...

257

.
(12.10).
A() ~.
A

()A()dy ,
dp A() =

A ) =
dp A() = dp (h

() A dy + +A h () dy =
= h

y

() 
h

= h ()h () + +h ()
A()dy .
y

()h
() + h
() h () ,
() = h

() h ()
. = ,. + h
y

(12.44)

(12.12). ( ) .
,
y 2 x
.
(12.45)
=
x y y
g


g
1

=
+

.
2 y
y
y

(16.46)

)
(,
, (12.21).
) = C(,

(,
) + C(,
) + C(,
).

(12.47)

()h
().

C(,
) = C ()h

(12.48)

() A(),
(12.13)


A()

DA() = dA() dp A() =

()A() dy .
(12.49)
y

258

12.

A()
DA()
()A().
= A() =

y
y

(12.50)

T (), ,

T () =

T ()
()T ().
T ()
y

(12.51)

(12.51) (12.15). T () ,
.

() = h () h

h
() ()h () 0.
y

(12.52)

, (12.16)
.

y x , . ,
. , - , , d~r,
- , . () ,
, . ,
,
, , ,
. , g . , ,
, . A()
A(),
Z
I
I
1

A() = dp A() = ()A()dy =

R ()A()df ,
2
(12.53)

12.1. ...

259

()
()

()
()
()
().

+
y
y
(12.54)
(12.54)
(),
. h

(), R.
h
R () =

()} 4C(,

)C(,

R = 4 {C(,
)h
)C(,
) + (,
),
(12.55)
- ,
.
A (1 , ...n )
A (1 , ...n ) =
+ A (1 , ...n ).
y

(12.56)

(12.52)

() =
().
()h
h

(12.57)

()
h
.
, - ( ) . , .
A
= bB ,
(12.58)
S

B
= cC + bA ,
S

(12.59)

C
cB
,
= dD
S

(12.60)

D
= dC ,
S

(12.61)

B
= C C = D
D
= 1.
B

(12.62)

A A = 1,

, C , D

B
, b, c, d - , . F /S

260

12.

- F
y (S),

dF
F
dy
=
+ F
.
S
dS
dS

(12.63)

dy
A =
dS

(12.64)

, .
, (12.59), (12.62)
(12.58), (12.62) B
d.
C c (12.60), (12.62) D

(12.62) B , C , D -
A - . ,
(12.61). (12.58)
A (12.62),

= 0.
A B

C = B
B = 0,
cB
S

C
cC B
,
C
= 0 = dC D
S

(12.65)

C = 0,
B
= 0.
C D

(12.66)
(12.67)

(12.59) A ,

B
A
= cC A b.
S
(12.65),

B
A = b.
A
= B
S
S

C A = 0.

(12.68)

.
(12.61), ,
, C , D

A , B

D
+ C + D
.
= A + B
S

(12.69)

12.1. ...

261

, C , D

A , B
(12.58) - (12.60),

= = = 0, = d,
(12.61).
, y = y (S) V , . V , .

V
= 0.
S

(12.70)

, . , - M . ,
A = dy /dS
, A /S = 0
d2 y
dy dy
+
= 0.
(12.71)
2
dS
dS dS

-. - F

F
),
= bF (A B A B
S

(12.72)

-, , A , B
. - ,
-, ()
-. .

d
A B
) = 0,
(F F ) = 2bF F (A B
dS
d
+ K
F )(A B
A B
) = 0.
(F K ) = b(F K
(12.73)
dS
, ,
-,

262

12.

. , (4) ,
, h
(4) ,
- h
3-, .
,
- .
(), - ,
h

(4) = A .
ih

(12.74)

(12.72),

()
h
(4)B()

).
= ib(h
(4)B
S

(12.75)

(4)
h
.
= ibB
(12.76)
S
(k)
h
(4)B(k).

= ibh
(12.77)
S
- F , A , . (12.72)

F
= bF A B .
(12.78)
S
,
(12.78) .
. ,
P Q
Q. , , . ,
.
, ()
~ ~
h
h() .
, ~h() .
~ = ()~h(). ~h()
, , ~ ()
, ..
dp () = 0,
(12.79)

12.1. ...

dy ,
dp =

263

(12.80)

()) = 0,
dp () = dp ( h



()h
() h
() h () dy = 0.
h

y
, dy ,

() h () .
= h

(12.81)

(12.81) ,

R
. =

+
y
y

(12.82)

()
0.
R
.

(12.83)

, (12.81)
, (12.83) .
(12.81) ,

. ,


() 
1 h
h
()

().
C.
= [] =

h
(12.84)
2
y
y
(12.41),

()C ().
C.
=h

(12.85)

,
: 1) , 2)
. , .
, (12.42)

()h
().
= h

264

12.

(12.46) (12.82), ,
, . (12.43) (12.83), ,
, ..

+
.
. =
,.
.

(12.86)

. ,
. , = 0.
, , ,
""
~h(), (12.12) ~h .

12.2.
, (12.1). , ,
,
, .

. ,
,
, , .
,

, ,
. (
).
,
, .  .

xi = xi (t),

(12.87)

xi - , t - . ,

12.2.

265

. , ,
,
(12.87) ak , .

xi = xi (ak , t).
(12.88)
, ak , ,
, . (12.88) , ak .
.
, , , ,
, . ,
, xk t. ,
xk t . (12.88)
ak ,

ak = ak (xi , t).

(12.89)

ak , (12.89) ,
t xk . (12.88)

x = x ( ),

(12.90)

k - ,
, , 4 -
,
.
[30], [71]. ,
,
. , .
,
. 12.1 ,

266

12.

(). h
,
. h (4) ,
. ,
. , , 4- V .

ih (4) = V .

(12.91)

[10], , , .. , . ,
y , y k
, y 4 - ().
y 4 , . , .

x = x (y ).

(12.92)

4- V

V =

x
,
y 4

(12.93)

V V = 2

x x
= 1.
y 4 y 4

(12.94)

( , (12.1) , 4-
, ,
(6.2)). y k , y 4 , y , ,
. y k y 4 = const ,
. , ,
y 4 . [30],

12.2.

267

[28], [71], y 4 ,
(y 4 + dy 4 ) , ""
.
[30]
.
y k , y 4 = const , gkl
, y k , , y 4 . y k
y 4 = const
x(k). , h (4)
, h (k) . (12.91)
. ,
.

V () = h ()V = i(4),

V (k) = 0,

V (4) = i,

(12.95)

.
y 4 h (k),
, . , (12.91), .. h (4) , - (12.75),

dh ()
h ()
=
= ibh ()(h (4)B h (4)B ),
S
dS

(12.96)

b, B - (12.58-12.62),
. ,
[10], , " ".
.
dy k , y 4 = const ,
dx(k) = h (k)dx , . x() y , x .
( ). y ,
, y . , , ,

268

12.

( ) .
, ,
?

h ()h () = ()

h () =

x()
,
x

(12.10),

x() x()
= (),
x x
x() = f (x ). ,
.
,
. ""

, ..
[30].
, . , "" t y 4 /ic, .
. {O, x } . , .
1. {O, x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 } h (12.2), (12.38), g = ,
x4 = ict, dS 2 = dx dx , . (
).
2. {M, y k , y 4 }

~r0
~
= h k ,
y k

~r0
~
= h 4 ,
y 4

(12.97)

y 4 = const. . 4-- ~r0 .

12.2.

269

3. {M, y

~r
~
=h
,
y

(12.98)

() y 4 .
4. , h (), -.
[30],
.
1 ~h 4 ~h() ,
~
~
2 h k 3 h
k ,
.

, y 4 = const: M (y 1 , y 2 , y 3 , y 4 ) M 0 (y 1 + dy 1 , y 2 + dy 2 , y 3 +
dy 3 , y 4 ). y 4 = const
M 0 M
d~r0 , y 4 ( ) d~r. (12.97) (12.98)

d~r0 =

~r0 k ~
dy = hk dy k ,
y k

d~r =

~r k ~
dy = hk dy k .
y k

(12.99)

~ ~
dl02 = (d~r0 d~r0 ) = (h k h l )dy k dy l = g kl dy k dy l ,
x x
~ ~
g kl = (h k h l ) =
,
y k y l

x = x (y k , y 4 )

(12.100)

~ ~
k
l
dl2 = (d~r d~r) = (h
kl dy k dy l ,
k hl )dy dy = g
x x
~ ~
gkl = (h
,
k hl ) =
y k y l

x = x (y k , y 4 )

(12.101)

dl2 dl02 = (
gkl g kl )dy k dy l = 2ukl dy k dy l ,

ukl =

1
(
gkl g kl ).
2

(12.102)

(12.103)

270

12.

gkl - y 4 = const, g kl
- y 4 = const. ukl
y k
. ukl .
(12.92) , y
- , (12.92) y ,

y = y (x ).

(12.104)

(12.92) (12.104),
(12.103),


1 x x

(12.105)
u
kl =
kl ,
2 y k y l


x x
1
gkl k
.
(12.106)
u kl =
2
y y l
,


1
y k y l
k l
U = u
kl h h =
g g kl
,
(12.107)
2
x x

g
= + V V

(12.108)

, (7.67).
4- , .
.

g
V 0,

g 1 2 g 2 3 ...g n1 n = g 1 n .

(12.109)

2 , ...n1 . 4- F
, .

g
F = P = F + V V F ,

P V = F V V F = 0.

(12.110)

,
..

U () = U h ()h ()

(12.111)

12.2.

271

y k , ..
y k
dy k
=0
V
=
x
dS
, U 4- V . U .
U (),
ih (4) = V .


y k y l
1
(ab) g kl
. (12.112)
U (4k) = U (44) = 0, U (ab) =
2
x(a) x(b)
U (ab)
[72], [85], [86]. U (ab) . U , , .
, .
, ,

C(ab) = ((ab) 2U (ab)) = g kl

y k y l
.
x(a) x(b)

(12.113)

C = h (a)h (b)C(ab) = g kl

y k y l

= g
2U .
x x

(12.114)

(12.114), (12.39)

x x
Cmn = hn hm C = g mn =
2
umn .
y n y m

(12.115)

(12.114) 4- V ,
.
, (12.106),
,
y 4 = const. , ,


1
y k y l
k l

U = u kl h h = g gkl
,
(12.116)
2
x x

272

12.

g
= + V V - .
, ..
.
U () = U h ()h ()
(12.117)


l
k
y
y
1
. (12.118)
U (4k) = U (44) = 0, U (ab) = (ab) gkl
2
x(a)

x(b)

U (ab) C(ab)
,

y k y l

C(ab)
= ((ab) + 2U (ab)) = gkl
.
x(a)

x(b)

(12.119)

y k y l

C = h (a)h (b)C(ab)
= gkl
.
x x

(12.120)

C mn = h n h m C = gmn = 2u mn + g mn .

(12.121)

, ,
[72].

C(ab)B(bn) = (an),

C(ab)
B(bn)
= (an).

(12.122)

x(a) x(b)
(12.123)
B(ab) = g kl
y k y l

B = h (a)h (b)B(ab) = g kl

x x
.
y k y l

(12.124)

4- . , 4- ~u,
~u = ~r ~r0 ,
(12.125)
~r0 ~r - y 4 y 4 . ("" . ,

12.2.

273

( ) . ,
, .
,
.)
(12.125) y k , (12.97), (12.98),

~u
~
~
=h
k hk .
y k

(12.126)

~
~u h
,
~

~u
~ u
h
=
+
u

=
h

y k
y k
y k


u

~

.
~h
+
u

=
k h = k u
y k

(12.127)

(12.45). n
ablak u
- g . (12.126), (12.127) (12.103)

1 ~ ~
1
~ ~
gkl g kl ) = (h
ukl = (
k hl hk hl ) =
2
2
1 ~ ~
~
~
) (~h
l
~h
lu
= [h
h
k hl (hk k u
)] =
2
1
lu
ku
lu
= [
l +
k

].
(12.128)
ku
2
~
~u h , (12.128)

1
l u k +
k u
l u ].
ukl = [
l +
(12.129)
ku
2
ukl , .


1 y k y l ~u ~
~u ~
~u ~u
k l
U = h h ukl =
(12.130)
hl + l hk k l .
2 x x y k
y
y y

y k y l ~u ~
y k y l x u
=
h
=
l
x x y k
x x y l y k



x y 4
u
u y 4
=
4
4
.
(12.131)
x
y x
y x

274

12.

x y
= ,
y x

V ,

x y
= V .
y x

(12.132)

V y 4 , x /y k
,

x
= 0.
y k

(12.133)

x y 4
= V .
y 4 x

(12.133)

y 4
= V .
x

(12.134)

V
(12.132)

V
(12.93) (12.94)

,
y 4 = const,
u = x (y k , y 4 ) x (y k , y 4 ),
(12.135)

x
u
=
,
y 4
y 4



~u ~u y k y l
u
u
=
+
V
V
+
V
V


y k y l x x
x
x

(12.136)
(12.137)





1 u
u
u
u
U =
g +
g
+ V V
+ V V . (12.138)
2 x x
x
x

U () = h ()h ()U , U (a4) = U (44) = 0,



1 Du(a) Du(b) Du() Du()
U (ab) =
+

,
2 x(b)
x(a)
x(b) x(b)

(12.139)

Du(b) - (12.14), D/x(a) - (12.17). U (ab)

275

12.3.

, .
.
4- ,

Ua4 = i

vb
Uab ,
c

U44 =

va vb
Uab ,
c2

(12.140)

va
Va = p
,
c 1 v 2 /c2

V4 = p

i
1 v 2 /c2

Va 0, V4 i


1 ua
ub
uk uk
Uab =
+

, Ua4 = U44 = 0.
2 xb
xa
xa xb

(12.141)

Uab - ,
ua .
, , ukl
,




1 u
u
u
u

U =
g +
g +
+ V V
+ V V . (12.142)
2 x x
x
x

U () = h ()h ()U ,

U (a4) = U (44) = 0,



1 Du(a) Du(b) Du() Du()
+
+
,
U (ab) =
2 x(b)

x(a)

x(b)

x(b)



1 ua
ub
uk uk
U ab =
+
+
, U a4 = U 44 = 0.
2 x b
x a
x a x b

(12.143)

(12.144)

12.3.
.
, ,

276

12.

.
. ..
[30] . [72]. ukl (16.103)

~ ~
~ ~

gkl = h
k hl = |hk ||hl | cos kl ,

~ ~
~ ~
g kl = h k h l = |h k ||h l | cos kl , (12.145)

~
~
~
~
kl - h
k hl , kl - hk hl .

~
~
k
|h
|d~rk |
dlk
|h
k|
k |dy
=
=
=
= Lk + 1,
~
~
|d~
r
|
dl
0k
0k
|hk |
|hk |dy k

(12.146)

dlk dl0k - y k , k . Lk -
y k ,

Lk =

dlk dl0k
.
dl0k

(12.147)

, ukl

~ ~
2ukl = [(1 + Lk )(1 + Ll ) cos kl cos kl ]|h k ||h l |.

(12.148)

ukl ,

2uii = [(1 + Li )2 1]g ii .

r
Li =

1+

2uii
1.
g ii

(12.149)
(12.150)

4- V y 4 ,
, .. g kl = kl . ( ,

,
.) , ,
(12.150) ,
Li = uii ,
(12.151)
..
y 4 = const. ukl k 6= l.

12.3.

277

~
, h k , ..

kl = /2.

ij = ij ,
2
(12.103) (12.145)

~ ~
2ukl = |h k ||h l | sin kl

(12.152)

2ukl
sin kl =
.
gkk gll

(12.153)

, , , ,
ukl k 6= l
.
U (ab) (12.112)
dx(i)x(j) g kl dy k y l = 2U (jk)dx(j)x(k).
(12.154)
: P . P P 0 P P 00
, . y 4 = const P P 0 P P 00
dx(i) x(i) . y 4 = const dy i y i .
, P P 0 P 00
, . (12.154) P 0 P 00
P . ,
U (jk) .
P P 0 P P 00 dl l , - dl0
l0 . n(i) (i)
P P 0 P P 00 , .

dx(i) = n(i)dl,

x(i) = (i)l.

(12.155)

(12.154) (12.155) dll

cos

dl0 l0
cos = 2U (ij)n(i)(j).
dl l

(12.156)

278

12.

, , P 00 P 0 ,

2
dl0
1
= 2U (ij)n(i)n(j).
(12.157)
dl
dl/dl0

dl
= (n) = L + 1,
dl0

(12.158)

L - . (16.158)

(n) = p

1
1 2U (ij)n(i)n(j)

(12.158a)

, h(k),
:

(1) = p

(2) = p

(3) = p

.
1 2U (33)
(12.159)
P P 0 P P 00 ,
.
1 2U (11)

1 2U (22)

dl0 l0
cos = 2U (ij)n(i)(j).
dl l

(jk)

=

2

(12.160)

P P 0 P P 00 , ,

(jk) = arcsin(2(j) (k) U (jk)n(j)(k)).

(12.161)

, ~h(1),
~h(2),

(12) = arcsin(2(1) (2) U (12)).

(12.162)

(n) = 1 + 2U (nn), (12) = 2U (12).
(12.163)

12.3.

279

n .
U (ab)

gkl dy k y l dx(i)

x(j)

= 2U (jk)dx(j)

x(k),

(12.164)

gkl dy k y l - P P 0 P P 00 y 4 = const, dx(i)

x(i)

y 4 = const
.
P P 0 P P 00 dl l , dl l. n(i)

(i)

0
00
P P P P , .

dx(i)

= n(i)d

l,

x(i)

= (i)

l,

dl = dl0 .

(12.165)

(12.164) (12.165) dl0 l0

dl l
cos cos = 2U (ij)n(i)
(j).

dl0 l0

(12.166)

, , P 00 P 0 ,

2
dl
= 1 + 2U (ij)n(i)
n(j).

(12.167)
dl0
(n)
q
(n) = 1 + 2U (ij)n(i)
n(j).

(12.168)

P P 0 P P 00 ,
~
~
h(1)
h(2)
,



2U (12)
.
(12) = arcsin
(1) (2)

(12.169)

, U (jk)
, .
,
, .

280

12.

. ,

,

C(ab) = B(ab) = C(ab)

= B(ab)
= (ab),
(12.170)

C = B = g
,

C = B = g
.

(12.171)

,
,  .

12.4.


(12.103). , ukl
4-
u . ukl ,
. [73], [135], , ,
- , ..

R, 0,
(12.172)
R, - -.

x = x (y ).

(12.92)

y 4
V3 , . V3

gkl =

x x
.
y k y l

(12.173)

M V3 , (12.39)
x
x
hk =
, V = 4 .
(12.174)
k
y
y

12.4. ...

281

(12.174) [135], ,
hk , V , :

k hl = bkl V ,

k V = blk hl ,

(12.175)

n
k V3 ,

kl

V3 , gkl . ,

k = l + h
n .

k l
kl n
l
y k

(12.176)

hk = hk , = 0, .

k hl = hl
nkl hn .

y k

(12.177)

, , ,

k T ... = T1 ...n .

1
n
y k

(12.178)

(12.175) bkl = blk V3 (, -

gkl ),

bkl dy k dy l ,
V3 . bkl

k hl =
l hk .

(12.179)

hk (y l ), V (y l ), ,

ik,lm = (bil bkm bkl bim ),

R

(12.180)

k blm =
l bkm ,

(12.181)

, - - [135]. , V3 .

V3 .

282

12.

,
, .
(16.175) V

k hl = bkl .
V

(12.182)

k l,

k hl +
l hk ) = 2bkl ,
blk + bkl = V (

(12.183)

..

1
k hl +
l hk ).
bkl = V (
2
V ,
V hl = 0.

(12.184)

(12.185)

k (V hl ), (12.178)

k hl = hl
V

V
.
y k

(12.184) (12.186),


1
V
V
bkl =
hl k + hk l .
2
y
y
(12.185) (12.93),


1

bkl =
4 (hl hk ) .
2 y

(12.186)

(12.187)

(12.187a)

hl hk = gkl = glk ,

=
,
4
y
s

(12.188)

s - ,

bkl =

1
gkl
.
2 s

(12.189)

(12.189)
. (12.180) (12.189)


1
gkl
gim

gil
gkm

Rik,lm =

,
(12.190)
4 s s
s s

12.4. ...

283

glm
gkm
k
l

=
.
s
s

(12.191)

, (12.190)
gkl .
. ,
g kl .
. ,



g il g km
1 g kl g im

,
(12.192)
Rik,lm =
4 s s
s s
.

x
= 0,
y k

x4
Va xa
=
.
y k
V4 y k

gkl =



xa xb
Va Vb

+
.
ab
y k y l
V42

(12.193)

Va 0, V4 i, ds cdt, c ,

xa xa
gkl =
,
(12.194)
y k y l

ik,lm = 0,
R

ik,lm = 0.
R

(12.195)

, (12.168) .
(12.190) (12.192).
. (12.192)

g kl = g kl (y k , y 4 ).

(12.196)

gkl = g kl + 2ukl .

(12.197)

(12.103)

284

12.

(12.190)
[30]

 2

2
2
2
ik,lm = 1 gim gil gkm + gkl +
R
2 y k y l
y k y m
y i y l
y i y m
pq

+
g

qlk pmi qli pmk ,

naj =



gan

gjn

gaj
1
+

.
2 y j
y a
y n

(12.198)

(12.198) (12.197),
g kl , ukl .
gpq ,
gpq
1

||
g pq || = ||g pq + 2upq ||

(16.198a)

g kl = const, (12.190)


2 uil
2 ukm
2 ukl
2 uim
k m i l+ i m +
y k y l
y y
y y
y y


 

ukl uim
uil ukm
+
g pq Gqlk hGpmi Gqli Gpmk =

,
s s
s s


1 uan
ujn
uaj
Gnaj =
+

.
(12.199)
2 y j
y a
y n
(12.199)

[30]. ,
,
 2
 

uim
2 uil
2 ukm
2 ukl
ukl uim
uil ukm
k m i l+ i m =

.
y k y l
y y
y y
y y
s s
s s
(12.200)
ukl (12.128) (12.129)
,

ukl =

1
1
1
lu
l u k ].
(
gkl g kl ) = [
l +
k ] = [
l +
ku
ku
2
2
2

(12.201)

12.5. ...

285

(12.200)


 2
2 uil
2 ukm
2 ukl
uim

+
=0
(12.202)
y k y l
y k y m
y i y l
y i y m
- [30]. [30], ukl (16.201) - . , , -
(12.200),
(12.202) . (12.201)
, , ,
.
(12.201) (12.200) 0 -, - .
. ,
(12.201) (
) ,
(12.201)

g . (12.128) (12.129). , "" "" .

12.5


,
.
.
.
(12.114), (12.115) 4- V

g kl dy k dy l = C

x x k l
x x
dy dy = C k
dy dy .

y y
y y l

(12.203)

y 4 ,
dy k ,



x x
g lj
C l
=
.
(12.204)
y 4
y y j
y 4

286

12.

g kl y 4 , .. ,
:

det ||I, || x y , (.. g kl /y 4 = 0) (16.204)

D V

V
V
C
+
C +
C = 0.
x
x
x

(12.205)

:
(12.204)




x
x x
x x
x
+ C l
+ C l
= 0. (12.206)
y 4 y l y j
y y 4 y j
y y j y 4
, C V = 0,


 
x
V
V
1
C l
= C l
= C l .
y y 4
y

(12.207)

x x
1
1
V x
x V
+ C l
+ C l
=0
4
l
j
j
y y y

y y

y y j

(12.208)

4- x
,


V
V x x

=0
(12.209)
4 + C + C
y
x
x
y l y j
, (x )

d
=
= V
=
,
y 4
x y 4
x
ds

x x
= 0.
y l y j

(12.210)

D = D ,

D V = 0,

(12.210)

D I, I, = 0.

(12.211)

12.5. ...

287

det ||I, || =
6 0,

D = 0,

(12.212)

. (12.114),

= V

V
V
U
+
U +
U ,
x
x
x



1 V
V
V
V
+
+
V V +
V V
2 x
x
x
x

(12.213)

(12.214)

[10]
, 6
(6.3). (12.214)
(6.3) 4-.
(12.213)
. = , V = 0,
(12.203) 6 .


V
V
V
U =
+ V V
U ,
x
x
x

V
U = ( + )U ,
(12.215)
x



V
V
V
1 V

+
V V
V V .
(12.216)

2 x
x
x
x

o - [10].
6 ( 4-)
(6.4). 4-.
, = 0.
[72]

dU
U U .
ds

(12.217)

(12.215), (12.213)

= V

U
+ ( + )U + ( + )U .
x

(12.218)

288

12.

U
= U U .

(12.219)

, ..
, = 0.

U
= 0.

U
=

dU
= 0.
ds

(12.220)

, ,
.

dh (a)
dU
=
h (b)U (ab)+
ds
ds
+h (a)

dh (b)
dU (ab)
U (ab) + h (a)h (b)
= 0.
ds
ds

dU
dU (kn)
=
= 0.
(12.220a)
ds
ds
, h (a) , ..
h (k)h (b)

dh (a)
= V h (a)B b,
ds

V h (k) = i(k4) = 0.

(12.221)

, ,
. , ,
.
(12.115), u
kl
, .

dCmn
dg mn
d
d
=
=
(hn hm ) 2 u
mn .
ds
ds
ds
ds

(12.222)



d
1 d
gmn
1
dhm
dhn
u
mn =
=
hn
+ hm
= bnm ,
ds
2 ds
2
ds
ds

(12.223)

12.5. ...

289

(12.189). (12.223)
u
nm . bnm
mn , ..
.


V
1 V
h
+
h

nm = hn hm =
(12.224)
n
m .
2 y m
y n
(12.187),

nm = hn hm = bnm .

(12.225)

(12.223)

1 d
gmn
d
umn
=
= bmn =
mn .
ds
2 ds

(12.226)

, bkl
kl . ,
= 0. d
unm /ds = 0. , :
d
umn /ds = 0,
.
, V = 0,
x x
n m = 0
y y
,
x x

= 0.
y y



 x 


det   6= 0,
y

= 0, .
(12.225), (12.180)

Rik,lm =
kl
im
il
km .
(12.227)
(.. )

ik,lm hi hk hl hm
R, = R
= .

(12.228)

290

12.

= 0 ,
, .

, (12.227)
y 4 , (12.198) (12.226) (12.227)


2 Til
2 Tkm
2 Tkl
1 2 Tim
k m i l+ i m +
2 y k y l
y y
y y
y y
 




qlk
pmi
qli
pmk

=
+ 4 gpq
kl im
il km .
y
y 4
(12.229)

im
.
(12.230)
Tim

(12.229) ,
(12.224). ,
(12.224) (12.229). V hl = 0


1
hi
hm
x 2 x
,
(12.231)

im = V m + V
=

2
y
y i
y 4 y m y i

Tim =

x 2 x
,
y 4 y m y i

(12.232)


2 Tim
3 x
2 x
3 x
2 x
=

+ i k m 4 l+
k
l
4
k
l
i
m
y y
y y y y y
y y y y y

3
2
4
x
x
x
x
+ i l m 4 k + i m k l 4 ,
(12.233)
y y y y y
y y y y y


2 Til
3 x
3 x
2 Tim
2 x
2 x
k m =
4 k l i m +
y k y l
y y
y 4 y k y m y i y l
y y y y y


3
2
3
x
x
x
2 x
+
i k m 4 l ,
(12.234)
y i y k y l y 4 y m
y y y y y


2 Tkl
2 Tkm
3 x
2 x
3 x
2 x

+
y i y m
y i y l
y 4 y i y l y k y m
y 4 y i y m y k y l


3 x
2 x
3 x
2 x
+

,
(12.235)
y k y i y m y 4 y l
y k y i y l y 4 y m
2 Tim
2 Til
2 Tkm
2 Tkl

+
y k y l
y k y m
y i y l
y i y m

12.5. ...


2 x
3 x
2 x
3 x
+ 4 l i k m
=
y 4 y k y m y i y l
y y y y y


3 x
2 x
3 x
2 x

+
=
y 4 y i y m y k y l
y 4 y k y l y i y m



hm hl
hm hl
=

.
y 4 y k y i
y i y k

291

(12.236)

(12.177) (12.175),

hl
nkl hn .
= k hl +
y k
, (12.236)




p
k hm + km hn
i hl + il hp
y 4




i hm +
nim hn
p hn

k hl +
=
kl

(bkm bil + bkl bim ) + 4

4
y
y

n p
km il gnp


nim
p gnp . (12.237)

kl

(12.229) (12.237)



p
(
kl
im
km
il ) + 4 pkm il pim kl +
y 4
y


p
pmi
p
pmk = (
+
kl
im
km
il ).
(12.238)
lk
li
y 4
, (12.229) .
.

292

13.

13



.
. [89] , , , .
"" ,
[86], [90]. [105], [109-114] [107, 108], [115 -119].

13.1. .
.
,
y 4 = const V .
m.
, , ,

dm
m
=
.
V 0 V
dV

= lim

(13.1)

,
, . dV ,
dx(i), x(i), x(i).
,

dV = (ijk)dx(i)x(j)x(k).
(13.2)
,
dV ~h(k). (ijk) - , ,
[133].
(123) = 1, (ijk) = (jki) = (kij) =

13.1. .

(jik) = (kji) = (ikj),

293

(abc)(lmn) =

= (al)(bm)(cn) + (am)(bn)(cl) + (an)(bl)(cm)

(al)(bn)(cm) (an)(bm)(cl) (am)(bl)(cn),
(abn)(lmn) = (al)(bm) (am)(bl),
(amn)(lmn) = 2(al), (lmn)(lmn) = 6.

(13.3)

, dV ,
y 4 = const dV .

dV = (ijk)dx(i)

x(j)

x(k).

(13.4)

dx(i)

dx(i)

= h p (i)dy p .

(13.5)

, D T (pq)

D=

1
(ijk)(pqr)T (ip)T (jq)T (kr).
6

(13.6)

, ,

D = (ijk)T (i1)T (j2)T (k3) = (ijk)T (1i)T (2j)T (3k).

(13.7)

(pqr)D = (ijk)T (ip)T (jq)T (kr) = (ijk)T (pi)T (qj)T (rk).

(13.8)

(13.8), (13.4)

dV = (ijk)h p (i)h q (j)h r (k)dy p y q y r = det ||h n (m)||pqr dy p y q y r .

(13.9)

h n (4) = 0,

h n (m)h k (m) = g nk .

(13.10)

det ||g nk || = det ||h m (k)|| det ||h n (m)|| = (det ||h n (m)||)2 ,

h m (k) h k (m).

det ||h n (m)|| =

det ||g nk ||

g.

(13.11)

294

13.

dV =

g
pqr dy p y q y r .

(13.12)

, dy p
y 4 = const, ..

dV =

g
pqr

y p y q y r
dx(i)x(j)x(k) =
x(i) x(j) x(k)


p
 y n 


dV,
= g det 
x(m) 

(13.13)

(13.2) (13.8). ( ,
)
dm = dV = 0 dV ,
(13.14)

= 0

p
g det ||n (m)||,

n (m)

y n
.
x(m)

(13.15)

0 - , ( ) .
:

= 0 g det ||n (m)|| , ..

( V ) = 0.
x

(13.16)

x(k) y b
= (kl).
(13.17)
y b x(l)
s y n /x(k),






y n d x(k) y b
x(k) d
y b
y n
d
y n
,

=
=
x(k) ds y b
x(l)
y b ds x(l) x(k)
ds x(l)
(13.18)

13.1. .





dh (k) x
d x
d x(k)
=
+
h
(k)
.

ds y b
ds y b
ds y b

295

(13.19)

, ,

dh (k) x
x
= bB h (k)V b = 0.
ds y b
y
(13.19)






d x(k)

x
x
=
h
(k)
=
h
(k)
=

ds y b
y 4 y b
y b y 4


 
V )
V
1
V
= h (k) b
= h (k)V b
+ h (k) b = h (k) b .
y

y
y
y
(13.20)
(13.18),


y n
V
y n V
d
y n y b
h (k) b = h (k)
,
=
ds x(l)
x(k) x(l)
y
x(k) x(l)
..

d n
V
( (l)) = n (k)h (k)
.
ds
x(l)

(13.7),
p
= g
pqr p (1)q (2)r (3).

(13.21)

(13.22)

. , d( g)/ds

= 0. , (17.21),

p
d
V q
= 0 g
(2)r (3)+
pqr p (k)h (k)
ds
x(1)

V
V
p
r
q
p
q
r
+ (1) (3) (k)h (k)
+ (1) (2) (k)h (k)
=
x(2)
x(3)
p
V
V
V
= 0 g
pqr p (1)q (2)r (3)h (k)
= g
=
.
x(k)
x
x
(13.23)

d
V

+
= V
+
=
( V ) = 0,
ds
xa
xv
xv
x
.

296

13.

. (13.14) .

n (m)

x(m)
= (nm),
y l

1


 x(m)  ,


det  yl 




 x(m) 

x 
l (m)||.






det 
= det h (m) l  = det ||h
y l 
y
det ||n (m)|| =

l ()h
n () = h
l (k)h
n (k) + h
l (4)h
n (4) = h
l (k)h
n (k),
gln = h

l (4) = h (4) x = V x = 0
h
y l
i y l

4- V .
s
p
p
g
l (m)|| = det ||
det ||h
gkl || g, = 0
.
(13.14a)
g
(13.14)
. , [30].
, gkl g kl
, ,

( ).
. (13.14) s,

d
1 p 3/2 d
g
= 0 g
g
,
ds
2
ds

d
g

g
gik

gik
=
= Aik
,
ds

gik s
s

Aik - gik . ,
Aik = ggik . , (12.226),

d
x x ik
= 0 i
g .
ds
y y k

13.1. .

gik =

297

y i y k
,
x x

V
d

= 0 g
g
= 0 = 0
.
ds
x

(13.16). ,

.
(13.16) .
(13.16)

d = dx1 dx2 dx3 dx4 .

(13.24)

( V )d = 0.
x

(13.25)

, - x04 = const x004 = const ,

,
I
Z

( V )d = V dS = 0.
x
, ,
:
I
Z
Z
Z

0
V dS = Vk dSk + V4 dS4 V4 dS400 = 0.

Vk dSk = 0,

, , .
Z
Z
V4 dS40 = V4 dS400 ,
(13.26)
dS4 = dV = dx1 dx2 dx3 .
Z
Z
V4 dV =
V4 dV.
t=t1

t=t2

(13.27)

298

13.

R
V4 dV ,
t, , .. .
Z
Z

M = i V4 dV = dV = const,
(13.28)
dV - . (13.28) .

13.2.


, , , . ,
. ,
. ..
(., , [71] ), ..
[74]. . .
, ,

,
.
y
.
.
, d
(13.24). S
Z
i
d.
(13.29)
S=
c
, , .. y ,
" ".
,
. ,
,
, , , [50], [75], [76], [133].

13.2. ...

299

, . .. [15],
,
2

= c

1+ 2 ,
c

(13.30)

(13.22). - , ( ) . , (13.30), .. [15]

, " "y , [15]. "
"y , , , y k
, y 4 , . y /x , x , y
. , , x = x (x0 ),

y x
y
=
.
0
x
x x0

(13.31)

y /x x = x (x0 )
.
y 0 = y 0 (y ).

dy 0 =

y 0 y
dx ,
y x

y 0
y 0 y
=
.
x
y x

(13.32)

, y /x y 0 = y 0 (y )
.
(13.29) y , . , , ,
, y
.
 !
Z
i

y

S =
y + 
d =
c
y
x

y
x

300

i
=
c

13.

y +
y
x

 y


y
x

!
!

 y d = 0.


y
x

, ..
!
Z
I


 y d =

 y dS = 0,
x

y
y
x
x

(13.33)

(13.34)

, , . ,
. (13.34)
. ,
!!
Z

i



y d = 0.
(13.35)
S =
c
y
x
y
x
y " "(" ")
!


 = 0.

(13.36)
y
x

y
x
, , .
, , " "
, -, S = 0.

x0 = x + x ,
x = X ,

( = 1, 2, 3...s),

(13.37)
(13.38)

- .
" "y (x ) y 0 (x0 ), ..

y (x ) y 0 (x0 ) = y (x ) + y (x ),

(13.39)

y (x ) .

(13.40)

13.2. ...

301

,
y y
, ..


y
y

x =
X .
y = y
(13.41)
x
x
S
!
Z
Z
Z
i
i
d + d = 0,
(13.42)
S = d =
c
c





= +
x =
x ,
y + 
+

x
y
x
x

y
x
d = d

x
.
x

(13.43)

(13.44)

i
S =
c

Z "

x

d = 0.
y + 
y +
x +
y
x
x
x

y
x

(13.45)
,
/x . (13.36) (13.41)
"
#


Z

y
i


X +X d = 0, (13.46)
S =
c
x
x
y
x
( . [75])

= 0,
x

(13.47)




  y X +X .

y
x

(13.48)

, (13.47)

- x04 = const x004 = const ,

302

13.

,
Z
4 dV = const,

(13.49)
, (13.28).
.

13.3. -
(13.37) () , ..

x = ,

X = ,

(, = 1, 2, 3, 4).

(13.50)

y (13.37),

y 0 (x0 ) y (x ) = 0 = y = .

(13.51)

= 0,

(13.52)

(13.48)

= T =   y ,

y
x

T
= 0,
x
Z
i
P =
T4 dV = const,
c

(13.53)

(13.54)
(13.55)

T , (13.53), -. 4- P
- -.
Z
c
P4 = T44 dV = const
i
,
Z
i
Tk4 dV = const
Pk =
c

303

13.3. -

. ,
T .
- . (13.53) (13.30),

y
.
(13.55)
x




= c
1 + 2 .

(13.56)

(13.22),

p
i (k)

=
pqr h (k)i
h (k)i = 0 g

i
i
(k)
(k)

[(1k)ip q (2)r (3) + (2k)iq p (1)r (3) + (3k)ir p (1)q (2)], (13.57)

p
y i
[(1k)ip q (2)r (3)+
g
pqr h (k)h (l)
x(l)

p
+(2k)iq p (1)r (3) + (3k)ir p (1)q (2)] = 0 g
pqr h (k)h (l)
= 0

[(1k)p (l)q (2)r (3) + (2k)q (l)p (1)r (3)+

p
+(3k)r (l)p (1)q (2)] = 0 g
pqr p (l)q (2)r (3)

[h (1)h (1) + h (2)h (2) + h (3)h (3)] = g

.

(13.58)

i (k)
,
i (k)

i
y

h
(k)
h (l) = i i (l)h (k)h (l).

i
(k)
x(l)
(k)

y i
y i
y i
y i
=
h () =
h (4) +
h (l),
x
x( )
x(4)
x(l)

y i
1 y i
=
= 0,
x( 4)
i s

(13.59)

304

13.

i (l) S(kl) ,
i (k)

(13.60)

, S(kl)
[72], , xk x(k). ,
-



p 2
 y i 





0 c det
1 + 2 , (13.61)
T = V V S , = = g
x(k) 
c

S = h (k)h (l)S(kl),

(13.62)

S - , . (13.61) [10],
S . ,
[10] ,

S V = 0,

S V = 0,

(13.63)

h (k)V = ih (k)h (4) = i(k4) = 0.

, T

= T V V ,

S = g
g
T .

(13.64)

, [77], [78].
E ,

E = 0 .

(13.65)

(13.60)
(12.113),

S(kl) =

C(ab) i
2 E

(l)
=

C(al).
C(ab) i (k)
0 C(ak)

(13.66)

13.3. -

305

, ,
[30], [72],

- , , .
,
. , Ik C(ab) [72]

I1 = C(aa),

1
I2 = (ipq)(irs)C(pr)C(qs),
2

1
(ijk)(pqr)C(ip)C(jq)C(kr).
6

I3 =

I1
= (ij),
C(ij)

(13.67)

I2
= C(ij) C(kk)(ij),
C(ij)

I3
= C(ip)C(pj) I1 C(ij) I2 (ij).
C(ij)

(13.68)

-, K(ab),

K(ip)K(pq)K(qj) = K1 K(ip)K(pj) + K2 K(ij) + K3 (ij),

(13.69)

Ki - K(ip). ,
-

C(ip)C(pq)C(qj) = I1 C(ip)C(pj) + I2 C(ij) + I3 (ij).

(13.70)

(13.70)
B(jl), (12.123),

C(ip)C(pl) = I1 C(il) + I2 (il) + I3 B(il).

(13.71)

(13.68)

I3
= I3 B(ij).
C(ij)

(13.72)

(13.66)


2 E Ii
2 E
C(al)
=

C(kl)+
0 Ii C(ak)
0 I1

E
E
+
(C(al)C(ak) C(nn)C(kl)) + I3
(kl) .
I2
I3
S(kl) =

(13.73)

306

13.

(13.70),



2
E
E
E
E
S(kl) =
I2
+ I3
(kl) +
C(kl)) + I3
B(kl) .
0
I2
I3
I1
I2
(13.74)
, S(kl) .




2
E
E
E
E
S =
I2
+ I3
g +
C + I3
B . (13.75)
0
I2
I3 I1
I2
, - T , - (13.53), .
S V = 0, .
.
, [15],
Sik P ik , P - .

S(kl) = P (kl),

(13.76)

. ,

S(kl)h (k)h (l) = S = P g

,

(13.77)

[78].

S = P g
=

i (l)h (k)h (l).

i (k)

(13.78)

= ( ),

P g
=

i
(l)h (k)h (l).
i (k)

(13.79)

(13.58) (13.59)

i (k)
i
=
(l)h (k)h (l).

i
(k)
i (k)

(13.80)

(17.58), (17.79)

P g
= 2

d
g ,
d

(13.81)

307

13.3. -

d
d

(13.82)

dP
P
.

(13.83)

P = 2

Z
=

, -
T = ( c2 + + P )V V + P .
(13.84)
(13.82-13.84) . [15]. ,
(13.82) ,
[15].
(13.54). (17.61),

T
S

V
= V
(V ) + V

= 0.
x
x
x
x

(13.85)

V ,

S
(V ) = V
,
x
x
(13.85)

dV
S
= g
.
ds
x

(13.86)

.
" "(13.36), .
, . (13.60),
!
T

y


=

=
x
x
x
x

y
x


+ 
y x
x

y
x

y
x



x

y
x


y

308

13.




y
x

y
y
=
x
x

y
x




T x

x y
y
x




!!
,

(13.87)

y
x

!
= 0.

(13.88)

y
x

, " "(13.36) (13.86),

T
= 0.
x

13.4.
(13.37) , , , . ,

x0 = L0 x ,

L0 L0 = ,

L0 = const.

(12.22)

, ..

L = + ,

(13.89)

- .

L L = + + + = .

(13.90)

(13.90), ,

= .

(13.91)

, (13.37)

x0 = x + x .

(13.92)

, (13.38)

x = x = X() () ,

( ()),

(13.38)

13.4.

309

"" (). ,
, .

(X() x )() = 0.
(13.93)

, (13.93),

X() =

1
( x x ).
2

(13.94)

(13.92) y
,

y 0 (x0 ) y (x ) = y = 0.

(13.95)

, (13.40)

y (x ) = ()
() = 0.

(13.96)

(13.96) , ()
= ()
, ()
= 0.

y x , ( ),
y (13.40) ,
= 0,

()
= 0.

(13.97)

(17.97) (17.94) (17.48)

(), = T X() = 1 (T x T x ).

(13.98)

0
(),

= T x T x .

(13.99)

 ()
S, = 

y
x

(13.100)

.
. (13.97) ,
. (13.47) ,

0
(),
M(),

=
= 0,
x
x

(13.101)

310

13.

, (13.99) (13.54),
0
M(),

= T = 0.

(13.102)

, - , (13.102)
. ,
(13.49),
Z
i
0

(T4 x T4 x )dV = const.
(13.103)
M
=
c

0 M
ik
. 0.
, [133], M
4i


Z
Z
i
i
0
4i
M
= x4
(Ti4 dV +
xi T44 dV = const.
(13.104)
c
c
(13.55)

x 4 Pi +

i
c

Z
xi T44 dV = const.

Z
T44 dV = W = const.
(13.105) W ,
R
xi T44 dV
i
Pi
Ri = const, Ri R
x4
.
W
c
T44 dV

(13.105)

(13.106)

(13.107)

Ri .
(13.107) t,
,

Pi
dRi
= vic = c2
= const,
dt
W

(13.108)

.. vic .

311

13.5.

13.5.
,
. . ,
, , .
, . ,
, . ,
,
.
, ,
() ""y 4 = const
- ( ), :
1. {O, x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 } h (12.2), (12.38), g = ,
x4 = ict, dS 2 = dx dx ,
( ).
2. {M, y k , y 4 }

~r0
~
= h k ,
y k

~r0
~
= h 4 ,
y 4

(12.97)

y 4 = const. . 4-- ~r0 .

3. {M, y

~r
~
=h
(12.98)
,
y
() y 4 .
4. , h (), - (12.75).
, ..
[30].

312

13.

, Ski , (S(ki)) u
ij , U (ij),
gij , ((ij)),
T -
i , ..

Sij = fij (
ukl , gkl , T,
i ),

(13.109)

S(kl) = f (kl)(U (kl), (kl), T,

i ),

(13.110)

, - . ,
T
i .
ij

f , (f (ij))
. ,
. , ,
[30],

Sij = Aijkl u
kl ,

(13.111)

S(ij) = A(ijkl)U (kl).

(13.112)

(13.111) (13.112), y 4 = const, . , .. , ,

.
Aijkl , A(ijkl) ( y k , - ~h(k)) 81 , - Aijkl ,
A(ijkl) 36. , , ,
Aijkl , A(ijkl) . ,
Aijkl , A(ijkl) .
(
) , , .
, , , [30], , , ,
t = const.
Aijkl , A(ijkl).

313

13.5.

, y 4 =
const ,
(), , , , ,
. , ,
, ,
() . A(ijkl), ,

A0 (ijkl) = A(ijkl),

(13.113)

A0 (ijkl) = (ip)(jq)(kr)(ls)A(pqrs),

(ip)(jp) = (ij) (13.114)

(13.113) y 4 = const,
~h(a)
~h0 (a),

~h0 (a) = (ab)~h(b),

(ab) = const.

U (ab) = U 0 (ab).

(13.115)
(13.116)

~0

~h(a) h (a)

S(ij) = A(ijkl)U (kl),

S 0 (ij) = A0 (ijkl)U 0 (kl).

(13.117)

(13.113), (13.116)

S(ij) = S 0 (ij).

(13.118)

, , , ,
. U (ab) = U 0 (ab), A(ijkl) 6= A0 (ijkl),
S(ij) 6= S 0 (ij), .. . , ,

Aijkl =
g ij gkl + (
g ik gjl + gil gjk ),
A(ijkl) = (ij)(kl) + ((ik)(jl) + (il)(jk)),

(13.119)
(13.120)

- ,
.

Sij =
ukk gij + 2
g ik gjl u
kl ,

(13.121)

314

13.

S(ij) = U (kk)(ij) + 2U (ij).

(13.122)

(13.122) (13.66),
, [54],

E=

U (ii)U (kk) + U (ik)U (ik).

2

(13.123)

, (17.66)

S(kl) =

2 E
E
C(al) =
[(al) 2U (al)].

0 C(ak)
0 U (ak)

(13.124)

, , , 0 ,
(13.122). (13.122)
,

S = h (i)h (j)S(ij) = U g
+ 2U ,

(13.125)

U (12.105) (12.138).
(13.125)
(
).
, ..


1
1
(13.126)
U (ik) = U (ik) (ik)U (nn) + (ik)U (nn).
3
3
, ( ),
. (13.125)



1
2

S = kU g
+ 2 U g
U , k = + .
(13.127)
3
3

S = 3kU ,

g
= 3,

(13.128)

(13.127) ,

U =



1
1
1

S g
+
S g
S .
9k
2
3

(13.129)

315

13.6. ...

13.6.

.
, , ,
, . , V V = 1, (17.86) .
: 4-
Vk Skn .
4-,

Sk4 = i

vb
Skb ,
c

S44 =

v a vb
Sab .
c2

(13.130)

(13.16),
(13.14a).

(12.113), (12.114). ,




y k y l 


.
det ||(ab)|| = detg kl
x(a) x(b) 

(13.131)



p
 y a 


 = 1
det
det ||(ab)||.
x(b) 
g kl

(13.132)

(13.15), (13.67)

1
[2C C C 3C C C + C C C ].
6

(13.133)

,
.
S , , . (13.62)
(13.66)

S =

2
E
g
C().
0 C()

(13.134)

316

13.

, (17.86)





V
2
E
E

c2 1 + 2 V
= g
g
C
,
(13.135)
0 c
x
0
x
C
(13.135) ,
, 4- . , 4-
. 4- ,
. (12.205).

D V

V
V
C
+
C +
C = 0.
x
x
x

(12.205)

, D = D D V = 0,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
(13.135) , .
, .
4- V (x ) .
y k

dy k
y k
=
= 0,
(13.136)
x
dS
. y k = f k (x ). y 4 , , (12.134)
y 4
= V .
(12.134)
x
.
V , ,
y 4
.
(13.137)
= V
x
V

13.6. ...

317

(12.134)

y 4
= 0.
x



4
4

2 y4

y
g y

g
g
= g
+ g
g
= 0.
x
x
x x
x x
,



4
g
y 4
2 y4

+ g
g
= 0.
g
= g
g
x
x
x x
x x

(13.138)

(13.139)

(13.140)

(13.139) (13.140), (12.134),




g
V g
g
= 0.
(13.141)
x
x

= 0,
(13.142)
(12.216) (
) (6.4).
, (12.134) [10], . 6= 0,
(12.134) , ..
y 4 = const,
.
, ,
. ,
= 0, y k , ,
. , ,
, . .
, .

318

13.

13.7.

.
S
U (13.125), (13.127),
(13.86). (12.130),
(12.142) , y 4 = const g kl .
.
(12.136) , ..

x
u
6=
.
4
y
y 4
(12.131) (12.134)


 

u u y 4
u u
x y 4
u

4
+
V g
g g .
4
=
=
x y x
y x
x
s
x
, (12.137)



u
u y 4
u
u y 4
u u
4
4
g g .
=
x
y x
x
y x
x x
(12.138)



1 u
u
u u
U =
g g
+

.
(13.143)
2
x
x
x x



1
u
u
u u
U = h ()h ()h (k)h (k)h (l)h (l)
+

=
2
x
x
x x


1
Du(l) Du(k) Du() Du()
= (k)(l)
+

,
2
x(k)
x(l)
x(k) x(l)


1 Du(b) Du(a) Du() Du()
U (ab) =
+

,
2 x(a)
x(b)
x(a) x(b)

U (a4) = U (44) = 0.

(13.144)

, (13.143)
, 4- ~u . (12.138), .

13.7. ...

319

. , y 4 = const
( , ), .
,
. ( .) , : ""( [30]) , . ,
,
, , , . ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , , 4-
~u, y 4 =
const .

u(4) = 0,

ih (4)u = V u = 0.

(13.145)

(13.144) (13.143)


1 Du(b) Du(a)
+
, U (a4) = U (44) = 0.
(13.146)
U (ab) =
2 x(a)
x(b)


1 u
u
U = g
g
+
.
(13.147)
2
x
x
(12.218) ,
U , , U ,
dU /ds. (12.218)

= V

U
.
x

4- dV /ds,

x x = u ,

dx
du
dx
du
dx ds
=
+
=
+
.
ds
ds
ds
ds
ds ds

(13.148)

320

13.

u ,
,

u
du
= V
.
V V =
ds
x

(13.149)

(13.149) s , dV /ds = 0,

dV u
dV
2 u
2 u
=
+ V V
= V V
,
ds
ds x
x x
x x

(13.150)

, , ,
. v ,
.
, , :
, ,
. .
.



1 d u
u
dU
= g
g
+
.
ds
2
ds x
x

(13.151)

, (13.148), , , . (12.205) (12.218)

, g kl /y 4 = 0.
. , (12.205) ,
g kl /y 4 6= 0. (12.204)

g lj

=
y 4
y 4

x x
y l y j


=

y l

 
 
V x

V x
+
=
y j y l
y j



V V
dV dV x x
x x

=
+
++V
+ V
= 2 l
. (13.152)
l
j
x x
ds
ds
y y
y y j
= , V = 0,


g lj
x x
x x
x x
x x
= 2
+
+
+
.
y 4
y l y j
y 4 y j
y l y 4
y 4 y 4

(13.153)

13.7. ...

321

(13.153)

x x
x x
= 2
,
y y
y y

(13.154)

/ y = /y a . (13.154) , . ,
x x = u ,


 x 


det  6= 0
y

= +

dU
.
ds

(13.155)

d u
2 u

= V
=
ds x
x x
x

u
V
x

V u

x x

du
V
V
=

.
x ds
x
x

(13.156)

, (13.151)

dU
.
ds

(13.157)

, (13.147) (13.155) .
13.6 ,
, - .
(13.147) (13.155),
4- u
(13.86), ,



dV
g
U
S

= g
= g
U + g
+ 2
, (13.158)
ds
x
x
x
x

- ,
. (13.145) ,
u
V
u +
V = 0,
x
x

322

13.

, ,

u
V 0.
x

u4
Vk uk
vk uk
=
=i
,
x
V4 x
c x
,

U =

u
.
x

(13.159)

dV
g
,
=
x
ds

, (13.158)
 2

2 ua
uk
vk 2 uk
2 ua

V V
= ga
+i
+ g
+
x x
x xk
c x x4
x x

+ga

ivk 2 uk
2 uk
g
+
+ a ,
x xk
c a x4 x

(13.160)

i g vk uk + i g g vk uk +
a =
c a x x4
c a4 x x
i vk uk
V ua
V ua
+ ga
g4
+
V
V .
c
x x
x x
x x

(13.161)

, a (13.160),
.
, uk
x1 x4 . ~v x1 .
uk

2]
[V42 + (2 + )V
1

2
2 u1
u1 +
+ 2V1 V4 [ (2 + )]
2
x4
x1 x4
2

2 ] u1 = 1 ,
+[V12 + (2 + )V
4
x21

(13.162)

[V42 +V12 ]

2
2 u2
2 u2
2
2 u2
+2V
V
[]
+[V
+V
]
= 2 , (13.163)
1
4
1
4
x24
x1 x4
x21

[V42 +V12 ]

2
2 u3
2 u3
2
2 u3
+2V
V
[]
+[V
+V
]
= 3 . (13.164)
1
4
1
4
x24
x1 x4
x21

323

13.7. ...

. (13.61)



p 2
 y i 
 1 + ,
0 c det
= g
x(k) 
c2

0 c2 .

(13.165)

[30], [54], 0

+ 2 = c2 , = c2 ,

(13.166)
l 0
t 0
cl ct - .
(13.166) , cl > ct . "
". ( ) . ,
,
. " ". " cl c [28].
" " (17.165)

+ 2 = = c2 = c2 .

0
0 l

(13.167)

" ",
1 ,
(13.162)

 2
1 2

2 2 u1 = 0.
(13.168)
2u1
x21
c t

, x1
. ( )
.
(13.162)

2 ] = a11 ,
[V42 + (2 + )V
1

x4 = ict = ix,

x1 = y,

2 ],
V1 V4 [ (2 + )],
a22 = [V12 + (2 + )V
4
i

a12 =

a11

2 u1
2 u1
2 u1
+
2a
+
a
1 = 0.
12
22
x2
xy
y 2

(13.169)

(13.170)

324

13.

= (x, y),

= (x, y)

(13.171)

, ,

a
11

2 u1
2 u1
2 u1
1 = 0,
+ 2
a12
+a
22

(13.172)

 2

+ a22
+ 2a12
,
x y
y






+ a12
+
+ a22
,
a
12 = a11
x x
x y
y x
y y
 2
 2

a
22 = a11
+ 2a12
+ a22
,
(13.173)
x
x y
y
1 .



a
11 = a11

2

: , ? , a
11 = 0.
.

a11

2z
2z
2z
+
a
+
2a
= 0.
22
12
x2
xy
y 2

(13.174)

[51], , (x, y) = const

a11 dy 2 2a12 dxdy + a22 dx2 = 0,

(13.175)

z = (x, y) (13.174).
(17.175)
p
p
a12 + a212 a11 a22
a12 a212 a11 a22
dy
dy
=
,
=
.
dx
a11
dx
a11

(13.176)

(13.170). (17.169),

+ 2) > 0.
a212 a11 a22 = (

(13.177)

, (13.170)
. (13.176) , ,

v1
V1 = q
c 1

v12
c2

V4 = q

i
1

v12
c2

13.7. ...

325

dy
v1 + cl
=
,
dx
c + v1ccl

dy
v1 c l
=
.
dx
c v1ccl

(13.178)

(13.178) [79]. v1 cl ,
(13.178)

v 1 + cl
x = C1 ,
c + v1ccl

=y

v1 + c l
x,
c + v1ccl

v1 cl
x = C2 .
c v1ccl
=y

v1 cl
x
c v1ccl

(13.179)

(13.180)

, 1 = 0
a
11 a
22 (17.172),

2 u1
= 0.
(13.181)

u1 = f1 () + f2 (),
(17.180) (17.169)




v1 cl
v1 + c l
t
+
f
x

t
.
u1 = f1 x1
2
1
1 + vc12cl
1 vc12cl

(13.182)

(13.183)

(13.183) . f1 f2
,
v10 v20 .

v1 + cl
c l v1
v10 =
v20 =
.
(13.184)
v1 c l ,
1 + c2
1 vc12cl
(13.184) , .
(13.163) (13.164) (13.183) (13.183)
cl ct .




v 1 + ct
2 x1 v1 ct t .
u2,3 = f1 x1
t
+
f
(13.185)
1 + vc12ct
1 vc12ct

326

13.

,
(13.158) , .
()
() v1 . v1 = 0
(13.183), (13.185) . , , . ,
, , .

13.8.
,

m0 c

dV
= F ,
ds

(13.186)

x1 . m0 - , F - 4- ,

fk
Fk = q
c 1

,
v2
c2

F4 =
c2

if v
qk k
1

(13.186a)

v2
c2

fk - .

iV4 0 0 iV1
1 0
0
0
h () =
,
(13.187)
0
0 1
0
iV1 0 0 iV4
- , - .

m0 ch (k)

dV
= h (k)F = F (k),
ds

F (4) = 0.

(13.188)

V1 = V , V2 = V3 = 0,

m0 ch (1)

dV
dV
= m0
.
ds
dt

(13.188a)

327

13.8.

(13.188a)

m0

dV
1
= F (1) = h1 (1)F1 + h4 (1)F4 = f1 .
dt
c

(13.189)

1
(13.190)
F (1) = k0 x(1),
c
k0 - ,
.

dx(1) = h (1)dx = L0 L 0 h0 (1)dx0 = h0 dx0 .

(13.191)

(13.191) , dx(1) -
(L0 - ).
Z
x(1) = h (1)dx .
(13.191a)
L

L, dx(4) = 0 xk = 0 . dx(4) = 0
1
(13.192)
dx(4) = h (4)dx = V dx = 0.
i
, dx(4) = 0 ,
(13.192),

Zx1
h1 (1)

x(1) =


V1
ix1
h4 (1) d =
.
V4
V4

(13.193)

(13.188)

m0

dV
k0
x1
=
.
dt
c 1+V2

(13.194)

dV
dV
cV
dV
=
v=
,
2
dt
dx1
1 + V dx1

m 0 c2 V

dV
= k0 x1 .
dx1

(13.195)

328

13.

V2 =

k0
x1 2 + C1 .
m0 c2

C1 , x1 = 0
V = V0 .
s
s
k0 x1 2
m0 V02 c2
.
(13.196)
,
x

A
=
V = V0 1
1
m0 V02 c2
k0

q
k0
2
2
dx1
m0 (A x1 )
=v= q
< c.
k (A2 x2 )
dt
1 + 0 m0 c2 1

(13.197)

(13.197)
r


0 2 A2
x1
0 t + 0 = 1 +
E
arcsin
,
k
(13.198)
c2
A
0 - ,
r
k0
2 A2
0 =
, k2 = 2 0 2 2 ,
m0
c + 0 A

(13.199)

E(u, k) - . 02 A2 /c2  1,
(17.198)

x1 = A sin(0 t + 0 ).

V02 =

k0 A2
02 A2
=
 1,
2
c
m 0 c2

(13.200)

(13.201)

..
, [145]


u
2
+
+ ...,
E(u, k) = E 0 (k) ln tan

2
4


 0n

p

1 02
(2n 1)!!
k
0
0
1 k2 .
E (k) =
1 k ...

...
,
k
=
2
2
2n n!
2n 1
(13.202)
(13.201) k 0  1, E 0 (k) /2.


 
u
x1
E(u, k) ln tan
+
, u = arcsin
.
(13.203)
2
4
A

13.9. ...

329

(13.198) (13.201)

 

c0
ct
x1
1
+ arcsin
= e a + 0 A .
(13.204)
tan
4
2
A


 
1 + xA1
1
x1
tan
+ arcsin
=q
.
(13.205)
4
2
A
x2
1 A12
(13.205), (13.204) x1 ,


ct
c0
x1 = A tanh
+
,
(13.206)
A 0 A

v=

dx1
=
dt

c
cosh2

ct
A

c0
0 A

,

(13.207)

0 . t = 0
, .. x1 = 0.
 
ct
c
 .
x1 = A tanh
(13.208)
, v=
A
2 ct
cosh A
, , .
,
, .

13.9.

e 6 , . "
. , ,
?
""(
) (6.18).
"" . , ,

330

13.

[9]. ,
.
, . t = 0 x1 . , , , ,

a0 . , .
,
. ,
(O, x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) 4- V
q
(13.209)
V1 = V1 (x1 , x4 ), V2 = V3 = 0, V4 = i 1 + V12 .

x
,
y 4

0 0 iV1
1 0
0
,
0 1
0
0 0 iV4

V = ih (4) =

h () =

iV4
0
0
iV1

(13.210)

- , - .
4- a()

a() = h ()

dV
,
ds

a(2) = a(3) = a(4) = 0,

a0 - .

a(1) =

i dV1
a0
= 2,
V4 ds
c
(13.211)

, , . (17.211)
q
V1
V1
V4 a0
a0
1 + V12 2 ,
4 =
=
=
(13.212)
2
y
s
i c
c
s = c , a0 = const, - .
(13.212) , s = 0
V1 = 0,




q
x1
a0 s
x4
2 = i cosh a0 s .
,
= V1 = sinh
=
V
=
i
1
+
V
4
1
s
c2
s
c2
(13.213)

13.9. ...

331

, s = 0
x1 = x4 = 0 [133] ( )

x1 =



c2
a0 s
c2
cosh

,
a0
c2
a0

x4 = i



c2
a0 s
sinh
,
a0
c2

s ,

r
a2 t2
c2
1 + 02 1 .
x1 =
a0
c

(13.214)

(13.215)

[11],

, .
,
. , (6.17), . ,
, .
,
..
= 0,
(13.216)
(12.214). (13.216)

V1
V1
+ V1 V
= 0,
(13.217)
11 =
x1
x

V x = (V1 ),

(13.218)

- . , x1 x4 , (17.214), V1 V4 (17.213).

c2
(V1 ) = V1 .
(13.219)
a0
(13.219) (13.218) , V1 = V4 v1 /(ic),
dx1
a0 t
= v1 =
.
(13.220)
dt
1 + a0c2x1

332

13.

. c
. (13.220) , , ,
,
. , x1 ,
t,
v1 c. ,
(13.220) , v1 .
. (13.220) , t = 0 x1 = y 1 , y 1 ,
s 2 2 
2

a0 t
a0 y 1
c2
+
1
+

1
,
x1 =
a0
c2
c2

v1 (y 1 , t) = s
a20 t2
c2

a0 t

+ 1+

a0 y 1
c2

2 .

(13.221)

, , ,
y 1 = c2 /a0 , . ,
, y 1 c2 /a0 .
(13.221)

2

2
a0 x1
a20 t2
a0 y 1
1+ 2
2 = 1+ 2
0,
c
c
c

1+

a0 x1
a0 t
.

c2
c

, (13.220)

a0 t
= v1 .
1 + a0c2x1

(13.222)

, (13.220) (13.222)
x1 c2 /a0 (13.222)
t, "", y 1 = c2 /a0 , v1 = c. t

333

13.9. ...

(13.222) x1 ,
t.
(17.221) y 1 = 0,

r
a20 t2
c2
1+ 2 1 ,
x1 =
a0
c

a0 t
,
v1 (y 1 , t) = q
a2 t2
1 + c02

(13.223)

, [1].
. (13.218) (13.219)

V1 =

a0 t
s
c
1+

a0 x1
c2

2

(13.224)

a20 t2
c2

(13.211),

a(1) =

a0
s
c2 
1+

1
a0 x1
c2

2

(13.225)

a20 t2
c2

a(y 1 , t) =

a0
1+

a0 y 1
c2

(13.226)

, ,
.
.
,
,
. y 4

y 4
= 0,
x

(13.138)

= 0 . (13.138)

334

13.

= 1, 4, ,
v1 y 4
y 4
+ 2
= 0.
x1
c t

(13.227)

y 4
y 4
=
= 0,
x2
x3
y 4 = y 4 (x1 , t). (13.220) (13.227),
y 4
a0 t
y 4
= 0.
(13.228)
+ 2
x1
c + a0 x1 t
,


t
4
y =f
.
(13.229)
a0 x1 + c2
f y 4 = is
, ,
(13.214).


1
a0 s
tanh 2 ,
is = f
a0 c
c

f (u) = i

c2
artanh(uca0 ),
a0



 
c2
a0 t
c2
v1
y = i artanh
= i artanh
.
a0
c + a0cx1
a0
c
4

(13.229)

= V

y 4
.
x

= s
1+

a0 x1
c2

2

a20 t2
c2

i
1+

a0 y 1
c2

(13.230)

, dy 4 ds,
.

13.9. ...

335

, .. x = x (y ). , ,
x4 = 0,
y k . , x1 , x2 = y 2 ,
x3 = y 3 . (13.229) (13.221)
t x1 ,







 
a0 y 1
a0 y 4
c2
a0 y 1
a0 y 4
c
1+ 2
sinh
, x1 =
1+ 2
cosh
1 .
t=
a0
c
ic2
a0
c
ic2
(13.231)

y4
T,
ic
(13.231)
(6.18). ,
(., , .. [15]) (!)
. , , ,
. (13.226), [80]. (
) .
, (, (13.226)
), ( ) . , ,
.
-, ,
.
6.
(13.208) (13.207),
, .

gkl =

x x
= kl .
y k y l

(13.232)

, gkl y 4 .
, , g kl = kl .

ukl =

1
(
gkl g kl ) = 0.
2

(13.233)

. ,

336

13.

.
"". . , x1

c2
< x1 < .
a0

13.10.

9.5
, .
,
. , , ( ) , . ..."
, ,
[29]."
,
. . , , .

, .
. . [1-4].
- , . , . ,
. ,
, ,

337

13.10. ...

. , , . , .
- ,
, . ,
,
- . , ,
, , .
:
1. -
.
2. , , , .
, - ,
( ),
,
-.
.
,

x = f (y ).

(13.234)

, - .
M .

g (M ) = g (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ),

g (M ) = g (x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ).

(13.235)

g - , g
- ,

dS 2 = g dx dx ,

(13.236)

dS2 = g dx dx .
(13.237)
(13.234) :
1. (13.234) ,
, , ( ). y

338

13.

, y k
, y 4 - , "".
2. (13.234) y 4 .
1, 2

2 x
DV
x x
=
+

= f ,

dS
S 2
S S

(13.238)

V
D
2 x x x
=
+ 4 4 = 0,
4
dy
y y
y 4 2

(13.239)

V =

x
x
=
= V ,
4
y
S

(13.240)

,
g V V = 1.
(13.241)
(13.240) (13.239)

2 x x x
ln
+
V
= 0.
S 2
S S
S

(13.242)

(13.238),

S
V V = V

ln
f ,
S

.
S

(13.243)
(13.244)

,
.

, 1 2. (13.238)

, (13.239) - 4- f .
(13.238) (13.239)
(13.234),
. ,
(13.239)
, .

13.10. ...

339

, ..
.
(7.86), .
, V = U , 4-
K = 0.
( ) "- ( ) .
g g , .. ,
,
. ( ,
, ) ,

x
= 0.
y k

(13.245)

(13.245)

V m u =

x y
V ,
y x

y 4
= V ,
x

y 4

= V V .
x
x

y 4
y 4
= 0,

x
x

(13.246)

(13.247)
(13.248)

(13.249)

(13.249)

DV
ln
= ( + V V )
= f ,
dS
x

(13.250)

DV
ln
= g
= f .
dS
x

(13.251)

340

13.

x
= V ,
y 4

i
e ,

(13.252)

i
V = V = e V ,

(13.253)

DV

= g = f .
dS
x

(13.254)

g V V = 1,

(13.255)

(13.255) (13.241) (13.253),

(
g e2 g )V V = 0.
(13.256)
V , (13.256)

g = e2 g .

(13.257)

V (13.257) .
(13.256) [3]

g e2 g = e2 a ,

(13.258)

a = a a V = 0. e2
. a , ,
, .
""
.
x x k l
dy dy ,
(13.259)
dl2 = g k
y y l

x x k l
dl2 = g k
dy dy ,
y y l

(13.260)

dl2 dl2 = (
gkl gkl )dy k dy l ,

(13.261)

gkl gkl - "".

.
, .. , . ,
.

13.10. ...

341

, . , -
(.. ,
). , . ,
. (13.261) ,

gkl = gkl .
(13.262)

y k y l
x x
(13.240) (13.247),

V = e V ,

V = e V ,

g = g

V V = V V = 1,



2
+ 1e
V V .




g = e2 (g + a ), a = e2 1 g
.

(13.263)

(13.264)

(13.265)

, (13.262) tg ,
4-, (13.254) . (13.264) ,
tg


g = g + 1 e2 V V
(13.266)
,


g = e2 g + b ,

b =



e2 1 g .

(13.267)

, [3] a b
4-,
. ,
a b ,

342

13.

, . .

.
[3], , (13.264),
(13.266). (13.244)

= + S
G
,

(13.268)

, G - ,
G
g g . ,
g = 0,

g = 0,

(13.268a)

s - .



1

S
= g S, , S, =
g + g g .
(13.269)
2
(13.264) (13.266)

1

S
= g 2V V( T) + 2T V ( V) +
2

+2T V [ V] + 2T V [ V] V V T ,

T =



1 e2 ,

T =

T
.
x

(13.270)

(13.271)

,
V = ih (4).
(13.272)



g h () = h () + i 1 e2 V (4).

S(ab, c) = 0,



2
S(ab, 4) = S(ba, 4) = i e
1 (ab),

(13.273)

13.10. ...

S(a4, 4) = S(4a, 4) = S(44, a) = f (a) = h (a)

S(44, 4) = i

343

,
x

d
,
dS

S(4b, c) = S(b4, c) =


i
1 e2 (bc),
= S(4c, b) =
2

(13.274)

(ab) (ab) -
, (12.214)
(12.216). , (13.270)
(13.243) . ,
,
, .
, g
,



R,. = 2 [ ] + [ ] =




= 2 [ S] + S[ S] .

(13.275)

. -,

DV
= ( + V V ) = f = 0,
S
x

[ V] = 0,

(13.276)

= ( V) ,

= 0.





R,. = 1 e
,

(13.277)

= const. ,

, .
= 0 -
. ,
- ,
- .

.

344

13.

, . ,
, .
. , , , .
,
,

.
, , ,
: , .

Z b
m0

A dx ,
(13.278)
S=
mcds +
c
a
m0 - , A - 4- , , . , = 1, m0 = e,
, ,
( ) (9.96).
[133]

m0 c

DV0
m0
=
F V 0 ,
ds
c

F = (A ) (A ) =

(13.279)

(A ) (A )

,
x
x

(13.280)

m0
S
= m0 cV0 +
A = P .
(13.281)
x
c
,

, ..
Ak = 0.
m0 c

vk
Vk0 = q
c 1

DVk0
m0 (A4 ) 0
=
V4 .
ds
c xk
,

v2
c2

i
V40 = q
1

,
v2
c2

(13.282)

A4 = i0 ,

13.10. ...

r
ds = cdt 1

v2
,
c2

0 =

kM0
,
r





m v
d

km0 M0
q 0 k
=

.
2
dt
xk
r
1 vc2

345

(13.283)

(13.284)

k - , M0 - , r - .
,
.

1
=q
1

v 02
c2

v 0 - m0 M0 .
,
.

= |V0 V00 |,
V0 - 4- , V00 - 4- .
, Vk00 = 0, V400 = i

1
= |V0 V00 | = q
1

v 02
c2

, (13.284)




m0 vk0

kme M0
d
d
0
q
.
(13.285)
= (me vk ) =
02
dt
dt
xk
r
1 vc2
, ,
m0 me .
= 1.
-.
,
, . - 4-
V 0 V -
.

346

13.

, .
(13.266),

tg m0 cV0 m0 cV0 = (g + V V )m20 c2 V0 V0 = m20 c2 [1 (V V0 )2 ],

1 e2 .
m0 cV0
(13.281),




S
m0
S
m0

A
(g + V V )

+
x
c
x
c
+m20 c2 [1 (V V0 )2 ] = 0.

(13.286)

, -, , .
(13.286) = 0. ,
ih (4) = V . (13.286)

2 


m0
S
m0
S

A(4) +

A(k)
(1 )
x(4)
c
x(k)
c



S
m0

A(k) + m20 c2 [1 (iV 0 (4))2 ] = 0.

x(k)
c

(13.287)

- . ,
.
V 0 (4) = i. , A(k) = 0. (13.287)


2

m0
S
S
S
(1 )

A(4) + m20 c2 +
= 0.
x(4)
c
x(k) x(k)

(13.288)

(13.254)
(13.279), . (13.254)

h (k)f = f (k) =

.
x(k)

(13.289)

13.10. ...

347

(13.239) A(k) = 0
i (1 A(4))
1
(13.290)
f (k) = 2
A(4)
1
c
x(k) 1 +
2
ic

A(4) = i, ,



1
=
ln 1 + 2 .
(13.291)
x(k)
x(k)
c
: , ,
.
[1], .. ,
= /2 (.. x1 , x2 )
x3 . , ,
, , . ,
, ,
( ) ,

=
=
n(k), k = 1, 2,
x(k)
R x(k)
R


1
n(k)n(k) = 1, = ln 1 + 2 .
(13.292)
c
-


2
 
2
 2

m0
S
1 S
1 S
2 2
+
1 ) + m0 c +
+ 2
= 0,
(1 ) 2
c
c
R
R u
(13.293)
R - , u - .
f (3) =

= 0,
x(3)

1 (13.285), .

1
1 = q
1

v2
c2

=p

1
1 x + O(x)

kM0
r0
=
,
Rc2
2R

(13.294)

M0 - , , r0 - , O(x) - x,
x.
1
2
1= 
(13.295)
2 = 1 + 2x + 4x .

1+

1
c2

348

13.

x.
-

S = E0 + M u + SR (R)
E0 M .

s 
2

Z
2
1
m 0 1
2 c2 (1 ) M dR,

m
(13.296)
E

SR =
0
0
2
2
c
c
R

kM0
,
=
R



m 0 1
m0 c2 x
1 2
2

= p
= m0 c x + x . (13.297)
c
2
1 x + O(x)

(13.296)
x,

Z 
E 02
SR =
2E 0 m0 + 2 (1 + 2x + 4x2 ) + 2E0 m0 x+
c

+(5E0 m0 +

m20 c2 )x2

M2
2
R

1/2
dR,

(13.298)

E 0 - ( ).
, E0  E 0 E0
m0 c2 . [133], x
().
1/R2 .

u+

SR
= const.
M

[133],

u =

6kM0
,
c2 a(1 e2 )

(13.299)

e - , a - , u -
, .. . (13.299)

13.10. ...

349

. , 1 = 1, ,

u =

5Q2 q 2
5Qq
= 2 2 ,
2
e )m0
c M

c2 a(1

(13.300)

Q - , , q - . (10.85), , .
(.. = 0 (13.296)),

u =

2kM0
,
c2 a(1 e2 )

(13.301)

u =

Qq
Q2 q 2
= 2 2.
2
e )m0
c M

c2 a(1

(13.302)

, ,
, .
- .

, (13.286) V V0 6= 1,
m0 = 0. (13.286) . ,
(13.296) m0 = 0.
. m0 0,
v c , E

m0
E
= 2.
2
c
c

(13.303)

E0

E0 = E

m0 M0 k
= E(1 x) = const.
R

x - ,



E = E0 1 2 .
c

(13.304)

(13.305)

E = h,

350

13.




= 0 1 2 .
(13.306)
c
, .
(13.296) (13.295) (13.304)

Z r 2
E0
M2
2)
(1
+
4x
+
11x
dR,
(13.307)
SR =
c2
R2
, E0 = h0 , M = m0 c, -
x2 ,
Z r
0
2
SR
2r0
= R =
2 dR,
1+
(13.308)
h
c
R
R
(13.308) R , [133]. r0 -

r0 =

2kM
.
c2

(13.308) ,
( ),

u =

4kM
.
c2

(13.309)

( = 0)

u =

2kM
,
c2

(13.310)

.. .
, , ,
, , .

13.11. -

351

13.11.

, () , ,
. ()
. ,
(4  ).
, .
, ,
. ,
,
, .
, .
. 4- - , 4-, ,
. 4 

4- .
, , 4 - 4 -. , .
4- . , 4 ,
. ( ). ,
. ,
. , -
.
,
.
-, . -

352

13.

, - ,
, [114].


4- ( ). ,
. - - (), (). ()
(). ,
"...
. "[133].
- .
, . 6
6.1 6.2.
.

1

- .

(6.7), , = 0,
= 0,

g F F = const
(13.311)

R,
V =  (V F ) (V F ).

(13.312)

(6.1-6.5)

 V = V  F .

(13.313)

R, V V = ( V V ) F F F .

(13.314)

13.11. -

353

4-,

R, V V F  F = F F F (F F )2 =
= F (F F ) F F F (F  F )2 .

(13.315)

(13.311)

R, V V F  F = (F  F )2 = const 6= 0.

(13.316)

, -
. - ,
.
(6.7) . , ( ,
[133] ), (V F  )
0 (13.312),

R V = V  F  ,

(13.317)

(R Ag )V = 0, A  F  ,

(13.318)

, [80]
. [15]. , , .
, (6.19) , ,
. ,
, , .

(6.12), (6.13),
. ,
. (6.25)
(6.26).
. (6.25) y 2 = y 3 = 0,
y 1 = const. ,


a0 y 1
,
(6.25a)
s = exp
c2

354

13.

s - , -
.
. [6] c.109
(6.25 a) . , . , ,
- . (, .. [15], c. 280-281 ).

13.12.

,
. ,
c K .

(+ ). (13.318)
1
(13.319)
([T T g ] + Kg Ag )V = 0.
2
-
, .

T = (p + )V V pg ,

(13.320)

4- ,

F =

8k
( + 3p) + K, = 4 , F = V V .
2
c

(13.321)

, F 1 (6.26)

F1 =

g 11 g00
,
2g00 y 1

(13.322)

dS 2 = D(y 1 )(dy 0 )2 (dy 1 )2 (dy 2 )2 (dy 3 )2 .

(13.323)

13.12.

355

, .
, , , . ,
. ,
4-.
. ,
(
, "").
,
- . ,
, ,
"" . , .
(4- )
.
(13.321)



1 dD
1 d

=K
(13.324)
D dy 1 2 D dy 1




a0 y 1
D(y 1 ) = g00 = exp(2 Ky 1 ) = exp 2 2 ,
(13.325)
c
, y 1 = 0 D(0) = 1 F 1 (0) = a0 /c2 .
, . K = 0
(13.324) - - .
(13.325).


1
R = Kg + T g T , T = T .
2

(13.326)

R00 = g00 K, R11 = K =

R22 = R33 = K = 0.

a20
,
c4
(13.327)

356

13.

(13.327) , .
K .

. (13.325
), . , -
.

13.13

-
, ,

dS 2 = e(r) (dx0 )2 r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 ) e(r) dr2

(13.328)

2
-

(13.328) [133]
.
R00

 00
( 0 )2
0
0 0
0

+
+

,
(13.329)
R0 = e
2
4
r
4
r. ,

V 0 = , V0 = g00 , V k = Vk = 0.
g00
(13.317) V


1
d
()/2 2 0
R00 = A =
e
r

2 exp(( + )/2)r2 dr

 00



0
2 0
d
()/2 2 0
()/2 2 0
e
r
+
+
=
e
r .
0
2
r
2
dr

(13.330)

(13.331)

(13.332)

13.13. ...

357

U e()/2 r2 0 , 0 = v



 U 


ln  0 2  =
r
2
2

(13.333)

(13.334)

(13.331)
(r) (r) .
A , .
.
1. [49],
,
.


r0 r2
dr2
(13.335)
dS 2 = 1
(dx0 )2 r2 (d2 +sin2 d2 )
2
r
r
3
1 r0 r3
r0 = 2kM/c2 - .
(13.335),


1 d


2 1
R V V = =  F = 2
r F .
(13.336)
r dr
,
[49] [133] . ,
,
. (13.33)
(13.336)

F1 =

r
c1
g 11 dg00
1 dg00
+ 2, F1 =
=
3
r
2g00 dr
2 dr

(13.337)

g00 =

r2
2c1

+ c2 ,
3
r

(13.338)

2c1 = r0 c2 = 1
. = 0 . ,
.

358

13.

2. -. M Q. (13.326)
T = 0

R = T , T = T = 0.

(13.339)



kQ2
dr2
r0
2
+ 4 2 (dx0 )2 r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 )
dS = 1
2
r
c r
1 rr0 + ckQ
4 r2
(13.340)

R V V =

R00
= R00 =  F  ,
g00

(13.341)

R00 = T00 = g00

kQ2
Q2
=
g
= g00  F  .
00
8 r4
c4 r 4

(13.342)

kQ2
1 (r2 F 1 )
= 4 4.
2
r
r
c r
(13.343)
 F  =

F1 =

kQ2
c1
+ 2
c4 r3
r

(13.343)

(13.344)

(13.322) (13.340)

kQ2
c1
1 dg00
= 4 3 + 2,
2 dr
c r
r

(13.345)

g00 =

kQ2
2c1

+ c2 ,
c4 r 2
r

(13.346)

c1 c2 ,
.

g00 = 1

r0
kQ2
+ 4 2,
r
c r

(13.347)

- .

13.14. ...

359

3.

(13.319) - (13.320) (13.321) (13.322). (13.335),
, .
(13.328). = const,
[133] c.

exp(/2) = A B
R2 =

1 r2 /R2 , exp() = 1

3
, p + = p0 exp(/2).

r2
,
3
(13.348)

(13.348) r -
.
A B
r1 , p = 0.
(13.321) K = 0


d
d
exp(( )/2)r2
(13.349)
( + 3p) exp(( + )/2)r2 =
dr
dr
(13.348) (13.349) p0

p0 =

2
A,
3

(13.350)

.
p

rg r12
r2
r2
r1g
=
,
,
=
=
2
2
R
3
r R
r1

p
p
1 rg /r 1 r1g /r1
p
p
= p
,

3 1 r1g /r1 1 rg /r

(13.351)

(13.352)

rg -
r, r1g - . (13.352) , . .

2.

360

13.

13.14

,
-
[133]. [133],

dS 2 = exp((, z))(dx0 )2 2 exp()(d)2 exp( )((d)2 + (dz)2 )

(13.353)

R00 = F = 0,

(13.354)

.

[61], (13.353)

dS 2 = D(dx0 )2 A(dx1 )2 B(dx2 )2 C(dx3 )2 .

(13.355)




1 (AF 1 ) (AF 3 )
+
= 0, g = e = A = C. (13.366)
A
y 1
y 3

F 1 = 100 (V 0 )2 = 100

1
D1
1
D3
=
, F 3 = 300 (V 0 )2 = 300 =
,
D
2AD
D
2AD
D
D =
.
(13.367)
y






2
1 1

+ 2 = 0.
(13.368)
2A

z

R00 =
0, [1]. , (13.354)
.

13.15.

1. .
,
,

13.15. ...

361

-, . , ,
,
, . .
,
. ,
""
4 - .
, .
. ,
[133]. , ,
. ,
q m,
Q .
, Q, .
,
.
, (9.44), (9.45)

q
Qq
1 d
exp() = 2 F 10 V0 = 2 2 exp(/2),
(13.369)
2 dr
mc
mc r
,
. ,
F , ,
, . (13.369)



Q
+
A0
Q
F01 = 2 exp
=
= 2 , =
(13.370)
r
2
r
r
F1 =

(13.370) , = = 0 -.

1 d
Qq
exp(/2) = 2 2
2 dr
mc r
exp(/2) = 1 +

Qq
= exp(/2),
mc2 r

(13.371)
(13.372)

362

13.

. ,
"". ([114], (5.5), (5.6))

F = F F = R00 ,

 00
( 0 )2
0
( 0 )2
1
0

+
+
+
= ( 0 )2 e ,
R0 = e
2
4
r
4
4

(13.373)
(13.374)

u = exp()

uu00 +

2uu0
1
(u0 )2 = 0.
r
2

(13.375)

u = z 2

2
z 00 + z 0 = 0.
r

(13.376)

e =

c1
+ c2
r

2
,

(13.377)

c2 = 1 , c1 = Qq/(mc2 ) (13.372). , ,
, .


2
Qq
exp() = 1 +
= exp().
mc2 r

(13.378)

Qq kmM , . (13.378) ,
- . , (13.378) -,

q
Q
= k,
= k.
(13.379)
m
M
,
.
. ,

13.15. ...

363

,
""[48]. , Q M . ,
. . R V V = R00
(13.374).

R00 =

Q2 q 2
m2 c4 r4

(13.380)

2. .

F = F V , =

e
.
mc2

(13.381)

4
j V .
(13.382)
c
(13.382) , j = cV ,

(V ) = 0.
(13.383)
F = F V + F V = F F

( )

= 0 exp(/2) = 0 exp(/2), 0 = const.

(13.384)

(13.382)

F = F F 40 exp(/2) = R00 .

(13.385)

(13.375)

uu00 +

2uu0
1
(u0 )2 2u = 0, 40 ,
r
2

(13.386)

(13.376)

2
z 00 + z 0 = 0.
r



c1
r2
exp(/2) =
+ c2 , r R,
r
6

(13.387)

(13.388)

364

13.

R - , c1 c2 - .
c1 = 0

exp() = exp() =


2

r2
Q
3 2
.
1+
2R
R

(13.389)

,
, . - .
- ,

(6.7) 4 V , ,
F . , ,
, (
) .
4- .
. , ,
,

,
. ,
, .

13.16

1.
2b, . Y 1
. -

1
dS 2 = e(y ) (dy 0 )2 (dy 1 )2 (dy 2 )2 (dy 3 )2 .
(13.390)
= 0 = const.
(7.15)

uu00 = 40 u2 + (u0 )2 , u e/2 .

(13.391)

13.16. ...

365

0 = 0

g00 (y 1 ) = exp(2a0 y 1 /c2 ), y 1 > b, F 1 =

a0
, a0 = const.
c2

(13.392)

, (6.25).
2.
.
(13.391)
u0 = uv,
(13.393)

v 0 = 40 ,

(13.394)

40 q 1 2
a0
E0 q
=
(y ) + c1 y 1 + c2 = 2 (y 1 )2 + c1 y 1 + c2 , a0 =
. (13.395)
2
2mc2
2c
m
(13.395)

a0 y 1
0
= 2 + c1 .
(13.396)
2
c
c1 = 0 , E . c2
.



a0 b y 2 b2
g00 (y 1 ) = exp
+
2
, y 1 b.
(13.397)
c2
b2

E(y 1 ) =

E0 y 1
, y 1 b.
b

(13.398)

, ,
E0 , . .
- .

. ,
, , . , .
, ..

366

13.

.
. , , , , . [105, 106,
114].
1. ,
.
, ,
"" .
2. , -.
( )
( ). , , [6]
1907 , (6.25) .
( )
3. , , .
4. ,
-
.
5. , . ,
.
6. .
7. ,
.
, .
.

13.17. ...

367

13.17.
.
,

. ,
(), . , , (). ,
() , .
. [107-111, 115, 116, 146, 147].

. , (). .
g ,
. , , , ,
?
, , , ,
, ,
.
,
, , . . ,
. ,
. , , .
,
, .
, , ,
( ) . , -

368

13.

, , . , ,
,
. ,
-
- , ( ).
.
. . [107]
[108].
, ,
. ,

p

l = l0 1 + a2 t2 /c2 ((25) [108])
a , . [115] . ,
, . [108] , , ,
,
l0
l0 = (mc2 )2 /(2eE),
. m - , e - , E , c - , ' . , l0 .
[101],
[118]." "
,
. ,
, , ".
1. ()
(), ,

dS 2 = (dx0 )2 (dx1 )2 (dx2 )2 (dx3 )2 ,

(6.11)

13.17. ...

369

x0 = ct , x1 , x2 , x3 - ,
:
p
x1 (y 1 , t) = y 1 + (c2 /a0 )[ 1 + a0 2 t2 /c2 1],

x2 = y 2 ,

x3 = y 3 ,

x0 = y 0 ,

(6.12)

x1 (y 1 , ) = y 1 + c2 /a0 [cosh(a0 /c) 1],

x2 = y 2 ,

x3 = y 3 ,

t = (c/a0 ) sinh(a0 /c),

(6.13)

(6.12)
, (6.13) - . (6.12) (6.13)
(6.11)

dS 2 =

c2 dt2
a0 tdtdy 1
2
2
2
2
1 + a0 t /c
(1 + a0 2 t2 /c2 )1/2
(dy 1 )2 (dy 2 )2 (dy 3 )2 ,

1 2

(6.14)
2 2

3 2

dS = c (d ) 2 sinh(a0 /c)cd dy (dy ) (dy ) (dy ) , (6.15)

(6.14), (6.15) [133]

kl = gkl + g0k g0l /g00 ,

(6.16a)

" "

dL2 = (1 + a0 2 t2 /c2 )(dy 1 )2 + (dy 2 )2 + (dy 3 )2

(6.16)

dL2 = cosh2 (a0 /c)(dy 1 )2 + (dy 2 )2 + (dy 3 )2 .

(6.17)

,
,

x4 = ict (12.227)

ik,lm hi hk hl hm
R, = R
= ,

(12.227)

4- V 1.

2 = V + V + V V V + V V V

370

13.

bkl

bkl =

1 kl
= kl .
2 s

(12.226)

(12.226)
. ,
.

11 =

a0
sinh(2a0 /c).
2c2

(13.399)

, , , . , "",(
) () . , ""
,
, . , , ,"" .
[116]. ,( )
L0 a0 /c2  1,

.

. ,
,
. ,
. ( (+ - - -) 4- +1).

V dx = V dy = 0,

, = 0, 1.

(13.400)

, ,
( ,
t2 ) ( t1 ) (13.400) ,
, p
4 - V

= p, = ( V V ), dL2 = dx dx

(13.401)

13.17. ...

371

.
p
1 + 2
a0 t
dx1
=
, =
.
(13.402)
0
dx

c
(13.402)

x1 (t) =

p



 1 + (1 + 2 ) 
c2 p
 + A.
1 + 2 ln 

a0

(13.403)

(13.403) . (6.12) y 1 = 0 y 1 = L0
. A, ,
.
A
. A , t ,
, ,
t1 1


p
c2  (1 + (1 + 2 ))1 
p
(13.404)
ln 
L0 =
.
a0  (1 + (1 + 12 )) 
, ,
!
!
a0 L0
a0 L0 p

= cosh
+ sinh
1 + 2,
(13.405)
1
c2
c2
L0 - . L(t) . (13.402-13.405) dL
c2 dt
c2 d
dL =
=
(13.406)
a0 t
a0
,

c2
L(t) =
ln
a0

a0 L0
cosh
c2

!
!
a0 L0 p
+ sinh
1 + 2 .
c2

(13.407)

, (13.400), ,
"" ,

372

13.

(13.407), a "" (13.401)

. ,

gk0
V0
1
dy 1

= , V0 = g00 , Vk = gk0 V 0 = ,

dy 0

g00
V1
dy 1
1
= p
.
dx0
1 + 2

(13.408)

g0i g0k
x x
= ik = gik +
,
i
k
y y
g00

(6.16 a). (6.16)

dL =

p
dy 1
c2 d
1 + 2 0 dx0 =
,
dx
a0

(13.407).
(13.408)


p
c2  1 + 1 + 2 
1
y = ln 
 + C.

a0 

(13.409)

( ) y 1 = 0,
2 = . y 1 = L0 , = 1 ,
1 . ,
(13.405). ,
.
(13.407) L(0) = L0 . a0 L0 /c2

q
L(t) = L0 1 + a20 t2 /c2 ,
(13.410)
. [108] , ,
,
, . [108] , " . . t,
, , ,
. t1 .

373

13.17. ...

L0 . .
, , . ,
t, t1 .

c(t1 t) = x1 1 (t1 )x1 (t) =

a0
c2
, (13.411)
(cosh 1 cosh )+L0 , =
a0
c

- , . t t1
(6.13),

exp() exp(1 ) = u, u =

a0 L0
c2

(13.412)

exp(1 ) = (1 u exp()) exp().

,

(1 u exp()) > 0.

(13.413)

[108]. ,
(13.413).
(6.12) (6.133).

x0 = x1 + c2 /a0 y 1 .

(13.414)

y 1 = L0 , ,
. x1
x1 ,
x0 ,

u exp() = 1.

(13.415)

.
, , x1 L0 x1p = c2 /a0 + L0 . , ,
.
. ,
.

374

13.

, .
() ,


. , . , ,
.
"" .
. (6.16), (6.17)

r
a20 t2
dL
=
cosh(a

/c)
=
.
(13.416)
1
+
0
dy 1
c2
,
y 1 .
[73,105,106]
[30] . ,
, ,
, .

dL2 dL20 = (kl kl )dy k dy l = 2ukl dy k dy l ,

(13.417)

1
(kl kl ).
(13.418)
2
kl - (6.16 a) kl - ukl y k . ukl
.
, .
u11
ukl =

u11 =

1
a2 t2
(cosh2 () 1) = 0 2 .
2
2c

(13.419)

u11 y k ,
.

13.17. ...

375

2.

. S = 3050 M , W =
22300 M eV , T = 1.6 M ks,
L0 = 480 M .

a0 =

W
eE
=
= 1.284 1018 M/s2 .
m
Sm

a0 , , m -
. k (24),
,

cosh(k ) =

W
+ 1 = 4.634 104 .
mc2

k = 11.377.
[108], [115], [117]

,
""
.
L()
.
K=
L0
[108]

K1 = cosh().
[115]

1 + u cosh()
K2 =

q
1 + u2 sinh2 ()
,

[117]

1 + u cosh() +
K3 =

1 + u2 sinh2 ()

K4 =

ln (cosh(u) + sinh(u) cosh())

,
u

376

13.

u (25) u = 6.848103 .
u , k = 11.4
K4

K4 = 1 +

2 ln (cosh(/2))
,
u

K4k K4k = 1.003. ,

.
[108], ,
K1k = 4.365 104 . [117]
K3k = 8.729104 , , [115] K2k = 1.575 104 .

3. ()
[108] , " . .
t,
, , ,
. t1
. L0
. .
, , . ,
t, t1 .

c(t1 t) = x1 1 (t1 )x1 (t) =

a0
c2
(cosh 1 cosh )+L0 , =
, (13.420)
a0
c

- , , L0 -
. t t1 ,

exp() exp(1 ) = u, u =

a0 L0
c2

exp(1 ) = (1 u exp()) exp().

(13.421)

13.17. ...

377

(1 u exp()) > 0.

(13.422)

[108]. , [108].
, .
[108], " B C , - .
,
(13.422). (6.12)
(6.13).

x0 = x1 + c2 /a0 y 1 .

(13.423)

y 1 = L0 ,
,
. x1
x1 ,
x0 ,

u exp() = 1.

(13.424)

.
, , x1 L0 , x1p = c2 /a0 + L0 . , ,
.
. (13.422),
, .
, . . (13.424)
.
(13.421) 1 . (13.424) . (13.424) u
,
,
.
4.

, ,
, . .

378

13.

(23) [108],

dS 2 = c2 d 2 cosh2 (a0 /c)(dy 1 )2 (dy 2 )2 d(y 3 )2 .

(13.425)

[1, 2, 8, 25, 105, 106].

dS 2 = 0 dy 1 (13.425)

u1 = arctan(sinh(1 )) arctan(sinh()).

(13.426)

[108]
(mc2 )2
l1
(13.427)
2eE
, , . ,
u1 ,
.
!
a0 L0
2
0.
(13.428)
arctan() =
2
c
,
,
.

a0 L0 p
( 1 + 2 + ) 1.
c2

(13.429)

, (
), /2 , ,
= 0
, . [108], ,
E  mc2 .

p
eE

= ( 1 + 2 1) = , a0 =
.
2
mc
m

(13.430)

,
. (13.428)

!

1
a0 L1
=
2
(13.431)
2

2
c

13.17. ...

L1

L1

c2
(mc2 )2
=
.
a0
eE

379

(13.432)

(13.429) , (13.427), [108], .

,

, , 10000
. . ,
/2 , , .

,
. ,
,
, .
5.
, .
, . ,
, .

.
( ) ( ),
- .
(6.25),
, (6.26). - (6.30-6.32). , (6.18),
(6.12), (6.13)
 . ,
(6.11)
.

380

13.

. .
. 6
(6.33 - 6.46). ,
, , , , ,
, ,
. ,
.
. , . ,
. .
,
- . , , .
, ,
.
, , .

-. .. ,
. (6.25) (6.26) . .
.

14.1. , ...

381

14

-

-
.
.
, .
- , .
.

14.1. ,

, , ,

. .






4j
1

1

gF
=

,
gA
= 0. (8.97)
g y
c
g y
,

F = 2[ A] = 2[ A] ,

F + F + F = F + F + F 0
.
(8.97), , .
.

382

14. -...

, - , . , ,
, ,
. -
.
. (9.172)
(9.173). y 0 .
g0k .

, .
(6.7). , ,

( ) .

, , J
. y 3 = z .
~ H
~ .
E

.

H =

2J
c

(14.1)

,
.

E =

2
,

(14.2)

J
J = c,
E = H .
(14.3)

14.1. , ...

383

9.3.
F(0)(1) (9.71) E (9.22), .
: " (14.1)
(14.2) ,
?"
9.3

dS 2 = exp()(dy 0 )2 exp()d2 2 d2 dz 2 .

(9.61)

, , .
() () . 9.3.
, , . , , , ,
. ,
[138].
,
, v
, c.
.
[138],
2

He
,
P~ = ~n
8

(14.4)

~n  , , He =
H  . , . F , S , N

H2 S
F =
.
(14.5)
8
(14.3)

F1 =

E2 S
F
E 4S
E e
=
=
=
.
N
8N
8N
2

(14.6)

(14.6) , E = 4 ,  . , -

384

14. -...

, 9.1. , , , ,
. , , ,
.
, .

A0 = 2I0 ()K0 (),

eE0
a0
=
.
2
2c
4mc2

(9.60)

A0
a0
= 2 (K1 ()I0 () I1 ()K0 ()).
(9.65)

c
E0
F(0)(1) .
F01 =

a0
eE0
e
=
=
,
2c2
4mc2
R2mc2

R.

(9.72)

E0 - , I0 , I1 , K0 K1 [51].

exp(/2) = 1 +
exp(/2) =

qA0
.
m0 c2

(9.75)

1
A0
.
2 1 + mqAc02

(9.76)

= J/c.
-
(8.97)
.
, 4-
Ak = 3k A(),
(14.7)

~ . , A()  A
, (14.7) (9.97)

14.1. , ...

385

, .
(9.97)






A
4 3
1
+

exp

= j ,
,
g = exp
g
2

c
2
(14.8)
j 3  .
(14.8)


A
k

k A0
1
= exp
=
(14.9)

2 ,

2
2
qA0
1 + m0 c2
k  . (14.9) ,


m0 c2 k
1
+ c1 .
A=
(14.10)
0
2q
1 + mqA
2
0c
(14.9) (14.1), , ~ =
~ A
~ , (
~ A)
~ = Az /, k = 2 .
H
c1 - . , A A0 .



1
m0 c2

1
.
(14.11)
A=
0
q
1 + mqA
2
c
0

F01 = F10 , (13.65)
F13 = F31 ,

F13 =

A
A0
1
=

2 ,

qA0
1 + m0 c2

(14.12)

(9.10)

F(1)(3) =

2J

,
qA0
c 1 + m0 c2

F(0)(1) = E() =

2J
,
c

(14.13)

, , . -.

386

14. -...

- (19.14), (19.15).


2
2
1 A0
00
.
(14.14)
e e2 , T (0)(0) =
T =
4
2

03

1
=
4

A0

2

e e2 ,

T (0)(3) =

1
2
.
2
1 + mqAc02

(14.15)

h, (9.16) -(9.18), (9.51).

T (0)(0) - (18.14)

Z
W =

gT

V dS = h

F01 d
R

= h
R

A0
d = A0 (R)h A0 ()h

(14.16)

(9.74) A0 () = 0,
R 0, (14.16) (9.72)


 

e
e
K
.
(14.17)
W = A0 (R)h = 2 2 hI0
0
2mc2
2mc2
(14.17) ,
h
, .
, ..
e
eJ
=
= 0  1
(14.18)
2mc2
2mc3

W =

2hmc2
= 2N mc2 ,
e

(14.19)

N - h . (14.18)
J  105 A,
(14.20)
.

14.1. , ...

387

, h
N , . ,
(9.84) (14.19).
,

eJ
e
=
= 0  1
2mc2
2mc3

(14.21)

(14.21), [51], (9.77), (9.78)

I0 () ' 1, K0 () ' ( ln (/2) + C),

 


J
a0
2J
A0
A0 () ' 2
'
,
ln
+C ,
2
c
2c

(14.22)

C = 0.57721566490... - .
(14.22) . - ,
(9.75) ,

exp(/2) = 1 +

qA0
.
m0 c2

(14.23)

(9.76)

exp(/2) =

1
1+

qA0
m0 c2

(14.24)

, , We
Wm .
,

Wm =

Lm J 2 h
,
2c2

We =

Q2
,
2Ce h

(14.25)

Lm Ce

 



eJ
eJ
4mc3
1
Lm = 2I0
K
'
2(
ln
C), Ce =
.
0
2mc3
2mc3
eJ
Lm
(14.26)

388

14. -...

,
. , .
.
[136],

Lm


  
3
2h

.
= 2 ln
R
4

[138]
 
h
Lm = 2 ln
.
R

(14.27)

(14.28)

[146]
 
b
Lm = 2 ln
,
(14.29)
R
b - , R  .
, , . ,
. , (14.29)
.
(14.27) (14.28) , 
.
(14.26), ( ).

 


4h0
h
C , h0 = ,
(14.30)
Lm = 2 ln
r0
N
N  h , r0 
. ,

14.1. , ...

389

, .
(14.30)
""k , ,

kr0 = R,

4kh = 2h1

(14.31)

, (14.27), (14.28),



 
2h R
2h1
C , h1 =
.
(14.32)
Lm = 2 ln
R
N r0
h1 ,
.
h1 = 4R

h
2N r0

(14.33)

h/2N r0 ,
N
. (14.32) , h/2N r0  1. (14.26)

 
J
, J0 = 1A,
(14.34)
Lm = 21.11 2 ln
J0
J0 J .
(14.34) 10
0.06 J = 0.1 .
Lm = 25.715. , Lm = 21.11.
(14.28) Lm = 24.048. , , .

.
,
(14.16),
b.
 
J2
b
1
.
(14.35)
Wm = h(A0 (R) A0 (b)) = 2 h ln
2
c
R
(14.25),
(14.29), .. .

390

14. -...

, .
.

 

 

 

eJ
eJb
eJb
eJ
K0
I0
K0
. (14.36)
Lm = 2 I0
2mc3
2mc3
2mc3 R
2mc3 R
[51].
r
r
1

I0 () '
e , K0 () '
e ,
2
2

Lm



2mc3
R
=
1
.
eJ
b

(14.37)





mc3 J
R
N mc2
R
Wm =
1
=
1
.
(14.38)
e
b
h
b
b R 0
.
. , (J  105 A)
h , h . ,
.
, ,
. (14.36)

eJ
= 2.9 105 J,
2mc3

(14.39)

J . , J = 103
A b/R = 10 (14.36)

eJb
= 0.29.
(14.40)
2mc3 R

14.1. , ...

391

(14.36) .
[51]

I0 (x) 1 +

  

x
x2
K0 (x) ln
+ C I0 (x) + ,
2
4

x2
,
4

(14.41)


Lm = 2 ln

b
R


+x

 

x
1
ln
+C
,
2
2

x=

eJb
= 0.29. (14.42)
2mc3 R

(14.42)


 
b
1 0.033 .
(14.43)
Lm = 2 ln
R
, , . 3%. .
, .
,
. , , , , . ,

.
, ,
.

. 4 -

Z
Z
1
1
gT e()
dS
=
gT (0)() dV,
(14.44)
P () =

c
c
P (0) W (14.16), c, P (k) . P (3) ,

392

14. -...

(9.75), (9.76) (14.15),





Z
hm0 c
qA0 (R)
1
+
T (0)(3) dddz =
ln 1 +
P (3) =
exp
c
2
q
m0 c2
(14.45)
, (14.21), , mem
, (14.17) (c
) (14.45).

W = cP (3) = mem c2 .

(14.46)

, , h
. . , (14.18) (14.20), ,
, - .

P (3) = N mc ln 3,

m0em = N m ln 3.

(14.47)

(14.19)
W
= mem = 2N m.
(14.48)
c2
[136],

m0em
4
= .
mem
3

(14.49)

, (14.49)
()
,
. (14.19)
.
me = mem /2.

m0em
= ln 3 = 1.1.
(14.50)
me
, (14.19)

14.2. ...

393

, ,
(14.47), .

14.2.

, . ,
,
.
,
.
, .
[140],
, . ,


, ( ,
).
,

. ,
.
(9.60), (9.65), (9.72). - (9.61), (9.75), (9.76).
, , R. ,
.
z , . ,
(9.34), r0 - ( ) dQ

394

14. -...

, - - ~r ~i ,
~i = a~0 /| a~0 |. ~i dQ
. ""a0
(9.35).
(6.25) - , ,
r0 c
.

r0 cos = R cos .

(9.57)

dQ

ddz,
(9.58)
dQ = Rddz =
2
.
(9.34)



a0 r0 (1 cos )
dA0 =
exp

ddz,
(14.51)
2r0
2c2

. , "
(, ).
, (,
). , "",
, (14.51)
(14.51)

A0 =

2 pR
e

ep cos

Z

epr
p

r02 22


dr0 d ,

(14.52)

p=

a0
,
2c2

2 =

p
2 + R2 2R cos .

(14.53)

Z
2 pR p cos
A0 =
e
e
K0 (2 p)d
(14.54)

14.2. ...

395

R = 0, ,

A0 = 2I0 ()K0 (),

eE0
a0
=
.
2c2
4mc2

(9.60)

E0 - , I0 , K0 - [51].
(14.54) " " [145].
.

R1 = Rp,

R2 = 2 p,

1 = R1

= p.
R

(14.55)
(1)

H0 (iR2 )
(1)
H0 (iR2 )

(1)
J0 (iR1 )H0 (i1 )

+2

(1)

Jk (iR1 )Hk (i1 ) cos k. (14.56)

k=1

R1 < 1 .



i
i
exp
H(1) (iz), Jk (iz) = ik Ik (z),
K (z) =
(14.57)
2
2

K0 (R2 ) = I0 (R1 )K0 (1 ) + 2

Ik (R1 )Kk (1 ) cos k.

(14.58)

k=1

, (14.54)
R1

A0 = 2e




X
k
I0 (R1 )I0 (1 )K0 (1 ) + 2
(1) Ik (R1 )Ik (1 )Kk (1 ) .
k=1

(14.59)
> R, ..
. < R



X
A0 = 2eR1 I0 (1 )I0 (1 )K0 (R1 ) + 2
(1)k Ik (1 )Ik (1 )Kk (R1 ) .
k=1

(14.59a)

396

14. -...

= R .
(14.59)
, ..  R.
[139], z

I (z)K (z)

1
,
2z

(14.60)

(1)k Ik (z) = ez I0 (z),

(14.61)

k=1

2mc2 R
2c2
=
,
(14.62)
=
1
a0
e
m - , ,
, , e - , (
) . ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
A0 (1  1) =

, (14.62)
. , 1 , R1
, .
(14.53) (14.55). ,
(14.62)
2c2
2mc2

=
=
.
(14.63)
A0 (R) =
R1
a0 R
e

(9.51f)

W = N mc2 .

(14.64)

.
, Q = N e h N .
.

397

14.2. ...

.
.
,
,
.
. (14.59a)
. ,

F01 = 4peR1 I0 (1 )I1 (1 )K0 (R1 )+

+2



k
(1)k Kk (R1 )Ik (1 ) Ik1 (1 ) Ik (1 ) .
1

(14.65)

k=1

. [139]

Ik (1 )

k1
,
2k (k + 1)

Kk (R1 )

1
2k
(k) k ,
2
R1

(14.66)

(k) - -,

F01 =

 2 k 


1 X
1
1
2a0 R1
k 1
ln
R
+
(1)
=
e

1
c2
2
1
k! 2R1
k=1






2a0 R1
1
1
21
= 2 e
ln R1 +
exp
1 .
c
2
1
2R1

(14.67)

, 1/c2 ,

F01 =

A0
a0
E0 e
= E() = E0 2 = E0
,

2c
4mc2

E0 =

2
.
R

(14.68)

E0 . ,
.
, . ,

398

14. -...

. E. E. = 0

Einternal
eE0
.
(14.69)
=
Eexternal
4mc2
, = R. .
E0 = 106 V /m,
R = 0.05 m.

eE0 R
Einternal (R)
=
= R1 = 0.024.
Eexternal (R)
4mc2

(14.70)

, ,
106 .
. (14.69) F01 , "",
-,
.

.

1.
(6.25),
, -

dS 2 = exp()(dy 0 )2 exp()d2 2 d2 dz 2 ,

(9.61)

.
() () .
-
(9.61),
"
"[133]. , (14.59a).
""D1


1
1
exp(/2)D = 4d.
(14.71)

14.2. ...

399

(9.62),
, , , d "" . ""
(14.71),
.
D1 = 0.
(14.71)

4 exp(/2)
D =

Z
d exp(/2)d.

(14.72)

""D1 E 1 F01 [133]

1
D1 = 11 D1 = E1 ,
g00

E1 = F01 ,

kl = gkl ,

(14.72a)

kl - .
, D1 d() ().
, ""
.
-. "". , , ,
(9.61). "" . ,
, . "" (13.14a)

(14.73)
d = d0 0 .

de/2 = d0 = const.

(14.74)

(14.72),
Z
4 exp(/2)
1
d exp(/2)d = 2 exp(/2)d0 + C1 , (14.75)
D =

400

14. -...

d0 - , C1 - .
,
. C1 = 0. (14.72a)


+
.
(14.76)
F01 = E1 = 2d0 exp
2
(14.65) (14.76) , .


+
F01
exp
=
.
(14.76a)
2
2d0
, ,
, q ,
,
. ,
, . . m0 .
F 1 (6.5),
(13.61)

V 0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

V k = Vk = 0,
V0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

F 1 = F (),

F 0 = F 2 = F 3 = 0.

(9.67)

(6.5)

F1 =

1 d
exp().
2 d

(9.68)

,
, .
.
.
(4 - ).

F1 =

1 d
q
exp() =
F 10 V0 .
2 d
m0 c2

exp(/2) =

q
m0 c2

Z
F01 d =

qA0
+ C2 ,
m0 c2

(14.77)

14.2. ...

401

C2 - .
,
.

exp(/2) = 1 +

qA0
,
m 0 c2

A0 = A0 () A0 (0),

(14.78)

A0 -
, A0 (14.59a).

 
F01
1

=
.
(14.79)
exp
0
2
2d0 1 + qA
m0 c 2
d0 - "" ,
-
.

d0 = lim

F ()
 01
.
qA0
2 1 + m0 c2

(14.80)

(14.67),

d0 = E0

a0 eR1
(1 R1 ln R1 ),
4c2

E0 =

2
.
R

(14.80a)

""
.
. . ,
. , , . , " "".

. (14.71) D1 = 0, ,

402

14. -...

, F01 (14.65) . "" ,

. ""
- . , ,
, .
"" .
.
" .. . (9.10) (14.72), (14.72a) F(0)(1)


+
F01 = 2d0 .
(14.81)
F(0)(1) = exp
2
, , , .
F(0)(1) 0
F(0)(1)
, ..
R .

F(0)(1)
F(0)(1)
a0 ReR1
=
(1 R1 ln R1 )
=
0
F(0)(1)
E0
2c2
(14.70). ,
. E0 = 106 V /m, R = 0.05 m.
(14.70a) 0.022, 0.024 .

R h. - T (0)(0) (9.14), (9.15) (9.10)

1
T (0)(0) =
4 2 d0 2 2
(14.82)
8
(9.16f)

Z
W =
V1

gT

d0 h
d y=
2

(0)(0) 3

F01 2 d,

(9.83)

F01 (9.65). . E0 106

14.2. ...

403

V /m (14.67), (14.80 a)
R2 hE02
a20 R2 2R1
e
(14.84)
(1 R1 ln R1 )2 , W0 =
4
8c
8
W0
h R
E0 .
,
Z
1
1

(9.51f )
W2 = A0 dV = A0 Q.
2
2
(14.59) A0 (R)
A0 (R) = 2eR1 [ ln R1 R1 /2].
(14.85)
W1 = W 0

W2 = 2W0 eR1 [ ln R1 R1 /2].

(14.86)

a2 R2 (1 R1 ln R1 )2 R1
W1
e
= 0 4
.
W2
16c [ ln R1 R1 /2]

(14.87)

E0 = 106 V /m,
R = 0.05 m.

W1
= 3 105 .
W2

(14.88)

"
#
R1 2
R1
A0 () = 2e
ln R1
.
(14.89)
2 R2
A0 ()

R1 2
.
(14.90)
2 R2
, e m,

A0 () = 2eR1

exp(/2) = 1

E02 2 e2
= exp(/2).
8m2 c4

(14.91)

404

14. -...

,  , , , 1/c4 .

exp(/2) = 1 +
exp(/2) =

qA0
.
m0 c2

(9.75)

A0
1
,
2 1 + mqAc02

(9.76)

A0 (14.59). A0 (..
),

A0 () = 2eR1 [ ln 1 R1 /2].

(14.92)

exp(/2) = 1 +

qA0
= exp(/2).
m0 c2

(14.93)

(
) (14.59) . A0 () (14.62).
, , ,

exp(/2) = 1 +

2R
,

exp(/2) =

2mc2
1
.
eE0 1 + 2R

(14.94)

, . R/ 0,

dS 2 = (dy 0 )2

(2mc2 )2 2
d 2 d2 dz 2 .
(eE0 )2

(14.95)

R.
, .
Cp

Cp =

Q2

=
=
2W h
A0 (R)

405

14.3.

1

.
P
2eR1 I02 (R1 )K0 (R1 ) + 2 k=1 (1)k Ik2 (R1 )Kk (R1 )

(14.96)

(14.59) = R . R1  1

Cp =

1
1
=
.
2 eR1 [ ln R1 R1 /2]
ln R12

(14.97)

R1  1

Cp =

e
E0 eR
=
= R1 .
2
2mc
4mc2

(14.98)

, , , E0 =
106 V /m, R = 0.05 m 1
Cp = 13.4 . , ,

R1+ =

R1
,
N

N=

mp
A,
m

(14.99)

mp - , m - , A -
. Cp+

1
.
(14.100)
Cp+ =
2
ln N + ln R12
, , , ,
(14.100) N = 5104 1 Cp+ = 3.4
.

14.3.

b d, b < d.
:
). ,  ,
). ,  .

406

14. -...

). , ,
(18.59) ,
 


a0
+
A0 () ' 2 ln
+C ,
(14.101)
2c2
C = 0.577... - . ,


#
"
d1 2

d1
.
(14.102).
A0 () = 2||e
ln d1
2 d2
(14.102) (14.55), (14.89)
, d1 = R1 , d1 = dp, d = R , < 0.

d
+
+
A+
0 = A0 (b) A0 (d) = 2|| ln ,
b


b2

d1 d1
A0 = A0 (b) A0 (d) = 2||e
1 2 ,
2
d




2
b
d
+

d1 d1
1 2 + ln
.
(14.103)
A0 = A0 +A0 = 2|| e
2
d
b
C +

C+ =

||
1

= 
A0
2 ed1 d21 1

.

(14.104)

d
U = bE0 ln ,
b

(14.105)

b2
d2

+ ln db

d1 =

eE0 d
,
4mc2

C0 =

1
,
2 ln db

C0 - , U - ,

C0


C+ =
1+

eC0 U
4mc2

b2
d2

.

(14.106)

). ,
 . (14.92)
" 
#

eE0
b1
eE0 b

b1
A0 () = 2||e
ln
+
, b1 =
.
(14.107)
2
4mc
2
4mc2

14.3.

""
 
d

+
b1
A
(b)

A
(d)
=
2||e
ln
, A+
0
0
0 (b) A0 (d) = 0.
b
C


eC0 U
.
C = C0 exp
2mc2

407

(14.108)

(14.109)

, , . .

C

C=

Q
Q2
=
,
U
2W

(14.110)

Q - , U - , W - .
, (14.110) , .
.

C=

Q
,
A(0)

(14.111)

A(0) - 4- .
.
. .
, .
, "" (.
(14.121)), ""
. (14.110) ,
Q .
,
,
, .

408

14. -...

, . .
(14.108) , ,
. , .
. , h ,
b, .
(14.62)
, ,

A0 =

E0 c2 h
,
a0

C = C0

a0 b
,
c2

(14.112)

C0 - . ,
C > C0 , .. (14.62)
a0 b/c2  1.

, .
,
.
.

14.4. ,
, . , , , . , , ,
, .
. ,
, R, . ,
, ,
. , ""
, "" .
, , .

14.4. ,

409

- . 9.3 , - - . - ,
. ,
"" . - , "" () .
"", ,
, , . -
. , ,
. .
A0 (9.34),
a0

F1
,
(14.113)
a0 =
m
F1 ,
m. ,
, .
[138],


1
E2
(i)(k) =
E(0) E(k)
(i)(k) .
(14.114)
4
2
x

I
Q2 x4
F(i) (x) = (i)(k) n(k) df =
n(i) , E(i) = En(i) . (14.115)
2R6
n(i) - , , df
- , Q - .
x+dx F(i) (x + dx)

F(i) (x + dx) =

Q2 (x + dx)4
Q2 x4
2Q2 x3 dx
n(i) =
n(i) +
n(i) .
6
6
2R
2R
R6

(14.116)

410

14. -...

dN , dx dF(i)

2Q2 x3 dx
n(i) .
(14.117)
R6
, dN dx N ,
, ..
dF(i) (x) =

3N x2 dx
.
(14.118)
R3
F1(i)
e
dN =

2eQx
n(i) .
(14.119)
3R3
""a0 , ,
F1(i) (x) =

2eQx
.
(14.120)
3mR3

. . ,
(14.120) (9.34) ,
A0 .

9.3, ,
R (9.36).
a0 (x) =

(9.36) ,
,
r
2 Z s
a0 r2
R
Qes
2
exp(u )du, s =
, a = . (14.121)
A0 =
2
2Rs s(|1a|a)
4c R
r
a > 1, ..
2 Z s
2
Qes
Qes (is)
2
A0 =
exp(u )du =
, a > 1.
2Rs s
2iRs

(14.122)

(a < 1)
2
2 Z s
Qes
Qes ((is) (is(2a 1))
exp(u2 )du =
A0 =
.
2Rs s(2a1)
4iRs
(14.123)

411

14.4. ,

. x
x + dx. (14.120) (14.121) s

r
s=
2R

2Qe
.
3Rmc2

(14.124)

s x.
(14.123) dx, dQ
, A00
2

A00

3Qes
=
2R3 s

Z


exp(u )du dx =
2

x
s(2x/r1)

Z
2
3Qes R
=
((is) (is(2x/r 1))xdx =
4iR3 s
0

Z R
2 
3Qes (is)R2
=

(is(2x/r 1))xdx .
4iR3 s
2
0

(14.125)

A00 x , x, -
x.
2

A00

3Qes
=
2R3 s

Z

s
2

x
0

exp(u )dudx +
s(2x/r1)

x
r


exp(u )dudx =
2


2 Z r
3Qes
2
2
=
((is) (is(1 2x/r))xdx + (is)(R r )
4iR3 s
0

Z r
2 
3Qes
2
2
=
(is)(R r /2)
(is(2x/r 1))xdx . (14.126)
4iR3 s
0
, s

2is 2
(is) = es

(14.127)

s 0, A00 (14.125)
(14.126)

A00 (r)

Q
= ,
r

r > R,

A00 (r)



3Q
r2
2
=
R
,
2R3
3

r < R.

(14.128)

412

14. -...

,
( !) . (6.25) ,
-. .
, , ,
, , -
(9.37)

dS 2 = exp()(dy 0 )2 r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 ) exp()(dr)2 ,

(9.37)

r.
(r) (r) . -
(9.37),
"
"[133]. , (14.125), (14.126).
""D1



1
r2 sin exp(/2)D1 = 0,
(9.38)

D1 =

Q
exp(/2).
r2

(9.39)

(9.38) (9.39) ""D1 E 1

F01 [133]

D1 = 11 D1 =

Q
1
exp(/2) = E1 ,
r2
g00

E1 = F01 ,

kl = gkl , (9.40)

kl - .


A00
Q
+
F01 =
= 2 exp
,
(14.129)
r
r
2
F01 (14.125). , (r) (r).

413

14.4. ,

, q ,
r .
. m0 . F 1 (6.5),

(9.37)

V k = Vk = 0,
V0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

V 0 = (g00 )1/2 ,

F 1 = F (r),

F 0 = F 2 = F 3 = 0.

(9.43)

(6.5), (9.37) (9.43)

F1 =

1 d
exp().
2 dr

(9.44)

, , , .
.

F1 =

q
1 d
exp() =
F 10 V0 =
2 dr
m0 c2

Qq
exp(/2).
m0 c2 r2

(9.41)-(9.45)
Z
q
q
exp(/2) =
F01 dr =
A0 (r) + C1 ,
m0 c2
m0 c2 0

(9.45)

(14.130)

A00 (r) (14.125). C1 .

A00 () = 0, C1 = 1,

exp(/2) = 1 +

qA00
.
m0 c2

(14.131)

(14.129),
0
 
r 2 A0

Q r
.
exp
==
qA00
2
1+
2

(14.132)

m0 c

, , ,

414

14. -...

(14.126). D1 (9.51),

1 1
( D ) = 4

(14.133)

4
D1 =

dr,

(14.134)

. , . -.
0 .
, ,
, (9.37). (13.14a)

(14.135)
= 0 0 ,

0 = r2 sin - .
(14.134).


Q

1
D = 3 r exp
.
(14.136)
R
2


A0
Qr
+
F01 = 0 = 3 exp
,
(14.137)
r
R
2
A00 (r) (14.126). (14.130),
C1 , ( ,
)

C1 = 1
exp(/2) = 1 +
exp(/2) =

qA00 (0)
,
m0 c2

(14.138)

qA00 (r) qA00 (0)

,
m0 c2
m0 c2
A00 3
r R


Qr 1 +

qA00 (r)
m0 c 2

qA00 (0)
m0 c 2

(14.139)
.

(14.140)

415

14.4. ,

.
(14.131), (14.132), (14.139), (14.140) (14.128)


exp =

qQ
1+
rm0 c2

2
.

(14.141)

2 .

(14.142)

(14.129),

exp == 
1+

exp =

qA00
m0 c2

3qQr2
2R3 m0 c2
1

exp == 
1

3qQr 2
2R3 m0 c2

2
.

(14.143)

2 .

(14.144)

,
-
( ),

[10]. , . ,

, .
. (9.51e), , .
Z
1

(14.145)
A00 dV,
W =
2
A00 (14.126). (14.135)
Z R
W = 20
r2 A00 (r) dr.
(14.146)
0

(14.128)


Z R
r2
3Q2
2
2 3Q
W = 20
r
R

dr
=
(14.147)
2R3
3
2R
0

416

14. -...

.

W0 = W/(N m0 c2 )

9
W0 = z
4

0
1

Z
+2
0

y=

r
,
R

Z

z=

y 2 es
s
2

y 2 es
s

r0
,
r

s=

eu dudvdy+

v
0

(s(12v)

v
y

y
2


e dudvdy ,
u2

2z
,
3

r0 =

eQ
.
m0 c2

(14.148)

,
, , , W0 = 5.7
(18.148) W0 (1/6000) = 9.167 105 ,
W0 (1) = 0.516, W0 (25) = 4.411, W0 (500) = 5.555, W0 (1000) = 5.588,
W0 (5000) = 5.637, W0 (10000) = 5.675. ,
z ,
z ,
, . , , "" ,
, , "" ,
. 6/5, 5.67/2.

14.5.
,
R1 R2 , R2 > R1 .
:
). ,  ,
). ,  .
). , ,
(, ) ,

Q
(14.149)
A010 = , R1 r R2 .
r

417

14.5.

(), , .
, , , "".
(9.36). , ,
R ""

r
2 Z (2a+1)
r
R
eQ
Qe
2
0
exp(u )du, a = , =
A0 =
2R (a+|1a|)
r
R 8mc2 R
(14.150)



Q exp( 2 )
A0 =
((1 + 2a)) ((a + |1 a|) ,
(14.151)
4R
(9.36) a < 1. , a > 1.


Q exp( 2 )
A0 =
((1 + 2a)) ((2a 1) ,
(14.152)
4R
,

2 X
2n
2
z 2n+1 ,
(z) = ez
1

3...(2n
+
1)

n=0

(14.153)




|Q|

2 2
2
1 + 2
4a
,
A0 (r) =
R2
3

r
2 =
R2

|e||Q|
8mc2 R2

(14.154)



1
1
+
+
+
A0 = A0 (R1 ) A0 (R2 ) = |Q|

,
R1
R2
s


2
|Q|
2
R
|e||Q|

A
1 12 22 , 2 =
,
0 = A0 (R1 ) A0 (R2 ) =
R2 3
R2
8mc2 R2
(14.155)
|Q| |Q| |Q| 2 2
+

2
2
A0 = A0 +A0 =

+
(1 R1 /R2 ).
(14.156)
R1
R2
R2 3

418

14. -...

Q
|U |R1
=
,
R2
R2 R1

(14.157)

|U | - ,
C +

C+ =

|Q|
=
|A0 |
1+

C0
C0 R1 (R1 +R2 )|U ||e|
12R23 mc2

(14.158)

C0 - .
). , 
. (9.36a) (14.153)



4 2
|Q|

2 r
1 + 1 21
,
A0 (r) =
r
3
R1

s
1 =

|e||Q|
8mc2 R1

(14.159)

, ,
C

C =

C0
|Q|
.
=
C
||e|
|A0 |
1 + 6R0 |U
2
2 mc

(14.160)

(14.158) (14.160) , , ( ) ,
, ,  . (14.158)
(14.160) , h . ,
""
,
.
, ,  ,
,
.
, .
, ,
 . , h
.

419

14.5.

(14.152), , , , ,
.

2 =

r2 eR
.
R2 2mc2

(14.161)

(14.152) , (9.55).



r
|Q|R2
2

 exp 42 1
A0 (r) =
.
(14.162)
R2
2
4r2 22 2R

1
r
.

A0 (R2 ) =

A0 (R1 ) =

|Q|

4R2 22 1

|Q|R2
,
4R22 22



|E||e|h
 exp
.
2mc2
h2

(14.163)

(14.164)

R22

|E| = 4|| - , . , , h/R2  1




2mc2
|E||e|h
1 exp
|A0 | =
.
(14.165)
|e|
2mc2

C+ =


2mc2

C0 |e|U

 ,
||e|
1 exp |U
2mc2

(14.166)

(9.19) . |e||U |/mc2  1



|e||U |
,
(14.167)
C + = C0 1 +
4mc2
(9.20). ,
.

420

14. -...

. , ,
. 2 + 2 = 4 .
, ,

.
2 .
4 () .
. , , -
. ,
- (
). R
(14.152), (14.153)
r
r


2 2
a0 r2
r
|e||Q|
|Q|
1 s , s=
=
.
(14.168)
A0 =
2
R
3
4c R
R 8mc2 R
,
A0 = |Q|/R,
. .

|Q| a0 r
|F01 | = 2 2 .
(14.169)
R 3c
, . , 0 . "" Q
E

Qr
4
E = 3 = r,
(14.170)
R
3
- .

a0 R
a0
Q
= 2 , =
,
2
3c
c
4R2
 .
0 =

(14.171)

421

14.5.

, ,
. (9.37),
r. (r) (r) .
(9.37), " "[133]. ,
(14.168), (14.169). D1
(9.51),

1 p
0 ( 0 D1 ) = 400
r

(14.172)

4
D1 = 0

00

p
0 dr,

(14.173)

00 0 . , "" . -. "". , , ,
(9.37). ""
. , ,
. ""
0

(14.174)
00 = 0 0 ,

0 = r2 sin - .
(14.173).


|Q |

a0 R
1
|D | = 3 r exp
, Q = Q 2 .
(14.175)
R
2
3c




 A0  |Q |r
+


|F01 | = 
=
exp
,
(14.176)
r 
R3
2
A0 (r) (14.168).

422

14. -...

(14.176) (14.169),


+
exp
= 1,
2

(14.177)

.. , (r) (r).
(r) (14.175) (14.168),

exp(/2) = 1 +
exp(/2) =

Q2 e2 r2
,
12m2 c4 R4
1

1+

Q2 e2 r 2
12m2 c4 R4

(14.178)
(14.179)

, . , - [10], , , 1/c4 , .. -
. ,
.
, ,
(14.177) "" , E/E

Einternal
a0 R
eQ
eU
=
=
=
.
Eexternal
3c2
6mRc2
6mc2

(14.180)

,
. .

14.6.

,
, . , 50

. , .
, .
: " ?"

423

14.6. ...

- . - . , . , .
, , - .
. ,
,

C=R

Q
F(0)(1) dx1

(14.181)

.
,
(9.49), (9.54), (14.181). .
. ,
, (9.49) (9.54),
, (14.181). ,
.
- .
. . ?
. , .
. .
,
.

Q
A0 = 1 ,  1,
(14.182)
r
< 6 1017 .

,
, ,
.
(14.180),
50 1.6% -

424

14. -...

. , 50000 /, ( ) 800 / . .
,
. [35], ,
, .
- , .
,
,
.
, , .
,
. 1936
.
?
, ,
. ,
.
[81] . , , , , ,
, , , , . ,
,
.
.
. , ,
,
.
(9.34) (9.35), (9.35) m -

14.6. ...

425

. ,
,
, "". ,
"",
( ) .
.

,
. ,
. , (9.35) m - "" ,
"". ""
. ,
. [82]
.
20 , .
, . [83]

m=

e2 n
e2 nE
e
=
=
,
u

(14.183)

e - , E - , -
, u - , j -
, - , n -
.
,
,
( !)
. . , ""
"". , (14.180) "" "", . ,
"" ""
. , "" .
,  [84]

426

14. -...

.
[84] - .
,


4mek 2
b
, A=
= 120a/(cm2 K 2 ),
(14.184)
j = AT 2 exp
kT
h3
A - , , k -
, h - , T -
, m - "", b - ,
,
. . AT 2 ,
. ,
.
(14.183) (14.184)


b
e2 nE
exp
.
mef =
AT 2
kT

(14.185)

, . , U = 5 104 B .
,
,

n=

N
= 8.5 1022 cm3 ,
A0

A0 = 63,

= 8.9g/cm3 .

(14.186)

N - , A0 - , - .

[84]

2m
= 5 1014 c,
ne2

= 5.3 1017 c1 .

(14.187)

, T = 300K ,





2mE
b
b
mef =
exp
=
55.43

exp
.
(14.188)
AT 2
kT
kT
.
b = 4.47 , ,

14.6. ...

427

5.5 1076 m, , (!), .

j
- .
, , ,
.
(14.188) .
2mE
= 55.43 m.
(14.189)
mef =
AT 2
55 . ,
800 /,
14.5 B/ 50000 /.
, "" ,
, [84]. ,
.
, , .
, .
, "".
, ,
, , .
,
.
, . ,

, . ,
.
.

, .

428

14. -...


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