Ngun xung hin nay c rt nhiu loi khc nhau nhng n c chia thnh 2 nhm ngun:

Cch ly v khng cch ly

* Nhm ngun khng cch ly:
+ Boot
+ Buck
+ Buck - Boot
* Nhm ngun cch ly:
+ flyback
+ Forward
+ Push-pull
+ Half Bridge
+ .......
Mi loi ngun trn u c nhng u nhc im khc nhau. Nn ty theo yu cu ca ngun
m ta chn cc kiu ngun xung nh trn. Sau y l nguyn tc hot ng ca tng b ngun
trn mnh ch ni v cc b ngun hay dng trong thc t:
1) Ngun xung kiu: Buck
y l kiu bin i ngun cho in p u ra nh hn so vi in p u vo tc l Vinout
Xt mt mch nguyn l sau

Mch c cu to nguyn l n gin ch dng mt van ng ct ngun in v phn lc u ra.

in p u ra c iu bin theo rng xung
Khi "Switch On" c ng tc l ni ngun vo mch th lc dng in i qua cun cm
v dng in trong cun cm tng ln, ti thi im ny th t in c np ng thi cng
cung cp dng in qua ti. Chiu dng in c chy theo hnh v
Khi "Swith Off" c m ra tc l ngt ngun ra khi mch. Khi trong cun cm tch ly
nng lng t trng v t in in c tch ly trc s phng qua ti. Cun cm c xu
hng gi cho dng in khng i v gim dn. Chiu ca dng in trong thi im ny nh
trn hnh v.
Qu trnh ng ct lin tc to ti mt in p trung bnh theo lut bm xung PWM. Dng in
qua ti s dng xung tam gic m bo cho dng lin tc qua ti. Tn s ng ct kh cao
m bo trit nhiu cng sut cho mch. Van cng sut thng s dng cc van nh Transitor

tc cao, Mosfet hay IGBT...

in p u ra c tnh nh sau :
Vout = Vin * (ton/(ton+toff) = Vin* D ( vi D l rng xung %)
Vi ton, toff ln lt l thi gian m v thi gian kha ca van
i vi kiu ngun Buck ny th cho cng sut u ra rt ln so vi cng sut u vo v s
dng cun cm, tn hao cng sut thp. Do vy nn ngun buck c s dng nhiu trong cc
mch gim p ngun DC. v d nh t in p 100VDC m mun h xung 12VDC th dng
ngun Buck l hp l.
Di y l mt ng dng ca ngun Buck trong vic to ra ngun 3.3V

Mch dng LM3485 to xung ng ct van.Mch c th iu chnh oc in p u ra, c

phn hi n nh in p
2) Ngun xung kiu: Boot
Kiu dng ngun xung ny cho in p u ra ln hn in p u vo : Vin < Vout
Xt mt mch nguyn l nh sau:

Mch
cu

c
to

nguyn l kh n gin. Cng dng mt ngun ng ct, dng cun cm v t in. in p

u ra ph thuc vo iu bin rng xung v gi tr cun cm L
Khi "Swich On" c ng li th dng in trong cun cm c tng ln rt nhanh, dng
in s qua cun cm qua van v xung t. Dng in khng qua diode v t in phng in
cung cp cho ti. thi im ny th ti c cung cp bi t in. Chiu ca dng in nh
trn hnh v
Khi "Switch Off" c m ra th lc ny cui cun dy xut hin vi 1 in p bng in p
u vo. in p u vo cng vi in p cun cm qua diode cp cho ti v ng thi np
cho t in. Khi in p u ra s ln hn in p u vo, dng qua ti c cp bi in
p u vo. Chiu ca dng in c i nh hnh v!
in p ra ti cn ph thuc gi tr ca cun cm tch ly nng lng v iu bin rng
xung (iu khin thi gian on/off). Tn s ng ct van l kh cao hng Khz trit nhiu cng
sut v tng cng sut u ra.Dng qua van ng ct nh hn dng u ra.Van cng sut
thng l Transior tc cao, Mosfet hay IGBT... Diode l diode xung, cng sut

Cng thc tnh cc thng s u ra ca ngun Boot nh sau :

Ipk = 2 x Iout,max x (Vout / Vin,min)
Tdon = (L x Ipk) / (Vout - Vin)
in p u ra c tnh nh sau:
Vout = ((Ton / Tdon) + 1) x Vin
Vi: Ton l thi gian m ca Van

Ipk l dng in nh
Trong ngun Boot th in p u ra ln hn so vi in p u vo do cng sut u vo
phi ln hn so vi cng sut u ra. Cng sut u ra ph thuc vo cun cm L.Hiu sut ca
ngun Boot cng kh cao nn c dng nhiu trong cc mch nng p do n truyn trc tip
nn cng sut ca n rt ln. V d nh mch bin i t ngun 12VDC ln 310VDC ch hn.
Ngun boost c 2 ch :
- Ch khng lin tc: Nu in cm ca cun cm qu nh, th trong mt chu k ng ct,
dng in s tng dn np nng lng cho in cm ri gim dn, phng nng lng t in
cm sang ti. V in cm nh nn nng lng trong in cm cng nh, nn ht mt chu k,
th nng lng trong in cm cng gim n 0. Tc l trong mt chu k dng in s tng t 0
n max ri gim v 0.
- Ch lin tc: Nu in cm rt ln, th dng in trong 1 chu k in cm s khng thay
i nhiu m ch dao ng quanh gi tr trung bnh.Ch lin tc c hiu sut v cht lng
b ngun tt hn nhiu ch khng lin tc, nhng i hi cun cm c gi tr ln hn nhiu
ln.
Mt ng dng ca mch ngun Boot

y l mch to c in p u ra ln hn u vo t 12VDC ln c 24VDC. S dng IC

dao ng
3) Ngun xung kiu: Flyback
y l kiu ngun xung truyn cng sut dn tip thng qua bin p. Cho in p u ra ln
hn hay nh hn in p u vo. T mt u vo c th cho nhiu in p u ra
S nguyn l nh sau :

Mch c cu to bi 1 van ng ct v 1 bin p xung. Bin p dng truyn cng sut t u

vo cho u ra. in p u ra ph thuc vo bm xung PWM v t s truyn ca li
Nh chng ta bit ch c dng in bin thin mi to c ra t thng v to c ra sc
in ng cm ng trn cc cun dy trn bin p. Do y l in p mt chiu nn dng in
khng bin thin theo thi gian do ta phi dng van ng ct lin tc to ra c t thng
bin thin.
Khi "Switch on" c ng th dng in trong cun dy s cp tng dn ln. Cc tnh ca
cun dy s cp c chiu nh hnh v v khi bn cun dy th cp sinh ra mt in p c
cc tnh dng nh hnh v. in p s cp ph thuc bi t s gia cun dy s cp v th
cp. Lc ny do diode chn nn ti c cung cp bi t C
Khi "Switch Off" c m ra. Cun dy s cp mt in t ngt lc bn th cp o chiu
in p qua Diode cung cp cho ti v ng thi np in cho t
Trong cc m hnh ca ngun xung th ngun Flybach c s dng nhiu nht bi tnh linh
hot ca n, cho php thit k c nhiu ngun u ra vi 1 ngun u vo duy nht k c
o chiu cc tnh. Cc b bin i kiu Flyback c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng s
dng ngun pin hoc acqui, c mt ngun in p vo duy nht cung cp cho h thng cn
nhiu cp in p(+5V,+12V,-12V) vi hiu sut chuyn i cao.c im quan trng ca b
bin i Flyback l pha(cc tnh) ca bin p xung c biu din bi cc du chm trn cc
cun s cp v th cp (trn hnh v)
Cng thc tnh ton cho ngun dng Flyback
Vout=Vin x (n2/n1) x (Ton x f) x (1/(1-(Ton x f)))

vi:
n2 = cun dy th cp ca bin p
n1 = Cun dy s cp bin p
Ton = thi gian m ca Q1 trong 1 chu k
f l tn s bm xung (T=1/f = (Ton + Toff))
Ngun xung kiu Flyback hot ng 2 ch : Ch lin tc (dng qua th cp lun > 0) v
ch gin on (dng qua thc cp lun bng 0)
Mt mch ng dng ngun dng Flyback nh sau:

y l mch nng p dng ngun chuyn i flyback. in p u vo 12V cho u ra ti

180V. S dng IC555 v c n nh in p u ra
4) Ngun xung kiu: Push-Pull
y l dng kiu ngun xung c truyn cng sut gin tip thng qua bin p, cho in p
u ra nh hn hay ln hn so vi in p u vo. t mt in p u vo cng c th cho
nhiu in p u ra. N c gi l ngun y ko
Xt s nguyn l sau:
i

vi

ngun xung loi Push-Pull ny th dng ti 2 van ng ct bin p xung v mi van dn

trong 1 na chu k. Nguyn tc cng gn ging vi ngun flyback
Khi A c m B ng th cun dy Np pha trn s cp c in ng thi cm ng sang
cun dy Ns pha trn th cp c in v in p sinh ra c cng cc tnh. Dng in bn th
cp qua Diode cp cho ti. Nh trn hnh v
Khi B m v A ng th cun dy Np pha di s cp c in ng thi cm ng sang cun
dy Ns pha di th cp c in v in p ny sinh ra cng cng cc tnh. Nh trn hnh v
Vi vic ng ct lin tc hai van ny th lun lun xut hin dng in lin tc trn ti. Chnh
v u im ny m ngun Push Pull cho hiu sut bin i l cao nht v c dng nhiu
trong cc b ngun nh UPS, Inverter...
Cng thc tnh cho ngun Push-Pull
Vout = (Vin/2) x (n2/n1) x f x (Ton,A + Ton,B)
Vi:
Vout=in p u ra -V
Vin= in p u vo - Volts
n2=0.5 x cun dy th cp. Tc l cun dy th cp s qun sau chia 1/2. n v tnh bng
Vng
n1=Cun dy s cp
f = Tn s ng ct - Hertz
Ton,A = thi gian m Van A - Seconds
Ton,B = Thi gian m Van B - Seconds
Mt s lu khi dng ngun y ko:
+ Trong 1 thi im th khng c c hai van A v B cng dn. Mi van ch c dn trong 1
na chu k. Khi van ny m th van kia phi ng v ngc li
+ Thi gian m cc van phi chnh xc, gia 2 van cn phi c thi gian cht m bo cho
hai van khng dn cng
Tham kho mt s ng dngh mch Push-Pull

Trong mch ny th ngun y ko ch gia chc nng l nng in p t 12V ln ti 310V.

TL494 lm chc nng to xung ng ct c thi gian cht iu khin cc van ng ct.
Cn nhiu kiu ngun xung khc na nhng ti ch ni n cc ngun hay dg hin nay. Cc
bn c th tham kho thm v cc b ngun trong ti liu hay gio trnh
A - Cc ch tiu quan tm khi la chn mt ngun xung bin i DC - DC:
- Cch ly/khng cch ly: in p u ra c cn cch ly vi u vo khng? Nu khng cn
cch ly th c th s dng cc loi khng cch ly hay truyn cng sut trc tip khi s cho
hiu qu truyn cng sut cao hn nhng kiu truyn thng qua li hay cc nhm cch ly.
- S mc in p u ra: Cn phi xem u ra ca mnh c bao nhiu u ra? Nu m c nhiu
u ra th dng ngun flyback cho php to ra nhiu mc in p u ra cng n nh. Trong
khi cc loi b ngun khc khng to c nh vy hoc kh chnh xc c.
- Cng sut: Cn xem cng sut nh th no? Trong cc dng ngun cch ly trn th ngun y
ko hay PushPull thng to c cng sut cao hn so vi cc dng khc nhng km hn so
vi cc dng ngun khng cch ly
- Hiu qu li: Cng sut truyn/1 n v khi lng li: Hiu qu li cng cao th khi lng
li cng thp - b ngun cng nh.Nn cc b ngun xung s dng li Ferit cho hiu sut cao
hn. Trong nhm b ngun cch ly ngun y ko c hiu qu li cao nht v cch ly c vi
u vo. Nhng nu cng sut qu ln th n b gii hn bi li khi phi chuyn sang dng
ngun khng cch ly hay truyn trc tip