Tran skripcija pisama

JAKOV STIPI$IC i MILJ'EN 8AMSALOVJC

BRANIMIROVA HRVATSKA U PISMIMA

PAP'E IVAN A, VIII.

(IJRLJOO rZDANJE)

B·RAN]MIR'S CROATIA

IN TUELEITERS BY POPE JOHN VIII

HR.ANIMIR'S KROATIEN

IN .DEN BRIEFEN DES PAP.STES JOHANNES VIII.

Recenzija

Dr. LUJO MARGETlC izvanredni clan .lAZU

Pism.a prevela i napomene napisala M1RrrANA MATIJEVH;-SOKDL

Urednik NEVENKA BEZIC-BOlANIC

Pred~o"'or MATE: ZiEKAN

.$'PL~ KNll2:.EVN~ KRUG srerr

1990

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BRANIMIROVA HRVATSKA U PISMIMA .PAfE IVANA VIII ..

Po Iiticke prilike na Mediteranu, koje prethode kerespondenciji pape Ivana VIII. s dalmatlnsklrn i hrva tskirn sv] etovnim :u crkvenim dostojanstveolcima kao i narodu, karakterizlraju mirovni pokusaji koji au uslljedill nakon burnih zhivanja I iscrpljujueih sukoba unutar velikih sila tadasnjega svijeta - Bizanta ] Franaka kae i u nesnoslji-

vost] Konstantincpola i Rima. .. _, .

Nakon smrti Karla Velikoga ubrzano-opada loTIOC franaekoga carstva. Verdunskim ugovorom iz 843. god. ono se dljeli na tri dijela, a medusobnc razmirlce u brzavaju i onakc nagrizeni autcrltet nekadasnjega velikog imperija,

Istovrerneno su Bizantsko carstvo -toli.koiscrple borbe za prijestolje da ono tek ad Bazilija 1.._(8·67..,__ 886. g.) predstavlja opet o:z.bUjnijega aktera u svjetsko] politlci.

U 'I.j1T1 nknlnostima Rlmska crkva pokusava oslguratl univerzalnu vlast i oslobodlti se tutorstva svjetskih vladara .. Pariskim konctlom, 849 .. god. i krivotvorenlm Izidorovim Dekretalima (sastavljeni izmcdu 847. i 852.) 1llc'Vriicltje se papin autoritet .j vr,aea, se crkvena dssciplina.'

Pokusavajuci striktno provesti te zakljucke papa Nikola 1. (S5S - 867) jaca unutrasnji crkveni sukob Rimel i

1) 'P~fU[)IJI$mORQ, Eirl(;~clpJ1'll!d:in t'lImllkn X, Rom;,. 1'950, ~'I r, 24:,1---245, ~ PRIMA· tJ'n!, llkIlClJTI~;ti:C"C dE! th~(.lhJ;&e· cil~htl~,[qut!', XIU, P.aris, s1.l', 299,-.300. - H. JE,l)lN, Vell~" pov:ijes~ crkve, mn ',l.;Jil!rehlo/n. ~tr,~58 ~ 164, 187 - 189., 32,:6-l3d. - P, 13.!{E:i':ZJ. L: CH~IIUl ~M metdlo (5'11'0 EI,.I!.'(J!~O H, Rontfi, ]97,3. :.11'_ 272-2'J. - B. C. VAU.x. MoJei~ pal)ill!st'l!ll, kroe stQlj~, S.vcsd S2, Zawcb 19']J)" ~Irr. Jj. - A.- PRAN~I~N. Pl'i!~cd flo~jje~li Cl'kvct,Z I!l:il"ll~' 1983, !lLr', 132- 133_. J, U~C.l.t,C~kv.;trlrf! prt. like 11 H['V"dLSkoJ za bie.7.a, fh'<lIlflm]D'"l3. (S,'j9i- 892), C,:mltICJI chl'1.~tJ.ana pcl'uxlica. Goo X, br, 171 Z;.!~I'~I~ l';l56, ~Lr, 4 -~,

k,onstaJ1tinopolskoga. patrijarha Foclja, SLO osravlja dubokc ~rn~ovcu l.~asnjjim ()dno~jma dviiu Cwkav'ca, ali j rnedu n.arO~lma _ ~OJ] supodl~.ini n.Ji.~o'~m jurlsdlkcljarna, pa. tako i.DO. ~.p~ye poda.m.~.e u juznoslavenskim zemljama.

e prrznajucr izbor Focija (863. god.) za carlgradskoga patrijarha, uz prijetnju Izcpcenjem, papa jc izazvao reakciju iS1!:o~ni.h bisk~pa.saku~ljeni~ na :s~boru 867+ god. koji ga pro~lm.Ju.:l. Ta.~o je ~um~egto Ja~a~Ja i Ul,c:vrr'i1i,6enja prlmata Rimske kurije doslo do slabljcnja krscanske Crkve i kasnije njene podjale na Istocnu i Zapadnu,

pub~k?j uzne~irenosti tadasnjega. svijeta deprinijc]] SU] _s.n~z~'].] prodo~] Araf!a (S~ racena) .. I.Z ~ ev. e r ~l(:.: '. Afri.~e i S]l~nuo]~.~e .. Na~o_n zauzimanja bizantskih posjeda U JUznoj Italiji, Arapi izravno ugrozavaju papino D krscansku srediste ,_ Rim, gdlje 846 ... god. pljaekaju baailiku sv .. Pet~~a.,!-:rapi s,~ zaJijetu i na is tocno] adransku obalu, pljackaJUCIl paleo. 841. god. gradove: Osor, Kotor, Rose i Budvu, 2odin~, g66+r-po'k~~,a.v.a.i_u o~vojiti Dubrovnik narnjeravajucr odatlekontrolirati plovidbu J adranom. Nakon petnae-

,~~Imj;ese"wn~~a bczus~Jesnog opsjedanja._ 8~8.. god .. su p~:.~siljeril POVUC]J. se pred flotom Bizanta, u kojernu su se pn-

like upravo stabilizirale,' ,

Istovrerneno kaoticni procesi u susjednim drzavat~a odr~iav.aju se i. n~ istQcn~j o~a.',i Jadrana, gdje Be u~ ~lzantske~r~dove, .10S od Karla Vehkoga, postupno raZV1- jil, ranofeudalna Hrvatska pod franacki:m. vrhovnistvom. Slab]Jenjem Iranaeke i bizantske 1"nQCi hrvatski vladari sc sve.v,i~,e.poji~~lju.fu], potvrduju kao samostalni subjektiu pohtIckim zbivan] ima ...

... Cini se da je upravo arapska opasnost pornogla konsohd~ttJ] cdnosa rnedu tadasnjirn suverenlrn drzavama. Ve~.cllolask~m na celo bb;antskoga carstva Bazilije I, poylacl.energlcne poteze .. :l:el.eci ublaziti spor s paporn Focija skida s patrijarsijske stoliee i proglasava vrhovno p ra-

vO erkvenih poglavara sa sjerustima u Ri.~uu; Kenstantlnopolu, Al(!k.:sandriji, Antiohijli l Jeruzalcmu.' Svakako dill suti ·us~upd ~!1i ~?v~eza~ii. s 1Plan,ov~m~ ko1ie je Brutm~e .r. imao u juznoj Italiji 1 na l.St.O~110JI nball Jadrana, a. koje je u-obalorealizirati tck nakon eliminlranja arapske opasnosti." Kako su li planovi bili istovjetni i s namjerama frana,ckoga vladara Ludovlka II. (855 - 875) sklopljen je plan 0 zajednlckorn ratovanju prot]vArapa. Tako vee 869. gael. nalazimo veliku bizantsku flotupod arapskirn Barijern kojega je opsjedao franacki car, zajedno s Hrvatnna, 'S,;bima, Zuhumljanlma, Travunjanirna, Konavljanirna, s Ragu?':anima .i sa svirna :iz. gradova D~llm:mjje."fl Zbog istovjetnih teritorijalnih pretenzija obaju careva savez se ub zo raspao. Stovise dok jc Ludovik 11.. so. svojim saveznicima, rnedu kojima su bili i Dornagojevi Hrvati, opsjedao Bar! i uspjesno ga osvojio 871. godine dotle je bizantska Uot.a, da hi naskodila Ludovikovoj akcijl, opustosila hrvatsku obalu, razrusila i oplijenila utvrdenja Shlvena a. rnnogo su ljudi odveli UJ ropstvo.

Otklanjanjem neposredne arapske opasnosti prekida se kratkotrajni pax orbis, a na pozornicu povijesti ponovno stupa ekspanzionis tlcka politika svjetovnih .it crkvenih cdo.ika koja se narednih decenija, istina, ne vodi toli ko ognjem I rnacem koliko diplornatskirn uvjeravanjem, Takvlm rnirnodopskim rjesenjima dao je, uz Bazilija If svo] doprinos i rnudri poduzetni papa Ivan VIILpokusa. vajuci miroljubivom polittkom vratiti ugled i jedinstvo kd6msk.oga svijeta, Kada nakon srnrti patrijarha Ignacija 877. godine na celo konstandnopuls ke Crkve ponOVI'H) dolazi Focije, njcgovu ustolleenju prisustvuju i papini izaslanici, Priznajuci Foclja za patrijarha han VIII. poslije sporazurna s Bazilljem I. i patrijarhum 11 Carigradu

4) I~. srstc, Pm'.ijt!~l Hl'\'anl u vrjjeme 11,wleoi.lrlOil vlutl.ur.;i, 7"ir,(I'b !92.."i, Hr. J,19. :5) N. KLAn::, P'lj1j'i-,,~~l Hrvata I.l raaom srcdmlfcm ·djeiku.. L:igxeb 1971, SiL 241.

tI) 6'1'. MOR..!i.li/CS1K. H, . .T .. H. JENKINS, (:ml!;t::u~Hne Por-philrtlgcrutuli, Dc I;'ldm~rli!:llr;].iidQilfllX'!iQ.fln:o~~pi~ . .'.t 1949. sir. US. - it FF.F!.JANt'rC, Vi';ilntl.j:.;iki b .. wol'ii 1:£1 islodju I)1lT'Oda .ll;lgtl~JIl.i,oij~ l1,l3fogradi 19~9, 1011"- 18. - I'll, KLA:nC. o, L. M.a'. 2016,

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(8791/800). nastoji da Hrvatsku, Dalmaciju i Bugarsku VllTItl pod s\tO:~u jurisdikciju."

Kako 5U se ti doga.daji odra.;.tili napoliticka zbi vanja u Hrvatsko] knezevi ni?

Vee smo vidjell da su se Hrvati za keeza Domagoja (864-876 .. god.) odazvall pozivu svoga seniora i sudjeFov~li 87fFl ,god .. u ekspedieiji karolinskoga cara Ludcvika U. I'd osvajanju Barija. Konkurentski interesi Iranackogat eara i Baailija I. hili su raalogom vojnom pohodu bi:z.all]j:lsike .Rote na Jstocnojadranskoj obali, da bl oslabila moe rraJ~ackih saveznika - Hrva ta I alii C'vrsce privezala posjede uz Carigrad, kojl su uz Veneciju prlpali Bizantu jos aacbensldm mirom 8m2. god.: to 8U: Krk, Osor, Rab, Za,d],ar', Trogir, SpUr" Dubrnvni k i Kotor.

Svakako da taj .rusUacki i neobuzdanl pchod bizantske vojske na hrvatski teritorlj nije rnogao ostati bez adekvatnih represallja ... Ne znamo kako je odgovorio Ba~U~re I, na ostri prigcvor Ludovika Il. koji osuduje taj ncdostoj.ni cin nad njegovim p~da~i.dm;;1 i ,zah. tijeva d._. a .. :s.c Hrvatima da odsteta a zarnbljenici vratc." Od tada su su-

kob~ Domago_f.evc domovine i bizantskog saveznika - Venecije - bilipojacani ] ogorceni, a nsveta strasna .. To se ria .za.lljuciti]z plsrna koje papa Ivan V111. vjerojatno na nagovor Mlecana., upucuje aka godine 874. »slavnorn knezueDornagoju, zamoljvsiga da sprijeci hijes gusara koji pod njegovlm imenorn bjesl1e protiv krSC3I1R. HI Kako 5U se MIce-ani bOJaH Domagoja najzornlje se vidi. it, sacuvanoga zapisa gdje se navodi lao najgori Ii;: nezHrvata (pessimus SclJl,VOrl./.ID dUX).~IP:d kraju Domagojeva vladanja zabnje~en. je j pokusa] urete, koja ni]e uspjela, a urotnlci Sl1,. i unail:oc papine] molbi da im Z]vot postedi, ubijcni.'?

.R) :r:" srSlC, 0. c)" ~LI", ;1114,

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10<) .T, STH'ISle, M, SMotSti.LOVlC, Codex (Upl(lmatiCtls regni Cm~ti~1i:,l)alm;ll,i".c el, 51[i'\l'{11'I ~~~ .1, :tUll,rcb I %7 .~II', 1:1

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~2:11 J. STU·tSJ;C, M, SIlMSALDV~C. 0, G,. str, ro.

Napori B:iiza:r~ta., dol na 6elQhrvahke knezevme dovedu sebi podlcznu osobu, ostvareni su tek nakon Dornagnjeve amrti. Putpornognut carskom ~a~,tholn~ koncem 8,78. god., iz. Carigrada je dosao Trpimirov sin Zdeslav koji je prigrabio hrvatsku knefevinu a Domagojeve sinove otjerao 11.1 progonsrvo." Iz zahvalnosti Bizantu Zdeslav pekusava Hrvate prtvest! bizantskom caru i carigradskern patrjj.ar~ hu,

Nezadovoljni takvom promjenum, koja narusava dogovorene sfcre utjccaja lZ ugovora u A:acherm 812. god .. , U Hrvats koj .i acaprotubizan ts ki otpor J' ko j i rezu lt ka. urotom i ubojstvom Zdeslava 879.godine, vee nakon nekoliko rnjeseci njegova "lad,anja)~

Na daljnj! tijek dogadanja tl Hrvatskoj bitno je utjccan izvanrcdnc positivni obrat u rtmsko-carlgradskim bdlno sima utemeljen na sporazumu [z Carigrada iz 879/880. godine. ad tada prestaje ekspanzlonlstickapolitika Bizanta prerna Hrvatskoj, dok dalmatinski gradovi samo nominalno priznaju carigradsko vrhovnistvo,

U takvim priljkama rJJa celo hrvatske knezevine dnlazi Branimlr, kojl, Cilli s,e,nlje ni u .. kakvim rodblnsklm odnosima sa svojim prethodnicirna. .zba.dv;anjem probizantski crijentlranoga Zdeslava ostvareni Slit svi uvjeti zasamostaJ.ni razvitak hrvatske drzave, Stevise, Branimlr [e mud~ rum politlkom o slan] an] a na papu, koji mu jc Istovrernenobio i na.j manle opasan seniorr za stalno ctklonie pretenzije Franaka 1. Bizanta na teritori] na kojemu ]I{: on, pa,pinim blagoslovom, bio javno pr':iznati suveren ..

. U tom prelornnom vrensenu za ranofeudalnu hrvatsku drzavu odigrali su se dogadaji koji su trajno utemeljili i usmjeril! njenu politicku, vjersku i kulturnu orijentaciju zapadnom ctvillzacljskcm krugu ..

uJn, DlJl:OONUS. Crunlu:h1.:' 'lfC'!Ii!'LIill:iL::. ill;dicbi.!'i~irl'lc 1. e~l G. MOrlth,oi!), 'Foil I i.peir b ~'lor!:I! ~:Nt311;Jj. SCl"UClrl weoh X - XtRlii'tHl. 1800, st. -, ~7 ~ 101. - ~F, :RACK!, e, e., ~tr, }73.

JI.4} I •. DEACON:1!J!il" 1, ~. - P. M:tKI. 0 .. C". ~t!:_l'l4_

Uzlmajuc! U obzir S1Je vladare ranosrednjo'l/jekovnc hrvatske drzave na Branirnira se odnosi najopsezniia dokumentarna grada. Osim pel epigr.a[itkiih spornerrika, nadenih na matienom :podrucju rane hrvatske dria'\'e, koH su slavili toga vladara u ukrasavali crkve u Niil1U, U Sopotu iitraj Benkovca .• lO 1:dI'a..pnju kraj Skradina," Otresu kraj Bribira I.S j, Mucu Gornjemu'" u splitskorne zaledu, njegove je ime, zajedno sa ienommuMa.rusom (M'ariosa eometisss), zapisano i U evandelistaru III Cividaleu.i" Za Branimirovo irne su posredno vezana it tri prijckorna pismal koja je uputio papa Stjepan V, (VI) 887. god. akvllejskom patrijarhu i hrvatskom biskupu Teodoziju, koji pre" uzirna osim ninske i spHtsku (salonitansku) Crkvu."

Poscbnu ~djednost za proucavanje pO\7ije~t] o.ilnosa rancarednjuvjekevne hrvatske drzave L dalmatinskih gra~ dova pruza nekoliko papinskih pisama i zapisa od 9. d.u 11. stuljeca, Najopsirnlja korespondencija iz vatikanskog arhiva, OClI.IVa:!1a u ovecemu ulomku registra datiranoga ad 1. rujna 876. do kolovoza 882. godine, prlpada papi I vanu vin, (872- 8.s2).:il~

'(5)1. I"r::'rn TIOLI, O~vrl na ninske !fmc! clIi He ~ umjct Tlicke spomentkc s red njega i n Q\fQgll vijt!'ku, pO\';.j~[ gr- .. do Nlna. ZauJu L'96t), sir .. ~3<6,

II"} 6, C NJACA. 01, JELQVINA, SinlVhll\,IM~~kl;L bil';tinll, ZaflD"d'l 1%9, r;trii)f,. 7" RAP,'!.

NIt, Bi~je~b ~.:r. &tir.i. B~I:i~~!~\r3 f1~lp1,Sa~ Stll;"O~n,'IHo;kil .pl,i'O~.".jC'l'. 11: S~d~1 ] 9S I, srr. 185 - ~ 86, - j, LU(:U':, M. ZEKAN, Fl I"l'l ntrrur', Hr-."iJHIH I:Uf~ElI'<JIhkl lel:O;l-

(can, t-1l~~',!b 19\1:i~_ .

rn 5. GUNJACI\, No"; 'Il.l'ILlfni r.cr.n~t<ll~;i !il hn'.ijI~slmi .I1I,~b~col~giji, .z'lBI·,~b ~99B, ,,1'-.9.Z_RAPAN.lC. o. e., 9,~1'. Hlll,- ISS, - J. I.UClC, M, ZIE,KAN, o. e.

Ht) M. ZEKI!.N. OLn:'I\o/L!:!I·b!C~l~.j). viHn '-iJ~li,~a, Sn~dn,lovjckovria n!.1kmpql~ i ronHLnic ka crkva, A.-hcol~h~kl.lll'Cgled 25, l;jlublj3.Ha 19as, sir. 161 ~ 164, - ,~, i.ucrc, M, ZF· KAN, 1.1. (;,

.19) S.1JUUU~:. Pisan spornenlk 1:1: dobe h[\ll:1U;k(lg<lvojvooe Bl~~nlmLl"a, Rad ;,\lIJ 1.6.

Z'l.l&reb 1.81~, str, ?J- 102. --: F_,RIICKI, Pis,m, spnmenik il.dti~}<' h'""[ltsJ;:o{f.~ vojvot!eB~m~rl!lrlJ. Uu:.:L, IOU. ~03·-:- 106. - F. OREB. M. ZI!KA.N. ZilJ~llln(J Iskopm,j'flJ* s['~n~{IVJ ~o"'l1e Ilek~polli uk'~ crkve S\',I"I:'Jr:il u MLlCLJ Gornjern, G[j~li:!in.iak za~tite ~~.ome.Jllk:l. kut,wm ,f,l:IV~lSke 4J?, Zagreb 19'18- 1979. str, 215 -_!6_ t .. 1(f!i.E'AN'IC, fJ_ 1:;" ~I.r, ~gO-183, - J, lUCI-C, ~,t ZEKAN. o. c.

20) V: ~OVAK,. Ali~lild de nODlinihu!j, dut!ulU CN[[L(O];".u11l i 11. 3.11 titJu!!l.s,~m I) I:~~I [1~dJi1.fl.ll C:I'Ii'ldlllcril31,l.lJQrJlik B. P"Jpmca, Be>IJEJ;rP!d t9'29, I>lt. ~5~- 37f. - A. CRONIA, r~(!>'il:I~~)JI tier ;;.bwi~d;u!r~ 1!;~I'\CnlJa.'lllI,lTh j m al'D~n [i"',~.IJ.l!\d [fLl' \lUi lei'\! I,\h. Le. iN l':~U~I' :!ol nvl~uches Jah:ru~)(h, Hl52, ·s;tl:"_ 6-21-

21) ~. ~:USIC, Ji!ri.l'Llcnik .tio!"'tll~ luv.:l,hke hi!;wriJ,t!'. L.Bgfeb HH4. ~'lr, 20~-2W. -.L S'1'I Pl$lC, M. SAMSA.WVrC, [J. L. str, 190-22_

22) F .. SU~~[C, o. C., sir_ 198-[99.

10

Od)eda~aest njegovih pisama saeuvanih na vise rnjessa,. koja .. ~e J~rav.n0 odnose na d(Jgadanja, u Hrvatsko] i lJalm~clJJ (dva plsma. su upucena kn.ezu Dom. agoju, jedno kleru 1 narodu hrvarskomu, te po jedno knezovima Mutlmiru ~ Zdes~avu i bugarskomu kralju Mihajlu, koje rnu kao papin, izas]~nik un~cuje n~nski biskup Teodozije) posebno se 1zdV.aJa: pet pls~rna IZ naznacencg registra, nastalih za vladanja hrvatskoga kneza Branirnira (87'9. do

ptibJizno 892. godine).lJ .

OS]nJj sto egzaktno upucuje na odredene procese 1 utvrduje stv~rll~ Cinj'?:'l-ice; sadrzaj pisama je otvorio it I~~oga p[L~nja. oko kO.Jl~ su ,se u suvrernenoj histor'iografill 'razvI,[:e brojne polemike 1 rasprave, Zbog toga prtlazemo povijesnoj znanosti i kulturnoj javnosti fakstrnile transkripciju i prijevode tih p'isa_mu.M •

''k

. Svojirn prvi:;n pismin~a _ad 7 . Iipnja 879. god. upucenil1~a: »drag;~~~ sl_nu Branirniru«, Casnom dakonu i lzabran~,k~ .~nr~te Ninske crkve Teoduzij u te svima casnim svecentcima 1 svernu narodu, papa IVaJ1 VUI. prihvaca pod ria-

Ai d;';". iI .,', ,F ,.Il:'" , .' : - -, , . s..

je 1 sun novoustroJ~no. hrvatsko politieko opredjeljenje,

r~ odgovera ~la ~rOtmrnL:'OVO pis~ul kojim [c.jrakon preuzn~~~1..1a knezevme, nov~ ~rv~t:ski prvak izrazio papl vjern'?SI. I l?ovI~tak.'p~d okrilje Rimske crkve, uz koju su bill i I1j~~()V_l ro~ L~lJl, jasne je Izrazena cinjc:11 . Ica da su Hrvati pnJeBT~,mm~,~l,a po sve'~u~udeci:j' upravo ~~ ~deslaya" p~d vJas.~u Blza:nta. Ilklanjanjem Zdeslava, cnu se, msu ~l[!C p~b]]edene.1 S,V,f: njegove prlstasc, Papa se nada da ce ih nC?y~ vl~.dar svlad~~Ui~ lagpspodariti nad svirna svojim nep~]Jate:~J:][ma. Zadovoljan sto se Hrvatska vratila RimskoJ ku!'lP, papa Ivan VIII. rado prihvaca Branirnirovu ~olbu ] blagoslivlje ga, zajedno 5 hrvatsklrn narodorn . .i njegovom drzavom 21. svibnja 879, godine u crkvi sv, Pet-

2J) ~'lt:sLI1lH~' i j11;ijcyodt!' 11 i ~[;L~nLl ~=jd{wi. n SllIll .IJ() Jlrvi !'~ II PI'C'l.C!'!I,i r.n) t1~1 hdo:ai<i • Iernpnri b~s Jo~nnD Br<tmrnel'('" 11 Mllieju hl'VrLlskili. arheoleskth spomenika u

!l'ilu'IC!lo;m 1 J1nl~lncq.j 11;18$. j1!Qdinc. .

24,) J::-rat;~,'I.'Ot.oo pQ!i.Cbnu 7.ah .. ~! no!;l Z:;!vndL! 7;.1!1 pm:ijt:sn~ znJiIilV!<iii JAZ tJ 6 Jakovu Stipi.

lil(:u k'Jjl I!'lI I'I·ymJ fI~;':l:b~~r'lLi ilQntt:iC ]'ui nl!lIlit.ndju [ll4l 1)labl:ilicr.!.cijc_ .'

II

fa, u Rirnu, Taj je p;;lIpin cin znacro, p.renls tadasnjernu ~,edunarDCln.om pravu, a II skladu s ideologijorn papinskog univ.erza.li,zma i njegovim pravom prianavanja zakonitosti vlasti i vladara, priznanje Branimira zakonitirn vladarorn, a Hrvatske nezavisnorn drsavom,

Vee od trenutka preuzimanja vlasti, uz Brani.I111Fi::lI [e stalno i. biskup Teodoaije. Taj dakon Ninske crkve postaje, nal\;on. prev:a.ta i zba,dv~njJl Zdes],ava~"njcni~ biskuporn. On joe, zajedno 5 Branimirom, vodcci dostojanstvenik knezcvine. So obzirom na njihov zajednicki USPOI1), vjcrejatnu [e za pretpostaviti cia je Teodozije odigrao i posebnu ulog1Ll kodprornjene vladara, tj, vracanja Hrvatske pud .okrllje 'Zap~~a i pape, Ocito je d.a je .1I3r~mJ:mi.T" '~ njemu irnao temeljni oslnnac kod [ormrranja, JacanJ8. ] razvoja svoje drsave. ali i izuzetnoga savjernika pri planira.rnlj u iprovoden] upolixiekih a kd ja, ka knp rema dalmatinskim gradovirna taka i 'IJ odnosirna prerna nadlesnim crkveriim institucijama.

tint se.maime, da Branimir ipak nije blo posebno poslusnl papin vasal, nego sekori.stiopapi,nhnl,Hjllcajern onoliko kolike je to njernu odgovaralo. Iako BU,] on i njegov biskup izrazill vjernost l;?ap:ii i crkveno] zajednici So Rimorn oni je reaHz.il'aju posredstvcrn tradicionalnu im pretpostavljene crkvene vlasti u Akvilcji, s kojom je ranosrcdnjovj.ekovna Hrvatska hila povezana jos od sirenja frana!cke vlasti pocetkorn 9. stoljeca .. Svakako cia je Branirnir za to j mao valjanih razlcga. Rukovodeci se ohicajima franackih vladara, koji SU" iako u suprotnosti 5 rirnskocrkvenirn kanonom, sarni Imenovall biskupe, izabiruci ih (electio) j potvrduj uci ih d1IPh;ul1(_)rJn (concessio u:g.aJis), Branimir i Tecdozije zanemaruju papin zahtjevda nlnski biskup dod:e naposvecen]e ILl Rim, Nakon iabcra odklcra i nar?!~a:", te Branimlrova pri8>t~nka, 1'eo?o~ijc: :te]l ~:a gel. potvrdi n pusven sam mitrupolita=-- akvilejski 'patrjjarh. Takn se Hrvatska oslobedlla ne santo tu tors tva 'lJec onemocaloga franackoge carstva nego i neposrednc pod]oi· ~mi!.ti lJapinskoj discip.]ini.

Da bi u'b]a~io odn.ose i potvrdio vJernost :i odano.st brvalskoga narocl!;}. .ID. vladara SluU:e] 5\1'. Petra Teodozije je

U

otisao 880. godine II Rim, all tao vee posveceni biskup (consecrauss), koji ima »ordinatio« akvilejskogapatrijarha, Ali, papa je spoznao cia Sf: 11 Hrvatskoj ne dogada sve onako kako je on planirao. Zato po Teodoziju salje drugo pismo Branimiru u .. kojernu zahtljeva da mu cijeli hrvatski narod, pred poslanicima Svete Stolice, izrazi vjernost, Da ]i [e takav saber i odrzan nernamo pouzdanih vijesti,

NjegllJu.ci rrreduzavisnost drzavc .i Crkve, Branimir i Teodo:i".]je su vodili sukladnu i rnudru politiku tezcci neovisncsti jacanjern ] osamoataljenjem crkvene ! drzavne vlasti,

Dostignutl stupanj organizacije :i snaga Branimirove drlnve ocituje sc u cinj.enici ita su dalmatluski gradovi i otoci pod bizantskim suverenltetombill prisiljent hrvatskomvladaru placati tribut mira, kako im [e to naredio ear BazHij e L: Split lOO nornizrnl (zlallnika) I Zadarl W, Trogir, Oser, Rab i Cres po loOO nOmiZ1Ul.25

Tribut kao danak mira i kupovina povlastica u tadasnjim medudrzavnim odnosima 1Ll!. pravilu je bio iznuden. Prirnjeri .pla6anja tributa Brzanta -Sugarima, pape Ivana. VIII. Arapima, iIi censusa (takse) Venecije hrvatskirn vladarima za slcbcdnu plovidbu Jadranorn, ad Branimira do sredine 10'. stoljcca, a koji je plod pobjede Neretvana I ~o~:bi,i·e d~~~a P~et~a ~~~d~~m~ B8?~ ~od: kodMakarsk,c,2P logicnlrn shJedom iskljueuje dOilllS1.1aI1JaJ 0 dragovoljnornu ustupanj II strategovih prahnda hrvatskornu knezu, osobtto ako se to dovodi u vezu is bizantskim vazalem Zdeslavorn, kojega Bazilije L nije trebao mititi nego naprotiv od njega traziti pokornest i ustupke, Zato poeetak pb.6.arlja. tributa bizan tskih gradova ] atoka 'le plovidbcnih t~(ksi (censusa), sto ih Venecija placa hrvatskim vladarirna, treba povezivati koliko uz prornjene odnosa 1. sman] e 1.1 i n teres Blzan ta pre-ma is rlocnoj ad ra n s 1to j obal i. toliko i uz vojno jaku i dobro organiziranu Branimirovu Hrvatsku, Sto toga kneza svrstava medu najistaknutije

vladare njegova vremen6l!. .

2.5) GY., MORAVC:SJ:K, R_ J.lLJBI1KI.NS, [li" L •• :SU •. D4<fI.-.!B. P£IQA NCU::. 0, C" sIr .. lb. ~tll rr, .rur.t'KI. D~)(!jL:lmt!!'Itl:l;.,., ~n·. J7·~,

Papa Ivan vnl se s pravom. hoji da p.l:'omjel~e na hrvatskorn prijestolju j jaeanje hrvatske ,cilri.av~· ne: izazove neZeljene posljedice Rimsko] crkvi pa 10. lipnja 879. godine pise bis,kupi~a, sveeenicima i na!odu. dalmatinskih gradova, Oslr'o ihprekorava z:bog prijasnjcga crkvenoga odvajanja ad Rima. te zahtijeva da se vrate Rirnskoj crkvi, kojo] su bili podlozni I njihovi rodltelji i predsasnid. Istuvremeno ~m obecaje da ce promaknujl njihova izabranika za nadhiskup«, nagJasivsi da ce ih, ako bi ih smetali Grci (Bfzant) iii Slaven] (Hrvati) zastititi svojim autorltetorn.

lz CVfstc jezgre pisma, zakljucujerno da su dalrnatinski aradovl u jednome periodu hili otudeni cd papine judsdikcije i da su sepodlozili duhovno] vlasti Carigrada. D~ li se to dogodilo crl verum raskolorn iz 8.63; tj, prokletstvom pape NikQle 1. god. 867 ~ ut, vjcrojatnije, u vrijemc prcbszantski orijentiranoga Zdeslava, tesko se moze toeno utvrditi. S razlcgom, dakle, mozemo zakljuciti cia su daimatinskl deceruri prljc bili vjerski povezani So Rimorn, Iz tog;:t proizlazi da [e u bizantskim gradovima Dalmacijc uazocan .dualieam poHticko,gospociarske i crkvene vla sti,

Prerna tome je jasan i odnos hrvatskih vladara pa i nlnskoga btskupa prema 'lim gradovima, Ujedinjen i s Rirnorri, odakle SUI pcsredstvorn Karla Veliknga prirnili krscanstvo, hrvatski vladari odrzavaju dobre odnose s Crkvom i crkvenirn dostojanstvenicima dalmatlnskih gradova koji su izravno podlozni papino] vlasti. Dariva. nj~ kojima hrvatskiknezovi: Mis~~v, Trpimir~e.: .. Mu~imir - lWJl potvrdu]e prijasnje donacije - obdaruju Splitsku crkvu te ku:movanje spUtskoga biskupa Petra, Trphnirovu sinu, u cijelostl se uklapaju"u te dogadaje, Harmonicni odnost izmedu hrvatskih vladara 1 Crkve u dalrnatin skim gradovima suprntan je ' .. onima izmedu knezova i gradske svjetovne vlasti,

V,ec [e ueeni Seksonac Gottscha,[kpkoji se zbog pI'OpO~ vijedanja pred~stinadje sk~Qnio na dvor hrvatskog.a. kneza Trpimir·a, ~abiljez.io sukob i pobjedu brvR skoga \lIndara (Tripcmerus .. rex Sdavol'1,un) nad BizantiJllclma ] na.d

14

11

njihovlm patricijern (iret contra l!entf:'I11 Graecorum et petricium r,:u.rum)_2' Vee smo vidjeli da su se sukobi riastavili, a svojirn interrcitetom i prosirili, za vladavine kneza Dcmagoja.

Uzroci neprijateljstava [esu U odredbama aachenskoga mira Iz S12.goc1line kojima su se rijesili interesi dviju veli kih sila - Bizan La i Franaka, al i ne i trecega sub] ekta - Hrvata, koji nisu ni prlsustvovali tome dogovoru. Ail, poslije smrti Karla Velikoga i slabljenja franackoga carw stva odnosl SIC bitno mijenjaju. Rariofoudalna hrvatska knezevina se oslobada franackoga vrhovnistva i pokusava vratlti dio svoga Integralnog teritorija. Gradov] bizantske Dalmacije, okruzeni sa svih strana hrvatskim Zivljern, zaista su morali biti trn U OKU hrvatskornc knezu, Z~lja i nakana hrvatskih vladara cia drzavnopravno Dalmaciju pri'poje Hrvatskoj kao da se pocela ostvartvatt u vdieine kneza Branimira. To je vidljivo iz papina pisrna upucena 886. god., ovaj put ne Ivana vuw. nego njegova nasljednika Stjepana V.(VI!. u kojcrnu prekora~a Teodo;l;ija sto je nakon smrti S.p[i t~koga biskupa. Mann~ pf.eu~ zeo njcgovu Stolicu, jer Je biskupu zabranjeno nUJCUJatl biskupijUl. a kamoli imati dvije, Teo~ozj.je je sv~k~ko svjesno zancrnario papin prigovor .. To JC bio prcvelik iza- 7;0'\' za hrvats kO~:Jl bis kupa kao i za l ... ladara da ne is~(}ri s· te ukazanu priliku i ne preuzrnu takvu dalmatinsku Crkvu, kao ~to [e splitska, te POkUS.ajlL objedlnitl crkvcne jurisdikcije hrvatskoga i dalmatinskoga teri.todja. te ojacati pclitlcki utjeca] hrvatskoga vladara u gradovirna.

Preuzevsi 886. godine Splltsku stolicu, Teodo~jJe,je lrazio ] doblo biskupske casti od akvilejskoga patrijarha Walberta, ito je jos 'vise cneraspoloztlc papu koji je ostru' osudio Teodozija i patrijarha zbog prekoracenja njihovih ovlastenja, Ipak Sf' papi na kraju ":::iVidjela ideja da dalmatinska i hrvatska Crkva bude pod zaJedni<i::kom jurisdikcijom, odnosno Teodosijevo cbrazlozenje o namjeri obnove salonitanske Crkve, Radi toga je on T,eodozij u op~

.l5i

rostio sve propuste i obecacmu trazenl nadbiskupski palij, kada dode u Rim.

Time su iscrpljeni lzvori papinskc kancelarije 9. stoljcca 0 zbivanjima 'U dalmatinskim gradovima i ranosrednj:.8~je·kovnothrvatskoj knezevini. P~t pis.ama p~pe ~vana VIII; upuceluh u Hrvatsku, vrelo sou iz kojega kljucaju podad 'D pronalasku vlastHoga. Identiteta, j'.acanja, osamosta1jenja I ostvarivanja suvereniteta hrvatske ranosrednjovjekovne drl:a'Vc.Papa Ivan VIII,. suvremenlk kneza Branimira i biskup·a Teodozija. izuzetnc je vazan zn hrvatskupcvfjest, ne samo zbog toga sto je promaknuo Hrvatsku u neovisnu drzavu nego i zbog toga sto je lime Hrvatsku UVClO i usmjerio u civilizaciju zapadne Evropc.

MATE ZEKAN

BRANIMIR'S CROATTA

IN THE LETTERS BY POPE JOHN vtn

The political condluons in the M "ditetn\nean, preceding the co rrespondence of Pope John VHE\- .... ith Dalmatian and Croatian secular and. eccleslastical dignitaries and. wi.thpe.opl~ in. ~en.erat~r.e d~aractcriled by attempts at peace following the troubled times of events and exhausting clashes inside the tli.g powers of the then world.Byzantium and the Franks - and abo of the intolerance bet ween Constantinople and Rome.

After Charlemagne's death (142- 814) the power of the Frank empire was declining rapidly. The treaty of Verdun (843) divided it into three parts .. Internal quarrels quickened the already corroded authority of the onetime great empire,

AL the same Lime the Byzantine Empire: was exhausted by struggles for the throne until it became a serious actor inworld polity with Basileus I (867'~ 886).

Under such conditions the Roman Church was trying lo secure universal power and get rid of the tutorage of the world rulers. The pope's authority and ecclesiast leal discipline was restored by the Paris Council. (849) and the False Isidorian Decretals (compiled between 847 and .852).

Trying to carry outthese resolutions, strictly Pope Nlcolaus 1·(858-867) intensified the internal ecclesiastieal conflicts .beh~e,~:n .R.o,me and Photius the ~")aldarch of Constantinople, ~-eavm,g deep scan m the subsequent relatmns between the t\!I,!Q Churches and the peoples subordinated to their jurisdiction. and also on. their subjects in

the So_uth~Sl~vic cuu?tries. Netaeknowledging; the 0001- ce {)Ir Phntlus (863) ~'or II:.he pareiareh of Cons'U.urlill,oplc and threatenmg him with exccmmunication the Pope provokedreaction of the eastern bishops gathered at HIe 867 Counci! who anathematized him. So, instead, or strengthening andestablishing theprimare of the Roman Curia .the Chri~8~hln ~hun.:b was decliningand, subsequently •. It was dividedinto the Eastern. and We~tetn Churches.

The powerful penetrations of the Arabs (Saracens) frO·In nor~h. Al'rica. and Spain caused also greatanxlcty, Afh~·r bavmg taken over the ByzanUne 'properties in .5(1- uth~t~ HaJy the Arabs threatened directly the pope's and christian centre - Rome - where they sacked SL Peter's basillca (846). The Arabs kept making inroads also into the east Ajd ria tic coast plundering and setting fire to ~sor .. Kotor .. Rose and ~lI.~lva (871). In H66 they were trymg to conquer Dubrovnik Planning to control the navigalion in the Adriatic, However, after fifteen months of UDsuccessful blockade they were forced to withdraw before the fleet of Byzantium where thecircumstances had just been stahilized.

. At the same time the chaotic processes in the neighbouring states were reflected on the eastern 003.:9t of the Adriatic where, since Cbarlcrnagne, withthe Byzantine citi-

es the early feudal.Croatia. ~1a.S d.e. vel.o.Pln:g £,t". dU~ll.·]y under the ~upremacy of the Franks, Due to the declining

]?,ower of the Franks and Byzantium the Croatian rulers a.p.peared more and more independent 511 biects in the '1'1'0- litieal events,

.. It seems that it W~I..S, the Arabian danger 'that helped LIfe then sovereign states to consolidate their relations. Coming at the head of the Bvzanttne Empire Basileus r m.~de some energeticmoves, To mitigate the controversy with the Pop,e Basileus dismissed Photius from the see of the patriarchate and proclaimed the canonlaw of the ecclesiastical superiors ","Those seats were ill Rome, Constantlnople, Alexandria, Anttoch and Jerusalem, Of course, all theseconcessiona were made because Baslleus r

18

had his nwn piaus rega:ming southern haJy rind the eastern CQa~t of the A(h~iatk. which had to be realized only after the Arab danger had been eliminated. As all these ~~,~Ulg were identical 'wi.th the intent.ions. of _ludw!g: I~ (855 - 875), theruler of the Franks, so a plan .fOI- a .. !DUn t war a,[ttinst the Arabs was concluded. Mu 869' already the powerful Byzantine fleet gathered ill front of the An~b Bat! which was besieged by the Frank emperor together with t~~ Croats, Serbs, people from ZahlUlnl~je, Tr~·vu.n:je, Konavlje, Ragu~aj and from all the 'towns in Dalmatia, Dueto the i~dentica] territorialpretensions of both ernpcrorsthe alliance feU apart very soon. Indeed, while Ludwig 11 with his allies, among whom were also Domagej's Croats, besieged Bad and conquered H in 87ID, the Byzantine fleet, to harm Ludwig's actions, devastated the Croatian. coast, destroyed and plundered the fortresses of the S[a,vs taking many people into slavery.

Eliminating the immediate Arab danger the short-Iived pax orbis was inf'rin~edL The expansionistic polity of the secular and ecclesiastical heads Look the lead in 'hRS~ lory again during the Iollowtng decades but not so much by fireand sword as by diplomatic persuasions. The wise energetic Pope John VIII. together with Basileus I, CQ]]ld~uted to such peacetime solutions, trying to restore p,~·e!5.ti'ie a!~d,. uniw. of the ChriS1l:i.a~ world ~Y sucha p~dfie polity .. When after the death or thepatriarch Ignatius illS7' Photius came again. at the head of the Constantinople Church his enthronementwas attended also by the papal legates. Accepting Photius as the Patriarch John VUI. after the agreement with Baslleus 1 and the Patriar ch ill Constantinople (879/880)_ W~~ trying 'to return eraatia, Dalmatia Q]1Id Bulgariato his jurisdiction.

How did these events affect the political. condttlons ill the .. Croatian pri ncipali ly?

We have: already seen that prince Domagoj'a (864 - 876) Croats responded to the call of his senior and

took. part (187/7])]11 theexpedition of the Carolinglan E~.npe'rorlLudwig n ~'l the conquest of B~wt !1::Ufi competitive i~tere:st8 O'f tile Frank Emperor and Basileus lwcre the .reason for the: military operations oJ the Byzantine fllie;et on the eas tern AdJ'latk coast 10' weaken the powe r of the Croats. the' Frank allies, but also to tie up more firmlliy their possessions to' Constantinople. These belonged 1.0 ByzaDJium along with Venire .. since the Aachen Peace Treaty in 81.2; Krk, Osor, Rab, Zad;,u·, Trogir, Split, Dubrovnik and Kotor,

Or course, such destructive and uncontrollable campaign of the Byzaatine army on the Croatian territory could not remain without adequate L·cpds~l.s,Wc do not know what Basileus Lanswered Ludwig II who criticized him. severely condemning this 'Objectionable: actlon agalnst his subjects and demanding to indemnify the Croats and release theprisoners. Since then the conflicts between Domagoj's country and Venice, the Byzantine al~y, became fie.n:eand intensified and, the retaliation by revenge, horrible. This can be concluded from the leiters Pope J chn vm H,probah].y persuaded by. Venice, sen t to »the illnstrtous prince« Domagoj (874) asking him to prevent (he fierceness of the pirates whoi under his name. were raging against Christians .. The Venetians were afraid of Domagojso much that they named him »pessimus Sdavoru m ,du"X(~ ,as 'W] L ncssed bya preserved doeun ent:

By the end of Demagoj's rule there was an attempt at an abortive plot the conspirators were executed in spite of the Pope's request to spare their Uvcs,

The efforts of' Byzantium to bring to the bead of the

~l~~:~~~l~r~f~.~~~~~.::r:~~!~~:'i·~c;~~:~~~e~f ~c~ch~l:

ped by the imper-ial prctectlon, Trpimir's son Zdeslav cam,e frOIU Constantinople and seized the Croatian princlpality sending Domagoj's sons into exile, In token of gran thule to Byzantium Zdeslav was uying W lead. the Croats towards, the Emperer of Byzantium and the patriarch of CfJnst~ntinopl'e.

Dissatisfied with the change that violated the already settled spheres of influence agreed upon by the A~chcf.l Peace Tretyin €H2 an anti-Byzantine resistance devised a plot and killed Zdeslav in .879 after only some months of his rule,

The ,exc.c'pt]o:rmlly positive turn in the Rome :- Constantinoplcrclations founded on the agreement HI Constantinople in 819/880 had a. decisive Influence 0.11 the further trend of events in Croatia .. Since then the expansionist policy of Byzanllum against Croatia ceased and th~ Dalmatian cities only nominally recognized the suprermty of Constantinople.

In such concHtionsBranhnir carne at thehead or the Croatian principality. It seems he was in no relationship with his predecessors. By throwing off the pro-Byzantian Zdcslav an the condltlons for the independent developrnem of the Croatian state were realized, What is more, by bis wise policyand by relying on L~e .Pope~~ho ~as his the least dangerous senior, Brantmtr declined Ior ever thepretensions ofthe Pranksand Byzanriurn to the territorv ·on which he, blessed by the Pope, was publicly recogn izea as sovereign.

During tb~s crucial period for the early feuda~C:~oali~ an 'state the developments that took place established and directed itspoJicy, rellgious and cultural orientation towards the western civilization for ever,

With regard 10 all the rulers of the early medieval Croatian state the most comprehensive documentary rnaterials refer to Branimir. In addition to the five epigrapbk mcnumenta found on the horne terrirory of the early Croatian state" which glorified. that ruler and adorned the churches 0.L Nin,.sopot neal" Benkovac, 2:drap.anj ncar Skradin, Otres neal' Bzibir and Muc Gornjiin the hinterland ,of Split" rus name,wgeth.er with his wife's Maru- 8£1. CMru'i,osa cometissa) was registered also in the evangel~stary at Cievida.le. Throe!.:: Q[bjecUon,ah]e~ette:rs were sent

.201

by Pope Steph~n V ,~vn in 887 to the Aq_u:iJeianpatriarch and the Croa.tIan biShop Theodosiu.s who ebarged himself with both the Nin and Split {SaJo;n]'L~nj~rn) Churches.

Of partlcular Vall-ue fu,t' stud'villg the historical relati(inS between the early m,ecliellaJ. Croatian state and DaJmatian cities are a group of papal letters and records &o.m 9~h to Utl1 centuries, The most extensive eorrespeudence from the archives of VatiJ.eaJ] ispreserved in a rather large f:m.gment o.f the register dated from September l, 876 to August 882 belonging' ~oPope John VII]

(872 - 382). -

Out of his eleven lett-CIS preserved at. different places tbat refer directly lathe developments in Croatia. and D.d~atia .(twa letters are a,dclressed to Dornago], one ito the Croatian clergy and people, nne to 'the princes Mutil11irand~de.slav e~~h, and to the iBulgari.an.kh~FMich~~] ro whom It was delivered by the papal legate 1 heodosiua the til shop of 'Min) five Ietters that appeared dud ng the rule of the Creatian prince Branimir (879 La about 892) have been singled out from that register.

'The contents of the letters, besides, directinz exactly to the certain. processes and. establishing actual ra~cts, are rai:~in.gmany.ql1e.stiom; which h8!ve provoked nuuruy eontrnversies and debates in the present-day history writing" That is why the facsimifes, transcriptions and -transla.f;iOIlS of these letters are added for the study of the history and fe-,f cultural pub lie.

the Crcats -prior to Branimir, ~udgU1g by it all during Zdeswv's: rule, had been iander th~JudsdicUor.:I_ of Byzan~

uum is clea expreaaed, It seems that ,aft,et Zdcs,J~\!, b.ad

been ret all his [ollowe'rti were not defeared. The

POP<2l- hoped tha t the new ruler would be a ble todefeat them and impose his rule over his enemies, Pleased that T Croatia had returned to the Roman Curia Pope John V)U willingly accepted Branimir's plea and blessed himtogether with the Croatian people and his state (H1May 2J, 879 in S'I." Peter's in Rome. In aceordance with the thenlnternational law and with the ideology of the papaluniversallsm and his right to acknowledgethe legality of autboriIy arid thcrul erthis act of the PO];)~ meant t b a ~ Branim ir was recognized as the lawful ruler and Croatia an independent state.

Bishop, Theodoslus W~UI always there whh Branimlr since he had taken power to, rule. 11'".1i5 clean of the Nin Church became its bishop after the revolt against Zdeslav and his overthrow. Together with Branimir he was the leading dignitary of the principality. With regan] t;o their joint ascent it is possibleto suppose that Theodosius played an exceptional role in changing the ruler, i.e., in returntng Croatia to theaegis of the West and the POJlS. 11 is obvious that Branimjr had in him an essential supporter in forming, strenghtenieg and developing his state, and also all excepsional councilorat planning ,a.nd carrying out political activities regardi ng file Dalmatian cities and! the relations with ecclesiastical institutions.

It seems that Branimir was not a particularly obedient vassal of the Pope, but usedthe Pope's influence for his own purpose. Though both he and hlis bishop exprestiled Loyalty to the Pope and ecclesiastical unity with Rome theyrealised it through thelr tradttlenallv superto II' ecclessastical authority jn Aqutleia, with which the early medieval Croatia was connected since the beginning of 9~h century when the Franks had been spreading their ,0- wer, Sure enough, Branimir had good reasons fur such attitude .. Follcwing the c-ustoms of the Frank rulers" who, though .. contrary to the Roman catholic canon, instituted

23

In his first letters of June 7!. 879, addressed to »our dear SOn B,l".a{lJ!~ltljr~1 the very reverend dean and elect of the sacred church of Nin Thecdostus. and to an the reverend clergymen and people, Pope John \flU accepts, supports and I!l"otects, the new.1y established Croatian political o.rl.entatjon, In his reply to Brenimir's letter in which. the new Croatian leader. after having taken over the principality i expressed his. [.oyahy and return under' theaegis of the Roman Church, the same of his pmf'erit~', the fact tha l

'b.is, hop, s, e~ec,t~ng (~lec1t~,!Q)I, an,- d,', s~l1cdJY,lry.,g them ,,~Y ~'nfernng them diplomas. (concessie regalis), B:r~rHm.l1i' and

Theodoslus neglected the Popefg request for the bishop, of N:Ln to come to Rome lobe eensaerated. After having been elected by the clergy and pe)ople~and with Branimir's consent, Theodosias wished to be confirmed and o~n~tc;r.,ated br 'tbearchbis~hop, t.h,e patriarch o·f AqU[],ei@" himself. In this way Cooil1t:ua set rtself free not only from the tutorage of the already declinaig Frank empire but al- 50 of the direct subordination to the papal discipline.

To mitjgatethe relations with and confirm loyalty and devotion of the Croatian people and the. ruler to 811:. Peter's See 'fheodosius went to Rome in 8aO as an. already consecrated (consecratus) bishop who had had ~'ord.inatio« by the patriarch of Aquileia ... The Pope, however, understoed that in Clfoatia thhi gs did not go the way he .ha,dp,lanned. Therefore he sent a second letter 'to Branirnir thr'ioughTheodoslus In which he required of al] fhe Croatian people to express their loyalty in full vlewof the ~egfl, res Oi~' the Holy See. There ,are no, :realib], e sou roes of Infermaticu to prove that sueh a synod had ever 'I;~.k.cn place.

Promoting the interdependence of. the Stale and Chuxch, :B~nimir and Theodostua led a harmonious and! 'Wise polity a:s,phing to attain independence by strengthening and achieving autonomy or the ecclesiastical and state autholrtles.

The achieved. degree of organization and power of Branimir~s state 1.5:1, seen i~ the fact that the Dalmatiancities and islands under the E3yza.ntine sovareignty had to pay the Crnattan ruler the tribute of peace ~$ ordered by the empe'ror B~siteus I; Split 200 nOJDlsmata (go.kU codns), Zadar H01, Tl'ogir, Osor, Ra,b and Creseach lOOJi1om~smata,

. As a rule the tribute as ilie prlce of peace and the purchase Oi£ special pdvHes in the then interstatal relationships were extorted. ex.amp,i'~8fnr the tribute payed Ib~ .BYZ8:J:Ththl]m to [he Bulgarians, by Pope John VIIU to the

Arabs. olr the census of Venice to. the Croatian rulers for f.m:ee ~,a.vigadon in the Adriatlc, startin~ from Bran~mir to mid-HJIlI~ C61"JI'l.U.ry; as the result of I!.hevlct,ory of, the p~ople from the Neretva river and the death of the doge Pietro ,Cand.~,an in 887 in the battle near Makarskav by logical eoncluaion the voluntary ceding o~ the $trategi~[:'s:re'Veflue to the UQat~,RiI1 prince is to be excluded particularly so if this Is brought: into connection with Zdeslav, the vassal of ByZaJi~tilum,whom Basileus 1 ~d not h~vc. to bribe btl'll on the cOl1trary~,tequj.re from tum. submi . ssiveness and concessions. Therefore. the beginning of paying the tribute by the: Byzantine c!ties. and i~lands aI~d, the census fOT navigation payed by Veniceto the Croatian rulen should be connected not only with the- changes in the relationships and with the declining interest of 'Byz.ant~urn regarding tbeeasr-adriatle CO?8t but ,tlJS? W.idl, Branimir's s~]~ong arnay and well organized t;:roa1.1a~ \.Vhll:lrI~pt~ces d1is prince among the mostpremtnent rulers of hIS time.

Pop'e J ohn vur was right when he feared that the changes on the Croarian throne and a stronger Croatian state could bring about undesirable consequences for the Roman Church, On. June W, 87g' he wrote to the bishops, det.ID' and people of the Dalma.tian. cities rebukingthem severely for having formerly separated their church from Rome [0 which their' p~nmt(i and predecessors had. been subordinated. At [be same time he promised to prornote their elect to the rank of archbishop emphpasizing that he would protect them by h[s authority in. case the Greeks (Byzaneium) or the Slavs (Croats) should. molest them. '

From the essentialpart 'Of the letter it can beconcluded that, at a certain. perlcd.jhe Dalmatian ci ties became estranged from the papal jurfsdiction and that theyhad subjected. themselves to the spiritual rule of Constantinople. Whether this happened with the 863 schism, Le. with the demnatien of Pope Nicolaus in. '867 ~ or, more probably, at the time of; Zde,s.lav, who was pre-Byzantium orientated, H Is hard to establish exa.ctly. There is every

25

reascn, therefere, to conclude that in earlier; times the Dalmatian centres had been r,eligiotlidy connected with Rome. It follows that in the Byla~tine' cities o,f Dalmatia the dualism of the political management and ecclesiasti- 11.;:211 rule exl s ted .

Therefere. the relancns of the Croatian rulers and or the bishop of Nin to these cities are easily u~d71!~'W~d. U nited with Rome ~ from 'Where they accepted christian tt.y lhrough ,Cha.rl.el1la,gne:, the Croa,ljan,, ru}er~ wer_c: o~ good terms with the Church and the ecclesiastical dignitaries in the Dalmatian cities which were directly subjected to th papal aUlho~:it~. The dona~,im~s by the Croatian prince's Mis]av I Trpirnir and Mutirnir .. who had confu"lle.d their ear ller donations, to the Split Church, and the Splitt bishop Petar ecung as godfather to '~rpimii[,'s ~oni Iit perf.ectlY.· into t.· hese avent.s. 'Th. e h9rmonwu~ relattons bet~·een the Croatian rulers and the Church m the' Dalmatian cities are contrary t.o those between the princes and the city' secular authority.

Gottschalk, the learned Saxon, who, because he preached predestination, had taken refugeat the cot~rt o~ the Croatian prince Trpimir, bad recorded the oonrhc~ 01 the Croatian prince (Tripemerus rex Sclavorum) with the Byzantines and their patricians and his victory over them (trot contra gentern GmeOOFl.1m '~H patricium eorum), These conflicts continued and their intensity 'even deepened during prince Domagoj's rule.

The: sources of the enrnl ties were in the provisions of the Peace of Aachen (812) by which the interests ·01' the two great powers - Byzantium and the Franks - not .settied but. not or the third subject, the Croats, who had not even attended the agreement. However, after Charlcmagne's death and the decline of the Frank empire the relations changed essentially. The early feudal Croatian principality gal rid of the Frank supremacy and tried lu restitute a part of ills integra] territory. The cities of the Byzantine Dalmatia surrounded by Croattan population must have really been a thorn in the flesh of the Croatran prince. I~ SeCll11S that the wish and intention or the CrU!;1l]·

an rulers to annex Dalmatia to. Croatia by state lawbegan to be realized at the time of .Priince Branimir, This is obvious from thepapal lettee sent in 8:86, not by John VIn but by his successor Stephen V (Vl), in 'which he rebukes Theodosius because he had taken over the seat of the SpliLlbiShQP:ric after 'bishop Marin's death, for it was forbidden or a bishop to change the bishopric let alone rnanaging tWQ. Tbeodosius knew very well that he had negle Led the papal crltlclsm. This was teo great a chalk nge for the Croatian bishop and. the' ruler not to make the most of that chance and take over such a Dalmatian Church as Split'swas, and try to unite the jurisdictions of the Croatian and Dalmatian territories and strengthen the political influence of the Croatian ruler in the cities.

After having taken over the Split See (866) Tbeodoslus asked and W3,S granted the episcopacy From WalberL, the patriarch of Aq1!Jileia, which upset the Pope even more condemning severely both Theodosius and the patriarch Ior having trespassed their authorizations, Yet, in the end, the Pope liked the idea that the Dalmatian and Croatian Churches were under joint jurisdiction. in fact, he liked 'I'heodosius's explanation that he intended to restore the Salonitanian Church. That is why he pardoned Thendosius all his failures and pr-omised ito confer on himthe archbishop's pallium 011 his corning to Rome.

A.U the sources from the papal office referring to 9111 century about the events In the Dalmatian cities and in the early m~die,:,.al Croatian prindpaH,ty have been thus exhausted, 1 he five letters of Pope John Vln addressed to' Croatia are a source seething with data referring to the' djsco\'ery o~ ilts 0:-",'I1 identity." strength, .indepe.nch~nce and the realization of the sovereignty of the Croatienearly rnedicval state. Pope John VIII, the contemporary of Prince Branimir and Bishop Theodosius, is exceptionally important for the Croatian history), not only. because he promoted Croatia hHO anindependent stute but. also in> cause, in this way, he in'trodu'Ded Croatia into and directed. it to the civilization 0'" the Western Europe.

MATE ZEl<AN

26

27

BRA.NIMIR~S KROA.TIEN

IN DEN BRIEFEN DES PAP'STES JOHANNES vm.

Die politischen Umstande Irn _ Mittehneer.r.aum, die dem Bricfwcchsel des Papstes Johannes VITI. mil den dalmatlnischen und kroatiaehen weltlichen nnd krichlicheli! Wtirdent:rageir sowie auch mit dem Vo]k vorangehen, ke.nnzcich.nendie:Fdedensveriaiche. die nach den siurmisch en Geschehen un d. erschdpfe 11 den S trcitigkei ten zwischen den Grossmachten der darnaligen Wei t (Byzant und Franken) sich ereigneten, sowie auch in der Unvertraglichkeit zwischen Konstaminope] und Rom.

Nacli1 dern Tode Karl des Grossen sinkt sclmell die Macht des Franklschen Reiches, Nach dlem Vertrag von Verdun irn Jahre 843 teilt srncb dasselbe in drei ·,reiJe, unci gegenseitigc Streirlgkei ten beschleugen das A.bfa] len der Au~orita.t d~~s einsuge» gliossen I111lpcriuns; C?leichzei.ti~ hahen di Kiimpfe urn den Thron das Byzantinische Rel.cl!J so erschopft, class dieses erst unter Bastleus L (,867 - .s86) wieder einen ernsteren Akteur ill der Wchpolitik darstelIt,

Unter diesen Umstanden versucht die Rdraisehe Kirche eine allgemeine Herrschaft slchersuseellen lind sich von der Vormundschaft wehlicher Herrscher zu befreien. Mlt dem KOl1Zi1 von Paris, lm Jahre 849, und den gcFr1li· schten Dekretal's von Isidor (verfasst zwischen 847 und 852) festlgt sich die Autoritat des Papstes und kehrr die Krrchandisziplin wieder zurttck.

Indem er versueht diesel Besehlissse sotgfiltig durchzufuhren, fOrdert Papst Nicolaus L (858- 867) den inneren kitchliehen Streit zwischen Rom und den Pateiarchen von Konstantinepel Photius, del' tlefe Spuren in

den spitel"e:n Beziehungen zwischen den heiden Kirchen hmterlaast: aher aueh zwischen den VcUkern. die unter ihren Jurisdictlonen sind, sowie auch auf ihre Untertanen in den siidslawischen Landern, Indem er die Wahl Photius Urn Jahre 863) zum Parriarchen von Konstantinopel nicht anerkannt, mit einer Bxkommurekation drobend, haz der Papst elne Reaktlon del- ostlicben Bischofe hervor gerufen, die in Konzi! im Jahre 867 versammelt waren, und die ihn verdammten. So kam start zu einer Stlirkung und Festigung des Prima ts der Romischen Kude; zur Absehw.tichung der Katholl chen Kirche und zu einer spateren Ihrer Teilung auf Ost - und Westklrchc, Zu tiefer Beunruhigung der damaligen Welt trugen auch sehr hcf1ige Durchbriiche der Araber (Sarazenen) aus ~o~"'dafrika u~ld Span~~n.be~, Nach der Eroberung byzantinischer Besitze m Sudltahe'll .. bedrohten die' Amber direkt das Z~nlrum des Papstes und des Kathohzismus (Rom), wo sie 846_ die Basilic St. Petrus pliludern. Die Araber iiberfallen die' ostadriafische Kiiste, -pWlndern und 84l setzen in Brand. die Stadte: Osor, Kotor, Rose una Budva, Irn Jahre 866 versuchen sie Dubrovnlk zu erobern , urn die Schiffahrt lWlgst del' Adria zu kuntrolieren, ~ach ftinfzehnmonaHicher elfoIgloset' Belagerung waren SHi~ ,8,68 g~z~ung~~], \~or del' Platte Byzants ZUlU Riickzug, da sich die Verhaltnlsse in Byxant stabihziert haben,

Gleichzeitig kommen zum Ausdruck die kaotischen Prozesse in den Nachbarstaaten auch auf die Ostktiste del' Adria, wo sich, ausse r den bvzantinlschen Stadtcn, SCOTI scit Karl des Grossen, aUm~hli.ch das frtlhfeudah; Kroatien unter der frankischen Obrigkeit entwichelt. W:tilu:~nd die~rankische und byzantlmsehe Madlt schwacht, erscheinen und bestatigen sich die: krcatischen !I,e~Es~hel'imm~r,mehr und mehr ~aJs selbststandlge Subjekte In. den polltischen Geschehnisscn.

. Es schelnt, class eben die Gefahr vor den Araber mitgehQi~er hat. die Beziehungen zwischen den damaligen suuv7ranen Staaten zu konsclidieren. Schon als er an die Spitze des Byzantinisehen Reiches kam, machte Basalcus I. energische Handhmgcn. Hill. den Streit mit dem Papst

30

Zlil mlldern, setzt er Photius vom Thron des Patriarchen hcrab und v,eroffe:ntliclu das Obe.rrecht der kirch.lichen Vorgesetzten in Rom, Konstantinnpe], Alexandrien , AnHochlenund Jerusalem, Jedenfalls waren diese Konzessioncn mit den Planen, die Basilaus I. in Stiditalien und an der ostllchen Adriakilste hatte, verbunden, und die nach der Elimination der arabisehen Cefahr zu realisieren Warcn, Da diese p].ane mil den Absichten des Fdinkischen Herrschera Ludwig II. (855 -875) ubcresnsrirnrmen, wurde em rian zu einem ge,mein~amen E~]dzu.f gegen die Araber festgesetzt, So treffen wrr schon irn Jahre 869 cine grosse by:r.BnUnh:che Krlegsflotte VOl' dem arabischen Bari, das der Frankiscbe Kaiser; zusammen rnrt den KroaL~n,. Serben, den VOlkef'n aus Zahumlje, Travunj e, konavbe, Ragusa undudlcn SLa.chen Dalrnaticns belagerte, ~,bcr. da ~je terit~r:ialen An~.prik.he beider Kaiser die g]cichen waren, zerfiel das Btindnis recht bald. Vielmehr wahrend Ludwig II. in Jahre 871 mit scinen Verbiind~ t~n~ unter denen aueh die Kroaten Domagoj's waren, B.art belagerte unci' eroberte, verheerte die bvzantintsche Flotte, um Ludwig's Einsatz zu betrachtigen, die kroatisene Kustc, zerstorte und plunderu die' Festungen der Slavenen und nahm viele Einwohner in Gefangenschatt,

Mit der Beseitigung der unmittelbaren arabischen Gef.ah:r, enderu die kurze pax orbis, wurde 'Wieder die exp~ns!o:~l[sUs:he~ Politik der wdtli~h:eJl + und kirchlichen ObelhauJ:l'te~ ~[neue'rt, we~che Politik Jill den folgend'cll Jahrzehntcn, in der Tal, nlcht so sehr rnit Schwert unci Felllerj als tJlj,' ·hr ~it'l ~iplonullisc~,~m Obc~-l.eugcn ~cftihl'l wurde. Solchen friedlichen Solutionen, ausser Basileus . gab seinen Beitrag auch der kluge, unternehrnunzslustige Paps! Johannes VEU indem er mil seiner fri(!dHchcn Politik versucht, das Ansehen und die Einigkeit der loislhcllen Welt wiederzubekomrnen, Als nach dem Tode des Parriarchens Ignatius im Jahre 877 Photius wieder das Oberhaupt der konstanunopobschen Kirchc wird .. wohnen seiner Einsetzung auch die Emissare des Papstes bel. Indern er Phot;us als Patriarchen anerkannte, Johannes VIII e , ,. laut der Ilberelnkunft rnit Basileus I. und dern Pat-

31

riarchen in Konstanttnopel (879jEUro)" benriiht er sich Kroatien, Dalrnatien lima Bulgari n seiner J'urtsdiktlon wieder zu unterstellen.

Wie haben aich dles,e Ereignisse auf die politischen Begebenhciten im F\irs,tentu.m Kroarien reflcktlert?

Wir haben schon gesehen, class die Kroaten unter Fiir-;s,l Domago] (864 - 876) dem Aufrufe ihres Senieurs glehcrchten und 870/7 J bei der Eroberung von Bad durch Kaiser Ludwig IJ. teilnahmen. Die WeUe]fcr zwischen den Irankischen Kaiser und Basileus E. waren Grund zu dern Fcldzug del' byzantinlsclren Flotte gegen die ostadriatische Ku.ste, urn die Macht der frankischcn Verbtlndeten- der Kroaten zu schwachen.aber auch um diese Besitze r ester a 11_ Konstantinopel zu henden, die Iaut dem Frieden von Aachenlm Jahre ,812 Venedig und Byzant geharteIll; das sind: Krk, Osor, Rab, Zadar, Trogir, Split, Dubrovnil und Kotor,

. Jedenfalls konnie dieser vernlchtende und zilgellose Feldzug des byzantinischen Heeres gegen das kreatisehe Teritorium nicht ohne entsprechenden Represalien hle[· ben. Es ist nicht bekannt wie Basileus I. den scharfen Binwand Ludwigs U. beantwortete, der diese unwtirdige .Handl~!l~ gegen .. ,S(2'i~e,Untertanen verurteHt: und ei~c Entschddigung fur die Kroaten forderte, sO\.VJ.e auch die Freilassung der Gefangenen verlangte, Seitdem waren die Zusammenstosse zwischen Domagoj's Heimat und des byzanmuschen Verbilndeten - Venedig - verstarkt und verbittert gewesen, und die Rache schrccklich gefiiliI,t. Das fo~gt aus dem Brief, don Papst Johannes vrn, wahrscheinllch auf Grund einer Veranlassung Bcnedig's, urn das Jahr 874 dern »beruhmten Fiirsten« Dornagoj sender, und Ihrn bH.Let, die Wu,1.. der Piraten zu hemrnen, die unter .selnen Narnen gegen die Kristen wiiten, Wats .fur cine Angs,'l die Venezianer "liar Dornagoj hatten, am besten sieht man aug. dern aufbewahrten Vermerk, in. dent er als del' schlechteste Furst del' Kroaten (pessirnus

32

Sclavorum dux) bezeichnet wird. Gagen Ende der ,&egic= rung Domagoji's ist auch eine Verschwcn;ung versueht worden die aber keinen Br:folg harte, und die Verschwt» r,~r" trota der Bitte des: Papstes ihre Ieben zu g,chonen,ge-, toter wurden,

Die ,Bcmu.hungen Byzant's auf dem Thron des kroatis~l1~t1.Furstentuns einen Ge~.orsiill,merl ,zu.: htingen". s, ~d erst naeh dem Tode Domagoj's xusrandegebreclu. Ilnter der' KaiscrJichen Obhut. Bode des Jahre's 878, kam aus Konstai1t~inopd Zdeslav, der Solin Trpimir's, der sich des kroattschen FUrstentums bcmnacht]gte und die S6hne Domagoj's verbannte, Ais Dank an Byzant versucht Zdcslav die Kroaten dern 'byzantmiscl1en Kaiser und den konstantili1.opoHschc'll Patriarchen 7;U unterstellen,

Unzufrieden mat Ellner $okhen Anderung, die die besprochenen . EiJl1flussp,karen aus dem Vertrag von Aachen (.812) verletzt, st~t"k;t 1n Kroat~:el1 der Widerstand gegen Byzant, der zu einer Ver.schwonm,g und zumMord von Zdeslav 879 ruhrte. schon nach eimgen Monab'm nacho dem er seine Herrschaft begann .

Auf die weiteren Vorkomndsse in Kroaticn wirkt wesentlich die ausserordenthch positive We'nd.ung in: den ;fchniscn-konstantinop,ulischen VerhaJtnissen auf Grund del:' Ver,einbarung in. Konstaminopel 87'9/880. Setden eodel die expansionistische ,Po.litik Byzant's gegenilber Kroatien, wahrend d~.e dalmatinlsche SUidtCtlU~ noch norni-

nal die Obrigkeit von Konstantinopel bekennen. .

In diesen Verhaltnissen kommt auf den Thron des kroadschen Fnrstentums Branimir, del, wie es scheint, in keiner Verwandschaft mit selnen Vm.'gange:r war .. Mit del:' Entfernungdes byzanUnisch orientierten Zdeslav waren aile. Voraussetzungen f(ir eine selbststandlge Entwicklurrg etnes kroatischen Staates gcgeben, Vlelmehr . Branimir mil seiner klugen PoUtik gegenuber des P'apstes der Ihrn gl~k~1:zeitig als Senieur am wenigsten gefahrHch war" hal" f~_r Imm;er die Anspriicl1e" del' Franken und Byzant auf '~l~ Ge~llelbe. auf den-ell er, mit dem Segen des Papstes. offentheh als Souvcren anerkannt war, ,abge-

33,

Ienkt, In diesenentseheidenden Zeiten fUr den friih_eu-· dalen kreatischen Staat haben sich Eretgni.s-se abgespiel}, dle fur tmrner seine politische, konfessionelleund kulturelle Ori,entierwtlg In. die westlichen Ziviltsationskreise fuhrte~ und besnmmte 1.

standen zur Zeit. dec Herrschaft des Fursten Branimir (879 bis etwa 892).

A.1LI,SSCr das dJ.er Inhalt dteser Briefe genau auf bestimrnte Prozesse hinweist und reale Tatsachen feststellt, er8ffnct cr viele PI agen, urn dle sich in der zeitgenosslseben Historicgraphie viele Polemiken und Auseinandersetzungen entwickelten, Deshalb Iegen wir der historischen Wissen.schafL I,md der Kulturdofentlichkeit Faksimi~,e, Transskrlb,icn,mgen und Ubersetzungen dicse Bride vor ..

ABc' Herscher im friihmiUelaIterllicheIU kroatischen Staate in Rtlcksicht nehmend, bezieht sich auf Branimir die urnfangreichst Dckurnentaticn, Ausser Itmf epigraphlscher Denkrnaler, vorgefunden auf diem Gebiet de's frtihen kroatischen Staatesvdie den Herrscher preisigten und die Kirchen in Nin, Sopot bei Benkuvac, Zdrapanj bei Skradin, Otres bei Brlbir und Muc Gornji 1m Hinterland von Split zierten, sein Name, zusammen mit seiner Frau, Marusa (Marloea cometissa), ist auch irn Evangelistarium in Ci vidale vermerkt, Mit dem N a '111 en B ranim if sind indirekt verbunden drei vorwurfsvol le 13 ride, die der Papst Stephan V. (VI) im Jahre 887 dern Patrlarchen von Aquilea und dern kroatischcn Bischof Theodosius gesendet hat, da del' Letztere ausser die Kirche \1011 Nin auch die Kirch.€: von Split (Salonajuhernommen hat,

Besonderen Wert zurn Erforschen des Historiates del" Verhaltnisse zwischen dern frtihmittelalterlichen kroatlschen Staate und den dalrnatinischen Stadten gewshren einige Briefe und Nntizen des Papstes vorn 9'. his zum 1 L Jahrhundert, Del' ausfuhrlichate Briefweehsel aus dem vatikanischen Archiv, grosstentells aulbewahrt im Register datiert vom 1. September 876 bis August 882, ist \10m Papst Johan nes VIII. (872 - 882).

Unter seinen elf Briefen, auf verschiedenen Stellen aufbewahrt, die sich direkt auf die Breignisse in Kroatien und Dalmatien beziehen (zwei Briefe an Fiirst Domago], einer an dell Kler und das kroatische Volk, und je ein r an den Fursten Mutimir und Zdeslav und den bulgarischell Konig Mihael, den ru.hm . als Delegat des Papstes del' Hischgf von Nin Theodusius iibcrreichte) besonders heben sich fiinf Briefe aus dem erwahnten Register ab, ent-

In semen ersten Briefen von '1. Juni 879 an den: »lieben Sohn Brarrimir« , an dem ehrwurdlgen Diakon und Auservvahltcn del" heiligen Kirehe von. - in Theodoslus und allen ehrwiirdigen Pfarern und den ganxen Volke, Papst Johannes VIII. nimmt an, stiltzt und schiitzt die neuorganiaierte kroatische poli tische Orienrlerung. AU8 der Antwort auf den Brief 'von Branimlr, mit dem, nach dell;" Oberl1.ahme des, Ftirstentums, del' neue kroatische Herrscher dem Papst Treue ausdrtickt und die Rilckkehr unter den Schutz del' Romischcn Kirchc bezeugt, zu der sich auch seine Eltern bekannten, kommt klar hervur, class die Kroaten VOl' Branimir, und allen Anschein nach, eben .lUI.' Zeit von Zdeslav, unter der Hceschaft von By" zant waren .. Es scheint, dass mil der Beseitigung Zdeslav's alle seine Anhaflger nicht besiegt waren, Dre Papst hoff'l, class der neue Herrscher sie bczwingen wird und dass er Ierr lib r alle seine Feinde wird. Zufriedcn dass Kruatien der Rornischen Kurie zurilckkehrtc, nimrnt Papst Johannes VIII. gerne Branimirs Bille an und segr~:ct Lhn, zusammen mit seinern Volk und seiuem Staat am 21, Mai 879' i.n clef St. Petrus Kirchc in Rom, Diese Handlung des Papstcs, laut de-a damaligen VOlke:t:~chts, und im Einklang mit del' Ideologic der Universaliuit des Papstes und seinem Recht, Ui[·e T.."Ie.gaUtat der Herrschal L und des Herrschers anzuerkennen, beweist die Ane:rl,eenrtung Branimlrs als legl timon Hcrrscher una Kroa Lion als freien unabhangigen Staat.

Schon scit der Uberbahme der Herrschaft, _mit Branimir 1st stets auch der Bischof Theodcaius, Dieser Dia ken del' Klrehe von Nin wirct nach dern Umsturz und der Absetzung Zd~slav's, mhrBi.~chor. Er ist, zusammen mit Branimir, der fiihrende W-w-dentrager des Furstentums. HlnsiJ:hLlich ihresgemei_nsame':l Aufstieg~s. ist verrnutlich vorausxusetzen, dass Theodosius auch eme besondere Rolle bei dem Wechsel des Herrschers Gcsoielt hat , d.h, clcr Rilckkehr Kroatiens unter den Schutz des Westen und des Papstes. Wahrscheinlich hatte Branimir in ihm cine Grundstutzc beim Hilden, Festigen und Entwickeln seines Staates, aber auch einen ausserordentltchen Ratgeher bei del' P lanung und Durchfiihrung polltischer Handlungen, wie gcgenuber der dalrm unlschcn Stiidkn, so auch in Bezug zu den zustandtgcn kirchlichen Insntutionen,

Es schcint, namlich, class Branimir nlchl ein bosunders gehorsarncr Vasa] des Papstes war, sondern er 11 U tzteelen Binfluss des Papstes in dem Masse, wie Hun ernspach. Obwohl or und sein Bischof Treue dern Papste und der kirlichau Gemeinschaft in Rom bekanntcn, verwirkllchten sle dieselbe durch die urspriinglich ihnen vorgesetzte klrlrche Herrschalt In Aquileia, mit der das fruhmittelalterliche Kroatieu schon seh dcr Expansion der frankischen Herrschaft anfangs des 9, Jahrhunderts gebunden war. Sichel' haue Branimlr gute Griinde dazu. Laut der Tradition der frankischen Herrscher-, die im Gcgensatz zu den kirlichen Kanoncn del' Romischen Kirche, selber die Bischole ernannten, sie wahlten (elecfin) und sic durch ein Diplorn (concessio regalis) bcsUiLigtct"l,. Branimir und Theodosius kiimmcrten sich nicht viel urn die! Forderung des Papstes, dass del' Bischof von Nin nach Rom .7:ILU" Einweihung kommen .'SoH. Nach del" \\fahl vorn Kler und dem Vorke~ und nach del' Zusage VOrl Branirnir, wtmscht Theodosius VOID Mitropoltten - dem aquilei~chen Patriercen selbst bekrafligt und eingeweiht zu werden. Soma bart sich Kroatien firei g' mach; nicht nur- von der Vonnundschaft des schon schwachen Frankischen lt~s,CJ:'~UJ11S! sondern auch von del- Untertanlgkeit del' Dlszlphn des Papstcs,

..

Urn die Beziehungen ZUI besanfrigen und die Treue und LoyaJital des kroatischen Volkes und seines Herrsellers dern Thron St. Petrus zu l"'::l~tati.gen. gcht Theodosius im Jahre a80 nach Rom" abet" schon als elngeweihter Bischof (consecratus), dor ein »ordinarlo« de's Patriarchen von Aquilea het. Der Papst, ah'cr,. hat crkannt, dass in Kroatlen nicht alles so verlauft wie er geplant hat. Desbalb sender er durch Theodosius einen zweiten JB fief an Branirnir. it! dern er fOJ"derl. dass ihrn das gtUIZC kroatlsche Volk, vor dern Antlitz. der Gesandten des Heiligen Throm" die Treue crklart, Ob eine solche Volksversarnmlung auch staUgefunden hat, ist nicht zuvcrmssig bekannt.

Eine Zwischenabhangigkeit des Staates uno der Kirche ausiibend, flih:rlen Branimir und Theodosius eine uberelnstlmmende und kluge Polltik, indem sic dureh Starkung und durch Selbststandigkeit der kirchlichen und staatlichcn Herrschatt einer Unabhangigkeit zustrebtcn,

Die ereichte Slufc der Organisatlon und deli Macht des Staates Branirntr's offenbart sich in der Tatsache, dass die dalmatinischen Stadte und lnscln unter der bvzantinischen Ohigkedt gezwungen waren einen Friedenstrlbut zu zahlcn, wie es ihnen Kaiser Basillus 1. hefohlen hat: Split 200 nornlsma (Goldsnlcke), Zadar 110, Trogir, Osor, Rab und Cres jc 100 nernisma,

Tribut als Friedenssteuer und Kauf von Privilcgicn waren In damaligen zwischenstaatlichen Verhaltnissen ill der Regel erpresst, Beispiele von Zahlungen-Tributs seitens Byzant den Bulgaren, des Papstes Johannes Vl.l.l, den Arabern, oder'census (Taxc) Venetiens den kroatischerr Herrschcrn fiil~ eine Ireie Schiffahrt durch die Adria, SC]L Branirnir his MiH-e des rD. Jahrhunderts, wcjche resultierte aus dem Sieg des Volkes 'Von Neretva und dCl11 Tode des Degen Pietro Candiano im Kampfeim Jah!,:c 887boi Makarska, schliest mit logischer Relhenlolge Uberlegungcn von einer freiwilligen Abtrcrung der Einkornmen des Strategen dem kroatischen Fiirsten, besonders wcnn man dassclhe in Verbindung bring! mit Zdes-

31

Iav, dem byzantinlschen Vas,at den Basi!e1!ls 1. nicht bei)t~c~e~ mil1~stle, vielmehr vnn Jhrn Geh'orsam. lind Zugestandniase Iordern .sullte, Deshalb soli man den Ant'ana von Zahluug eines Tributs der byzantinischen Stadte unrl Inseln und Schiffahrtataxen (census), die: Venedig den lu:o.a tischen .!It:::rrs.chern zahlre. in Yerbindung bringcn nut den Ver.3.nderun:gen der VerhfiJ tnisse und nut einem gemindertcn Interesse Byaants an der ostaddadschen Kuste, scwohl auch rnit einem starken und gut organisierten Kreauen Branimir's. was diesen Filrsten unter die bedeutcsten Herrscher seines Zei talters einreihte,

.. Papst Johannes VIII" befurchtct mit Recht class Die Andenmgen auf dem kroatlschen Thron und Starken des kroaUseh~"n ~taaLes~eine unerwimschte Folgen gegerui .. her de!' Ronnschen Klrche hervorruft, U!1d so schreiln er deshalb den Bischofen. Priestern und dC'l11 VoH~ der dalmatlnischen Stadtc.Br tadelt sie scharf wegen der frtlheren Tre~nung von Rom und fordcrt sit; auf. dor Romlsche,n Kirche zuriickzukehren, derer auch ihrc Eltern lind Y.orfah~en u:nte!t"ta.ni:~ ,ware'n. Gleichzeitig verspricht er ihnen, ihren AuserwahJLenzum Erzbischof zu befordern, und betont zugleich, im Falle class Ihnen die Griechen {Byza~9, ~d1er Slavenen (Kroaten) storen, sie mit seiner A.ul(]rltat In SchULZ zu nehmen. Aus dern Ken'] des Briefes, folgern wlr, dass die dahnatinischen Sladle einen Zeitabschnitt von der J urisdiktion des Pa pstes en I fen'] 1 ware~ und das sic sich der geistlichen Herrschaft konstautinopcls unterworfen haben,

J?s Ist schwer festzustellen, ob sich das durch die ~dllsma von ~63 l~_~;rei~et hat, d.h .. durch Verdarnmung de~ Papstes N ikolaus 1. irn Jahre 867 geschehen ist, oder, ~"l~ \\'ahr~ch~inlicher seln kann, 7.lU' Zeill dc!'i prubyzantlnisch ortentterten Zdeslav, Deshalb kann man mit Recht Folgern, class die dalrnatinlschen Zentren vorher mit Ron~ ,:crbuucic-:>n ware-no DaJ"3u8 folgert, dass i1'1, den byzantintschen Stadten Dalmatiens ein Dualismus der Politisch-wil'tschaItlkhen undo kirllehen Macht bestand, Derngernass ist auch d~:s Verhahnis der kroatischen Ierrscher und auch des BisdlOfs von Nin rni diesen Stad-

ten. Mit Rom. verbiindet, woAle~ .sie, unter V~rmjtt1un,g von Karl des Grossen das Christeruum empfangen haben. unterhalten die kroatischen Herrschcr gute Beziehungen mit der Klrehe und ihrer Wurdentragcr in den dabna_t.inischen SHidten, die dem Papst direkt unterworfen sind. Die Speuden, mit denen diekroatischcn Filrstcn Mislavj Trpirnlr undMutimir - dell" die fruheren Stiftund.,enibesHHigt - die Kirche von Split beschenken, sowie die Patenschaft des Bischofs von Split P',eLrl1S dern Sohn Trpirnir's, reihen sich vollkomrnen in diese Begebnisse ein. Die harmuntschen Verhaltnissc zwischen den kroatlschen Herrschern und der Kirche in den dalmatlnischen Stadten 1.s1. gam: Gegenteil ZLt denen, die zwischen den Pilrsten und der komunalen wetllchen Herrschaft besteht.

, .D~r g,~)eE·u-lc. Sachse C;;O!t~,c.-hi3d k, der wcgen seiner Predigen tiber die Predestination. an dern Hof des kroatischen Filrsten Trpimir Zuflucht gefunden hat. beshrieh den Streit und den Sieg des kruauschen 1--1 rrschers (Tripemerus, rex Sclavorumjuber den Byzantincr urid ihrern Patricium (lret contra gentem Graecorum et patrichun corum), Es wurde schon erwahnt, dass sich die Stredtigkeiten firtsetzton, und Sikh aueh unter dern Fiirsten Domagoj verstarkten, Anlass zu diesen Feindschaften sind die Bestlmmungen des abgeschlossenen Frieden in Acahen :im Jahre g,t 2, 11"1I]t dem die Intercssen doer beid on Grossrnachte {Byzant LInd Franken) geregelt waren, nicht aber diese des dritten Subjektes - del' Kroaten, die .nicht einmal dieser Besprechung ~,eiwo'hJ1l,~n. Abet rsach ,del~ Tcde Karl des Grossen und der Schw.achung des Fral1!n· schen Reichs, verandern sich grdndllch die Verhaltnisse. Das frtihfeudaliche kroatische Fiir.sie:ntum Befreit sich von der frankischen Obigkei,t und versucht, ein 'fefl seines integralen Terrltoriums zuriickzubekornmen, Die S'tEi,d.te des byzantinjschen Dalrnatien, von allen Seiten von kroatischer Bevolk,erung umkreist, waren gkhe1" ein Dorn im Auge dem kroatischen Ftilrsten. Der WUlls,ch und die Abslcbt del' kroatlschenHerrscher, Dalmatlen staatsrechtfic h Kroatien anzuschfiessen, seheinte sich zurZai Il

des Fnlirste[l Branimir ZU verwirklichee. Das iSL ersich.tlich j,jI,US demo Briefa des Papstesaus deem Jahre 886, dlesmal nieht von Johannes VlII. sondern von seinem Nachfelger Stephan V. (V]), .. in .dem er Th~od?sius :rade~~; wei I er nech dem Tarle des Bisehofs von Split Mann, scinen Thrun ubernommeu hst, denn einem Bischof ist untersagt, ein Bistum z;u, weehseln, geschweige dem zwei zu bekleiden. Thcednsius hat allerdings bewusst den Einwand des Papstes nicht befolgt .. Es war eine zu grosse Provokation fur den kroatischen Bischof und auch fUr den Herrscher, urn nieht dle gegebene Gelegenhelt aUS1:1J· niitllE:ln und cine solcbe dalmatinische Kirehe, wie die von Sp~i£ war, zu ubernehmen und ZlJ! versuchen, die kirllchen Jurisdiktien des kroatischen und dalmatlnischen Ic'rrUoriu.ms ;!;U vereinigenund dell politisehen Einlt'lu~~ des kroarischen Herrschers in den Stadten zu verstarken.

Nach deer Ubernahme des Throns von Split im Jahre .8S6,fordeJL"te Theodosius, und bekam, auch die brschofli'chen 'Ehren vorn Patrtarchen "lorn Aquilea Walberl l W~'IL!!i [loch rnehr den Papst aufbrachte, der Theodosius sehr scharf verurteilte, lind aueh den Patriarchen wegen so einer Verletzung ihl"el" Berech Ugungen. Ai''!. Ende geHcl dern Papst tretzdeu die Idee, dass die dalmatinische und kroatische Kircbe unter einer gemeinsamen Jurisdiktion lst i bzw. die Begrundungvon Theodosius, zu beabslchtigen d~,e Kirche von Salona. zu emeuern. Deshalbhat er Theodosius alle Unterlassungen verzienen und ihm den gewiinschten Erzbischofstab versprochen, sobald er nach &01.11 komrnt.

Dm,mit sind alle QueUen der Kanzlei des Papstcs des 9, Jahrhunderta Ober den Ereigaisseu i1,",1 den dalmatinischen Stadten und im friihmittdahc:rlichen:t kroatischen vutS'lent'lllTI erschopft, Funf Brlefe des Papste~ J o hannes VIH. an Kroatien, sind QueUe ~,U8 derer Angaben tiber das Vorfinden eingener Identitat und Verwirklichung der Sou vereni ta.t des kroa i~E.gchen Iruhmi ttelal terlichen S ~ aates zu l!Ilf teil ell':ll ist. Papst Johannes VII!., Zehg~nosse des FUlrsten Branimtrund des Bischofs Theodosius, ist aus-

serordentlleh wicl'JItig frill' die krnatische Geschichte, nicht nur weil er Kroatien [[I cinco u.rIJ.~-i?ha.ngige.n. Staat beforderte, scndernauch well er damit Kroatien in die westeuropaische Zlvlllsation einfilhrte uj1d d.nlenkte.,

MAl"EZEKAN

411

PISMA

LETTERS B,RIEFE

Regisrar piaama pape Ivana VIII. ocuva,n je u prijepisu nastalom scdamdesetih godinl:l ]' 1. stoljeea u skrlptorlju beuediktirrskog samostana u Monte Cassinu. Pisan je uglastcm beneventanom, a poznat je podnazivom »Epis· tolae Ioannis VIIIIC. Nalaz' se u Bibltorheca Apostolica Vaticana, pod signaturcm Reg. Vat. 1, i cuva se kao jedna od najvecih dragocjenosti, Sadrzi ukupno 314 pisama pape razrrim ovrcpskim vladarima, crkvenim dostojanstvenicima, opcenito kleru i narodima, Iz vremena kneza Branimira u tom [e registru zavedeno pet pisarna koje je papa Ivan VIII. uputio ria ove nase strane,

The register of Pope John VIB letters was copied in the seventies of 11 ih century in the Scr'iptorium of the Benedictine monastery in Monte Cassino. It was written in angular Beneveutana and is known under the name »Epistolae Joannis VnI«. It is kept in 'the Bilrliotbeca Apostolica Vaticana, under the call number Reg. Va1. 'l, and. is kept as nne of the greatest preciousness. It contains 3 i 4 letters of the Pope addressed to different Europe~n rulers, e~desiast~cal digni~a:r.ies, t.o clergy andpeople 111 geaeralv From Prince Branimir's times this register cileg five letters which Pope John VUJ sent to our regions.

Das Briefregtster des Papstes J nhannes VIII. ist in der Abschrlft aus dem siebziger Jahren des U. Jahrhunderts bewahrt, das im Scriptcrium des benediktinischen Klostors in Monte Cassino entstanden ist, Es list gcschrieben in eckiger benevenzana, und ist bekannt unter den Namen »Bpistolae Ioannis VIII(c Es befindet sich Jill Icier Blbliothcca Apostolica Vaticana, mit del' Slgnatur Reg .. Vat, 1, und wird als eine del' grossten Kos tbarkei ten. aufbewahrt, Es enthalt insgesarnmt 314 Briefe des Papstes an verschiedcne europalsche Herrscher, kirliche Wiirdentrager idem Kler allgemein und den Volkern angewiesen, Aug den Zeitcn der Fiirsten Branirnir befinden sich in dlcsern Register Iunf Briefe, die del' Papst Johannes VIII. in unsere Gegenden Abgesendet hat,

.PISMO PRVO

UPUOCHU [e !lD~rr~J::om sirn, Branlmlrue, 7, llpnja 879. gndlne, Is- 109 dana EU upucena jos dva pisma, Sva tri su datirana Xn,indikdj01111 koja u okviru d<l.:!letgodisnlcgpapil15tva Ivana V1H, 04. prosinca 812, do l~, prosinca 882) odgQ,y;:rrlil razdeblju ad I, rujna 818. godine do 31. koloveza 879. To piS11lfj .i~ odguvor pepe Ivana VIR ria pismo kn(!7,a Branlmiru pcslano papi ~)O s\le6~niku Ivanu, a papa sc pOZiV.i na njcga rijecirna »relegentes nobllitaus tue Iitteras«. U svome pismu papa h \lttli v j c rn Wi I It neza 13 ran irn i 1'1;1. :Ii i'l';vjc:!icuj,c gr~, da je b lagoslovio njega i s,a:v hrvatski narod na dan Uz.:'lSasCa Kristova,

Pismo SI;! nalazi u registru na Iol, '73 v, ep, ]91.

FIRST LEITER

.'

It was addressed 'LO~OlJ1J" DcCl!J." So11 Branimir«, 011'1 JIHle 7,879. On the same dav two more letters were sent. All [he three letters were dated hy xlfi.ndication which" wlthln the ten years of Pope John vru poutificate (D~, 14, 872 to' Dec. 15, 882); corresponded to dlC peri. ,tld r ron, S'~p a.], 878 W Aug. ,:U, 879, Thi.s ~(! U~,l' '!.\las P'o,p~ ]f 011 n 's reply to Pri nee Brani mir's letter sen I. to the Pope th rough J oh n, 1 he cle,"gyman, The Pope referred '1.0 it with the words »relegentes nobilitatis lu. I HI: 'raslI. TIll ~hi,s letter the Popepraiaes Pri h1C~ Brunirnir's loyalty irnfonning him that he had blessed him and all the Croatian people 0'11 Lite d~)' ,of Chl"lsL'."1 A!-:i!iUmpLjon.

The Jetter' is in tho Register on Eol. 73 v, ep, ] 91,

ERSTER BIUEF

Br i!n angcwiesen an den »lieben SohnBrsnhnjr«. am 7, Juni

879. Am selben Tag sind nocb 'lwei Bricfe abo sesendet, Aile drci sind datier! mit der xu, Indication, die irn Rahmen t1es zehnjahrigen Po, ntiffkates des Papstcs Johannes VUl. (14. Oezel11bel' 872 his 15, Dozernber 882) d:em'Zeilramn. \10m L September ll78 bis 3,1. AUglO.st 879 'n't~ptrlchl. Di,cs!'; BI~jor iSI An.twor'L del'> Pap,sh:s Johannes \flU. au! den Brief des Fiirsten Branimir', der durch den Pri~5te Johannes en d~11 ~'aP!'it t1bg(2gend~,t ist, der P~J?<St ~bm' b~mfl sieh a;ur"dens,c:..lb~li. mtt den Woril,e-n~relege!1ltes nobilitau:s tue IhUeraslt, I'll semem BI:CUilf lobt der Pal'SL die roue des r ur-&t'~.n ,~.ramm.ir und rnelde; ihm, dass CW' ihn. lmd iJa:!> Z;ijilZe krcatische Vall <lin~1 Tng der I\ufer!-llclmng Christi gesegnet hat.

Dur Brief befilldct !!kh Jm .Rcgll'lte'f unter rut 13 v, (ip. 191.

47

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49

8791 7. l!ipnja ..

DUecto mig Bli11111i rnir,

Relegeritesn Q bil iitati:s l ue Htteras ,qL\aSr~'r .~ uhann ern uencrabilern pl'e!d},il;erull1J eommunem fldelem n.obis mandastt, quan'lan1 fldem et sineernm deuctienem circa eccleslam sancto'nlm apostelo.rum Pdri et Paul! et circa nos habeas, Iuee clarius nouirnus. Et quia d~l') faucnte qU,l\l~i. di]cctu!> fililll~, sancto Pcl ru I nobis, quit per diuinam gratiarn -uj~m eiuS}el1~mUlS, ftde~i~ .in, o~nibus ct ()hedi~UlS ,e~ ~,f;.; cuplas, hmllihLer F't·ohl~lI.ln'S., tuenobilltatl dignas ualde gl":I.iI:;J,-'l his nostr] ·apQsto]ams litteris agimu.s paterncque amore, utpote karissiml_ul1IU:lum. ad greruium sancte sedis aposh;.di~, matris rue, de cuJu.!>, uidelicet plilrrisinliO {ante pat~5_lui memfl~~ Sa!l, ''lc lJl"'edic;:tL~Ollis potauel"-e fluenta redeuntern SUSClpimUS et splritalibus .. arnplectrrnur L1Jm:is, (!j I1Llqlll apostollea uulumus benignhate fllU'CI'U, ul gruuarn CI henedierienem dei sanctorumque Petri ac Pauli, apostolorwrn princ» piis. et .il.O&U'8.I1'1! SLL.p~r W habens d].ffus.am, a uisibilibus N inuisibillbus hcstious, qui saluu humane insidiari lilt i.mpediJre non cessarn, J>i\\IU.U8 semper at securusexlstas, optatarnque de inimicls uictorlam facillul!> pn-;si . habc~, Narn quanto ipse ttl dee humillter .... lJb~~re SILnC" risque ipsius obedireprecepds studueris atque ipsius saccrdotibus et rrDl ri.istris benoram debHum pro amorc dO(laiu~ exhibucrls, UH1.to SUo 'per emnes lnirnicos tuos et rebelles aduersartos eris procul dublo :l!icwr ct patens" Et ideo rnonemusindustriam luam, UL in omnibus luis fildUbus dominum semper pre oculis habeas, 'limen:> et toto dlligas corde, quoniam dicente psalmlsta: »Beatus est uir, qui timet domlnum, llfll mandatls elus (;UpUL n\m~.Ii, pole·n.s In teI'~l crit semen uiUS". eL i]:'&e in euangelio: nQui me, inquit, dfligit sermonem meum stll,hal,.lH m ,el paler meus dmgii cum c~ ad C!.Hn uenlemus ct. mansionem apud cum faelemus.« Quod OUID ita sit, si tuis bo:nis operibus in preseritiIucentibus deurn glurificaueris, gloria eris sempiterna in iuturn sine dubio decoratns. quonlam ipse per Moysel'l hoe 5C fn{;cl"e 't¢,sl,atu.s ('!)I dicens: »Glorificantea me glorlftcabo,« Sicu~ autern nostra fH"CsulalnJ P<::I:' ial:n faturn prosbirerum I'llUggesisli, quatcnus nostm tibi ore ,apostolico benedi,oenanlU:s pro. 'me sall_'llis auftYrlento. iii ipsu"ffi libel'll If' I'ecimus. Nfi.fil in due nsccusionis dorni.n.i in'ter sacra mi:ssl'in!'!lI soUempnia super sacmma,lLSi"C °b~;;jti, Petd apo5loH cdcb· ran.ws ele'ba~]s (!) SUi:'tuIll manfbus bel'lcdi.xi.lnus. tibi e·t omni POIDuiQ jiJiO Ol::nnitllte ter!'e loci' 'ul hie cl in clll'l'fl.um ~XWpOI·'(:: sinon] cl flftiil'lUI saluarUS.e:l p:rj[l~ipatus t-~rre!_llJm, quem h.lbes, prospeI'e' .a~ s.ecu!r]ter n-:::· 'l'{! p!;J:S~IS, c'l m cdesll I"Cgwflc pos!. Inllncm com deo IchcHel'" gr.UJ· deas ell in perpetuum .. -egnes. :Et quia htmc Ips.Ul11 Iohanue'nl presbikenltl'lr libi et nobi.s ll(:l'ml'l fidelem il"'l omnibus es.se cognoscimus, de' difQ;'Iu.o:; j]1i nostl.'<iil11 !'!I.j:)oslollcam ,epi!iwhnn det,erendElm regi l)ulgan'orum, .ideo petimlis, ut pm amo:re sarlLcti P'etri ,el nostm cum tua ipse lk~hU~ 1.',&alio1'l'::111 hi\\l1~ nU!HI'am S,i!lC tarditiJ.tc FH!ri'iciilL, yL '10 Pi'll' pile. hoc t'I..l"l dilectiionimultiplkes gn1tias habeamus.

Data. VII die 1'l.lJ~llsis lLmii indictiont: XIL

.50

Citajuci pismo tvoje plemenitost] lkiOje sl narn poslao po Ivanu, asnomu sveecntku. nasernu l.njednitk;m:n uzdanlku, razabrali smo jasnije od svjetla koliku vjeru i iskreno po;i,tov>loflje ~ajis prerna crkvi svetih Rpos'loln PetIT! ] Pavia i prema narna ..

1 blJdu~i diu ponlzne ja ... ]j~A db r;Bctjo'lU pmuncu kao dragl s~n ielis bid II svemu vje:ran [ poslusen svetomu Petru i nama kojl smo umjosto njega po milosti Boijo.L mnogo se zahvaljujerno tvojo] 1"1 . roenilo:s.t] ovum, pismorn nasega apostolstva i ocinskom l.Jubavl!ju kao p.redn'!goga ·sina. pdmOilmQ tebe koji 8(': vracas 11 krilu svete Apostol-· ske StciIke, .fIHlljke tvoje, Iz cijcga. .':ill 'nllljbiS'I'-~i~ga i;-:vorn i l\,llJlj i J-odutelji pili medctekuci napit~k svet:C?ga.:r:a.uka., i grlimo tc I.I .duhu,_:'l !ilpustolskom dcbrulom !chmo krlJ'EPIU, du bt nad robom bil raallvena mil 05l i ~?~fi h lagosl OV ] s:'e~ih Petrai ~Ol v.J;a '~ ,a~os Lo~ :sk.:D.h .prva. ka i FIIa~, da uvijek budd zdrav ] siguran ad v1dlJlvlh I nevldljlvlh ne-

p rij a tclj 2, koj i f01iepJ:'e:iiW~iu, vre ba t~ i pr,ijeci ~~ ]j udsk i. s pas, l eo da bi lakse srckaozefjenu pobjedu nad neprijateljlma,

Nuirne. ako so ti sam budeli nastojao ponb-:no Bogu pokoravau i njegove SVGle 7;'ikUI"H.l' slusati kao i njegovim svcccnlcima i sluzbenicima du.znu ca!iL ... .a ljubav Gospodlnovu iskazivati, onda cd; be ... sumn]e bit i po b] ed ni k igesp OdiEU~ nad ~ vi rn a svo] i m n epri] ill telj i 111<1 i bun 1.0'",.. niln prnuvnielma.

~ stoga oporninjeme tvojlU revnost da U svlrn svojim cljeHlna uvl[ek mhJiA na Bnga. da 1;1"3 se bo,iis i da g,,'1 s v irn srcern Ijubis, joel' psalmist !<;.l1:c: "B!ago C:ovjekl.!l. kojl se boji Gospodina i koji uziva "Ill miredbama njeguvlrn: mocno ce mu biti 11.1 zemlji potomstvn«, a sam recc u evandcfju: )l"ll'ko rnene ijubi ddat ce moju rijec,. i rnoj ce Otac ~jubi.ti. nj.~g~. I~ Injemll t~mo dnci i ked njega se ttfHHanilj.o:

l buduci da bi bilo tako aka svojim dobrlm djcHma k,oja sada svi· jelle BOg<l pl'(~sla"is, bez su~nje}es bid ~l b~~.uc-nosli ovt~n?a.n 'fjCCnom SIi:l.VOn-l, j rOn 5;Jim sV.J,edO(;i pl'eko MQ_lslju. d~ IliIIk'Q clm guvum· ci: »P·rosla.viL CU one koji nwne SklVe<f,

.1 kau :!It,o ~i dallde ocl.lfla1:lo 'Vl'.hovw::l vl.a:Sl.i preku 'Vee !!ptM1JClUlltoga O\ilo't.'Cenik~ (Iv,ana) tI<l<!;io d, .. hir:;mo I'e Z~I, Ivo' 'vecl Sp.IS bl"'gos]()vili na· som apOSl:olskmn rijecju, to smo rado I..I.CiniLi.

Nail'l c. knd smQ Ill:) dan Uzasilicll. Gospotlinova! dMiij l11istllLl Zrh'i..l ria s\o"etomu o](,aru bl.flzenoga Petra iilJiostOla, s uz;ciilgnliltim ru· luun~, hIa.gos.I.Cl'l.iiH s.ma tcbe i SflV l.V'ojl1,wod k.ao] cijclu tvoj~ :I':c:mrlljL1, dtl (lvdje i u VieoeHOSti moies Hjdom i dU80m zdrav sret~o I :'>lglJrl'i'll ..., ]ada:ti' l;em Ij,u m koj u i m.a! i. d.,,, hi !ii~. pOIji]iJe smnl na m:bcsima S1'C1- lio :iii S.ogom veseHo i v;iccno upl'.Q:vlj:JIo.

A budua da smUt is!.! uvjedli da je IOvaj sve6enik Ivan tebl i nama ui5ti.nu o.dan, pr~daili ,$11110 mu n0l!5'e ,apo:SlilJllsko pismo da, gn, unlet bugarskomu k.r::dJii..:I-

S'loga, ~c z.l,molj,av3!Jllo da se gVO poSla,l]!iil"'Q. za ljyh .... v SVtlwgili Pet~,"a i Uti S:u S h'O],' im dop'u~t~tgem, dOV'l'.Si. b~~ otezanje, pa se i pamdi toga rnnegostruko mbvaLJuJ~mo :tn tvoju lJubav.

Dana sedml dan rnjescca ll pnj a" dvanaeste irlclikcij!l.'!.,

PISMODRUGO

Poslano je ,~Teo~'IJziju." Casflom dakonu ] izubmnorn (bi5kupu.) svete Muske: crkve« tstoga dana kad 1 prethodno. Odgavl)r j e na pismo litO.i'" je SVCQ 'nik Ivan dunlD od sarnog Teodoeija (dilectionis tue Iltteris receptis], Papa hvali vjernost dak,ona 'Icudozlja i poziva ga da same nd n 'ega prim] biskupsko posvecenje.

Pismo sc nal.li':i u registru 118 f.1.l1. 7,4, (:]:).192_

SECOND LETIER

1t 'was sent to »Theodosius, the Ver--y Reverend Dean and Elect (bishop) of the Sacred Cl'u.II:'ch ,qfN!I1'c 0.11 ~h~ same tlaya,!i; rhe IH\~vio· us letter. ] t Is theanswer to the letter which John, the clergyman. brought h'om Thecdosius himself' (dllectionls tue Itueris receptis). The Pope is r:r:tisillg the ~tlyalty of the 'Dean Th'''udosili.15. invitIng him to accept the ordination te bishopric only fl"'OI!.1 him.

nil' l'Ii:ULJ'" is in the Reg.iMcl.· UI1 Iol, 74, '1'. 192.

ZWEITERBRIEF

Der Brief ist an -Theodosius, dem ehrwtirdigen Dii!l.kon urtd erwahhen (Bischof) del' helligen Kirehe VOl'll Nin", l3ldr-esiert, und zwar denselben T a g, W']C: del' vod~e Brtef, Er ist AntwQ.rl all den Brief den der Priester I van persdujich von Theodcsius _gebracht hal (di1ectlotlnil' rue litteris rc ieptis), Dar Papst pn.:ist die Treue des Diaknns fheodosius und fordert ihn auf. nur von ihm die E1ITweihung zurn Bischo! zu ernplangen.

Der Brief bcfindet slch im Reg.isltrr ::JIllIf fal. 74, ep, .~ 92.

53

55

879,7. I.ipJlja

Theodusio, uenerablli diacunnet dilecto sancte ecclcsle Nonensls.

Dllccriorus tue liuerts receptis Rique perlectis deuotionis et fidei tue sinceri tatcm, quam circa ecclesiarn beat] Petri apostoli et circa nostrum pOl?tHidtl~ lt~.b~Sj;~[LOe daFiu~~,gnoulmus. EI quia noatram gratiam et bencdictionem humlli pronus affectu expetere studuisti, ualde SUIDUS gauisi, ~am et ,[0- hannes, uenerabilis presbiter, de uestra parte u:emens .multa ncbis tue bonimtls I;: t pall ·t1U~ 'Ul11HI uoce precorua retulit , qu~ in sacerdote Christi rnagnopere sunthabc.l'lI~d.a.. Uncl,e, te, quasi dilectum corporis Chrtsti membrum ~L spiritalem fIfmm. nost'ri apostol .. tus ulnis extcnsia amplecrimtn patet~Qqu- t.l.11:'lOrc diligimus atque apostolica semper uollln~us bem~r:wlta.te. f.ouere. Ideo moncmus sagacuatem tuarn, ne m quamlibet partcm aliam declines 131 coni ra sacra uenerabi I DUrn patrum i nsti IIcUt.;], eplscopatus grariarn reeipere q~era~ 3J:A<!iem. illam desiderabilent sumrnl iudlces m WJiCeH~ C'hCt'!l1th!=>:):!E'uge, S,~t'L_U~ bone el [Ldelis cuia super pauca fuisti fidclis, supra multa ~. e ccnstitu-

r '';1 ,. , S d d

am; intra in gaudium domini lUL« e toto c.ru'·e totaque UO~

luntat ' ad gremium sedis apostoltce, I,m~c a~Uc~cs~{)res 'lUI diuine legis dogmata melliflua cum saCI'e mstnunorus forma s'l.uTImlque sacerdoul honorem sumpserunr, _relleas, quatenus et ipse ab apostolica seder que capu; ct ,nJiag~Slnl est omnium ecclcsiarum dei, episcopalern consecrauonem per nostrc manus lm POS,ilH1CI'l1 m Chr: sto annuente perclpias: quatcnus suct . rndurn pristinurn morem snncti Petri ct nOS1-!-a,:sc,mpcf" au.ci"orltate atque tuitione munitus pOF:uluIT.1 domini tl,bl _eo~nu~,sum ~h·,t:!uu~ ac SCi;!;wH'~I' rl,;lg"~ I;.!l In conspcctu ah16.\iI,U'1I ueruellis neniascum exultationc porrans manipulos tuo.::i ~JGCT~q~C domino possls ouanter: »Eceo eso et puert, quos mthi dcdisti.« El ob hoc cum cleo ualcas sine fine gaudere.

Data VII dje mcnsis Iunii, indictione XII,

.879.1 7. Iipnja.

TEODOZUU. CASNQMU DA~ONU I IZABRANOMU (BISKUPU) SVETE NINSKB CRKVE

Posto smo prlmili i p.rolitaJi pismo tvoje ljubavi, spozna]] smo ,ia~Hlije ad svjetla iskrennst OdEU10St] I tvoje vjere koju gajH prema crkvi svetoga Petra. apostola i prcma p~-::vusv,e6enic~ ~oj duz.bi - A j~r ~i i.".Ias~ r~a.k.k)rDos~ .i blagosiov nasrojao zadebil~ upravo poruzrum OSJCGClJcm, veorna SI1"lrJo se obradovali.

Nairne i Ivan), casni svecenilc, koji [e dosao iz vasih krajeva ~s~ril:;ao narn )c. 1UJl~~O .u~men~ 00 tvojo] dobruti i strpJjjV()~tj kO,le trebe osobitc cijernu ·U Kristova sveecruka,

Zato te grlirno, liar! ckagu cest Krislova tijela j dllh:oVTIuga sina, raskenim rukama nasega apostolstva i ljubimo ,acins~om ljub'avlju a aposloh .. kom dobrotum ~djmo uvijek .k...rijCpltt,

. .sa?ga pO.l1;ccmo, tvoje o's~rournUe da se neprfkiorus kojoj dr-ugfJJ stranl '1 protivnn svetun uredhema easnih O'~aca ne trazis. dobiti h1ilost hiskupstva, ::ilusa.jucl onaj pozeljni gla.s Vi. snj{;!ga !!iIJC~ koji ka*: ':»Raduj se, dobr] i vjerni sJugo, jer si bio vjeran nad malirn, nad mnogim ClI L podic]; udi u radost Gospodara svoga!«.

Ali l:'iv~m srCC'I'I..1 i svojom tcljom (ZelilllO) da se vratis u krllo Ap·Q$toIske Stollce, nd kO,ie SIiJ tvoji predsasnici PI'~tIJiJj medotekn6ipoutak bozanskoga zaknna U obllku sVe-tQga, nauka i c~t ~l'h.ovrw~a, !:i.yec~I1IJ!l.va, do. i sam od Apostolske Stolice. ko]a Je gJ.av,a I uCHeiji;'~~L s:vih BoiHh cr:k.rlV",l 1')['imHi: blskupsko pos,v,eoenje polaganjem nase ruke lIZ Kristovo dopustenje, da prerna ~tal·ome (jlbIcaj!.! 8vt:loga Petra i uvjjek ~ticen nasorn vlascu i zastitom okretrro i sigurno upravljas narodorn GOSa pod_nji;m tebi povjcrenim, i da pred lice Svevi:Snjega dodes poskak:ujuCi 00. radosrl 'noscci svojc rukoverl i. da mQie!i, vesclo Gospodi.nu reel: »Evo mene i d'jecaka kojc si rni dao«, i d a se zbug £,Ivoga maid s Bogom bez kraja veseliti,

Dano sedmi dan rnjeseca Ilpnja, clv~ll1ae:s,[e Indikacije,

Papa 3[VM v:nr. obraea se 7, Iipnja ·a,79_ gotiinc ~Sv:i.,.'1 ~O;l.an.im sve- 6eirrk:uma i !\;;'I,'e1IlU narodu« p-orl;iv;)juci ih da ustrnju u vjeruosti Rimsko] crkvl nakon povratka u njeno krilo,

Pi srno 8() nalaz! u registru n III f 0.1. 80 - 80\1 I ~p" 2107,

THIRD LE.TTER

On June 7,879 Pope John VIII addresses himself to "AU the reveI;c.l~:td d(;)J.'gyme~)I.nd pc~_ple~ in.~ti.ng them 1,0 p~rshn i~ their loyalty to the Roman 'Church after h~lVll1g returned 1.0 ItS aegis.

The letter is in the Register on 1=01. 80~80 'if; ep. 207,

DrU:ter Bri:ef

DerP'apst Jchannes VIII. wendel sich am 7. Juni 879 I.allen ell. n.l,.tiJrdigell Pdes.l~e: n 'lind dum gan~en Volke« iindem er sle aufruft, \,vei1:er in der Treue zur R.omi£,c;hel1 Kirehe zu \'~I·hall'1.1en, n~chclcm slc zu Ihr :!urikkkebrt,erL.

lJt.:l~ Bnd' befilldc:t sieh im Register [lui" Iol. 80-80 v, ep, 2D7.

S9

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,iiI,

879,7. Iipnja

Cum Htteras principis uestris (I') Brartl rnir , quas nobis pCI' lehaanem, uenerabilem presbiterum, ipse direxit, legerernus, non solum illius deuotionem, sed euam Cidel ucxtre stneeritatern et dilcction In, quam circa S<JIIflCtU!1'l Petrurn, apostolorum principem, et circa nos habetls, cognouimus. Et quia uelut karlssirni Illll ad sanctam Roman.am occl siam, unde parcrues uestros rnelliflua sancte predicaticnis dogmata suscepissa agnoscitls, LoW animo totaque uoluntate redire cupiatls, ]10Stram aposteljcarn gratiam ct bencellcrioucrn habcremagncpcrc destderantes, magna sumus repleti letitia. Et ideo brachils exlensis lI0S amplectlmur paternoque arnore recipirnus en 3.110Sl'llica UOhJI1UUi semper uenignitate fntwre. sl uus hanc U~)~ luntatern et sponslonem uestrarn usque ad flnem slnceriter habU~l"iUs, et Iideljter- tcnueritls. Ouia dicente domino: »Oul perseuernuerit usque ill finem, hie saluus erit« ,et apostolu Paulo, id ipsum d.ic~nbc: »Participes enirn Christi. facti estis, si tarnen jl!\iHlJrn~.n.dci US(ILh! ad H!l"'m Iirruum retineatis,« Ouaproptcr estore fidelcs cleo et sancto Petro, sicut mandastis, usque ad :m('):J;'~em et accipietis coronam uite, quamrepromisit deus diligen l1bus se, NOli enim sacrls Ol',aHonibU!-l nustos rnerns rlam uestri coram domino assiduc faciem.es manibus sursurn Old doI'll ini um eleua tis om l1l!PO ten ti deo UDS una cum dilecto fil it.') nnstro, principc uestro, commcndarnus, et omni benodictionc spirltali uobls benedicimus in Christo Iesu, domino nostro, ut hi . ct [n eternurn corpore sirnul ct anima benedict] existatis te (0 in perpetuum cum domino gaudeatis,

Data VU die mensis Iunii, indictione duodecima.

879, 7, lipnja

SVIMA tASNJM SVECENICIMA J SVEMU NARODU!

Kad SInO cil<llii pismo vascga klrW:lU Branirnira, koje narn jc po.dao po Ivanu, cas-noma sveceniku, razabrali srno The. samo njegovu odanost 11.egJ~ takoder i lskrenost j liubavvase vjere koju tskazujcte prema sveturnu Petru, apustolskorne prvaku i prema nama.

1 jon' 8C ).clH,(,; vratiti sveto] Rlmsko] crkvi, kao predragl sl- 1'1O!(ri, svom dusorn i svom gnrljivoscu, odakle znatc d a s u vas.i roditelji primili medotekuci nau k svetoga propovijedanja i jer nasu apostolsku milos] j blagoslov sllno :lclitc imati, lspunjeru smo velikorn radoscu,

] stoga vas grlimo rasirenim rukama, a ocinskom ljubavl]u P0!:"H'loVi'W primamo i epostolskorn dubrcnruu U ijek h~1im.o kri[epiti, ako vi budcte "OVUJ 1.clju. j vO;l,~e obccanjc take iskrcno drzali i vjcrno cuvall, Jet Gospodin kaze: »Tko bude us.tr,ajao five do kra]a, bill l:C spasen«, a apostol Pa vao kazc D\'(! istu: -Naime, postali ste dionici Kri SlOV3 djela, ako Inace pacem].:. "jere odriite cvn;to do kraja.«

Z: to budjtc vjernt Bugu i svet ornu PdF.U, kao ~h) ste j viIi, sve do snrrti i prirnit cete vijenac -i.jVOLil koji je Bog obccao oni-

1- " 'I'.~

rna IlOJl ga. ,j ue e.

Ml pak vas neprestano spornlnjcrn« prell GO.':lpmiinom u nasirn svctirn rnolitvama iliireci rukc gore Gospodlnu svemcgueemu Bogu, prepcrucamci blagoslivljamo vas, zajedno !:; nafhn dragirn SiWH11, !,I'"t~im kuczonlL, I S\f •. llin.1 duhovnim blaguslovom u Kristu ISlIJs'IJ Gospodinu nascmu, da ovdje i LL vJecnos·ti tijelorn i dUSOI.n budete za] edno hlagoslovljeni j da se zauvij e k vesellte s G(}SP![) d i 11 om .

n.~ltDU sedmi dan rnjeseca lipnja, dvauaesteindikcije.

.PISMO ,tETVRTU

Tn dana peslije, nakon naprijed upucenih ptsama. lj" 1.0, lipnjil 879,p.:!1tPOii sa tlbruCa i »Prepestovenim daJrnat]rlsk.iim biskupima Vita:[uzadiilll',Skortl, Dombliku. 08Qi"S~om j l;,ulta,lim dalmatlnsklsn btskupirna bo i Ivanu nadpopu svete salonitanske stolice, svirn svecentelma i. ,:;;tarjcl',iilfllln'UIi naroda. stanovniclma Spllra i Zadm i oClsta.l.ih gradeva.«, ] pozivll ill da se vrate Rimsko] 'crkvi kao i, da nadbtskupa koj.e,gill on] i .. .a.benl.l rHo!i:e same on tj. papa ptlS;l,r,eHli.

Pismo se nalaalu .r~gi~b;LI na Iol. 751;" -70\1, ell'. 197_

FOllR'l'H u~:rr-EK

Three days Iater.ufter the above letters had been sen. I , i.e, on June' 101 879, the Pope was adth',e'ss:ing h'iI:llS,t!U also to the r>Mo.st reverend bishops ofOlahnana: Vita] of Zadarr Dominic of OSQr, and to th~ 'Od1C:r bis,bop~ in DlIllmalia <111d to John, .the senior clergyman of fb~ sacred Salcnitanlan S~, to ;,lIH the p:ri.~sts and to all the elders I the people, Ito the inhabitants of Split: and Zadnr and to aU other cities« iovhing them tOo return to the Roman Chureh, and th~il tully he" the Pope, could dedicate the elect archbishop,

The .Ietter i~ in the Rcgisler on fat 75 v-76 \I, ep. 197,

\IlER'rER UR[EF

Brei Tage spat,er,. nach den vorher abgcsandten Bi·idcn.-d.h. am ~O. jllllli 879, wendel slch am.' Papsl den »hochgoeh.r·tc:i1 dalmathdschen ]9isichofen Vital. "{on Zadar. Dgminik "(IT! Osor und den anderen dalnla;lin:i§:ch~.1.'1 B,iseha,fen, sowie auch an Johann, Oberpriester des heiligen Threns von Salona, allen Priestern Ll.nd de!'! VOfstehctLD des 'Volkes, den Binwohner von .split und Zadar und der iibrigen Stad[~Ol, una ruh !lie auf, de r Ro.l'i1iscl1e:n Ki:r'cne :1;urilckzulu;!'h:ren, sewie des::> den Brzbischof', den sie wahlen nut" er, d,h. der :Paps'!:, lOl:inwcihren kann.

[)er B,rief befindet slchirn Register auf fot 75 v -16 v, ep, 19'7-

68

ll~1''''' .'~'P1.r ~ , 1t.ililif"i' ;"'1'1 ' .]\mpf".M,,"'RCl'!epo,IIJ\fM""MI~I~:t.l' l"'~!\.~AFI(Jool:eji' !fill""'" ifl'-iiSv f"~"

69

87'9" Ul_ lipnja,

n;.iJ1J.el1,!:11UHi'limi~ ",I SlJIjl.I.:Li!lsimi!l cri.~ct:lph, VlLi:llJ hH;h'UriSl. i)c;anhl,ic.n Abs;;l.l'en:si ceterique (I» epi!>.cc.rpis Dalmathus scu IQh~rHbi allchip're~bi" lew sancte !>cdb: Sl'Iitulilnlll.!. u,n1TlablJ~qu\'! ~Hlccrdolilnu; et senlorlbus populi, :li:m.bitato:ribus S'pal'LLell~i!i C'iuh~rj!i atquc Zfidarcn.\li~ ceterurumaue eluljalum.

Pastorall s.CJ~lidlh.ldll1e lHoii iJO~, qunsl OVf!'!;, domlnicas nobis ill heato Perro apostnlcrum principc commissn», dlceme domino: ",Bi di.Hgis. rne, Simon P.~lrc', .p-flR,oe eucs mefis~, li,·cl!l pn_] a~~,idl;!il gentium persecutiono num; usque lrnpcdlt i hie modo apo"'fo:l::rl~ls nostrl liu.crii!i uisil are eurauimus ammonentcs fr<ll.crllil~L[em uestramr ut I'IH)t'C prceossorurn uestrorum ad sed 'm heati P u'j 3pO!'.101.i. <tid! Cil:ptH d rrmgisll·.a est omnium ~C .. clesiarum dei, et ad !10,s. qui e;i diuinltus presidcrnus, tow animo libent]ct~~.~ uohJ}'11 u~,c Ii'.' LJfc~1 H ~I UdL'rJ.! i~.' I.;l t!<lll.:rm III 1 nd e s LI m ~I f Iw raJ' rem SII r.,.; rdotn ~l tonus instttunorns ecclesiastice Iormam surnatts, unde psrentes ac p1'\CL"C:>SO~'tW;I I..I~~I I"Ul!! m(lWI'lu~! S~WCI.~ rm.."dkntinni:s. l:l Jndril1i!.l {l'IJo:stulk~ pot!\l!'.se flllent-a recolitis, Rcminisci narnque debetls quanta ecsdern prec~"sm·c.<; ucstros pro~p~:n\ evldentissime eornl lOlh.mltll", quando ad limifltL Petri, celestis regni clauigeri, deuoro pectore quasi pml1l1i filii ccnfluebant: ~I tJWWh:1 postruodum J1UIl~~ usque susUnueril.is aduersa, cum abea lJ{)!i. quasi alienos separarc non dubitastia. Ouapropter uosplurimum dsllgentes m':lfl ~t.:~ara. sed nos qucrentes paterna henlgnltatc monemus atQue hurllunur, ul, SLCHt dbdnai:'!. ad rrernium sancto Rornnne eeclcsie matris uestre, I'cdin: ouamer adtendatis, 1I1 elecrus a uobis canonlee ar·hi 'flisr:Ol~Ul'l '111~.iI cum UC.Illl'O nllllli~!!11.'CHi:i{,Il~U d uolumate tid !!OS II 'IIi· eris gratiam eplscopalls consecraiionis sunclumque pallium a nobis more 1~;rif!lhnQ ]ll!;~~m~lmlt(,'r Pcrcillijnl, III r~rali{lml.H b(!!lcJictioblcm sancl j Petri ac nOGITam habcrnes a malls omnibus llberi et bonis lU'ltucrsis repjeti et hie in Pi'C!OCllli !!L'CU~D ~::luJc~tLb:. ~l in fut.LJl'tl eurn elumlnu sine nile rm.1L~11 dubio e-xulte:Us, Porro sl allquid de parte Graeoresm uel Sclauorurn super U.Li-81 r'l u.d n(l' rcuerslonc Q..u .. "l eunsecratione <l1lJ L de pullll pereeptlon , ~hlbltntis, seitote pro certo, quoniam nns secundu n1 sanctorum jJi:l~lI'llm dl..'cc· !iOn;lrTH1Uto nuslrOrl!.Im pnnlil'klJm sla[U!a LWS adhmm:e mll.~l.oriJ[~lc c~m,lbj-· mus. Quud ~i fqrt·j1l h<lIloC tl{.l$iU'ai;11 apn.~tollcWl'lnl ammotiitilwl!;,ITI,LmmO ('.1,' non.icam pn.'L:eplioncm pro nield.lo du.cent~s ad sedeno ap,u$Lu.l.icmn Rom<in~ I~i['clcsh: mdire f'1 'inrle l!iccundl,1 II 1 ~mLiqllfHTI nnnllflm cOrll:!lccr:uiu· i.IcU.IT] episcopalcn1 s.acnlmqlJ(:~ p<1l1hml r..::cipt:ie '~XUllempsel'ilis. omni ecc,l.e·s.i.t~li.q;a lios COnllHUilliol~,i.'· s:~il(}lc [lo nil m: l!x,t'()mmLLfliCiltIJtl,li. hU ·til~l i<:lmel1 allctm;ta.le dei. eL :;f.mc:l.i .Petri 110bis precipi.n111S, IlIl non ba.beati!;. ~Ll'(lIMjam i;l~h.md-lil ct:.m:>!"!I.·~"all,uIP,I;l~1i'l plll1h,1!mIL~c J"cdpl:l"t~: m:HII si fut.:~l'ililo. qm~.si tr<lnsgnll!;~ore .. ~ et inohedicRtcs UO~ sine dubio ludkabimliS. Mane • ULl:;ffi liuj~lI<i ~PQ~WlaIU,'i cpj~lulill.m fnHcriollali m~slln~ per hUll!..: preSI,:I1" tern Ioh~i..nnelH. u.encrabi.lenn pmsl;riti.>mm. fid'e!cln :F .. mHi<lrem rH ,:,;tJ1.U11, d'rcxlmUll.~.t:uj s,dlil'(~t aliqua illiumdlllus L;lobis UC!'I,)ul,el"1l1S l'Cfe]'(~ncl.a, C'~ ideQ iIIi om nil'll' que de ll<l.l1'te rW8Lrr, di1(c:ri l LlobLS. ~rl!dcre ml]l<:llel1l11S JLiIb.hetis;il'lSa[n~I'LieCpisLolam, ul.~d oml1i.fl..UU ueslrlJ.:rn noWitlln feratu!',; bul·~;;I Q1(lstn:l il..l~!'iinHi:!i: in c-alfc sigti1<Lri.

Oata X die mensks hmii. indkrione XII.

70

8']9" 1.0. l.ipnJa

PR.ECASN1M I PRESVET]M HlSKUPIMA~ VI'ULUZIDAlRSKOME, nOMINUCll O.sORSKOME I nSfI\UMl1aJSKUPIMA DII.LMA'n NSKIM TE WAND NAIIWOPU SVE,'J B~ SI!\tON.I·['A,N'SKE S'fOLICf:, ~ SV1Mtl SVECENIC]MA I NARODN1M :STI'I.RJBSINAMA, STANOVNICJMIi. SPUTA] ZA.DRA I OSTALlH CRADOVA!

Iako smo do sada bill sprijeceni zbog neprestanog progona naroda, p<lIl~~nu'li $llltJ ~C., PIJ~~l~I.lUI i liiIM~u'!'l,kum l:Id~mll, clIlVU,M k!_g nvc.: Gu.!>podllj"": po'II'jerenc nama 11 JlIrV3.k:U aposrola Petru, jer Gospodi'fl ka?e: :.Ako me ~jlJbl.$, SimuIll' rC:l!n!. :posj o\o·t:e lfI_~jji::~, U[Jn~V~b puhndimo plsmfJm lla§lL.:gtL npustol .. 51.:\';3, o!JominjuCi yase bratimstvo da se po obicaju \,-~~jh prc>LB.asllika. nastejiI.I!!· svom dusolll i drflgm'oljm,> vrai lli SwHci svetoga P nru apostola, koja .j(!> gla.V1i! i u'L~cl.iic.:a svih .Buij,ihcrbv"a, i k nama, koji joj pn .BOl.joj yolji nrcd:!lj,o;!damoJ tla biste edatlc prirni li ~:a.!>:L pl1.f!if\$! H\leCCl'li~li]/a i ~i.l~w C"k\'i:llg nuuk, odaMe su, sjecate se, yas] roditelji i P'll~d3<1$nki l'lilP fHClcluiGKUCe struje svcte giil rnrOI:~(lvijcd£L.flja j !1}io:-aOI.:skOg_.1; HfLUkfL. Nalmc, trebate se pd!ilJt:'liil k.uli~ je sreca prali 10l te V<lsaE' rmedsast.1nl!;c k,lldalil1 SI,; vjcma ?l"l7a sk:,urlf .. l~ na pragovima Petra, Idjucl.Ir:.. II...:beskoga. kl'alJC','sl'l.'a. kao PHilV] Sj .. I~('V.I" I kolJko :.LE! pt.!tom svc do sada podnusili nevulja kad ste lie m:lllucili nd nje odvojiti lC10PIJI :oj tranaca,

Zata ijl~1ikl·~i Vll~'l \l(m:m:~ m~ ",bng VEts!:, II1{,go 1100~MfJj!;.~i uku ".'~~, ;.:btl.&l: oeil[l· ske dobrote. opomifljemo "'~s i poUrernu da se potrudire, kao stu smcrekli. sn:llm vl';lIili u krilu !i\i'!,;~~ RitI1S.lu; ~!"h'\!""'iI~c TIl jke, de THldbisltuJ1. k~mm 4ki i s pristankorn i s voljom svlh vas izabran, dode k nama, po starorne obi(1iju, Ild !!IH, pl'imili milo!it lJiskup!-!lo:.ogn I)Q$\'lICCIl,jCl ~ sverl pali,i. da :;;hl', imajll'CI milost i blagoslov .. wc~og a Perra l li!a~, slobcdniod svih zala i :'WJm;ll ~~?b.-lll1ItL i~I::i~Lll:iel:li i: sedn 1>t' m'(I.j~ !,/t:~clil.~. k~l!-l I uhuduec 111,;'1': Im..!.j:l'I s GtJ'~J'io. (linom bez surnnjc :5C radllj~c,

Z.1l1 lm, uko J,.t)jUc {.I:.t)c nL:y.lc),I>UI}1~j~ .. ' l ~'d _'i~~.I.I1O: q!·ki.4 i~i ~1.flVL.:U~ .lobo!,!: ",.<:!se~a povratka k nama III posl;'ecenJ:l 1:1 L 'pnm3n"la r;;aliJa; ~ll;)l.11 c :r.aSlgll1'nO da eemo nai:>i.oj2l.ti da vam pUlI1ogn":lI]() ugJeJoIll prcmu zukonima sverlh ora .. eEl :i vrhovnih ~ve6e!1ikfu. '1~I;11i pn:linJtlnika,

.M~o bish.: p~k ta-IOr..i:dll tWU ndu apOS1:o1sku tlipOl:nenu i.kanonsku n;!U"edb1.!l If'Io~iCjr.:nju,iL.:l.t-i rn:·t;f'cH ·t!iiI. ~c :n!t.i~c, A]~.n~l~t~k!1j .S •. oUd R~m8~1,;(' .. c:rk'll_Cl 'i r~~ odonud, FlJlema gtarome pI"Op'~I~, rwmllIc bLSlw'psiQ posvnx:nJc i S"(~!I pilhJ. zr;Jajh? cla ~ct • hi1i l:.o:opl'!..'lIi i:l, ~iW:tk.O[!:l Ct'kVefi1ug~l 1:UjCdili~'\'il.

Sl:og_::J. pak .Bozjom ovlas~u i l;vetoga P'etm mlrcdl..1jemo "'~m tla. oClm.nc dozvnJu timgdj,..:' prim~fj p.u~vcc~nj!..::.I. p(1~.ij:j'~l' uk.11 L.U uCinilc wlUdH ~mu \1115 be.z okJije\rf.lflja kau prijestLlpniice i krivce.

0\10, pak., p.i.smo r1RSCg':'l apo.sn.oJ.~[va pm.hli smn Vil.~~mU bm.llm.~I\lu PQ o,,'dje ~HIW~I1Ume l'l'.~ml, cminom'~ sv~ceniku,Ll .. j;eml.l ·vjemomll. pn,i<l{ci]U! k.Oj.IilIDU SIlU) n~rcdili ~w !lam tl'el~a kaz tluu rijeN do rijOCi; stoga ncmojle litolebali dill mu vjenljett! :nre' !ilr.i vam hudc 1'·r;;k.uJ !; nase l>trane,

·Nal-ediIU. grno (141 se _~aJ1KJ' pismo na dnu :t;:;,.pceati. nasom bulom, dla sc doI(H.:S~im :r.r~~l1j(l ~.vill va~,

Uano desl2ti dan mijeosec:l lipn;ja, d\ian81€'.si!:f!' lnd:UkciJe.

7J

PlSMO P6TO

Pap'lpi~epOIIlOVI10 jJ'VI'~O odlicnom ffi\J2:1-1 Bronimi.I'I.l, s,l~vnom .kra ;zu l dragom mllsem sinu J svlm p6bo1.nim svecenicima i C.a.8flim sucirna i sveIHU narodn« j.l'1.1,jcitcuji:id Ih da j'e sa z~do"tl~J:!ir[Vo:m ~1I0 0 :['1,~iho'V'OJ Vjllll"!'lOS' lii re Ih mull cia mu posalju poslanike koji ce u ime naroda obecati viernoslllh'llSkj),j cTkvi,

Pismo nije poblizc iliIlimt1Q. an se, dr'.Gi. daj,e upliI,c.eno aka 800. godine, i:alm lma j neklh p(lkl!~f.ji.1 u hislOl'iograi'iji da SU pobU:i.e m}lcedi njcguva da t'areij a.

Ptsmo Je odgovor na usrneno 17.vjesCe kojc je 11 Rim. donie hiskup Teodo;r;jj~ sto 1i~ .tat.aw~~je il'. J'i,jcci "~ud.~I:n rilw 'fheQdml'llIJIm~,

Pismo se nalazi u I"egi~tru na rot 1]6- U6v, ep, 297,

FlfTll LE'ITER

The Pope is \I v ritlng again to the »Very Distinguished M.qli .llranimir, the ]tI~HHrioUili Pr1,ll~~ and Qtlr Dear Stm and 'La ~H the R~vcl~l1llC:lef'gy men and Honoarable Judges and LO all Peeples informing them that he w.a~, SI)l!isneu hUIo"ung' 111J!H'd a1:ln'IU ihei.I·I.ll~rblltY' .. nd ask~n~ them to send legates who \IIIiH promise loyal~ to the' Roman Church in thair mime.

The leucr \\fA:;; nut dated but it .is supposed to have been wr.iuen about aBO, Lho'U,gh there {H"\; a'llemlpt6 in iltstoriogntphy lo date it more exact1),.

"h!ll It'Ll!;!l? is ~b(: lLt"IS\ .. 'e~l; ttl the (ll"l;d M'epol'l h,l'Oug.lH ~u RtlITlC by Bistrop TheQdosius. which is, understood from the words »audita pel- 'Theedosiurn«.

The Ieuer ili in the Rl:gi~j, ron fol, H6-116v" ep, 297.

Wic.d ~I· sch r elbt del' Pans. dem .. sehr vur7,ilglichen Mann 13 mnimi r, dern be:riil:unl..e'n flltster1 und W'IScr'em Ileben Soh]] IJIl1" aUC11i [rcmmen Pd;eSIIi:i"n und ehrx v Urdig'l1 Richten ILJI'Hl dam. gtLflZcl1 Volko:il1dcm er .i,I!n~r1I rniuellt, dass er mit 'Getll~,gtuLl.ng vonIhrer Treue erfahren hat und s.le bht!1l'I, ~hm .A.b~e!wndle :/.'I,:! Ncnden, die Irn Names d(is Vull .. cs Treuc d,O'!" I.\Omiscnen Kirchc versprechen werden. Der Brief ist nicht nailer datiert, nilill f1i1tUJrH t.hm~ alit, ('i.a!>!1 er b~-m .clfl~ Ji!)hr £100 1Jbge!:iendJe~ :tsL obwohl ~n dele Hil;tori0l1;ral!hie Versuche beSlchen,seill~C Datlenmg naiflcr ZU bestirnmen, D~r Bill 'r lsi /1.11'l\V{)fIL au den mjjndJi()'h~n Berleht, dell der Bischof 1'hoodnS1Us &,cbrachl hat.was man aua den WQrten ~aydltnDer Theodmri· urn .. vernehmen kann.

1)(;" tki'L~f nefiIN.Je'l slch .rmR~g~$tel· auf (-o~. 116-116 "" cp. 197,

74

15

.ok" 880.

ExtI.lIJ(!tllis!ilirnn ulro Hranjmero, glorio.s;o cornrn et diJOC1.0 fiJio ~os;t~, arque omnibus I·QUgio.s~s sacerdotlbus el honor' .. hLlibus, 1,ILu:llilC'lbu~ Cl.lnCl.Oque popwl'o;pa:x et gratia a domino Jesu Chr,isto,

Audita per Theodcsium, uenerabilern cpiscepum uestrum, fidq_; i.'l dtJllOlricnc, quam cirlCa, s,~am beati Petri apostoli, et nr)Slri pontihcii U?S habere cogno~clm~s, unmcn SBS. dco SJ'l.Il i a!l retell," I1lC::irml.gn 0 gil U. 01.0 SUIDlU. ~ph:lU. qur uOS nunc ad tantam gratiarn perducere et in. r=. OU?S ~tJ~s coanumerare di,gl~a:h!s. L:!'l'H, g~~~u'l~I'~lm quod durninns Jp8lPI'JI1CIPl apostclorum cenmusu dicens: ~Sl dthg:is me, Simon Petre, P;;!sce oues iTU!!l$!I'. Uncle uctdram fIdelitHterIl d chrlstianisslrnarn deuorionem his nostris apostolicts linens amrnnnemus et cxhortum.~I', kit, Si':IH dilCimdl'lsp[rn!l1:.ion~ agere ceplsrls, uilque ad fiuem peJrncere el obseruarc lion preterrmttatis: q Lw,l.crun, sub ;:~ ro ut r~gill1,il1(! uLquc defensione bean Petri apostoli ei nostra toto ccnamine uns subdere atque ill aius !\cruWo ju,,:rscuen1:rc. quasi diloctl nm procLi:~

t' < 1" . dati •

l';aS J~,.ap~r~llS me osten at.ls~ atque inplearls. tI,l ~mnirlUs ill CI)£lllgl.:'·

ho d!1:11: .. ,SIt: lueea; (I) !l--\,~!'"a l1t!stm coram hominlbus, ut uideant bo!'l<l opera uestra et glonficent pat rem UC$I rum. qul in ~djs ~~I.({ El ut Ibl hoc Pll,r orborn h~r.ra.rJ,;lm. uestre sponstonis differaerur, u[ auxrliante dOIDU:1O et senctorum ~pos,tok-n-ml1 I!i,uffn~ga ntibus mcrtus ca, que sahrt] er udli.ln:ti omnium uestrum proficua suint, possimus ad hono['~ et ex~JtaHon~l'n sancte sedls Hpostolk!; lncunctanter perflcer~,SlclUt nomm .. e uestro scripta nobts mandastis, ita in m'u'{) !.:{'[csH senpta permaneant. OUinprojp,tL:l+ marrdaruus, I!J L .fl:l!uer.tente ad uos fi. tecto (!.) eptscopo uestrn ido.lu~os legatos uestros presentuliter ad m.JZi dirlg.m·C' n.un pretcrmltattls, qui pro parte omnium ucstrum nos et ~~de'R }!;po~l(~Hcl'ilm ~Q:tifi(.;apl~ (J)' de his, tJlIC fll;EI_nga:s~h;1 ul el nus cumlll!srrusswll nostrum dtngamus ad U()8, quibus secundum mo roam ad t:onsu;et1Jl~:hnGIi1 ~cd~siC'11CISll'~ uniuersus por.ulu~ nester Iidclitatern p_roU'llltat. Inlen~ll mouernus, Ill. constan I .~ ,P rmaneat is, quu I1It1nl ~C'rlplUm ,efi~; ~Mdlus c~l iJOlunl non uouere, quam post uoturn premlssa non :I mplero ... Spirl [1.1.11 domini. qui orbem WI"I'C r cpk~uit. t'eplllDit uestrum cor umni pace et gaudio in Christo Jesu domino nost:r(l,

'76

Oko ,880.

VRl .. O ODLICNOMU MutU BRAN I MIRU, SLAVNOMU .KNEZll ~ NASE.MU DRAGOMU SINU J SVfi.o1A VJERNIM SVECENJCIMA r CASN 1M SUCJMA r SVEMU NARGDU .M lR :n. MILOST on GOSPODINA ISUSA KRISTA!

Sas'i:t;nsa'Vsi Tcndor.dj;)l.. \,<1:scgti ~.~sm;)ga bisJ~I.IJlQI sazna]] :SOlO za 'vje.ru i .odanos t kojugaj~le prema Stolici s\'cto,ga Petra apostola i nasoj p.I·\.'o·t-:,\'ccenii!':ktJ'i:du~bi. 'Vt!'O!;I11Q sretnl jer Bogu iskazuj(He ]H~iz. mjernu zahvalnost, a On vas je drl"o dostojnirnuzdici do h:~Ii.k~ mil,m~'Lj, i ubreju] rncdu slJoje evce, .'1 prerna cnome ho [e Gospodin naredlo samcmu apostolskornu prvaku SO\lQn:!~j »AkQ me Jjubii1l, Si. fHlUIW Petre, pasi ovce lUoje ...

• SL?W" ovil~d, flI~~im apostolskim pi~n1o~n upuminjemtl' i.p~!il:emo vasu vjemost 1 krscansku odanost, da je obdr4avate do kraja I UCI.IVllLc lean ,~tu ste je bo2.atnskim lHl.dalulUcem zapoceli provodhi, kad Site Sf vee svtm silama pntrudill podloii.ti pod 'i'J'krilje ~ UP1'f,l:V~1 1 za~WlJl ~'VClU~~L Pctro~ap0.sl.olai;,);msu, ka~ d;:'agi slnovi, oCitije to p,okaiiLe i '!sp:u.nlle, ka~ st:o GQspndll1.u e\,'i!~ldclJu Icaz~.: )'T~~ko ncb SVIJCt.ll!: ~a&a, djeia prod ljuduna da se Vide vasa dobra djela I da slave Oca \lasegill kuH [e na nebesima».

l da se s'irom lemtje OVH 0 vasemu cbccm'ljlJ nl7.gJ,~Ui,i, da uz BU:ljLi pllrnoc ; po :t.as.llllg.mull svetih apostola mozemo na casti, uzdizanje svete ApOlil{liske SluHcc ber. o.ldije"~I'I,i!li, dmJl'~illi ~IIO siu je dobro 1 knrisno za sve vas, kaosto sue javili da je potpisano vailm imenom, take 11 'kOl ostane znpisano u nebosko] knj,izi.

Zato odredujemo da kad se vrati ya.\'i, dt'£I,gi blskup, nc propusthe k nama poslati pouzdene poslanike, koji C~ s vase strana izvijesnti nas i A.po:stalsku 810Iku c onorne ~w sl.~ javill, aa i mi ~ njirn a pcsa],jemu nasega poslanika k verna, da pred nlim, po ohi¢O!Iju i navndi flI:I' 8e C.rkv,c. sav vas nnrod ebeea vjernost,

Operninjemo vas, medutlm, cia ostanete pmnoj'!l!'ii, jer ,ie z'l.pi.Sflno: ~BC1,l_ie je zavjet nc zavjetovau, nego posUje zavjeta obeeano ne Ispunhi«. Dtrh Gospodnjl k!o1il je Ispunlo zernlju ncb ispurrl vase srce p(}tpllni.m mirorn .i radosicu t.I KriSl.u !susu" GQspodinl!J na!ien1'U.

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'9

1. B . .!\,SU:·, Naden je jcdan novi u£om~k kamene trabeacije iz god. ,&88. na kujoj /i.e nali7.i ime kneza Branlmira. Vjc.snii. Biskupijl,.; splitske j makarske 12, r. Split 19'65.

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17

Branlmir's Kroaticn in den Briden dies Papstes .I ohannes Vln. fMaH' 7.dttHl') , •

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Izdavae KNJIZEVNIKRUG Split, Bosanska ul. 4/'

Za izd,av<lea

N EV EN KA llEZIC'..lIBOlA.N rc

Lcktor Vr...ADE LOZIe

Prijevod nil engleskl KARM.nELA VLAHOVJC

Prij evod na njemaCki BRUNO RUZEC

Likovna oprema PETAR .TAKELlC

Naklada: 3000 pri m] era ka

YU ISBN ,86-1397-096-2