Linux. Администрирование и системное программирование PDF

Practical Guide to Linux Commands,
Editors, and Shell Programming
SECOND EDITION
Mark G. Sobell
..
PRENTICE
HALL
Upper Saddle River, NJ Boston Indianapolis San Francisco

New York Toronto Montreal London Munich Paris Madrid
Capetown Sydney Tokyo Singapore Mexico City
2-
.
-
--
2011
32.973.2-018.2
004.451
54
54
.
Linux. . 2- . .:
, 2011. 880 .: .
ISBN 978-5-459-00450-2
, , UNIX/Linux,
Ubuntu, Fedora, openSUSE, Red Hat, Debian, Mandriva, Mint Mac OS X.
Linux: , , Linux, , , .
Linux-,
Linux: vim GNU-
emacs. bash tcsh.
,
Linux Mac OS: bash; Linux- Perl; sed
rsync. Linux,
.
: Linux Mac OS X,
,
, .
32.973.2-018.2
004.451
Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Sadle River, New Jersey 07458.

.
.
, , ,
. , ,

, .
ISBN 978-0131367364 .
ISBN 978-5-459-00450-2
Prentice Hall, Inc. 2010

, 2011
, , 2011

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I. Linux Mac OSX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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13
14
14
16
16
17
18
19
1. Linux Mac OS X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
UNIX GNULinux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Linux? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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21
25
31
37
39
40
I. LINUX OS X
2. ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
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su/sudo: (root-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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42
45
46
50
52
60
63
64
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
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| (): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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65
66
69
76
77
80
85
87
91
92
93
95
6
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
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(ACL-) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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97
103
106
114
121
126
132
134
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
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137
143
154
157
161
162
164
II.
6. vim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
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. vim . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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168
169
177
184
188
189
193
199
200
202
203
208
211
214
218
7. emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
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emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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:
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220
223
230
231
239
241
256
270
271
278

7
III.
8. Bourne Again Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
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bash: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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283
284
304
320
321
324
341
344
347
351
362
364
9. TC Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
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TC Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, Bourne Again Shell TC Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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368
369
371
377
378
384
397
406
411
412
413
IV.
10. Bourne Again Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
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417
449
452
465
480
488
499
501
502
11. Perl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

Perl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
504
512
520
530
534
535
538
8
CPAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
544
546
550
550
551
12. AWK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
552
553
553
554
554
562
583
584
584
13. sed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
585
585
585
586
590
600
601
14. rsync . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
602
602
603
605
613
613
V.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
aspell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bzip2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
chgrp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
chmod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
chown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
616
619
620
622
626
630
632
633
635
636
640
645
647

9
comm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
configure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cpio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
crontab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
df . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
diff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
diskutil (OS X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ditto (OS X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dmesg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dscl (OS X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
du . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
echo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
expr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
find . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
finger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fmt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fsck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ftp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gcc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GetFileInfo (OS X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
grep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gzip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
kill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
killall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
launchctl (OS X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lpr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
make . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mkdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mkfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mtools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
nice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
nohup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
od . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
open (OS X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
otool (OS X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
paste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
plutil (OS X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
649
651
653
657
662
665
667
669
672
674
680
683
685
686
689
691
694
697
699
706
708
710
715
722
723
727
729
734
737
738
740
741
744
748
750
753
761
767
771
772
775
778
780
782
782
786
788
790
792
798
799
10
ps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rcp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
renice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rlogin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rmdir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rsync . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
scp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ssh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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sysctl (OS X) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
top . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
touch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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xargs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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805
807
809
810
811
812
814
814
816
817
818
820
829
830
838
839
840
845
846
849
850
852
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39
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.

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I

Linux OS X
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
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5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
2. !
, , , , ,

Linux
. , (GUI) .
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command
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line
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, :
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,
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.
($)
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44 2. !

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45

,
, , , (issue) (
/etc/issue). Linux,
, , .
:
Ubuntu 9.10 tiny tty1
. .
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Password:
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46 2. !

TELNET
telnet ,
,

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, Linux.
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max@tiny's password:
Permission denied, please try again.
, ,
max@tiny's password:
Last login: Wed Mar 10 21:21:49 2005 from dog
[max@tiny max]$

Max
, , .
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( ), ,
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8, bash, 9, tcsh.
TERM
TERM
. TERM
, .
, .

(GUI) UNIX,
Linux
( -
47
command-line interface, CLI).

, ,

ssh telnet.
()
. ,
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.
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, GUI - . , . , GUI ,
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48 2. !
?
Bourne Again Shell (bash) TC Shell (tcsh).
, bash, , ,
tcsh - , Z Shell (zsh).
ps.
ps .
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PID TTY
2402 pts/5
7174 pts/5
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,
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.

,
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.

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BACKSPACE.
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stty1 (.
. 49):
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stty set teletypewriter,

,
UNIX. stty .
49

, CONTROL+W.
,
. CONTROL+W,
(
) (
).
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,
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. , Stopped
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,
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.
, , ,

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kill, .
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[1]).
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CONTROL+Z
[1]+ Stopped
bigjob
50 2. !
$ jobs
[1]+ Stopped
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$
[1]+ Killed
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.
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, , ,
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.
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su/sudo:
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UNIX Linux root.
root ( root-),
su/sudo: (root-) 51
, .
, root-,
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root-,
. -, , ,
.
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root
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. , su .
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ls: cannot open directory /lost+found: Permission denied
/lost+found:
$ su -c 'ls -l /lost+found'
Password:
root
total 0
$
, , root-, /lost+found: ls . su
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Password:
# ls -l /lost+found
root
52 2. !
total 0
# exit
exit
$
(, Ubuntu)
root
(
root
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root- /lost+found.
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[sudo] password for sam:
total 0
$
i sudo
root
-.
root
- (#).
exit.
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[sudo] password for sam:
# ls -l /lost+found
total 0
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logout
$

Linux .
Linux.
man (manual ) info, man info. ,
Linux,
. ,
Linux.
help
GNU- help,
. , GNU,
h help.
$ cat --help
Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]
Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output.
-A, --show-all
equivalent to -vET
-b, --number-nonblank
number nonblank output lines
53
-e
-E, --show-ends
equivalent to -vE
display $ at end of each line
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less, :
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man:
man (. V) man-
. , ,
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http://tldp.org/manpages/man.html
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54 2. !
man
,
less, .
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less
FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ), Linux

man- , :
1. User Commands ( ).
2. System Calls ( ).
3. Subroutines ().
4. Devices ().
5. File Formats ( ).
6. Games ().
7. Miscellaneous ().
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9. Kernel ().
10. New ().
UNIX.
, man , .
1, 6 7;
.

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passwd 1 :
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:
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man man-
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55

.
, . ,
, .
. . 138.
apropos:
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(keyword ) , apropos.
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man-. (who)
,
:
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at.allow (5)
at.deny (5)
from (1)
w (1)
w.procps (1)
who (1)
whoami (1)
determine who can submit jobs via at or

determine who can submit jobs via at or
print names of those who have sent mail
Show who is logged on and what they are
Show who is logged on and what they are
show who is logged on
print effective userid
batch
batch
doing.
doing.
. 2.2. , info coreutils
56 2. !
whatis
whatis apropos, ,
:
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who
(1)
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info:
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info www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/manual/info. .2.2
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.
pinfo .
57
. 2.3. info coreutils, /sleep
info coreutils /sleep,

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.
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,
Linux.
59
. 2.5. Google
,
/usr/share/doc /usr/src/linux/Documentation ( )
,
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,
, .
, .
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zcat (. V),
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, Linux.
.
, ,
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63
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, ,
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Linux ,
, .
, , , , .
,
.
,
.
67

, ,
. , ,
GUI, .
,
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: , ,
. 4.
ls:
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V info coreutils
'ls invocation'.
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$ ls
practice
$ cat practice
,

$ rm practice
$ cat practice
cat: practice: No such file or directiory
cat:
cat .
catenate, . ( 5, 5.4 cat .)
68 3.
cat,
. 3.1 cat,
practice. ls
cat: ls , cat .
V
info coreutils 'cat invocation'.
rm:
rm (remove ) . 3.1 rm,
practice. rm , ls cat
, practice . ( ls
, cat , .) rm
.
V info coreutils 'rm invocation'.

, ( ),
, rm.
rm i , rm , ,
, y (yes ).
, y, .
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rm: remove regular file 'toollist'? y
. rm
i
(. 8,
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less more:

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h ,
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less practice more practice cat,
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less more V
man-.
69
hostname:
hostname , . , , .

man-.
$ hostname
dog

, , , , , , .

( )
TAB
, Bourne
Again
Shell,
,
, .
, .
,
.
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. TAB ,
TAB (. , Bourne Again
Shell 8) CONTROL+D (. ,
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cp:
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, ( ). cp
.
, cp, ,
-:
cp _ _
_ , cp, _ , cp () .
3.2. cp
$ ls
memo
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$ ls
memo memo.copy
cp,
3.2, memo memo.copy. ,

. ls , memo -
70 3.
. cp ls
: memo memo.copy.
.
30 (0130):
$ cp memo memo.0130
Linux ,
, . ,
.
. 99.
cp V info, info coreutils 'cp invocation'. ,
scp, ftp rsync, V.
CP

- , cp
. cp
- ( ) ,
, cp . cp
i (interactive )
- .
, orange.2 cp.
, y:
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cp: overwrite 'orange.2'? y
mv:
mv (move ) .
, mv,
, , cp:
mv __ __
3.3 memo memo.0130.

ls , memo . mv memo.0130.
, 3.2
cp.
mv .
mv, cp:
. 110. V, ,
info coreutils 'mv invocation'.
MV

, cp, mv . , cp, mv
i (interactive). . cp .
71
3.3. mv
$ ls
memo
$ mv memo memo.0130
$ ls
memo.0130
lpr:
lpr (line printer )
. Linux ,

.

. (
, ),
lpstat p. lpr , ( ) ,
P.
report:
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,
, .
, .
, mailroom:
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, , lpstat o lpq:
$ lpq
lp is ready and printing
Rank Owner
Job Files
active max
86 (standard input)
Total Size
954061 bytes
Max , ,
.
,
( 86) lprm:
$ lprm 86
.
laser1:
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lpr lpr 4
man-.
72 3.
grep:
grep1
. , , , .
grep 3.4 memo ,
credit, ,
. memo , discredit, creditor
accreditation, grep , ,
. w (
words
) grep .
, , .
3.4. grep
$ cat memo
Helen:
In our meeting on June 6 we
discussed the issue of credit.
Have you had any further thoughts
about it?
Max
$ grep 'credit' memo
discussed the issue of credit.
grep ,
.
V
man-.
head:
head ( ) .
, . , months,
12 , , head
Jan Oct (3.5).
3.5. head , tail

$ head months
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
grep , ed UNIX, Linux. g/re/p. g
global ( ), re ,
, p (print).
73
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
$ tail -5 months
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
head , , ..
, ,
. ,
months:
$ head -1 months
Jan
head
, .
V info coreutils 'head invocation'.
tail: ,
tail head,
. , , , ,

, .
tail 3.5 ( Aug Dec)
months.

logfile:
$ tail -f logfile
tail , ( CONTROL+C).
V info coreutils
'tail invocation'.
3.6. sort
$ cat days
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

74 3.
3.6 ()
Sunday
$ sort days
Friday
Monday
Saturday
Sunday
Thursday
Tuesday
Wednesday
sort:

sort , . 3.6 cat, days, ,
.
sort .
sort . u ,
( ). n
. V info coreutils 'sort invocation'.
uniq:

uniq (
unique
) , , .
, , uniq
- (3.7).
uniq ,
. (, sort
, u.)
V info coreutils 'uniq invocation'.
diff:
diff (difference )
. .
,
.
diff u (
unified
output
format
) , ,
(+), (). 3.8
colors.1, colors.2.
75
3.7. uniq, -
$ cat dups
Cathy
Fred
Joe
John
Mary
Mary
Paula
$ uniq dups
Cathy
Fred
Joe
John
Mary
Paula
diff u , (hunk).
, at (@@). ,
, . 3.8 colors.1 ( )
. +1,5 ,
colors.2 .
diff u , .
, , .
, ,
. , ( , ),
.
V info-, diff.
3.8. diff,
$ diff -u colors.1 colors.2

--- colors.1
2009-07-29 16:41:11.000000000 -0700
+++ colors.2
2009-07-29 16:41:17.000000000 -0700
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
red
+blue
green
yellow
-pink
-purple
orange
file:
file
. file ,
76 3.
letter_e.bz2 , bzip2, :
$ file letter_e.bz2
letter_e.bz2: bzip2 compressed data, block size = 900k
file :
$ file memo zach.jpg
memo:
ASCII text
zach.jpg: JPEG image data, resolution (DPI), 72 x 72
file
V
man-.
| ():
Linux,
.
. 151.
Linux- (.
. 321).
UNIX Linux. (
[|] ) .
.
UNIX Linux,
, . (
. 143.) , ,
. , .
, . , head
, head,
.
months (. 3.5) head
:
$ sort months | head -4
Apr
Aug
Dec
Feb
, (, ).
wc (word count ) w (
words
) , :
$ ls | wc -w
14
77
, :
$ tail months | lpr

echo date Linux-. script ,
todos unix2dos ,
, Windows Mac OS X.
echo:
echo ,
echo. 3.9 .
,
(*), :
, .
echo Linux-.
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echo . 4, 8 10 echo ,
.
3.9. echo ( echo)
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memo memo.0714 practice
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Hi
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This is a sentence.
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star: memo memo.0714 practice
$

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info coreutils 'echo invocation'. echo, bash tcsh, man-.
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78 3.
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Wed Mar 18 17:12:20 PDT 2009
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sam
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-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root
2928 Sep
1054 Apr
7168 Sep
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 701008 Aug
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21
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79
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Sam
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-
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1 sam sam 33287 Mar
1 22:40 zach.jpg
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d
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zach
9728 Aug 20 14:17 all.tar
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1302 2009-08-20 14:16 g
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1178 2009-08-20 14:16 b
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make/make-3.81.tar.gz):
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$ ls -l mak*
-rw-r--r-- 1 sam sam 6072320 Mar 26 18:25 make-3.81.tar
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make-3.81/
make-3.81/config/
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84 3.
make-3.81/config/dospaths.m4
make-3.81/config/gettext.m4
make-3.81/config/iconv.m4
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make-3.81/tests/run_make_tests.pl
make-3.81/tests/test_driver.pl
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make-3.81.tar ( .gz), 4,8. tar
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drwxr-xr-x 8 sam sam
4096 Mar 31
-rw-r--r-- 1 sam sam 6072320 Mar 26
$ ls -l make-3.81
total 2100
-rw-r--r-- 1 sam sam 53838 Mar 31
-rw-r--r-- 1 sam sam
2810 Mar 19
-rw-r--r-- 1 sam sam 18043 Dec 10
-rw-r--r-- 1 sam sam 106390 Mar 31
-rw-r--r-- 1 sam sam 16907 Feb 11

-rw-r--r-- 1 sam sam 17397 Feb 11
drwxr-xr-x 6 sam sam
4096 Mar 31
2006 make-3.81
18:25 make-3.81.tar
2006
2006
1996
2006
ABOUT-NLS
AUTHORS
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ChangeLog
2006 vmsjobs.c
2006 vpath.c
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2009-07-25
2009-07-25
2009-07-25
17:18
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Login
max
max
sam
zach
Name
Max Wild
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Sam the Great
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29
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7. finger ,
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.plan
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$ finger max
Login: max
Name: Max Wild
Directory: /home/max
Shell: /bin/tcsh
On since Fri Jul 25 16:42 (PDT) on tty2 (messages off)
On since Fri Jul 25 17:27 (PDT) on pts/4 from coffee
3 minutes 7 seconds idle
New mail received Sat Jul 25 17:16 2009 (PDT)
Unread since Sat Jul 25 16:44 2009 (PDT)
Plan:
I will be at a conference in Hawaii all next week.
If you need to see me, contact Zach Brill, x1693.
:
.
, . 1693.
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Login: hls
Name: Helen Simpson.

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Hi Max, are you there? o
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Message from max@bravo.example.com on pts/0 at 16:23
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79 Wednesday, September 30, 2009 10:13 AM
99
Directory Files and Ordinary Files 79
correspond
personal
memos
business
milk_co
letter_1
Figure 4-2
cheese_co
letter_2
4.2.
A.
secretarys
directories
downward from the root, with paths connecting the root to each of the other files. At
the end of each path is either an ordinary

file or a directory file. Special files, which
can also appear at the ends of paths, provide access to operating system features.
Ordinary files, or simply files, appear at the ends of paths that cannot support other
paths. Directory files, also referred

to as directories
or folders, are the points that
other paths can branch off from. (Figures 4-2 and 4-3 show some empty directories.) When you refer to the tree, up is toward the root and down is away from the

root. Directories
directly connected
by a path are
called parents (closer to the root)
and children (farther from the root). A pathname is a series of names that trace a
path along branches from one file to another. See page 83 for more information

about pathnames.
lenames
Every file has a filename. The maximum length of a filename varies with the type of
. 4.3.
filesystem; Linux supports several types of filesystems. Although most of todays
filesystems allow files with names up to 255 characters long, some filesystems
Directory .
. Linux
.
Directory
Directory
Directory

255,

.
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Ordinary File
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(AZ).
(az).
Directory
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100 4.
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ID: ff1f5275f648468b Namelen: 255
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102 4.
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103

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4.1.
login: max
Password:
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Sam
, , ,
/usr/bin:
$ pwd
fm Page 84 Wednesday,
September 30, 2009 10:13 AM
/home/sam
$ ls /usr/bin
7z
7za
822-date
Chapter 4 The Filesystem
kwin
kwin_killer_helper
kwin_rules_dialog
/
/home
/etc
home
tmp
etc
/home/hls
max
zach
hls
/home/hls/notes
/home/zach
bin
notes
/home/hls/bin/log
report
Figure 4-5
log
. 4.4.
Absolute pathnames
~ (Tilde)
in Pathnames
~ ()

In another form of absolute pathname, the shell expands the characters ~/ (a tilde
followed by a slash) at the start of a pathname into the pathname of your home
~/ (, ), ,
directory. Using this shortcut, you can display your .bashrc startup file (page 272)
. ,
with the following command, no matter which directory is the working directory:
.bashrc (.
. 286) $
( ,
less ~/.bashrc
):
A tilde quickly references paths that start with your or someone elses home directory.
$ less ~/.bashrc
The shell expands a tilde followed by a username at the beginning of a pathname into
the pathname of that users home directory. For example, assuming he has permission
to do so, Max can examine Sams .bashrc file with the following command:
$ less ~sam/.bashrc
105
,
- . , ,
. (, ), Max
.bashrc, Sam,
:
$ less ~sam/.bashrc
. 355.

.
, ( /)
(~), . , ,
, .
,
. .

. .
,
.
(GUI), .
,
. - ,
- , -
.
,

,
, ( ).
, ,
. pwd.
, vim,
, .
, .
,
goals, :
$ vim ~/goals
.4.5. , ,
. , ,
: ,
106 4.
.
.
, , , . ( . .. . . .. . 108.)
/
..
home
tmp
etc
=.
max
zach
hls
notes
.. /zach
bin
notes
bin/log
repor t
log
. 4.5.
k.fm Page 86 Wednesday,

September 30,
2009 10:13 AM
( mkdir), ( cd), ( rmdir),

,
.
,
Chapter 4 The Filesystem
Linux.
/
home
max
names
temp
literature
demo
promo
.4-7
4.6.
,developed

Figure
The file structure
in the examples
mkdir: Creates a Directory
107
mkdir:
mkdir . mkdir
. ,
.4.6.
.
4.2 pwd , Max
(/home/max), ls
: demo, names temp.
mkdir, Max literature .
( ), , literature . Max
: mkdir /home/max/literature
mkdir ~max/literature.
ls, 4.2, . F ls
( , ).
ls ,
. ls ,
literature .
4.2. mkdir
$ pwd
/home/max
$ ls
demo names temp
$ mkdir literature
$ ls
demo literature names temp
$ ls -F
demo literature/ names temp
$ ls literature
$
promo, literature.
, /home/max , :
$ pwd
/home/max
$ mkdir literature/promo
:
$ mkdir /home/max/literature/promo
, literature promo,
mkdir p (parents ):
$ pwd
/home/max
108 4.
$ ls
demo names temp
$ mkdir -p literature/promo
$ mkdir -p /home/max/literature/promo
cd:
cd (change directory ) ,
. 4.3
/home/max/literature, pwd.
Max cd , literature .
, .
pwd ,
Max
. cd ,
. cd, 4.3,
, Max
. , , , Max
literature (cd
literature) pwd.
4.3. cd
$ cd /home/max/literature
$ pwd
/home/max/literature
$ cd
$ pwd
/home/max
$ cd literature
$ pwd
.
, , , .
,
.
,
. , ,
.
cd .
Sam, .
. ..
mkdir :
(.) (..) . .4.5. (.) ,
(..) ,
109
. ,
.
literature (..) :
(/home/max), memoA
.
$ pwd
$ ls ..
demo literature names
$ cp memoA ..
$ ls ..
demo literature memoA
temp
names
temp
cd promo (
literature ) Max
vim .
$ cd promo
$ vim ../../names
, ,
,
. ls, vim, mkdir, rm Linux-.
rmdir:
rmdir (remove directory
). , , . .., . ,
, rm
, . ( )
. .., rmdir .
promo:
$ rmdir /home/max/literature/promo
rm r (rm r filename),
, .
RM R

,
rm
r
,
. ,
(*). ,
.

touch
, letter. touch (. V):
110 4.
$ cd
$ pwd
/home/max
$ touch letter
/home/max,
cp letter /home/
max/literature/promo. ( promo,
.) letter.0610:
$ cp letter literature/promo/letter.0610

Max
, vim :
$ vim literature/promo/letter.0610
Max ,
cd, vim promo
:
$ cd literature/promo
$ pwd
/home/max/literature/promo
$ vim letter.0610
.fm Page 90 Wednesday,

September
30, 2009
10:13 AM
(
/home/max/literature), Max
, ..:
$ cd ..
$ pwd
Chapter 4/home/max/literature
The Filesystem
/
home
zach
max
sam
names
temp
literature
names
temp
. 4.7.Figure
mvmove

4-10 Using
mv to
names and
temp names temp
mv, cp:
v, cp: Move
or
Copy Files
Chapter
3 discussed the
use of mv to rename
files.
mv works even
more
3
mv However,

.
generally:
You can
use this
utility to move
files from one directory
to another
mv
:

(change the pathname of a file) as well as to change a simple filename. When used
to move one or more files to a new directory, the mv command has this syntax:
111
(
), . mv ,
:
mv __
/home/max, Max
names temp literature
:
$ mv names temp literature
names temp /home/

max/names /home/max/temp /home/max/literature/names /home/max/literature/
temp (.4.7). Linux, mv
, .
Linux , , mkdir.
mv
.
cp , mv, ,
__ .
mv:
mv ,
. ,
,
:
mv __ _
_ , __ , mv _ (
mv ).
mv,
cp , r (recursive ).
V, tar cpio.

Linux . Linux,
, Linux-.
Linux, FSSTND (Linux Filesystem Standard)
1994. 1995 , UNIX- FHS
(Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Linux;
112 4.
proton.pathname.com/fhs). FHS LSB (Linux Standard Base
Linux; www.linuxfoundation.org/en/LSB), FSG (Free
Group
91 Wednesday,Standards
September 30, 2009
10:13 AM
). , FSG
Open Source Development
Labs (OSDL), Linux Foundation (www.linuxfoundation.org).
.4.8
FHS.
Working with Directories 91
.
/
bin
sbin
mail
var
spool
dev
usr
bin
etc
sbin
tmp
max
home
zach
root
hls
. 4.8.
Linux
structure
Linux, FHS
Figure 4-11
A typical
FHS-based
filesystem
If new-directory
does not
the existing-directory-list
mustcontain
just
one

exist,
,
.4.8,
mv changes
new-directory
(mv renames the directory).
directory
name, which
FHS
.to
Linux
mv, you
cannot
copy,
their contents
with
Although
you
can rename
directories using
FHS
.
cp
unless you
use the
option.
Refer ,
to the explanations
of tar
r
(recursive)

.
/opt
(
(page 846)
and cpio (page
644) for other
ways to copy ,
and move directories.
/etc/
opt , /opt.
portant
Standard
Directories and Files
/
.
Originally files
on a Linux
Linux system
were
not
located
in
standard
places within
the
.
directory hierarchy. The scattered files made it difficult to document and maintain a
/bin
.
, package
Linux system
and just about
impossible
for someone
to
release a software
on
,
that
would
compile
and run
all Linux
systems.
The
first standard
for the
Linux
FSSTND
.
filesystem, the
(Linux Filesystem
Standard), was released early in 1994. In
early 1995 work
was started
on a broader
standard
covering
UNIX-like
sys/boot
many
,
tems:
FHS
(Linux
Filesystem
Hierarchy
Standard;
proton.pathname.com/fhs).
More
.
recently FHS has been incorporated in LSB (Linux Standard Base; www.linuxfoun/dev
a .
,Group).
dation.org/en/LSB),
workgroup of
FSG (Free
Standards
Finally, FSG
com,
,
.

bined with
Open
Source
Development
Labs (OSDL)
to form the
Linux
Foundation
udev
(www.linuxfoundation.org).
Figure
4-11 shows
the locations
of some important
and
,

/dev of
directories
files as specified
by FHS. The
significance
many of these
directo,
ries will become

clear as you .
continue reading.
The following
list describes the directories
in Figure.
4-11, some
of the direc/etc
shown

tories specified
by FHS, and some
other
directories.
Most
Linux
distributions
do
,
.

not
use
all
the
directories
specified
by
FHS.
Be
aware
that
you
cannot
always
deter /etc/passwd, , mine
the
function of a directory
name.
For
example,
although
/opt stores add
.by
its
Mac
OS X
/etc/passwd
Open
on
software,
/etc/opt
stores
configuration
files
for
the
software
in
/opt.
Directory.
/ Root The root
directory, present in
all Linux
filesystem
is the ancestor
of
/etc/opt
structures,
all
files
in
the
filesystem.
, /opt.
/bin Essential command binaries Holds the files needed to bring the system up and run it
when it first comes up in single-user or recovery mode.

/boot Static files of the boot loader Contains all files needed to boot the system.
113
X Window,
.
/etc/X11
. , , /home.
, , /home, Zach
/home/zach.
/home, , /inhouse
/clients. Mac OS X
/Users.
/home
/lib
/lib/modules
/mnt
() .
/opt
() .
/proc
,
.
/root
root.
. ,
/sbin /usr/sbin. /sbin
, , /usr/
sbin , .
Linux , (/etc, /usr/
bin, /usr/adm, /usr/include).
/sbin
/sys
/tmp
Mac OS X.
, ,
/Users. Linux /home.
/Users
. , , . /usr

.
/usr
.
Linux/OS X , , .
/usr/bin
/usr/games
/usr/include
, C.
114 4.
/usr/lib
. , . bin, games, include, lib,

sbin, share src.
/usr/local
, . . /sbin.
/usr/sbin
/usr/share
- . dict, doc, games, info, locale, man, misc, terminfo zoneinfo.
/usr/share/
doc
/usr/share/
info
GNU.
/usr/share/
man
/usr/src
. ,
, , /var.
,
, .
cache, lib, lock, log, mail, opt, run, spool, tmp yp.
Linux , /usr (/usr/adm, /usr/mail, /usr/spool, /usr/tmp).
/var
/var/log
. , , lastlog
( ), messages (
syslogd) wtmp (
).
/var/spool
(). anacron,
at, cron, lpd, mail, mqueue, samba . /var/spool/mail /var/mail.

Linux
: Linux Access Control List (ACL).
Linux. , , .
: (), , (),
( ).
: ,
.
115
ls l:
m Page 94
ls l
.
Wednesday, September 30, 2009 10:13 AM

. letter.0610 ,
check_spell , ,
:
e
am
en
Fi l
Da
t
of e an
mo d t
di f i m e
ica
ti o
n
S iz
e
p
Gr
ou
Typ
eo
f fi
le
Fi l
ea
pe c c
r m es
iss s
i on
s
AC
Lf
l
a
g
Lin
ks
Ow
ne
r
$ ls -l letter.0610 check_spell
1 max pubs 852 Jul 31 13:47 check_spell
Chapter 4 -rwxr-xr-x
The Filesystem
-rw-r--r-- 1 max pubs 3355 Jun 22 12:44 letter.0610
-rwxrwxr-x+..3.max.....pubs.........2048.Aug.12.13:15.memo
Figure 4-12
. 4.9. , ls l
The columns displayed by the ls l command
left
ls ldisplays
,
From
to right,
the lines
that an ls
l command
contain
the following
(.4.9):
information (refer to Figure 4-12):
( ).
The type of file (first character)
( ).
The files access permissions (the next nine characters)
ACL (, (. The
ACL flag
(present if
the file has
an ACL, page
99). 121).
(ACL-)
The number
of links
to the(.
file (page

104)
. 126).
The
name
of
the
owner
of
the
file
(usually
person who
created the file)
).
( , the
,

The
name of
the group
the file
is associated
with

().
The size
of the
file in characters
(bytes)

The
date and
time the
file
was created
or last modified
.
The name of the file
(first
(
is
letter.0610
of file
column)
for )
letter.0610
a hyphen
() because
it is an ordi
(),file.

.
see
on
nary
Directory
files
have a d in
this column;
Figure V-19
page 748
for a
.
that
,
, list of dother
characters
can appear
in this
position.
.
V.19.
Permissions The next three characters specify the access permissions for the owner of the file: r
Type of fileThe
type
(in the first position)

indicates
permission,
w (in the
second
position)
read
indicates
write permission,
andr (
x (in
the third
position)
indicates
execute
A
in
:
permission.
, w (
one of the
positions
indicates
the owner
does not
have the
permission associ)
that
x (
)

ated with that
position.
.
, (), , ,

the
.represent permissions for the group,

In a similar
manner
next
three
characters

and the final three characters represent permissions
for
other (everyone
else).
In the
,preceding

example, the owner of letter.0610 can read from and write to the file,
letter.0610
whereas
the group
and
others
can onlyread
from
the file
and no one is
allowed
to
,
execute it. Although execute permission can be allowed for any file, it does not
make sense to assign execute permission to a file that contains a document, such as
a letter. The check_spell file is an executable shell script, so execute permission is
appropriate for it. (The owner, group, and others have execute permission.) For
116 4.
.
,
, , , .
check_spell ,
. ( , .)
, ls . 757.
chmod:
Linux
, ,
() .
(
, , ).
(, ). (
, ,
, ). ( ).
ROOT-

, , .
, root-,
, ,
.
, . ,
chmod (change mode )
. chmod ()
() .
chmod
chmod, (+) (rw) (a) :
$ ls -l letter.0610
-rw------- 1 max pubs 3355 Jun 22 12:44 letter.0610
$ chmod a+rw letter.0610
$ ls -l letter.0610
-rw-rw-rw- 1 max pubs 3355 Jun 22 12:44 letter.0610
chmod
. , , (
) . chmod
() (r) (x) (o) . .
117
$ ls -l check_spell
-rwxr-xr-x 1 max pubs 852 Jul 31 13:47 check_spell
$ chmod o-rx check_spell
$ ls -l check_spell
-rwxr-x--- 1 max pubs 852 Jul 31 13:47 check_spell

, ,
( , ),
, , ,
, .
,
. () ,
.
, .
a (all ) o (ther ),
chmod g (group ) u (user
, ,
,
). , chmod a+x ( , ),
chmod gorwx , .
CHMOD: O , U

chmod
,
o

owner

, . o other ,
u owner (user) (). UGO (user-groupother, -- )
.
chmod
, chmod
. ,
, , .
(, , setuid

setgid
.) ,
, . 1 ( ) , 2 ,
4 . ,
, ,
(),
.
,
, .
chmod ,
,
, . 6
118 4.
(4) (2). 0
.
$ chmod 600 letter.0610
$ ls -l letter.0610
-rw------- 1 max pubs 3355 Jun 22 12:44 letter.0610
7 (4 + 2 + 1) ,
. 5 (4 + 1)
:
$ chmod 755 check_spell
$ ls -l check_spell
-rwxr-xr-x 1 max pubs 852 Jul 31 13:47 check_spell

.V.8.
chmod chmod: . 292, ,
, chmod,
V.
setuid setgid
,
setuid
- (
set
user
ID
), , ,
. , setuid-,
, ,
, .
, setgid
- (
set
group
ID
), , , ,
.
SETUID- SETGID-,
ROOT,
setuid
-,
root, root-,
root-.
, , root
- (
).
, setgid
-,
(root).
, setuid-, (root), setgid,
root
,
,
. - , ,
. setuid
-
passwd.
, root-
chmod,
setuid-, setgid-. ,
ls l (. ls l: . 115),
119
setuid
- , , s, setgid-
, :
$ ls -l myprog*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root pubs
# chmod u+s myprog1
# chmod g+s myprog2
$ ls -l myprog*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root pubs
-rwxr-sr-x 1 root pubs
19704 Jul 31 14:30 myprog1

19704 Jul 31 14:30 myprog2
19704 Jul 31 14:30 myprog1

19704 Jul 31 14:30 myprog2
chmod
.
, 1 , 2 setgid-,
4 setuid-:
$ ls -l myprog*
# chmod 4755 myprog1
# chmod 2755 myprog2
$ ls -l myprog*
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root pubs
-rwxr-sr-x 1 root pubs
19704 Jul 31 14:30 myprog1

19704 Jul 31 14:30 myprog2
19704 Jul 31 14:30 myprog1

19704 Jul 31 14:30 myprog2
SETUID-
setuid
-,
.

.
, , .
:
()
, .
.
,
ls , .
ls .
Zach ,
, info,
Max. , ls
d (directory ) l (long ):
$ who am i
zach
pts/7
Aug 21 10:02
120 4.
$ ls -ld /home/max/info
drwx-----x
2 max pubs 512 Aug 21 09:31 /home/max/info
$ ls -l /home/max/info
ls: /home/max/info: Permission denied

d , ls, , /home/max/info . Max ,

; , pubs,
, ,
x . Zach , ls l
.
Zach , ,
, , .
notes, cat
. financial, :
$ ls -l /home/max/info/financial /home/max/info/notes
-rw------1 max pubs 34 Aug 21 09:31 /home/max/info/financial
-rw-r--r-1 max pubs 30 Aug 21 09:32 /home/max/info/notes
$ cat /home/max/info/notes
notes.
$ cat /home/max/info/financial
cat: /home/max/info/financial: Permission denied

Max
info:
$ chmod o+r /home/max/info
Zach info, ,
. ls l info, Zach -
financial. ( ,
.) , Zach newfile,
touch (. V). Max info, Zach
:
$ ls -ld /home/max/info
drwx---r-x
2 max pubs 512 Aug 21 09:31 /home/max/info
$ ls -l /home/max/info
total 8
-rw------1 max pubs 34 Aug 21 09:31 financial
-rw-r--r-1 max pubs 30 Aug 21 09:32 notes
$ cat /home/max/info/financial
cat: financial: Permission denied

$ touch /home/max/info/newfile
touch: cannot touch '/home/max/info/newfile': Permission denied

(ACL-) 121
(ACL-)
(
ACL
-) Linux. ACL-
,
.
ACL
- , , ,
Linux. ,
, ACL-.
, ACL- , ,
.
ACL- . ,
, ACL. : . ( ACL- (access ACLs) ACL-
(default ACLs), ACL-
, ACL-.)

. ACL
- , (ACL-) ,
, ACL-.
ACL-

cp

p
(
preserve
)
a
(
archive

), ACL- . mv
ACL-
cp

p

a

ACL-, , mv
ACL-, :
$ mv report /tmp
mv: preserving permissions for '/tmp/report': Operation not supported
(mv: '/tmp/report': )
, tar, cpio dump, ACL-.
cp a , ACL-,
.

ACL
- ,
, , .
ACL-
ACL Linux.
ACL
-, acl.
Linux ACL- ext2,
ext3 ext4, ACL- -
122 4.
. ACL- ext
acl ( no_acl).
, , /home,
ACL- , /home,
acl /etc/fstab:
$ grep home /etc/fstab
LABEL=/home
/home
ext3
defaults,acl
1 2
fstab ACL-, /home.

- ,
( root-),
- /home. , /home mount remount:
# mount -v -o remount /home
/dev/hda3 on /home type ext3 (rw,acl)

setfacl ACL- , getfacl
. Linux.
getfacl , ACL-,
, ls l,
:
$ ls -l report
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 9537 Jan 12 23:17 report
$ getfacl report
# file: report
# owner: max
# group: max
user::rwgroup::r-other::r--
, getfacl, . , , .
ls l: .115.
omit-header ( omit ) getfacl :
$ getfacl --omit-header report
user::rwgroup::r-other::r--
, user, (::)
, .
(ACL-) 123
group ,
, . , other,
: (other)
.
setfacl -- modify ( m)
ACL- ,
:
setfacl modify ugo:: _
ugo u, g o, ,
(), ; ,
; ; _
, .
(o), .
(rwx, rx ..),
.
chmod ( , ),
setfacl
, ugo
.
, chmod.
, ACL-,
Sam :
$ setfacl --modify u:sam:rw- report
$ setfacl --modify u:sam:6 report

$ getfacl report
# file: report
# owner: max
# group: max
user::rwuser:sam:rwgroup::r-mask::rwother::r--
, user:sam:rw, , Sam
(rw).
ls l: . 115. ,
mask, .
ACL-, ls l (+),
, ACL- :
$ ls -l report
-rw-rw-r--+ 1 max max 9537 Jan 12 23:17 report
124 4.
M
,
mask
, . , ACL- .
, . ,
Linux. , setfacl

, ACL-, ,
ACL-.
, mask ugo setfacl.
report:
$ setfacl -m mask::r-- report

mask
,
getfacl
, , (r- -). , Sam
, , - .
, .
$ getfacl report
# file: report
# owner: max
# group: max
user::rwuser:sam:rwgroup::r-mask::r-other::r--
#effective:r--
, setfacl ACL-
ACL-:
$ setfacl -m u:sam:r--,u:zach:rw- report
user::rwuser:sam:r-user:zach:rwgroup::r-mask::rwother::r--
x ACL- .
,
. setfacl, ,
Sam :
$ setfacl -x u:sam report
user::rwuser:zach:rwgroup::r-mask::rwother::r--
x . ugo
. b, ,
ACL- ACL- .
(ACL-) 125
setfacl getfacl .
man-, --help.

, dir ACL-.
setfacl d (default ),
ACL- dir.
, dir, ACL. pubs
admin , .
$ ls -ld dir
drwx------ 2 max max 4096 Feb 12 23:15 dir
$ getfacl dir
# file: dir
# owner: max
# group: max
user::rwx
group::--other::--$ setfacl -d -m g:pubs:r-x,g:admin:rwx dir
ls , dir ACL-,
+ . , getfacl, default:.

, , ,
.
Linux
ACL-.
pubs admin. .
$ ls -ld dir
drwx------+ 2 max max 4096 Feb 12 23:15 dir
$ getfacl dir
# file: dir
# owner: max
# group: max
user::rwx
group::--other::--default:user::rwx
default:group::--default:group:pubs:r-x
default:group:admin:rwx
default:mask::rwx
default:other::---
, , ACL- .
.
, ACL-
,
126 4.
. ACL-
.
touch new dir.
ls , ACL-.
umask (. man-, bash) , ,
, .
,
pubs , admin
. .
$ cd dir
$ touch new
$ ls -l new
-rw-rw----+ 1 max max 0 Feb 13 00:39 new
$ getfacl --omit new
user::rwgroup::--group:pubs:r-x
#effective:r-group:admin:rwx
#effective:rwmask::rwother::---
, , , ,
, ,
.
$ chmod 770 new
$ ls -l new
-rwxrwx---+ 1 max max 0 Feb 13 00:39 new
$ getfacl --omit new
user::rwx
group::--group:pubs:r-x
group:admin:rwx
mask::rwx
other::---
.
vim, touch, cp .
. ,
,
.

, -
127
.
, .
correspond
personal
memos
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.
,
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, , part , .
0, 1, 2, 3 5.
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,
a m. , x, y z.
161
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intro
notesa
notesb
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ref2
ref3
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section2
section3
section4a
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165
9. .
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abc abd abe abf abg abh
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II
6. vim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7. emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6. vim
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172 6. vim

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176 6. vim

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. ,
CONTROL+L . ^L , CONTROL+L
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vim , . ,
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180 6. vim
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).
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vim ,
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.
vim 181
vim , ,
.
CONTROL+W, -
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:help windows.

vim
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182 6. vim

: vim , , . vim, ZZ :wq (. . 176).
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(Write) . 202.

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vim , , .
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vim 183
, , , . 6.7. - ,
.
Max r,
memo, :
$ vim -r
Swap files found:
:
In current directory:
:
1.
.party.swp
owned by: max
dated: Sat Jan 26 11:36:44 2008
file name: ~max/party
modified: YES
user name: max
host name: coffee
process ID: 18439
2.
.memo.swp
owned by: max
dated: Mon Mar 23 17:14:05 2009
file name: ~max/memo
modified: no
user name: max
host name: coffee
process ID: 27733 (still running)
In directory ~/tmp:
~/tmp:
-- none -In directory /var/tmp:
/var/tmp:
-- none -In directory /tmp:
/tmp:
-- none --
. 6.8.
r vim ( ). ,

, . . :w
_, ,
. ,
, . ,
184 6. vim
Max vim memo.
:
$ vim -r memo
Using swap file ".memo.swp"
".memo.swp"
Original file "~/memo"
"~/memo"
Recovery completed. You should check if everything is OK.
. , .
(You might want to write out this file under another name
(
and run diff with the original file to check for changes)
diff )
Delete the .swp file afterwards.
.swp
Hit ENTER or type command to continue
,
:w memo2
:q
$ rm .memo.swp
,

vim
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7l .
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. 6.9.

(Find) , , .
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f F
fa
, F.
a
:
Fa
(;) (Find).
fm Page 166 Wednesday, September 30, 2009 10:13 AM
w (word ) ,
(.6.10).
. ,
. 15w
Chapter 6 The vim Editor
.
w
W
belief,.really...It
. 6.10.
Figure
6-10
Moving the
cursor
by
words
oving the Cursor by Words

w/W
The w (word) key moves the cursor forward to the first letter of the next word
oving the Cursor by Words

The w (word) key moves the cursor forward to the first letter of the next word
(Figure
6-10).6.Groups
of vim
punctuation count as words. This command goes to the
186
next line if the next word is located there. The command 15w moves the cursor to
the first character of the fifteenth subsequent word.
W w, ,
The W key ,
is similar to
the w key but
moves the cursor
by
blank-delimited
(.words,
including
punctuation,
as
it
skips
forward.
(Refer
to
Blank-Delimited
Word
on
, . 212.)
page 194.)
b (back )
b
b/B
key moves the.
cursor
backwardBto
the first letter
of the
previous
word.
B The b (back)
,
e/E
The Be key moves

the
cursor
backward
by
blank-delimited
words.
Similarly
the e
. , e
E key moves the cursor to the end of the next word; E moves it to the end of the next
, E
blank-delimited
word. , .
w/W
oving
the Cursor
by Lines
j/k The RETURN key moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line; the j and DOWN ARROW
j k
, -
keys move the cursor down one line to the character just below the current character
j , , (Figure 6-11). If no character appears immediately below the current character, the
(.6.11).
cursor moves to the end of the next line. The cursor will not move past the last line
,
of text in the work buffer.
. .
keys
are similar
to the
j and DOWN ARROW
keys but
in the
oppoThe k andkUPARROW
j work
,
RETURN
key
but
works
in
the
opposite
site
direction.
The
minus
()
key
is
similar
to
the
. ()
direction.
, .
needed.as
with.their
RETURN
working..To
.
6.11.
by
Figure
6-11
Moving the
cursor
lines

) } (.6.12).
( { .
. 213.
) (
} {

H (home )
, M (middle )
, L (lower ) (.6.12).
H,
ML
: 187
L
}
. 6.12. , H, M L

, . , , , ,
, . ,
.
() , vim
- ,
CONTROL+D. () , CONTROL+U.
, vim
CONTROL+D CONTROL+U ( ).
scroll () .6.7.
CONTROL+D
CONTROL+U
CONTROL+F (forward ) CONTROL+B (backward

) ,
,
. CONTROL+F
CONTROL+B PAGE DOWN PAGE UP.
CONTROL+F
CONTROL+B
G (goto ), vim .
G , vim .
, , ,
. , vim ,
. 6.7 . 206.

(G)
188 6. vim

(Insert ), (Append), (Open), (Change)
(Replace) vim . vim , .
vim , ESCAPE. ,
vim , ,
. 6.7 ( ) . 207.
i (Insert ) vim . I
(.6.13). i I
.fm Page 168 Wednesday, September 30, 2009 10:13 AM
, , ,
, .
ESCAPE
vim . i I

8 Chapter
6 The vim
Editor
.
(i I)
This.is.a.line.of.text.
. 6.13.
I, i,Aa commands
A
Figure 6-13
The I,
i, a, and
ne numbers (G)
When you enter
a line number
followed by G (goto), vim positions the cursor on that

line in the Work buffer. If you press G without a number, vim positions the cursor on
a (Append

i,
the last line in
the Work
buffer. Line)
numbers are
implicit;
the file does
not need to
(.
.6.13).
have
actual
line
numbers
for
this
command
to
work.
Refer
to
Line
numbers
on
(a A)
.
page 187 if you want vim to display line numbers.
nput Mode
o (Open ) , ()
(o O)

vim

.
O
The Insert, Append,
Open,
Change,
and
Replace
commands
put vim
in Input
mode.
While
,
o
vim is
in this mode,
you can put
new
text.
into
the
Work buffer.
To return vim
mode
when
you

.
to Command
finish entering
text, press the
ESCAPE key. Refer to
Show mode on page 188 if you want vim to remind you when it is in Input mode
(it does by
default).
r R (Replace ) ()
. , (r R)
Insert (i/I) The i (Insert)
command
vim
in Input mode
and places the
text you.
enter before
puts
r,
the
current
character.
I command
places
text at the
beginning
of the
current
line
vimThe
(Figure
6-13).ESCAPE
Although
. the i and I commands sometimes overwrite text on the

screen, the characters in the Work buffer are not changed; only the display is
affected. The overwritten text is redisplayed when you press ESCAPE and vim returns
serting
Text
: 189
R ,
ESCAPE, vim .

, .
.

. , ,
, .6.7, . 206.

,
(Quote), CONTROL+V, , , vim . ,
CONTROL+L ( CONTROL+R), ;
, CONTROL+W,
; , CONTROL+M, ,
ESCAPE, .
, ,
CONTROL+V, .
CONTROL+V . ,
ESCAPE[2J , vim,
CONTROL+V ESCAPE[2J.
DEC VT-100 , .
, ( ESCAPE) , vim. 10.
CONTROL+V
:
,
. Undo () ,
.

u (Undo )
. , .
, , , ,
. compatible (. compatible . 177), vim
. U , , ,
.
(u U)
190 6. vim

x .
(. . 214),
, . X .
(x X)

d (Delete ) .
, d,
(. . 211). vim .
(d D)
DD
d : .
, dd
dd

(. . 214), .

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( t (t T)
.193). , D
d$. .6.1 . ,
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.

,
xp. ,
ddp.
(Put)
(p P) . 200.
6.1.
dl
( x)
d0
d^
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Dw
d3w
Db
dW
dB
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: 191
d)
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d}
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d/text
text
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c,

Dtc
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Dd
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dL
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dG
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c (Change )
, ,
. ,
. C
.
c , (. . 211), vim
. ESCAPE,
, , .
ESCAPE (
).
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(c C)
6.2.
cl
cw
C3w
cb
cW
192 6. vim
6.2 ()
cB
C7B
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C(
C}
C{
C7{
ctc
cc
5cc
DW CW
dw (). cw
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s S (Substitute ) (6.3). s vim .
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. s , ,
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C).
(s S)
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5s
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(~) , . ,
193
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.
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f (Find ). . 185.
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t ,
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f, F, t T.
.
, d2fq
q .
(t T)

vim ,
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vim . , vim
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,
(\).
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194 6. vim

, ,
CONTROL+V (.
. 189).
( \ ).
.
N n
.
n , N , .
vim
, , . vim
.
, vim, , .
, , .6.7, . 207 . 206.
(n N)

vim ( ), (/)
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vim , / ?.
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vim incsearch.
, :set
incsearch, noincsearch.
compatible (. compatible . 177) vim .

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(^ $) ,
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. 205.
195
( ),
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the.
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() , CONTROL+F.
, . , CONTROL+U 7 CONTROL+F Wednesday,
September 30, 2009 10:13 AM
.
CONTROL+F
m Page 212
() , CONTROL+B.
, CONTROL+U 7 CONTROL+B .
Chapter 7
The emacs
Editor
CONTROL+B CONTROL+F (.7.4).
CONTROL+B
CONTROL-B
CONTROL-F
Figure
7-4
Moving the
cursor by
characters
. 7.4.

Moving the
Cursor
by
Characters
CONTROL-F
Pressing the
RIGHT ARROW
key or
CONTROL-F
moves the cursor forward (to the right) one
commands
,
character. If the
cursor
is at the end
of a line,these
wrap
it to the
beginning
META+f
META+f. -
of the next line. For example, the command CONTROL-U 7 CONTROL-F moves the cursor seven
forward.
f META ALT. characters
, ESCAPE,
CONTROL-B Pressing the LEFT ARROW key or CONTROL-B moves the cursor backward (to the left) one
, f.
character. For example, the command CONTROL-U 7 CONTROL-B moves the cursor seven
, , .
characters backward. The command CONTROL-B works in a manner similar to CONTROL-F
CONTROL-U 4 META-f ,
(Figure 7-4).
. : . 231.
Moving the Cursor by Words
one
META-f
Pressing META-f
moves
the cursor forward
,this
word.
To invoke
command,
hold
META+b

or ALT key
while you
press,
f. If
the keyboard
you are using
does not
down the META

,
ESCAPE, release
it, and
then
press
f. This
command
have
either
of these
keys,
press
META+b
leaves the
cursor on the
first character
that
is not part of the
word thecursor
started
.CONTROL-U
4
META
META-f moves
the +b
cursor
forward
one space
past theMETA+f
end
on. The command
(.7.5).
of the fourth word. For more information refer to Keys: Notation and Use on
META+b
page 216.
backward
META-b
Pressing META-b moves
the cursor
one
word, leaving the cursor on the first

letter
of
the
word
it
started
on.
If
the
cursor
was
on the
first letter
of a word,META-b
CONTROL+A
moves the cursor

to
the
first
letter
of
the
preceding
word.
The
command
META-b
CONTROL+A,
, ,
CONTROL+E,
works in a manner
similar
to META-f
(Figure
CONTROL+E
7-5).
.
CONTROL+P
CONTROL+P
CONTROL+N
Moving the
by
Lines
Cursor
,
, ,
CONTROL-A
Pressing
CONTROL-A
moves the cursor
to
the beginning
of the
line it
is on;
CONTROL-E

,

CONTROL-E
moves
it to the
end. Pressing
the UP
ARROW key or CONTROL-P
moves
the
cursorup
one
CONTROL+N
CONTROL-P
line to the
position directly
above
where
the cursor
started; pressing
the DOWN
ARROW
CONTROL-N
key or
CONTROL-N
moves it
down. As
with the other
cursor-movement
keys, you
can
CONTROL+P
CONTROL+N
and CONTROL-N
with
CONTROL-U and
a numeric
argument
move the
precede CONTROL-P
CONTROL+U

.
to
cursor up or down multiple lines. You can also use pairs of these commands to
move the cursor up to the beginning of the previous line, down to the end of the following line, and so on (Figure 7-6).
Pressing CONTROL-A moves the cursor to the beginning of the line it is on; CONTROL-E
moves it to the end. Pressing the UP ARROW key or CONTROL-P moves the cursor up one
CONTROL-P line to the position directly above where the cursor started; pressing the DOWN ARROW
CONTROL-N
key or CONTROL-N moves it down. As with the other cursor-movement keys, you can
228 7. emacs
precede CONTROL-P and CONTROL-N with CONTROL-U and a numeric argument to move the
cursor up or down multiple lines. You can also use pairs of these commands to
move
the
cursor
up to
the beginning
of the previous
down
to the end ,
of the fol
line,
lowing
line, and so
on (Figure
7-6).

. .
(.7.6).
CONTROL-A
CONTROL-E
META-b
META-f
213 Wednesday, September 30, 2009 10:13 AM
belief,.really...It
Figure
7-5
Moving the
cursorGetting
by
words
Tutorial:
Started with emacs 213
. 7.5.
CONTROL-P
CONTROL-P
CONTROL-A
needed.as
CONTROL-P
CONTROL-E
CONTROL-A
with.their
CONTROL-E
CONTROL-N
CONTROL-A
working.to
CONTROL-N
CONTROL-E
CONTROL-N
Figure .
7-6 7.6.
Moving
the cursor
by lines
Moving the
Cursor
by ,
Sentences, Paragraphs,
and Window
Position
META-a, META-e
Pressing META-a
moves
the cursor
to the beginning
of the
sentence the cursor
is on;
META+a

META-{, META-}
META+a,
META-e moves the cursor to the end. META-{ moves the cursor to the beginning of the
, , META+e
CONTROL-U
followed
by
a numeric
argument) META+}
to move
the cursor
bythat
tition count (
,

many
sentences
or paragraphs.
.
(
,
cursor
.)
META-r
Pressing
META-r moves the
to the
beginning
of the
middle
line of
the window.
(
CONTROL+U
,
),
You can precede this command with CONTROL-U and a line number (here CONTROL-U does
CONnot indicate
a repetition
count but rather
a screen
line number).
The command
.
TROL-U 0 META-r moves the cursor to the beginning of the top line (line zero) in the winCONTROL-U
(minus sign)
moves
the cursor
to the beginning
of the
dow. The command
META+r

last line of the
window
(Figure
7-7).
META+r
.
ONTROL-U
META-r
ETA-r
META+e,
to the
end. (Sentences
and paragraphs
are
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cursor
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it
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starting
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241.)
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repe
META+{
META+}
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(.7.7).
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emacs 229
CONTROL-U
0 META-r
ME TA- {
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. 226.

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. 249).
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232 7. emacs
. ASCII- SHIFT, , CONTROL. META ( , ALT),
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, emacs, (.7.1).
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emacs
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( ) SHIFT+a
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, emacs - XON-XOFF, CONTROL+S
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OS X
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, ESCAPE, META.
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233
,
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emacs
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, emacs, , ,

.
emacs . 266.
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. 268), , . , META+x.
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.
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emacs
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.
, (. . 249).

emacs .
, .
.
234 7. emacs
,
. ,
:
META 09
(). , 10 z, META+1 META+0 z.
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. , 20,
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, 4.
, CONTROL+U r rrrr (4 * 1),
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CONTROL+U CONTROL+V
, CONTROL+U META+v , CONTROL+U
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, . ,
. ,
. , .
,
, ,
.

.

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.
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235
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. CONTROL+P
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.

.
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,
. , , (. : . 244).
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,
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2 CONTROL+K).
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emacs :
.

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.
.
, .
,
236 7. emacs
.
.
. , ,
, .
CONTROL+S
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.
yy ,
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yy
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237
, . ,
,
. ,
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emacs .
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7.2.
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emacs (. .7.1). . emacs
(. : . 256). ,
C , ,
C.
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emacs ,
238 7. emacs
File (), Edit (), Options () ..,
, -. .7.9
,
- File ().
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,
:
, CONTROL+G ESCAPE
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-. .
,
, . .
PAGE UP META+v
.
. ,
. -
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emacs
.
. , emacs .
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emacs . 225).
239

emacs .
CONTROL+H.
. ,
(?) CONTROL+H, ,
emacs . ,
, CONTROL+G
.
, . ,
.
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). . 253.
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,
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+
X
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emacs, , .
,
, .
, CONTROL+G
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. 268). .7.3.
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240 7. emacs
7.3 ()
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.
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,
.
(F1, F2 , ), ESCAPE [ SHIFT
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info (. info
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100 .
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)
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Text
, C
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emacs, , emacs,
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. (.
CONTROL+H c)
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, ).
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Beginning
Buffer
Case
Dir
Down
End
File
insert
Kill
Line
List
previous
region
register
screen
View
What
Window
Word
241
Change
Char
Fill
Find
mark
mode
search
sentence
Defun
Forward
next
set
Delete
Goto
page
sexp
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Indent
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up
Yank

emacs ,
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,
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242 7. emacs
, , ( , , CONTROL+F) . .7.4
.
7.4.
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CONTROL+_ CONTROL+F CONTROL+_
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CONTROL+_ CONTROL+_
CONTROL+_ CONTROL+_ CONTROL+F

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( ) .
,
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-
. .
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.
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SPACE
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243
( )
, CONTROL+@ ,
( ) . ,
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. ,
.

.7.5 , .
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7.5.
META+w
CONTROL+W
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META+x append-to-file
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CONTROL+X CONTROL+L

. FIFO (
), 16 .
.
,
. , ,
, ,
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,
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244 7. emacs
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CONTROL+U CONTROL+@ emacs
,
.
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.
, .

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.
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, emacs . .7.6
.
7.6.
META+d
META+D
CONTROL+K
CONTROL+U 1 CONTROL+K
META+w
245
CONTROL+W
META+z char
char
CONTROL+Y

;
, ;
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META+y
,

( CONTROL+Y META+y)
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.
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. CONTROL+Y.
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.
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. ,
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246 7. emacs
, ,
CONTROL+Y.

( ).
, .
, CONTROL+Y META+y , ,
, CONTROL+Y
, ,
META+y.
META+y .
.

, emacs ,
. , emacs,
emacs : CONTROL+Q.
:
CONTROL+Q , , , .
CONTROL+Q ,
.
CONTROL+Q
, CONTROL
+
Q

. ,
CONTROL
+
Q
, , ,
. quoted+insert
(. . 268).

vim
. emacs
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,
META+<, .
,
, .7.7,
, .
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*Occur*, -
247
. *Occur*
, ( CONTROL+X o,
o ),
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.
7.7. ,
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, , *Occur*
META+x delete-matching-lines
META+x delete-non-matching-lines
,
.

, .7.8, , . .

.
7.8.
META+x replace-string
_ _.
, , ,
CONTROL+U CONTROL+@
META+x replace-regexp
_ _
_ _. , , ,
CONTROL+U CONTROL+@
META+%
META+x query-replace
, . _,
, , _.
,
, ,
CONTROL+U CONTROL+@
248 7. emacs
7.8 ()
META+x query-replaceregexp
_ _,
_
, , _. ,
, ,
CONTROL+U CONTROL+@
emacs
,
. .7.9
.
7.9.
DELETE
, ()
, .
, , DELETE , ,
. ()
! (

( emacs- ),
emacs (. . 252),
, , ,
. .
emacs ,
( , ,
, ),
.
. ,
, META+x pwd,
META+x cd. , emacs
.
META+x pwd
META+x cd

emacs , ,
. ,
249
, , emacs . .7.10
, .
, . ,
. New File,
emacs.
, CONTROL+X CONTROL+V
.
7.10.
CONTROL+X CONTROL+F
.
. .

CONTROL+X CONTROL+V

,
.
CONTROL+X 4 CONTROL+F
.
.
. , , ,
,

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.
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bash (. . 249).
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, . ,
. emacs .
, ,
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. ,
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, , [Complete, but not unique].
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, (.7.10).
, (?).
250 7. emacs
:
q , CONTROL+G ESCAPE ESCAPE ESCAPE.
, ;
q - .
, emacs
;
q -,
, TAB;
q META+v PAGE UP,
.
. , , .
CONTROL+G ESCAPE ESCAPE ESCAPE,
-.
. 7.10.
, emacs
,
, -.
-
.
Completion Completion Commands Minibuffer emacs (. emacs . 225).

,
. .7.11 .
251

(META+~)
. META+~
.
, ?

CONTROL
+
X
s
, ,
, , emacs
.
emacs
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, (y). ,
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:
CONTROL+X
CONTROL+W .
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**.
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META+x revert-buffer.
. , emacs
.
META+~ () **.
CONTROL+X s, ,
.
7.11.
CONTROL+X CONTROL+S
, .
, emacs ,
No changes need to be saved
CONTROL+X s

y
n.
emacs , , .

META+x set-visited-filename
CONTROL+X CONTROL+W
,
. META+x set-visited-filename, CONTROL+X CONTROL+S
META+~ ()
.
META+~ , , emacs
, ** ,
. ,
,
DELETE
252 7. emacs
emacs
, . , .
,
. ,
. ,
: , , , , , . ,
, .7.12.
7.12.
CONTROL+X b
.
,
CONTROL+X 4 b
.
,
CONTROL+X CONTROL+B
*Buffer List* .
,
. . *Buffer List*
, , ,
() . ,
, (% ), (*)
, , (.)
META+x rename-buffer
CONTROL+X CONTROL+Q

%% .

META+x prepend-to-buffer
META+x copy-to-buffer
META+x insert-buffer
CONTROL+X k
.
, , emacs
META+x kill-some-buffers
.
CONTROL+X k, emacs
,
253
emacs . emacs ,
. .
emacs . 222.
. CONTROL+X b _ ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
.
CONTROL+X b
_
. 7.11.

. CONTROL+X 2 ,
.
. CONTROL+X 3 ,
(.7.11). , . , CONTROL+U CONTROL+X 2
, CONTROL+U 4
, (
).
,
. ( )
,
.
254 7. emacs

CONTROL+Xo ( o ). , CONTROL+X o
,
. META+CONTROL+V . , , CONTROL+X o. , , ,
CONTROL+V .
CONTROL+X o
META+
CONTROL+V

emacs
, ,
CONTROL+X 4. , CONTROL+X 4b .
,
. CONT
ROL+X 4f ,
. , .
CONTROL+X
4b
CONTROL+X
4f

, . ,
, , ,
. CONTROL+X 0 () ,
CONTROL+X 1 .
CONTROL+X 0
CONTROL+
X1
.
, META+x shrinkwindow . ,
CONTROL+X ^, , CONT
ROL+X }, CONTROL+X {.

, .
emacs , , . , .
META+x
shrink-window,
CONTROL+X ^,
CONTROL+X }
CONTROL+
X{
,
emacs (,
emacs; . . 223)

255
,
(.7.13).
vim, , (. :!! . 210).
, vim, .
7.13.
META+!
(
)
CONTROL+U META+!
(
)
META+| (
)
CONTROL+U META+|
( )
,
,
,
,
,
, ,

emacs , .
. 265.
,
emacs , , emacs, .

.
.
*compilation*. ,
,
.

, .
,
META+x compile, . *compilation* .
, *compilation*
. , , META+>.
, CONTROL+X 0 (),
META+x
compile
256 7. emacs
, , , CONTROL+X 1 . *compilation*,
CONTROL+X b.
, META+x killcompilation. emacs ,
.
*compilation* , , .
, , CONTROL+X ( ).
*compilation*
. ,
CONTROL+U CONTROL+X.
:

emacs ,
. .
.
. , , . ,
,
(..7.1).
,
:
(, text, nroff, TeX).
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Fortran, Lisp).
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. :
, , ,
. ,
.
, , , , ,
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, , , , .
: 257

emacs , . ,
.
META+x _.
, emacs .
, - * _ *, ,
, ,
.
META+x _

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, , .
, .
.
,
, TeX, LaTeX nroff/troff. ,
, ,
,
.
,
, , , : CONTROL+F, CONTROL+B, CONTROL+D, DELETE CONTROL+T.
, CONTROL+F CONTROL+B
, META+f META+b .
, ,
,
. ,
, .
META+f
META+b
, CONTROL+D DELETE
,
META+d META+DELETE .
, META+f META+b, , . .
META+d
META+
DELETE
META+t
META+t
.
258 7. emacs
, , , , :
CONTROL+A, CONTROL+E CONTROL+K. META+a
, META+e . ,
CONTROL+X DELETE ,
META+k .
emacs , , sentence-end. ,
emacs ., ? !,
, , .
, CONTROL+H v sentenceend .
META+a META+e
. , , ,
.
META+k CONTROL+X DELETE ,
, CONTROL+K .
, META+a META+e,
, . .
CONTROL+X DELETE .
META+a,
META+e,
CONTROL+X
DELETE
META+k
META+{ , META+}
. META+h ,
, ( , ), ,
.
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, .
, ,
, ,
, .
, paragraph-separate paragraphstart . ,
. ,
.
META+{,
META+}
META+h
: 259
emacs , , . , . emacs

.
META+x auto-fill-mode
(Auto Fill). , emacs ,
.
.
META+x autofill-mode
, .
,
,
. , META+q ,
META+x fill-region (
).
,
70, fill-column.
fill-column ,
CONTROL+X f, fill-column nnn,
0 , CONTROL+U nnn
CONTROL+X f.
META+q
META+x
fill-region

emacs , (
, ) (.7.14).
7.14.
META+l ( l , , -
META+u
, ,
META+c
, ,
CONTROL+X CONTROL+L
CONTROL+X CONTROL+U
260 7. emacs
, , ( ,
META+f),
META+l, META+u META+c
, META+f.
,
.

, . .
.7.15 .
7.15.

HELLOMETA+META+l ( l )
Hello
helloMETA+ META+u
HELLO
helloMETA+ META+c
Hello
() ,
, .

, ,
, ,
, .
,
, TAB
(.).
META+x text-mode.
META+x textmode
TAB tab-totab-stop. , TAB .

META+x edit-tab-stops, *Tab Stops*.
, . , CONTROL+C CONTROL+C.
(CONTROL+X k) (CONTROL+X b),
TAB.
, META+x edit-tab-stops,
, .
emacs , .
, . , ,
, .
META+x edittab-stops
: 261
C
, , , .
(, ),
:
, ,
.
.
.
emacs
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, . , . -
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. , , . ,
, , , .
C.
emacs
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,
.
7.16.
CONTROL+META+f
.
, (
, ).
yy (, ), .
yy ,

emacs sexp
S-expression. ,
(expression), .
262 7. emacs
7.16 ()
CONTROL+META+b
CONTROL+META+k
, . , CONTROL+META+f,
,
CONTROL+META+@
, CONTROL+META+f, . , CONTROL+X
CONTROL+X

emacs ,
, defun,
. , .
C ,
, {. .7.17
.

emacs

. ,
. ,
- ,
.
7.17.
CONTROL+META+a
CONTROL+META+e
CONTROL+META+h
(
, ).
, ,
emacs C
.
, C (.7.18).
: 263
7.18.
TAB
. TAB
,
. , ;
.
TAB ; TAB
.
, META+i
CONTROL+Q TAB
LINEFEED (
, TAB.
LINEFEED ,

CONTROL+META+q

. CONTROL+META+q ,
, .
,
TAB, .
,
, ,
TAB
CONTROL+META+\
.
, . ,
, , TAB

C, emacs . emacs
19 C,
C++, Objective-C Java. emacs

, (
50), , else.
emacs coffsetsalist,
.
. ,
.
c-style-alist (GNU,
K&R [Kernighan and Ritchie], BSD ..).
cstylealist:
("gnu"
(c-basic-offset . 2)
264 7. emacs
(c-comment-only-line-offset . (0 . 0))
(c-offsets-alist . ((statement-block-intro . +)
(knr-argdecl-intro . 5)
(substatement-open . +)
(label . 0)
(statement-case-open . +)
(statement-cont . +)
(arglist-intro . c-lineup-arglist-intro-after-paren)
(arglist-close . c-lineup-arglist)
))
)
.
, info- emacs , Customizing C Indentation ( C).
.emacs, ,
, .c.
comment-column,
CONTROL+H v comment-column .
.7.19 , .
7.19.
META+;
. .
, META+; ,
commentcolumn.
, , ,
commentcolumn, META+;
, commentcolumn, META+;
. ,
.
( ) ,
CONTROL+X ;
commentcolumn .
0
CONTROL+U
CONTROL+X ;
.
comment+column , , META+;,

CONTROL+U
CONTROL+X ;
comment-column , META+;

: 265

emacs , , .
.
:
Rmail: , ..
Dired: ls l .
VIP: vi.
VC: ( RCS, CVS
Subversion) emacs.
GUD (Grand Unified Debugger ): C ( )
emacs.
Tramp: ,
ftp scp.
Shell: emacs.
Shell mode.

,
. 254. emacs
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
emacs .
*shell* META+x shell .
*shell* , emacs . ,
, :
- explicit-shell-file-name.
ESHELL.
SHELL.
, META+xrena
mebuffer ,
META+x shell .
, .
META+x shell
266 7. emacs
(.7.20).
, CONTROL+C.
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CONTROL+C.
7.20.
, emacs ,
, ()
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, , ,
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,
,
CONTROL+C CONTROL+D
CONTROL+D
CONTROL+C CONTROL+C
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quit,
CONTROL+C CONTROL+U
CONTROL+C CONTROL+R
,
,

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.
268 7. emacs
7.21. , .emacs
C, CONTROLMETA-: \C-s CONTROL+S, \M+s

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7.22.

ctl-x-map
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esc-map
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help-map
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CONTROL+H f _
CONTROL+H k _.

-
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, .
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\ C-w CONTROL+W,
( \^w).
. .
kill-region CONTROL+X CONTROL+K

(define-key ctl-x-map "\C-k" 'kill-region)
.emacs
~/.emacs ,
vi vim. - ,
270 7. emacs

(;).
;;; Preference Variables
(setq make-backup-files nil)
;Do not make backup files
(setq backup-by-copying t)
;If you do, at least do not destroy links
(setq delete-auto-save-files t)
;Delete autosave files when writing orig
(setq blink-matching-paren nil)
;Do not blink opening delim
(setq require-final-newline 'ask)
;Ask about missing final newline
;; Reverse mappings for C-h and DEL.
;; Sometimes useful to get DEL character from the Backspace key,
;; and online help from the Delete key.
;; NB: F1 is always bound to online help.
(keyboard-translate ?\C-h ?\177)
(keyboard-translate ?\177 ?\C-h)
;; Some vi sugar: emulate the CR command
;; that positions us to first non-blank on next line.
(defun forward-line-1-skipws ()
"Position to first nonwhitespace character on next line.
(interactive)
(if (= (forward-line) 0)
;if moved OK to start of next line
(skip-chars-forward " \t")))
;skip over horizontal whitespace
;; Bind this to M-n. ("enhanced next-line")
;; C-M-n is arguably more "correct" but (1) it takes three fingers
;; and (2) C-M-n is already bound to forward-list.
(define-key esc-map "n" 'forward-line-1-skipws)
;; C mode customization: set vanilla (8-space bsd) indention style
(require 'cc-mode)
;kiss: be sure it's here
(setq c-default-style
'(
(java-mode . "java")
(awk-mode . "awk")
(c-mode . "bsd")
(other . "gnu")
))
;; See also CC Mode in online help for more style setup examples.
;; end of c mode style setup

emacs ,
. info-
emacs (. ).
-, GNU emacs www.gnu.org/software/
emacs. emacs , , comp.emacs gnu.emacs.help.
emacs
emacs Linux.
emacs apt-get,
, , ,
271
, yum.
- www.gnu.org.

:
:
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
: gnu@gnu.org
: +1 617-542-5942
: +1 617 542 2652
: www.gnu.org
, ,
, . emacs ,
CONTROL+U.
.7.23 .
7.23.
CONTROL+F
CONTROL+B
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num (0 = , = )
272 7. emacs
.7.24 , .
7.24.
CONTROL+DELETE
DELETE
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META+k
CONTROL+X DELETE
CONTROL+K
, , ;
,

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char,
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7.25.
CONTROL+S
CONTROL+S
CONTROL+R
CONTROL+R
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META+ CONTROL+S
META+CONTROL+R
META+ CONTROL+R
273
.7.26 , .
7.26.
CONTROL+H a
CONTROL+H b
CONTROL+H c _
, _
CONTROL+H k _
, _
CONTROL+H f
CONTROL+H i ( i
info (. info:
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100
)
CONTROL+H m
CONTROL+H n
emacs
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CONTROL+H v
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7.27.
META+W
CONTROL+W
()
META+x print-region
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CONTROL+X CONTROL+U
CONTROL+X CONTROL+L
274 7. emacs
.7.28 , .
7.28.
META+x occur
, ,
*Occur*
META+x delete-matchinglines
META+x delete-non-match
ing-lines
.7.29 , ,
.
7.29. ,
META+x replace-string

;
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7.30.
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DELETE
, ()
. ()
! ( )
275
.7.31 .
7.31.
CONTROL+X b
CONTROL+X 2
CONTROL+X 3
CONTROL+X o ( o
META+CONTROL+V
CONTROL+X 4b
CONTROL+X 4f
CONTROL+X 0 ()
CONTROL+X 1 ()
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.7.32 .
7.32.
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( )
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; .
. ,

CONTROL+X CONTROL+S
CONTROL+X s
(y/n)
META+x set-visited-filename
CONTROL+X CONTROL+W
META+~ ()
276 7. emacs
. 7.33 .
7.33.
CONTROL+X CONTROL+S
CONTROL+X CONTROL+F
()
CONTROL+X b
.
,
CONTROL+X 4b
.
,
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*Buffer List*, .
,
. . *Buffer List*
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%%
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META+x kill-some-buffers
.7.34 ,
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7.34. ,
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277
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7.36.
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CONTROL+META+a
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CONTROL+META+h
, ( ,
)
278 7. emacs
*shell*
META+x shell. . 7.38 ,
.
7.38.
CONTROL+C CONTROL+D
CONTROL+D
CONTROL+C CONTROL+C
CONTROL+C
CONTROL+C CONTROL+\
quit
CONTROL+C CONTROL+U
CONTROL+C CONTROL+R
,
,

CONTROL+C CONTROL+O
( O
)
1. a , :
1) his hers?
2) ?
3)
?
4) His ?
2. ? ?
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4. , ,
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5. ,
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279
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9. emacs . ,
. X

, .
.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Full fathom five thy father lies;

Of his bones are coral made;
Those are pearls that were his eyes:
Nothing of him that doth fade,
But doth suffer a sea-change
Into something rich and strange.
Sea-nymphs hourly ring his knell:
Ding-dong.
Hark! now I hear them-Ding-dong, bell!
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Full fathiom five tyy father lies;

These are pearls that were his eyes:
Of his bones are coral made;
Nothin of him that doth fade,
But doth susffer a sea-change
Into something rich and strange.
Sea-nymphs hourly ring his knell:
Ding=dong.
Hard! now I hear them-Ding-dong, bell!
:
1)
?
2) ,
?
3)
? ?
4) 2 3 .
?

, C,
C, while,
:
/*
* Copy string s2 to s1. s1 must be large enough
* return s1
*/
char *strcpy(char *s1, char *s2)
280 7. emacs
{
char *os1;
os1 = s1;
while (*s1++ = *s2++)
;
return os1;
}
/*
* Copy source into dest, stopping after '\0'
* return a pointer to the '\0' at the end of
* can catenate to the dest * string without
*/
char *stpcpy (char *dest, char *source)
{
while ((*dest++ = *source++) != '\0')
; /* void loop body */
return (dest - 1);
}
is copied, and
dest. Then our caller
another strlen call.
1) strcpy?
? ?
2) , while.
?
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vim- %?
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4) , strcpy . strcpy?
5) emacs?
III
8. Bourne Again Shell . . . . . . . . . . 282

9. TC Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
8. Bourne Again Shell

5 Bourne Again Shell
(bash). , tcsh
bash, , , , . 10
,
Bourne Again
Shell (bash). bash www.gnu.org/software/bash.
Info bash Bourne Again
Shell.
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Bourne Again Shell Bourne Shell,

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Bourne Shell), (Steve Bourne),
Bell Laboratories AT&T. Bourne Shell , ,
UNIX.

Bourne Shell , UNIX-. Linux Bourne Again Shell. Bourne Again
Shell ,
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POSIX
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POSIX
284 8. Bourne Again Shell

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Bourne Again Shell POSIX.
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POSIX.
INFO- BOURNE AGAIN SHELL

BASH-DOC
Man- bash bash-doc.
info- bash. info
info: . 56.

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285

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bash login.
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profile
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[ ] 10 V. . () () source: . 287.
PATH,
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$ cat ~/.bash_profile
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi
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# ,
# PATH
#
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PATH (. PATH: ,
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287
/etc/profile,
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LANG (.8.5) VIMINIT ( vim) .
.
$ cat ~/.bashrc
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
source /etc/bashrc
# ,
fi
set -o noclobber
unset MAILCHECK
export LANG=C
export VIMINIT='set ai aw'
alias df='df -h'
alias rm='rm -i'
alias lt='ls -ltrh | tail'
alias h='history | tail'
alias ch='chmod 755 '
#
#
#
#
#
#

"you have new mail"
LANG
vim

rm
function switch()
{
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}
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$ cat ~/.bashrc
export TERM=vt100
export PS1="$(hostname -f): "
export CDPATH=:$HOME
stty kill 'û'
$ . ~/.bashrc
bravo.example.com:
#
#
#
#

HOME CDPATH
kill control-u
,
Bourne Again Shell (, ), [, ] $ .
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y

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y
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THIS IS Y.

1>&2.
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echo . 1>&2
echo .
291
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Again
Shell
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chmod:
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whoson, :
$ cat whoson
date
echo "Users Currently Logged In" ,
who
$ ./whoson
bash: ./whoson: Permission denied

whoson, , .
whoson ,
Permission denied ( ). (. , ,
command not found, .) bash (bash whoson), bash
.
bash , whoson ,
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tcsh.
chmod , . .8.1
ls l, ,
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. ls
293
(), , .
: u+x
chmod (+) (x) (u). ( u
user
, , .)
. ls Shell
x, Basics 279
, .
279 Wednesday,
September
30, 2009 10:13
AM
chmod
$ ls -l whoson
-rw-rw-r-1 max group 40 May 24 11:30 whoson
$ chmod u+x whoson
$ ls -l whoson
-rwxrw-r-1 max group 40 May 24 11:30 whoson
$ ./whoson
Fri May 22 11:40:49 PDT 2009
Users Currently Logged In
zach
pts/7
May 21 18:17
hls
pts/1
May 22 09:59
sam
pts/12
May 22 06:29 (bravo.example.com)
max
pts/4
May 22 09:08
. 8.1.

Figure
8-1
Using chmodchmod
to make
a shell script
executable
chmod utility changes the access privileges associated with a file. Figure 8-1
The
shows ls with the l option displaying the access privileges of whoson before and
COMMAND NOT FOUND?
./,
:
after chmod gives execute permission to the files owner.

$ whoson
bash:first
whoson:
command anot
found ()
(
)
ls displays
hyphen
as the
fourth
character, indicating that the owner
The

,the
file.

gives the
owner
execute perdoes
not have permission
to execute
Next chmod
u+x
:
chmod
to add
(+) execute
permission
(x) for the owner (u). (The u
mission:
causes
$ ./whoson
stands
for user, although it means the owner of the file.) The second argument is the

second
,

ls shows
an
x in
the fourth
position, indicating
that the
name
of ./
the
file. The
. ,
owner has execute permission.
, , PATH.
Command
found?
not
script
()
including

.
If you give
the name
of a shell
as a command
without
the leading ./,
the shell typtip
,
ically displays
the following
error message:
. , ,
$ whoson
bash: whoson:
command
not
found
,
.
This
message indicates
the shell
is not set (
up to search for executable)
files in the working
directory.
Give
.
this
command
instead:
, .
8.1, , $ ./whoson
, .
The ./ tells
the shell
explicitly
to look for
an executable
file in the
working
directory.
To,
change the
4,

,

V (
environment so the shell searches the working directory automatically, see the section about PATH
ls chmod).
on page 297.
If other users will execute the file, you must also change group and/or public access
permissions for the file. Any user must have execute access to use the files name as
#!
, , (
) .
,
exec, .
#!,
, .
, . , bash:
$ cat bash_script
#!/bin/bash
echo "This is a Bourne Again Shell script."
Bourne Again Shell
#! , , , , .
, tcsh:
$ cat tcsh_script
#!/bin/tcsh
echo "This is a tcsh script."
set person = zach
echo "person is $person"
tcsh
#! , tcsh , .
ps f ,
. , ps
, , bash, , tcsh, , ps:
$ cat tcsh_script2
#!/bin/tcsh
ps -f
$ ./tcsh_script2
UID
PID PPID
max
3031 3030
max
9358 3031
max
9375 9358
C
0
0
0
STIME
Nov16
21:13
21:13
TTY
pts/4
pts/4
pts/4
TIME
00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:00
CMD
-bash
/bin/tcsh ./tcsh_script2
ps -f
#! , , , . #! . #!
, ,
tcsh bash, bash,
, .
sed, #!,
. 597.
295
#

. , Bourne Again Shell TC Shell,
. (#)
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(!), - ,
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exec , . ,
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whoson:
C
fork
exec
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.
and

xit from a shell while jobs are stopped, the shell
issues
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,
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, .
2009 10:13 AM
Directory Stack
ne Again and
the TC
Shells
allow you
to store a list of directories you
with, enabling
you
to
move
easily
among
them.This
list is
referred to ,
, Bourne Again Shell,
TC Shell,
s analogous
to
a
stack
of
dinner
plates:
You
typically
add
plates
to and
,
.
from the top
of
the
stack,
so
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type
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stack
is
named
a
last
in,
first
.

ack.
: .
LIFO (last in,
out).
lays thefirst
Stack
n displays the contents of the directory stack. If you call dirs when the
k is empty,dirs:
it displays
the name of the
working directory:
dirs . dirs
, :
ture
$ dirs
~/literature
names

dirs (~). 21 pushd , .8.2.

,
demo
12 pushd
literature
ays the Stack
displays the contents of the directory stack. If you call dirs when the
000.book.fm Page 289 Wednesday, September 30, 2009 10:13 AM
is empty, it displays the name of the working directory:
303
re
Shell Basic
names
pushd
21 pushd
pushd
names
demo
names
demo
names
demo
literature
literature
literature
demo
12 pushd
literature
Figure
Creating
a directory stack
.8-3
8.3.

Figure 8-4.
Using
pushd to change
working
directories
8.4.
pushd

The dirs builtin uses a tilde (~) to represent the name of a users home directo
examples
in the next
several sections assume that you are referring to the di
pushd:

structure shown in Figure 8-2.
pushd (
push
directory
) , , , ,
pushd:
a Directory
on the Stack

Pushes

.
When you supply the pushd (push directory) builtin with one argument, it
.8.3.
the directory specified by the argument on the stack, changes directories
$ pushd ../demo
~/demo ~/literature specified directory, and displays the stack. The following example is illustr
Figure 8-3:
$ pwd
/home/sam/demo
$ pushd ../demo
$ pushd ../names
~/demo ~/literature
~/names ~/demo ~/literature
$ pwd
$ pwd
/home/sam/demo
$ pushd ../names
/home/sam/names
~/names ~/demo ~/literature

pushd
$ pwd
,
,
/home/sam/names
( ),
When you use pushd without an argument, it swaps the top two directories
(.8.4):
stack, makes the new top directory (which was the second directory) the new
$ pushd
ing directory, and displays the stack (Figure 8-4):
~/demo ~/names ~/literature
$ pushd
$ pwd
~/demo ~/names ~/literature
/home/sam/demo
$ pwd

pushd /home/sam/demo
. ,
in this
way, you
can easilymove
back and forth
between
Using
, pushd

- two dire
You
can
also
use
cd
to
change
to
the
previous
directory,
whether
cd . , or not yo
explicitly
a directory
stack.
To access another
directory
in the stack, ca

pushd created
,

.
with
a
numeric
argument
preceded
by
a
plus
sign.
The
directories
, 0. in the st
starting
with the top directory,
which ,
is number
0. The following
numbered
pushd
command
continues
with
the
previous
example,
changing
the
working direc
literature literature :
literature and moving literature to the top of the stack:
$ pushd +2
$ pushd +2
~/literature ~/demo ~/names
$ pwd
$ pwd
/home/sam/literature
/home/sam/literature
000.book.fm Page 290 Wednesday, September 30, 2009 10:13 AM

290 Chapter 8 The Bourne Again Shell
popd:

popd (pop directory ).
.8.5, popd

, :
$ dirs
$ popd
~/demo ~/names
$ pwd
/home/sam/demo
literature
popd
demo
names
Figure 8-5 Using popd

to 8.5.
remove
a directory fro

popd ,
- popd
popd: Pops
a Directory
Off
the
Stack

+.
To remove a directory from the stack, use the popd (pop direc
1, demo. ,
and
lowing
example
Figure 8-5 show, without an argumen
,
.
directory from the stack and changes the working directory t
$ dirs
$ popd +1
~/literature ~/names
$ dirs
$ popd
~/demo ~/names
$ pwd
/home/sam/demo
To remove a directory other than the top one from the

numeric
argument
preceded by
a plus sign.
Thefollowing
, tory
.
number 1, demo.
Removing
a directory
other than d
. ,not
change
the
,
working
directory.
, $ dirs
. ,
. A76, MY_CAT ___X___
,
$ popd
+1
69TH_STREET ( ) ~/literature
MY-NAME (
~/names )
.
,

, .
Variables
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.
Within
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user.
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.
User-created Shell variables that you name and assign values to are user

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variables can change
the values
variables at any time,
. 454. Bourne
Again
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readonly so that their values cannot
be changed.
:
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Parameters and Variables
to all shells and other programs you fork from the original
vention is to use only uppercase letters for global variables a
305
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TC Shell
set, :
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319
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UID
PID PPID C STIME TTY
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TIME CMD
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323
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Mar
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1
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21
27
2008 flute.ps
2009 XTerm.ad
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20:19 Test_Emacs

.
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1024 Oct 27 20:19 Test_Emacs/

1024 Aug 9 17:41 Tiger/
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Sun Aug 9 15:44:58 PDT 2009
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29 0:00
30 0:00
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374 9. TC Shell
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31 9:35
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33 9:35
set histlit
34 9:35
history
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31 9:35
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[2] 18876

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(/), tcsh , . .

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. ,
path. ,
tcsh, .
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updates: Command not found.

381

tcsh ,
bash.
emacs ( ), vi ( m ).
vi(m) bindkey v, emacs bindkey e.
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"^[[A"
-> up-history
"^[[B"
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"^[[C"
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"^[[D"
-> backward-char
Arrow key bindings

-
down
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up
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right
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^ CONTROL (^B = CONTROL+B). ^[

META ALT; META ALT
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ALT, ESCAPE,
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tcsh $ ecno $usfrMETA+$echo $user

correct , tcsh
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tcsh $ ls morning
morning
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tcsh $ ecno $usfr morbing
CORRECT>echo $usfr morbing (y|n|e|a)? y
usfr: Undefined variable.

tcsh $ set correct = all
tcsh $ echo $usfr morbing
CORRECT>echo $user morning (y|n|e|a)? y
zach morning
correct cmd, tcsh

ecno echo. correct all, tcsh , . ,
.
TC Shell , y,
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ls, tcsh
. , , ls,
. , :
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tcsh $ lx -l ()
CORRECT>lex -l (y|n|e|a)? e
tcsh $ lx -l
correct complete, tcsh , (. . 379). correct complete up.

Ambiguous command,
, .
. TAB, , up,
t . ,
uptime:
tcsh $ set correct = complete
tcsh $ up
Ambiguous command
tcsh $ uptuptime
4:45pm up 5 days, 9:54, 5 users,

load average: 1.62, 0.83, 0.33
384 9. TC Shell
tcsh ,
. tcsh , . @
.
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tcsh .

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20, , .
, .

,
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. 454.
, tcsh ,
($).

, . , ,
.

TC Shell ,
Bourne Again Shell.
: tcsh , set ( setenv) ()
.
tcsh $ set name = fred
tcsh $ echo $name
385
fred
tcsh $ set
argv
()
cwd
/home/zach
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/home/zach
name
fred
path
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name: Undefined variable.
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, exit
. , ,
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setenv
tcsh $ setenv SRCDIR /usr/local/src

tcsh $ tcsh
tcsh $ echo $SRCDIR
/usr/local/src
tcsh $ exit
setenv , ( ), ,
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set, setenv ,

.
unset, unsetenv,
.
386 9. TC Shell

, (1, 2, 3 . .). tcsh ,
( 1).
,
, .
, :
8 $ set colors = (red green blue orange yellow)
9 $ echo $colors
red green blue orange yellow
10 $ echo $colors[3]
blue
11 $ echo $colors[2-4]
green blue orange
12 $ set shapes = ('' '' '' '' '')
13 $ echo $shapes
14 $ set shapes[4] = square
15 $ echo $shapes[4]
square
8 colors .
,
( 12).

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. 389.

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1. 0.
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3. , != ==, .
4. , &, |, <, >, ( ).
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216
217
0
218
219
7
220
221
0
222
223
12
224
225
13
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$ echo $count
$ @ result = ( $count < 5 )
$ echo $result
$ @ count += 5
$ echo $count
$ @ count++
$ echo $count
388 9. TC Shell
216 count 0.
218 , .
220 @ , , result.
false (= 0), count 5.
222 :
tcsh $ @ count = $count + 5
224 count
.

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1
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226 $ set ages = (0 0 0 0 0)
389
227 $ @ ages[2] = 15
228 $ @ ages[3] = ($ages[2] + 4)
229 $ echo $ages[3]
19
230 $ echo $ages
0 15 19 0 0
231 $ set index = 3
232 $ echo $ages[$index]
19
233 $ echo $ages[6]
ages: Subscript out of range.

.
226 ,
0.
227 228 , 229 .
230 ,
232 , 233 .

, bash, tcsh
:
$ set bb=abc
$ echo $bbdef
bbdef: Undefined variable.
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abcdef

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$ echo $#days
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390 9. TC Shell

tcsh
, set.
input_line:
echo -n " : "
set input_line = "$<"
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TC
Shell
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. 459). Bourne Again Shell
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path), , , ~/.login, ,
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. 373). ~/.history.
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HOME
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mail ,
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mail
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. 312). , path PATH
392 9. TC Shell
.
path :
tcsh $ set path = ( /usr/bin /bin /usr/local/bin /usr/bin/X11 ~/bin . )
, PS1, bash (. PS1:

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394 9. TC Shell
9.5. , time
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:
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0.200u 0.340s 17:32:33.27 0.0%
0+0k 0+0io 1165pf+0w
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395
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~/.tcshrc,
.

(. . 382).
autocorrect
396 9. TC Shell
pushd
,
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echo
.
echo tcsh x
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(.
. 379) tcsh csh ( csh
tcsh).
histlit
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, (.
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CONTROL+D
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$ cat questions?
questions?: No such file or directory

, tcsh
.
tcsh
(. . 376).
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(
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rmstar
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(. . 372).
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verbose
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TC
Shell
, Bourne Again Shell. ,

. , .
. 417.
if
if
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.
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398 9. TC Shell
tcsh $ cat if_1
#!/bin/tcsh
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if -f $1 echo "$1 ."
9.8. n
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399
n
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, , . 0 () , (,
400 9. TC Shell
0), 1, 0,
.
F , ,
i- .
, filetest:
tcsh $ filetest -z if_1
0
tcsh $ filetest -F if_1
2051:12694
tcsh $ filetest -Z if_1
131
goto
goto :
goto
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: goto :
tcsh $ cat goto_1
#!/bin/tcsh
#
#
#
if ($#argv == 2) goto goodargs
echo " : $0 1 2"
exit 1
goodargs:
goto_1 (.
. 426), ,
.

onintr (
on
interrupt
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. , -
401

.
onintr . , ,
:
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#!/bin/tcsh
# onintr
onintr close
while ( 1 )
echo " ."
sleep 2
end
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echo " ."
, onintr .
close:
rm -f /tmp/$$*
/tmp/$$*
/tmp, PID
- (. $$: PID- . 457).
ifthenelse
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.
if () then
endif
. true, . false,
, else.
if () then
else
endif
ifthenelif (. ifthenelif . 423). , , true, .

if () then
402 9. TC Shell
else if () then
else
endif
class 0, 1, 2 3,
.
, class , , ,
. ,
number.
tcsh $ cat if_else_1
#!/bin/tcsh
#
#
set class
set number = $argv[1]
#
if ($number < 0) then
@ class = 0
else if (0 <= $number && $number < 100) then
@ class = 1
else if (100 <= $number && $number < 200) then
@ class = 2
else
@ class = 3
endif
#
echo " $number ${class}."
if , number . , class 0
, endif.
, if , number 0 100. && true,
true.
number 0 100, class 1
, endif.
, number
100 200. , else
class 3. if
endif. class
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;
.
, ,
- .
403
foreach
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in (. forin . 429). :
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. _
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: () . _ foreach
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. $1 $2
$argv[1] $argv[2].
tcsh $ cat ren
#!/bin/tcsh
# : ren 1 2
#
1
#
2
if ($#argv != 2) goto usage
foreach i ( *$1* )
mv $i 'echo $i | sed -n s/$1/$2/p'
end
exit 0
usage:
echo " : ren 1 2"
exit 1
404 9. TC Shell
foreach
buffer:
tcsh $ cat foreach_1
#!/bin/tcsh
# 20 argv
#
set buffer = (0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0)
set count = 1
#
if ($#argv > 20) goto toomany
#
foreach argument ($argv[*])
set buffer[$count] = $argument
@ count++
end
# command
# , .
exec command $buffer[*]
#
toomany:
echo " ."
echo " : foreach_1 [ 20 ]"
exit 1
foreach_1 , command
, 20 . foreach_1
, ,
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1, .
foreach . foreach
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. 469). command ,
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while
while :
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end
, true. false,
.
tcsh $ cat while_1
#!/bin/tcsh
# while.
405
# 1 n;
# n .
#
set limit = $argv[1]
set index = 1
set sum = 0
#
while ($index <= $limit)
@ sum += $index
@ index++
end
#
echo " $sum"
n , n
. +=
sum + index sum.
break continue
foreach while break
continue. , , . break ,
end, .
continue end,
.
switch
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breaksw
case :
breaksw
default:
breaksw
endsw
breaksw ,
endsw. breaksw , . ,
.10.2, ( | ).
406 9. TC Shell
tcsh $ cat switch_1
#!/bin/tcsh
# switch.
#
# yes no
# .
#
# argv[1]
if ($#argv != 1) then
echo " : $0 [yes|no]"
exit 1
else
# argv[1] , switch
switch ($argv[1])
# YES
case [yY][eE][sS]:
echo " yes."
breaksw
#
# NO
case [nN][oO]:
echo " no."
breaksw
#
#
default:
echo " yes no."
breaksw
endsw
endif

(builtins) ,
( ). , ,
. ,
;
.
, .
, ,
, ,
PATH. , .
,
(if, foreach, endsw ..), .9.10, . .9.10 tcsh,
.
407
9.10. tcsh

fg.
, (.
fg: . 300)
% &
bg.
, (.
bg: . 301)
set, (. . 386)
Alias
; bash ,
tcsh (. . 374)
Alloc
bg
(. bg: . 301)
bindkey

, tcs
bindkey
bindkey
(. . 381)
bindkey l
bindkey e
emacs
(. . 381)
bindkey v
vi(m)
(. . 381)
bindkey
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, , Cx ( x ,
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, Linux, META
ALT; Mac OS X OPTION
[ , option
Terminal]) F-x
.
,
bindkey s
tcsh
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builtins
cd chdir
(.
cd
: . 108)
dirs
(. dirs: . 302)
408 9. TC Shell
9.10 ()

echo
. echo
, , n (. . 390)
\c (. read:
. 466). echo echo (. V)
eval
. eval
, . ,
. - , ,
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.
exec:
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exit
TC Shell. exit
, tcsh
(. $?: . 458)
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. 300)
Filetest
, , , ,
(. .9.9).

Glob
, echo,

Hashstat
tcsh. , path. . rehash unhash

History
(.
history . 372)
Jobs
( , )
Kill
(.
kill
: . 475)
Limit
, , .
,
, , ..
Log
, tcsh
10 watch
(. watch . 394)
409

Login
Logout
, ( )
lsF
, ls F (. V), .
( lsF, .)
Nice
.
, ,
. root- nice
. nice V
Nohup

, . .
nohup V
Notify

(.
. 362)
onintr
,
(. . 400).
bash trap:
. 472
popd
,

(. . 302)
printenv
pushd
(. . 302)
rehash
, . tcsh
path
.
path, rehash,
. , tcsh (.
hashstat unhash )
repeat
(
)
sched
. ,
10 : tcsh $ sched 10:00 echo .. sched .
, tcsh
410 9. TC Shell
9.10 ()

set
,
(. )
setenv
,
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shift
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. 460).
shift argv.

,
source
,
: source
. bash
.() (. . () source
: . 287). source
TC
Shell
, #!. source ,
, set,
.
.tcshrc .login source , . source

stop
, .
stop
suspend

. ,
, .

time
, .
,
, time
(. time . 393). time
,
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, tcsh
(. V)
unalias
(. . 374)
unhash
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(. limit ),

unset
(. )
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(.
411

wait
. wait , tcsh
, , .
,
, wait
where
, , ,
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which
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, Linux- which,
Bourne Again Shell, TC Shell

, . TC Shell,
C Shell, ,
, ,
.
tcsh,
C Shell.
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, tcsh ;
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,
tcsh.
.
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set. @
.
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. unset , , unsetenv .
setenv
tcsh alias alias, bash.
412 9. TC Shell
bash tcsh
.
tcsh, , , , bash.
tcsh bash, .
(globbing), Bourne Shell, , (* ?), . tcsh , ,
. bash,
.
tcsh ,
. ,
,
.
1. , :
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
mail zach
cd /home/sam/correspondence/business/cheese_co
less letter.0321
vim letter.0321
cp letter.0321 letter.0325
grep hansen letter.0325
vim letter.0325
lpr letter*
cd ../milk_co
pwd
vim wilson.0321 wilson.0329
, :
1) Zach;
2) vim wilson.0329;
3) wilson.0329 ;
4) wilson.0321 wilson.0329.
2. 1) ?
2) homedots,
, .
3. 1) , , ?
2) , , ,
?
4. ~/.tcshrc ?
?
413
5. , :
adams.ltr.03
adams.brief
adams.ltr.07
abelson.09
abelson.brief
anthony.073
anthony.brief
azevedo.99
, TAB ?
1) less adams.l
2) cat a
3) ls ant
4) file az
, CONTROL+D ?
1) ls ab
2) less a
6. backup,
, .bak.
7. qmake (
quiet
make

make
), make ,
make.log. qmake ,
make.
8. tcsh
?

1. Bourne Again Shell command_menu ( 10 . 10.2), TC Shell?
.
2. rm ( rm i) ,
. delete,
, , ~/.trash. undelete, ~/.trash
. ~/.logout ,
, , delete
:
/bin/rm -f $HOME/.trash/* >& /dev/null
, , ~/.logout :
rm $HOME/.trash/*
3. foreach_1 ( foreach . 403),

, exec.
414 9. TC Shell
4. while_1 ( while
. 404), .
time.
5. find myfind, findout, ,
, . myfind , find. ,
myfind , ?
6. , foreach_1 (
foreach . 403) 20 , , toomany:? (
exit?)
IV
10. Bourne Again Shell . .
416
11. Perl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

12. AWK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
13. sed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
14. rsync . . . . . . . . . 602
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5 , 8
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417
TEST
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Linux, . ,
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.

, , , . TC Shell (.
. 397)
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ifthen, forin, while, until
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, ,
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:
$ cat if1
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read word1
echo -n " 2: "
read word2
if test "$word1" = "$word2"
then
echo ""
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1: peach
2: peach
-
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if

419
. test eq
; $# (. $#:
. 459) ,
. 1, :
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then
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.
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.
, chkargs,
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, ,
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test f
($1):
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if test $# -eq 0
then
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exit 1
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then
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else
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fi
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.
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).
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$ cat chkargs2
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
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exit 1
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exit 0
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: chkargs2
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.
, chkargs2,
1>&2 (. . 288).
chkargs2 1, . exit 0, , chkargs2 0 ,
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421
Linux, ,
chkargs2. , , ,
.
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$ cp
cp: missing file operand
Try 'cp --help' for more information.

cp --help'
ifthenelse
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then
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cat:
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if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
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exit 1
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then
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less -- "$@"
else
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rm , (rm
_), .
423
True
if
-
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False
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then
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if -
then
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else elif ,
else fi,
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test true , true ( word1 word2, word2
word3). test true,
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fi, :
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echo -n " 1: "
read word1
echo -n " 2: "
read word2
echo -n " 3: "
read word3
if [ "$word1" = "$word2" -a "$word2" = "$word3" ]
then
echo ": 1, 2 & 3"
elif [ "$word1" = "$word2" ]
then
echo ": 1 & 2"
then
echo ": 1 & 3"
then
echo ": 2 & 3"
else
echo " "
fi
$ ./if3
1: apple
2: orange
3: pear

$ ./if3
1: apple
2: orange
3: apple
: 1 & 3
$ ./if3
1: apple
2: apple
3: apple
: 1, 2 & 3
,
elif, , -
425
. , if ,
then, ,
fi. elif
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echo, (&),
.
LNKS
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lnks .
.
$ cat lnks
#!/bin/bash
#
# : lnks []
if [ $# -eq 0 -o $# -gt 2 ]; then
echo " : lnks []" 1>&2
exit 1
fi
if [ -d "$1" ]; then
echo " ." 1>&2
echo " : lnks []" 1>&2
exit 1
else
file="$1"
fi
if [ $# -eq 1 ]; then
directory="."
elif [ -d "$2" ]; then
directory="$2"
else
echo " ." 1>&2
echo " : lnks []" 1>&2
exit 1
fi
#
if [ ! -f "$file" ]; then
echo "lnks: $file " 1>&2
exit 1
fi
#
set -- $(ls -l "$file")
linkcnt=$2
if [ "$linkcnt" -eq 1 ]; then
exit 0
fi
# i-
set $(ls -i "$file")
inode=$1
# i-
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find "$directory" -xdev -inum $inode -print
Max letter.

. Max lnks
. lnks, /home,
, . Mac OS X /home /Users. lnks , /home/max/letter /home/zach/draft
:
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lnks: find
/home/max/letter
/home/zach/draft
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lnks , , # ! (.
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):
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427
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exit 1
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lnks $1 file,
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else
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1.
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#
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HFS
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lnks , ,
.
x (set x), , x
, .
429
$
+
+
+
+
+
+
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bash -x lnks letter /home

'[' 2 -eq 0 -o 2 -gt 2 ']'
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file=letter
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directory=/home
'[' '!' -f letter ']'
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PS4. (+).
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PS4 , ,
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$ export PS4='>>>> '
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set +x .
forin
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do
done
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_ ,
do done. do done
.
done, _ _
.
do done , _.
_, ,
done.
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fruit oranges .

,
, done, :

_
_
$ cat fruit
for fruit in apples oranges pears bananas
do
echo "$fruit"
done
echo " ."
do

_
?
$ ./fruit
apples
oranges
pears
bananas
.
done
. 10.4. -
forin
, ,
, , test , :
$ cat dirfiles
for i in *
do
if [ -d "$i" ]
then
echo "$i"
fi
done
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i.
for
for ( tcsh)
:
for _
do
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10.4), _.
for ,
.
431
for,
. , for arg, for
arg in "$@", "$@" "$1" "$2" "$3" ..
forin.
$ cat for_test
for arg
do
echo "$arg"
done
$ for_test candy gum chocolate
candy
gum
chocolate
WHOS
whos , if "$@". whos

, whos
. whos
, /etc/passwd. ,
.
whos , ,
, . whos
finger, whos . Mac OS X
passwd Open Directory.
$ cat whos
#!/bin/bash
if [ $# -eq 0 ]
then
echo " : whos " 1>&2
exit 1
fi
for id
do
gawk -F: '{print $1, $5}' /etc/passwd |
grep -i "$id"
done
whos ,
chas, , Marilou Smith:
$ ./whos chas "Marilou Smith"
chas Charles Casey
msmith Marilou Smith
whos for . for "$@" , for , .
$@
Marilou Smith ,
. for "$@" Marilou Smith,
.
whos
/etc/passwd. for gawk ( 12
awk mawk) ($1) ($5)
/etc/passwd. F: mawk
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grep (. V). grep
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while
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do
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done.

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test
433
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true, , do done. V test,
test.
while
-
False
done
True
do
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$ cat count
#!/bin/bash
number=0
while [ "$number" -lt 10 ]
do
echo -n "$number"
((number +=1))
done
echo
$ ./count
0123456789
$
echo, do,
number. n echo
. ((()); .
. 480) number. done

while . echo count ,
(
9).
SPELL_CHECK
aspell .
list aspell ( Linux) :
, aspell
.
,
letter.txt:
$ aspell list < letter.txt
quikly
portible
frendly
spell_check while. ,
spell_check aspell .
: aspell.
, ,
. , spell_check
aspell ,
.
spell_check :
, , ,
. if
. if
. ( ; r test , .
, , .)
$ cat spell_check
#!/bin/bash
# aspell
if [ $# -ne 2 ]
then
echo " : spell_check 1 2" 1>&2
echo "1: " 1>&2
echo "2: " 1>&2
exit 1
fi
if [ ! -r "$1" ]
then
echo "spell_check: $1 " 1>&2
exit 1
fi
if [ ! -r "$2" ]
then
echo "spell_check: $2 " 1>&2
exit 1
fi
aspell list < "$2" |
while read line
do
435
if ! grep "^$line$" "$1" > /dev/null

then
echo $line
fi
done
spell_check aspell ( list

)
while, (
) . - ( read line)
true, .
while grep if1,
,
. grep ( $line)
, (
^ $). , grep
, $line
. ( grep
aspell , paul,
paulson.) $line
.
grep /dev/null (.
/dev/null: . 151), . if
grep ( , true false, ), 0 true ( false), . 0 false (true ),
, . echo
, , .
EOF (end of file ), read
false, while,
. spell_check
, , . , , Blinkenship and
Klimowski, Attorneys, Blinkenship Klimowski.
, spell_check
memo Blinkenship Klimowski :
$ aspell list < memo
Blinkenship
Klimowski
targat
hte
$ cat word_list
Blinkenship
Klimowski
$ ./spell_check word_list memo
targat
hte
aspell ( Linux) V.
if :
if ! grep -qw "$line" "$1"

q grep, . w
grep .
until
-
True
done
False
do
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until
until ( tcsh) while ( tcsh
)
. .10.6 , until
, -
true. while , - true . until
:
until -
do
done
until,
read. , -
, .
$ cat until1
secretname=zach
name=noname
echo " !"
echo
until [ "$name" = "$secretname" ]
do
echo -n " : "
read name
done
echo " ."
$ ./until1
!
:
:
:
:
.
helen
barbara
rachael
zach
437
locktty lock
Berkeley UNIX Lock Screen ( )
GNOME. ()
until . until
,
, ,
. locktty
.
, , -
.
$ cat locktty
#! /bin/bash
trap '' 1 2 3 18
stty -echo
echo -n ": "
read key_1
echo
echo -n " : "
read key_2
echo
key_3=
if [ "$key_1" = "$key_2" ]
then
tput clear
until [ "$key_3" = "$key_2" ]
do
read key_3
done
else
echo "locktty: " 1>&2
fi
stty echo
LOCKTTY?
(), ()
, locktty.
trap, tcsh (.
trap: . 472),
locktty,
(, ). 18 , CONTROL+Z ( , tty), .
.10.5. sttyecho (. V) , , , .
,
trap

key_1,
key_2. key_3= NULL. key_1 key_2 , locktty
( tput) until. key_3.
,
(key_2), until , .
break continue
for, while until break
continue. break ,
done, .
continue done,
.
.
forin 1 10. if
, index 3
($indexle3). if , index 8 ($indexge8). if
echo index. 3 if continue, continue,
echo $index if,
for. , 8, if
break break, .
$ cat brk
for index in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
do
if [ $index -le 3 ] ; then
echo "continue"
continue
fi
#
echo $index
#
if [ $index -ge 8 ] ; then
echo "break"
break
fi
done
$ ./brk
continue
continue
continue
4
5
439
6
7
8
break
case
case (. .10.7)
. , ,
- . case ( tcsh switch)
:
case - in
-1)
-1
;;
-2)
-2
;;
-3)
-3
;;
esac
case -. letter. -
A, , A.
case,
. - B C,
, . (*)
,
. -
(*), ,
esac, - case.
$ cat case1
echo -n " A, B C: "
read letter
case "$letter" in
A)
echo " A"
;;
B)
echo " B"
;;
C)
echo " C"
;;
*)

echo " A, B, C"
;;
esac
$ ./case1
A, B C: B
B
case
-
=
1
?
-
=
2
?
-
=
3
?
-1
-2
-3
esac
. 10.7. - case
case1 , b
. - b ,
B ( case), , ,
:
$ ./case1
A, B C: b
A, B, C
441
case .
, .10.2.
, :
$ cat case2
echo -n " A, B C: "
read letter
case "$letter" in
a|A)
echo " A"
;;
b|B)
echo " B"
;;
c|C)
echo " C"
;;
*)
echo " A, B, C "
;;
esac
$ ./case2
A, B C: b
B
10.2.
[]
. , .

,
case
, case . command_menu echo
. (
select.) case
.
$ cat command_menu
#!/bin/bash
#
echo
echo
echo
echo
echo
-e
"
"
"
-e
"\n
\n"
a. "
b. , "
c. "
" d. \n"
echo -n " a, b, c d: "

read answer
echo
#
case "$answer" in
a)
date
;;
b)
who
;;
c)
pwd
;;
d)
ls
;;
*)
echo " : $answer"
;;
esac
$ ./command_menu

a.
b. ,
c.
d.
a, b, c d: a
Wed Jan
3 12:31:12 PST 2009
e echo \n .
, echo
, () \n.
e echo ,
(.10.3). ,
echo, ( ). xpg_echo (. 8.13)
e.
echo e
10.3. echo ( e)

echo
\a
()
\b
BACKSPACE
\c
\f
(FORMFEED)
\n
(NEWLINE)
\r
(RETURN)
\t
443
echo
\v
\\
\nnn
ASCII nnn, nnn

, echo

case
, .
safedit case,
($#).
, vim.
$ cat safedit
#!/bin/bash
PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
script=$(basename $0)
case $# in
0)
vim
exit 0
;;
1)
if [ ! -f "$1" ]
then
vim "$1"
exit 0
fi
if [ ! -r "$1" -o ! -w
then
echo "$script:
exit 1
else
editfile=$1
fi
if [ ! -w "." ]
then
echo "$script:
"
exit 1
fi
;;
"$1" ]
$1" 1>&2
" \
" 1>&2
*)
echo " : $script [_]" 1>&2
exit 1
;;
esac
tempfile=/tmp/$$.$script
cp $editfile $tempfile
if vim $editfile
then
mv $tempfile bak.$(basename $editfile)
echo "$script: "

else
mv $tempfile editerr
echo "$script: -- " \
" editerr" 1>&2
fi
safedit , case
vim -. ,
safedit . ( vim,
, :w
. 182.)
safedit , case , $1,
. safedit ,
. safedit
, case 1.
case
, safedit
. PATH /bin /usr/bin.
PATH ,
, . , - ,
PATH .
,
.
PATH
script

, :
basename ,
, script . $0 , (. $0: . 459). ,
, basename safedit:
$ /home/max/bin/safedit memo
$ ./safedit memo
$ safedit memo
script
. ,
, , , ,
, .
safedit $$
. , esac,
tempfile . ,
/tmp. PID- .
445
PID- . safedit
,
safedit .
,
- /tmp. PID-
, $script ,
UNIX 14- . Linux
. PID- ,
. ( ,
$script, .) ,
if ,
bak., .
bak , ,
14, .bak , . basename
$editfile , bak.
safedit if -: vim $editfile.
- vim ,
$editfile. vim, . if , . , vim 0,
, then. vim
( , ,
vim kill [. V]), vim
, , else.
select
select ( tcsh) , Korn Shell. ,
.
select :
select _ [in . . . ]
do
done
select .
in , select
.
. , select,
select fruit in apple banana blueberry kiwi orange watermelon STOP
:
1) apple
2) banana
3) blueberry
4) kiwi
5) orange
6) watermelon
7) STOP
select LINES () COLUMNS (). ( LINES

24, COLUMNS 80.)
COLUMNS 20, :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
apple
banana
blueberry
kiwi
orange
watermelon
STOP
select PS3,
select. PS3 ?#, .
PS3 ( , ) select _ , .
_
. select REPLY,
, ,
do done. ,
PS3.
select PS3
, - break exit. break
, exit .
select :
PS3
$ cat fruit2
#!/bin/bash
PS3=" : "
select FRUIT in
do
if [ "$FRUIT" == "" ]; then
echo -e " .\n"
continue
elif [ $FRUIT = STOP ]; then
echo " !"
break
fi
echo " $FRUIT."
echo -e " $REPLY.\n"
done
$ ./fruit2
1)
3)
5)
7)
2)
4)
6)
: 3
.
3.
447
: 99
.
: 7
!
PS3
select fruit2 do done.
,
_ ($FRUIT) . $FRUIT
, echo , continue PS3.
, ,
. , echo ,
break select ( ).
,
, . ( e echo
, command_menu.)
Here Document
Here document ( )
.
Here document , here , , ,
. birthday Here
document. , Here document,
(<<) .
, Here document,
.
,
. ,
, . ,
grep ,
, :
$ cat birthday
grep -i "$1" <<+
Max
June 22
Barbara February 3
Darlene May 8
Helen
March 13
Zach
January 23
Nancy
June 26
+
$ ./birthday Zach
Zach
January 23
$ ./birthday june
Max
June 22
Nancy
June 26

birthday Here document, , . , , birthday Zach,
Zach. .
i grep , .
bundle1
Here document. bundle ,
shell archive (shar). ,
, ,
:
$ cat bundle
#!/bin/bash
# bundle:
echo "# bash"
for i
do
echo "echo $i 1>&2"
echo "cat >$i <<' $i'"
cat $i
echo " $i"
done
, ,
,
,
Here document.
, bundle ( )
, bothfiles (
). Here document ,
bundle ( file1 file2).
bothfiles
bash. Here document cat,
bothfiles Here document :
$ cat file1
.
.
$ cat file2
.

.
$ ./bundle file1 file2 > bothfiles
$ cat bothfiles
# bash
echo file1 1>&2
cat >file1 <<' file1'
.
(Brian W. Kernighan) (Rob Pike), The
Unix Programming Environment (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1984), . 98.

.
449
.
file1
echo file2 1>&2
cat >file2 <<' file2'
.

.
file2
file1 file2 bothfiles .

bothfiles echo .
ls , bothfiles file1 file2:
$ rm file1 file2
$ bash bothfiles
file1
file2
$ ls
bothfiles
file1
file2

. 289,
, .
, Linux
( ).
.
.
, .
, , . Linux :
( 0), ( 1) ( 2). . ,
>
1>
2>.
, , , 0, 1 2,
, - . ,
- .
Bourne Again Shell exec:
exec n> _
exec m< _

_ , n. _
, m.
<& _, >& _. ,
, , .
n m :
exec n<&m
, . -, -
, ,
>&n,
<&n. -, read
(. read: . 466) echo.
, (. . 363),
. ,
,
exec n<&
, mycp,
, ,
, , . , , ,
. mycp
.

mycp ; ,
. ( :
,
, , .) .
e,
. () (. . () source:
. 287). , ,
(. . 345).
function mycp ()
{
case $# in
0)
#
# 3
# 4
exec 3<&0 4<&1
;;
1)
#
# , ,
# 3
451
# 4
exec 3< $1 4<&1
;;
2)
#
# , ,
# 3
# , ,
# 4
exec 3< $1 4> $2
;;
*)
echo " : mycp [ []]"
return 1
;;
esac
# cat , 3,
# , 4
cat <&3 >&4
# 3 4
exec 3<&- 4<&}
, cat. 3 4,
cat,
.
,
.
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#!/bin/bash
usage ()
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exit 1
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# ,
: ${TEMPDIR:=/tmp}
#
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#
file1=$TEMPDIR/$$.file1
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#
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# $file1 $file2 . 3 4.
exec 3<$file1
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# , .
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#
, .
#
, .
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# .
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# file1:
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exit 0

. 304.
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:
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cheese=american
echo "extest1 1:
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455
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extest1 1: american
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461
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Wed Aug 13 17:35:29 PDT 2008
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echo
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1: Wed
2: Aug
3: 13

6: 2008
Aug 13, 2008
date + (. date V).

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names names.
469
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Alice Jones
Robert Smith
Alice Paulson
John Q. Public
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Smith, Robert
Paulson, Alice
Q. Public, John
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:
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Alice Jones
read names names.

names ,
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Alice Jones
Robert Smith

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Alice Jones
Robert Smith
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pts/7
May 30 7:05 (bravo.example.com)
hls
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May 30 6:59 (:0.0)
Mon May 25 11:42:56 PDT 2009
out (.
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471
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:
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473
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for file
475
do
if [ -r "$file" -a -w "$file" ]
then
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then
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10.6 ()

kill
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(. . 356),
:
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#!/bin/bash
echo -n "How old are you? "
read age
if ((30 < age && age < 60)); then
echo "Wow, in $((60-age)) years, you'll be 60!"
else
echo "You are too young or too old to play."
fi
$ ./age2
How old are you? 25
?
You are too young or too old to play. ,

- if ,
0 (true), true, 1 (false)
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(bash)
(perl)
513
, , , (_). Perl
(. ),
my, (. ), , ,
. Perl
. 535.

,
, ,
, .
Perl ,
,
. Perl
:
$ cat variable1.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
my $name = 'Sam';
print ", $nam, ?\n";
# , 'e' name
$ ./variable1.pl
, , ?
Perl , use
strict . man-
perldebtut. use strict Perl
:
use strict
$ cat variable1b.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
my $name = 'Sam';
print ", $nam, ?\n"; # , 'e' name
$ ./variable1b.pl
Global symbol "$nam" requires explicit package name at ./variable1b.pl line 4.
Execution of ./variable1b.pl aborted due to compilation errors.
"$nam" ./variable1b.pl
4.
./variable1b.pl - .
MY:
variable1.pl, $name

my
;
vari
able1.pl.
, . ,
.
, ,
514 11. Perl

.
,
, .
, ,
, , .
Perl -. ,
,
(. . 454). Perl
,
my, ,
, .
w use warnings :
Perl . Perl . , $nam
3, , , .
, . Perl 5.10
. , . , , .
w

use warnings
$ cat variable1a.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
my $name = 'Sam';
print ", $nam, ?\n"; # ( w)
$ ./variable1a.pl
Name "main::nam" used only once: possible typo at ./variable1a.pl line 3.
"main::nam" : , 3
./variable1a.pl.
Use of uninitialized value $nam in concatenation (.) or string at ./variable1a.pl
line 3.
$nam (.)
./variable1a.pl, 3.
, , ?
w . e, ,
( e w ). .
e . 539.
$ perl -w -e 'my $name = "Sam"; print "Hello, $nam, how are you?\n"'
Name "main::nam" used only once: possible typo at -e line 1.
"main::nam" : , e, 1
Use of uninitialized value $nam in concatenation (.) or string at -e line 1.
$nam (.)
e, 1
, , ?
undef, (0),
(""). , ,
undef
defined
515
defined. , , , defined $name , (! ).

, print , $name .
$ cat variable2.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
if (!defined($name)) {
print " '\$name' .\n"
};
$ ./variable2.pl
'$name' .
w Perl
,
.

($),
, .
Perl
, . Perl
,
, , .
Perl .
.
(3 4) Sam $name,
5 2 $n1 $n2 .
,
(;). ,
say (use feature 'say') . 510.
$ cat scalars1.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
$name = "Sam";
$n1 = 5; $n2 = 2;
say
say
say
say
say
"$name $n1 $n2";

"$n1 + $n2";
'$name $n1 $n2';
$n1 + $n2, " ", $n1 * $n2;
$name + $n1;
$ ./scalars1.pl
Sam 5 2
5 + 2
$name $n1 $n2
516 11. Perl

7 10
Argument "Sam" isn't numeric in addition (+) at ./scalers1.pl line 11.
Sam (+) ./scalers1.pl
11
5
say , ,
( , ). Perl . say ,
. say (+).
Perl , + . Perl
.
say , , . Perl , ,
.
say , Perl
. ,
, Perl (710). say
; w Perl
, 5. Sam,
Perl 0, 5 (0 + 5 = 5).
,
, ,
, at (@)
( ). , .
, (. ,
. 519), .
Perl
. ,
, , Perl undef ( ).

@arrayvar .
Perl
, say
( 1). $arrayvar[1]
(), .
say @arrayvar[1,2] (
), ( 1 2).
$ cat arrayvar1.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
@arrayvar = (8, 18, "Sam");
say $arrayvar[1];
say "@arrayvar[1,2]";
517
$ perl arrayvar1.pl
18
18 Sam

print. arrayvar2.pl @arrayvar2.
, Perl .
$num ,
@arrayvar2.
$ cat arrayvar2.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
@arrayvar2 = ("apple", "bird", 44, "Tike", "metal", "pike");
$num = @arrayvar2;
print ": ", $num, "\n";
print ": $num\n";
print " : $#arrayvar2\n";
#
# print
#
$ ./arrayvar2.pl
: 6
: 6
: 5
print arrayvar2.pl : , ,
$num ,
. ,
print. print
, Perl ( ),
.
print arrayvar2.pl , Perl $#
. Perl , , , .

(.; , , ).
. , ,
, .
, Perl $va . $vb Sam,
uel, Samuel ( print).
$#
$ cat arrayvar3.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
$v1 = 5; $v2 = 8;
518 11. Perl

$va = "Sam"; $vb = "uel";
@arrayvar3 = ($v1, $v1 * 2, $v1 * $v2, "Max", "Zach", $va . $vb);
print $arrayvar3[2], "\n";
print @arrayvar3[2,4], "\n";
print @arrayvar3[2..4], "\n\n";
#
#
#
print "@arrayvar3[2,4]", "\n";

# , ,
print "@arrayvar3[2..4]", "\n\n"; # , ,
print "@arrayvar3\n";
# , ,
$ ./arrayvar3.pl
40
40Zach
40MaxZach
40 Zach
40 Max Zach
5 10 40 Max Zach Samuel
print arrayvar3.pl (
2) @arrayvar3. @
$, . print @,
. , ,
. ,
print .

( .. ; ), Perl , . , , . print
2, 3 4 (, ),
2..4. Perl .
print, , ,
, Perl
. print . print , .
, . @colors, . shift
, push , pop
. splice ; splice
@ins, 1 ( ),
. say,
say (use feature say) . 510.
, , man- perlfunc.
shift, push,
pop splice
519
$ cat ./shift1.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
@colors = ("red", "orange", "yellow", "green", "blue", "indigo", "violet");
say "
: @colors";
say "
: ", shift (@colors);
say "
: @colors";
push (@colors, "WHITE");
say ". - : @colors";
say " . - : ", pop (@colors);
say "
: @colors";
@ins = ("GRAY", "FERN");
splice (@colors, 1, 2, @ins);
say "
2 3 : @colors";
$ ./shift1.pl
:
:
:
. - :
. - :
:
2 3 :
red orange yellow green blue indigo violet

red
orange yellow green blue indigo violet
orange yellow green blue indigo violet WHITE
WHITE
orange yellow green blue indigo violet
orange GRAY FERN blue indigo violet
,
, , , .
() ,
, .
.
(. , . 516)
. , , , ,
, .
Perl .

:
$ cat hash1.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
$hashvar1{boat} = "tuna";
$hashvar1{"number five"} = 5;
$hashvar1{4} = "fish";
@arrayhash1 = %hashvar1;
say "@arrayhash1";
$ ./hash1.pl
boat tuna 4 fish number five 5

, . -
520 11. Perl

, ,
. ,
. , , , , ,
, .
, keys values
. %hash2 hash2.pl keys
%hash2 @array_keys.
values
@array_values.
$ cat hash2.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
%hash2 = (
boat => "tuna",
"number five" => 5,
4 => "fish",
);
@array_keys = keys(%hash2);
say "
: @array_keys";
@array_values = values(%hash2);
say ": @array_values";
$ ./hash2.pl
: boat 4 number five
: tuna fish 5
Perl ,
=>, boat
. , number five,
, .

Perl-. 10
bash - .
Perl , ,
bash, .

bash.
, , , , ;
, ,
Perl, ,
521
{} (. . 507).
, ,
. , if unless . 521.
if unless
if unless ,
:
if () {}
unless () {}
. if
, true, unless
, true (
false).
if , , .
, Perl (.
. 507) , {}, , .
, r memo1, r , memo1
, .
,
,
. ( Perl , bash; . .10.1.)
true, Perl (
), .
false, Perl .
, Perl
.
$ cat if1.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
if (-r "memo1") {
say " 'memo1' .";
}
$ ./if1.pl
'memo1' .
,
if. , ,
, .
$ cat if1a.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
say " 'memo1' ." if (-r "memo1");
522 11. Perl

print,
$entry $entry = <>;. ,
(<>) , ,
. 530.
Perl . .11.2 . if
==, , , 28. ,
28, 28.0 00028, true.
, Perl
, , .
w Perl , ;
Perl false.
$ cat if2.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
print " 28: ";
$entry = <>;
if ($entry == 28) {
# ==
print " , 28.\n";
}
print ".\n";
$ ./if2.pl
28: 28.0
, 28.
.
11.2.
, ,
, ,
==
eq
True,
!=
ne
True,
<
lt
True,
>
gt
True,
<=
le
True,
>=
ge
True,
<=>
cmp
0 , 1 , 1
, , . chomp (. chomp chop .531)

,
. eq .
523
true, five.
,
5 false, ,
.
$ cat if2a.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
print " 'five': ";
$entry = <>;
chomp ($entry);
if ($entry eq "five") {
# eq
print " , 'five'.\n";
}
print ".\n";
$ ./if2a.pl
'five': five
, 'five'.
.
ifelse
ifelse , bash ifthenelse (.
ifthenelse . 421).
. :
if () {} else {}

, $num1 $num2.
, if
die, .
, ifelse ,
. ,
, .
die
$ cat ifelse.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
print " : ";
$num1 = <>;
print " , : ";
$num2 = <>;
if ($num1 == $num2) {
die (", .\n");
}
if ($num1 > $num2) {
print " .\n";
}
524 11. Perl

else {
print " .\n";
}
$ ./ifelse.pl
: 8
, : 8
, .
$ ./ifelse.pl
: 5.5
, : 5
.
ifelsifelse
Perl ifelsifelse
ifthenelif bash (. ifthen
elif . 423) ,
ifelse. :
if () {} elsif {} else {}
, ifelse.pl,
ifelsifelse. die print,
,
. Perl ,
, STDERR (.
. 530).
$ cat ifelsif.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
print " : ";
$num1 = <>;
print " , : ";
$num2 = <>;
if ($num1 > $num2) {
print " .\n";
}
elsif ($num1 < $num2) {
print " .\n";
}
else {
print ", .\n";
}
foreach for
Perl foreach for , . ,
525
.
foreach, for, .
foreach.
foreach: 1
foreach
forin, (. forin . 429):
foreach|for [] () {}
. Perl
, , .
, Perl $_ (. $_ . 529).
foreach.
Perl Mo $item, say , .
$item Larry Curly.
, Perl ,
foreach.
. say, say (use feature 'say') . 510.
$ cat foreach.pl
foreach $item ("Mo", "Larry", "Curly") {
say "$item .";
}
$ perl foreach.pl
Mo .
Larry .
Curly .
$_, :
$ cat foreacha.pl
foreach ("Mo", "Larry", "Curly") {
say "$_ .";
}
:
$ cat foreachb.pl
@stooges = ("Mo", "Larry", "Curly");
foreach (@stooges) {
say "$_ .";
}
foreach:
$ cat foreachc.pl
say "$_ ." foreach @stooges;
526 11. Perl

( $item $_)
, . . uc
. ,
$stooge @stooges:
$ cat foreachd.pl
foreach $stooge (@stooges) {
$stooge = uc $stooge;
say "$stooge .";
}
say "$stooges[1] "
$ perl foreachd.pl
MO .
LARRY .
CURLY .
LARRY

@ARGV . 532.
last next
Perl last next Bourne Again Shell break continue (.
break continue . 438). last
, ,
, . next
,
.
if ,
$item two. , ,
say, . next last, Perl
three.
say, say (use feature 'say') . 510.
$ cat foreach1.pl
foreach $item ("one", "two", "three") {
if ($item eq "two") {
next;
}
say "$item";
}
$ perl foreach1.pl
one
three
527
foreach: 2
foreach for, C:
foreach|for (1; 2; 3) {}
1 foreach; Perl 1
, . 2 ; Perl
, 2 true. Perl 3
, 2.
foreach2.pl
; ;
, , , ,
. (<>)
. 530.
$ cat ./foreach2.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
print " : ";
$start = <>;
print " : ";
$end = <>;
print " : ";
$incr = <>;
if ($start >= $end || $incr < 1) {
die (" ,\n",
" .\n");
}
foreach ($count = $start+0; $count <= $end; $count += $incr) {
say "$count";
}
$ ./foreach2.pl
: 2
: 10
: 3
2
5
8
,
, 1. || (OR);
, if, true, ,
true.
528 11. Perl

foreach $start+0
$count. 0 () $start Perl
, .
,
.
while until
while (. 10, while)
until (. until . 436)
, .
:
while () {}
until () {}
.
while , true,
until ,
true ( , false).
, , . ,
( ),
, (. chomp chop).
,
CONTROL+D.
$line = <>.

$line (<>; .
. 530). true , .
, false. while
(
), .
$ cat while1.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
$count = 0;
while ($line = <>) {
print ++$count, ". $line";
}
print "\n : $count.\n";
$ ./while1.pl
.
1. .
.
2. .
CONTROL+D
: 2.
529
$count ,
. ++
(++$count; )
, Perl
. $count 1, $count++ (
), print $count
, .
$. ,
. $., :
$.
$ cat while1a.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
while ($line = <>) {
print $., ". $line";
}
print "\n : $..\n";
Perl $_. Perl .

$_ , .
. ,
$line . $line, chomp
(. chomp chop . 531),
$line .
$_
while (my $line = <>) {

chomp $line;
if ($line =~ /regex/)
}
$line $_, :
while (my $_ = <>) {
chomp $_;
if ($_ =~ /regex/)
}
$_
, $_ :
while (<>) {
chomp;
if (/regex/)
}
#
#
#
#
$_
$_ chomp
$_
regex
530 11. Perl

, Perl
, () .

(. . 449).
, , (.
. 143), (.
. 288).
, .
STDIN, STDOUT STDERR.
, .
open
open (_, ['',] "__");
_
, , __.
<, Perl ().
> , >> .
. 546.
print .
print :
print [_] "";
_ , open,
, . _,
, STDOUT STDERR. ,
, print
. _ .
print ,
.
, (\n), -
_:
<_>
,
$line = <IN>;
$line
, IN.
, ,
, Perl
.
. :
(<>)
$line = <>;
531
Perl
Linux: ,
,
, . , cat, ,
. 148.
print, ,
STDOUT; print ; print STDERR,
.
print - . , , , ,
.
,
, $userline. , file1.pl , , ,
. , file1.pl, 2> (. . 289)
( print) file1.err.
$ cat file1.pl
print STDOUT " -: ";
$userline = <>;
print "1>>>$userline<<<\n";
chomp ($userline);
print "2>>>$userline<<<\n";
print STDERR "3. .\n";
$ perl file1.pl 2> file1.err
-:
1>>>
<<<
2>>><<<
$ cat file1.err
3. .
print, file1.pl, $userline,

(>), (<).
, $userline
: ,
, . chomp , . $userline chomp print ,
. ( chop ,
chomp, ,
.)
chomp chop
532 11. Perl

, . $infile /usr/share/dict/words
open. while
, $infile,
$line. while , false, while.
, , ,
, .
/usr/share/dict/words .
head (. head:
. 72), ( ), (|, . | (): . 76).
$ cat file2.pl
open (my $infile, "/usr/share/dict/words") or die " : $!\n";
while ($line = <$infile>) {
print $line;
}
$ perl file2.pl | head -4
A
A's
AOL
$! .
, . words , file2.pl :
$!
: No such file or directory

, :
: Permission denied

$!
, , .
,
Perl ,
, , open . file2.pl
or open Perl die (. die
. 523), open . die
, ,
.
@ARGV ,
Perl.
, .
, die
@ARGV
533
. foreach , @ARGV,
$filename .
foreach open. Perl open,
(or), ,
, Perl , or ( die). Perl ,
$filename, IN , (
) die .
print , , .
Perl $line = <IN> print,
$line .
.
$ cat file3.pl
foreach $filename (@ARGV) {
open (IN, $filename) or die " '$filename': $!\n";
print "$filename: ", $line = <IN>;
close (IN);
}
$ perl file3.pl f1 f2 f3 f4
f1: First line of file f1.
'f3': No such file or directory

, , Perl, . ,
, . Perl
. $filename my.
while , , ;
$ARGV. ,
[(<>)] while false, while , . Perl
, , .
Perl .
, . while .
, .
while if , .
, if , $filename ($ARGV).
$ cat file3a.pl
my $filename;
while (<>) {
if ($ARGV ne $filename) {
534 11. Perl

print "$ARGV: $_";
$filename = $ARGV;
}
}
$ perl file3a.pl f1 f2 f3 f4
Can't open f3: No such file or directory at file3a.pl line 3, <> line 3.
f3: ; file3a.pl 3,
<> 3.
sort , .
reverse sort; .
@colors , .
sort,
@colors , @scolors
@scolors .
, .
Orange Violet, .

sort, {$a cmp $b}, Perl cmp,
. sort ,
, Perl
.
reverse
$ cat sort3.pl
@colors = ("red", "Orange", "yellow", "green", "blue", "indigo", "Violet");
say "@colors";
@scolors = sort {$a cmp $b} @colors;
say "@scolors";
#
#
@scolors = sort @colors;

say "@scolors";
#
#
@scolors = sort {$b cmp $a} @colors;

say "@scolors";
@scolors = sort {lc($a) cmp lc($b)} @colors;

say "@scolors";
#
#
535
$ perl sort3.pl
red Orange yellow green blue indigo
Orange Violet blue green indigo red
Orange Violet blue green indigo red
yellow red indigo green blue Violet
blue green indigo Orange red Violet
Violet
yellow
yellow
Orange
yellow
$a $b , .

, ,
. Orange Violet
.
, cmp <=>. :
$ cat sort4.pl
@numbers = (22, 188, 44, 2, 12);
print "@numbers\n";
@snumbers = sort {$a <=> $b} @numbers;
print "@snumbers\n";
@snumbers = sort {$b <=> $a} @numbers;
print "@snumbers\n";
$ perl sort4.pl
22 188 44 2 12
2 12 22 44 188
188 44 22 12 2
(. . 507),
(. )
my. , , .
add().
$one, $two $ans,
: , .
,
. ,
, ,
my.
subroutine1.pl ,
. .
536 11. Perl

$ cat subroutine1.pl
$one = 1;
$two = 2;
add();
print ": $ans\n";
sub add {
$ans =$one + $two
}
$ perl subroutine1.pl
: 3
,
return, .
$ans . .
$one = 1;
$two = 2;
$ans = add();
print ": $ans\n";
sub add {
return ($one + $two)
}
: 3
.
. , .
- , Perl
@_. @_ , ,
. @_
, .
.
subroutine3.pl addplusone() , .
@_. my
. my
, ,
.
@_
537
$lcl_one $lcl_two .
print $lcl_one. return
, .
$one = 1;
$two = 2;
$ans = addplusone($one, $two);
print ": $ans\n";
print " 'lcl_one' : $lcl_one\n";
print " 'one' : $one\n";
sub addplusone {
my ($lcl_one, $lcl_two) = @_;
$lcl_one++;
$lcl_two++;
print " 'lcl_one' : $lcl_one\n";
return ($lcl_one + $lcl_two)
}
'lcl_one' : 2
: 5
'lcl_one' :
'one' : 1
, , print , $lcl_one
( ), $one .
,
. , ,
@_,
.
$one = 1;
$two = 2;
$ans = addplusone($one, $two);
print ": $ans\n";
sub addplusone {
return ($_[0] + $_[1] + 2);
}
: 5
Perl.
max()
. $biggest , ,
shift.
538 11. Perl

shift 2 1 (8),
3 2 (64), 4
3 (2). foreach (@_). foreach Perl $_ .
$biggest $_, ,
$biggest. max()
, $biggest ,
.
$ans = max (16, 8, 64, 2);
print " : $ans\n";
sub max {
my $biggest = shift;
#
# , max()
foreach (@_) {
#
$biggest = $_ if $_ > $biggest;
}
return ($biggest);
}
: 64

Linux
, Perl.
Perl ,
.

,
Perl
. Perl, .
=~
Perl l chomp
\n
. Perl l e (.
Perl . 508).
, Perl . Perl.
l
Perl (/).
ge aged =~ .
539
. , =~ , ge aged. , ,
; ge aged.
, , true, Perl print.
$ perl -le 'if ("aged" =~ /ge/) {print "true";}'
true
if:
$ perl -le 'print "true" if "aged" =~ /ge/'
true
E
e ,
e. , Perl ,
; e ,
, .
perl l e perl le, perl e l perl el.
!~ =~. true,
xy aged:
!~
$ perl -le 'print "true" if ("aged" !~ /xy/)'

true
,
a..d aged:
$ perl -le 'print "true" if ("aged" =~ /a..d/)'
true
. :
qr//

/a..d/ ( ) $re :
$ perl -le '$re = qr/a..d/; print "true" if ("aged" =~ $re)'
true
,
. , (/), . Perl
/ /usr , /, , ()
(\).
$ perl -le 'print "true" if ("/usr/doc" =~ /\/usr/)'
true
540 11. Perl

m
, {}. :
$ perl -le 'print "true" if ("/usr/doc" =~ m{^/usr})'
true
:
$ perl -le '$pn = qr{^/usr}; print "true" if ("/usr/doc" =~ $pn)'
true
( ), , Perl ,
. ,
vim sed.
s Perl
, (worst, ),
, , (best). ,
, , =~.
$ cat re10a.pl
$stg = "This is the best!";
$stg =~ s/best/worst/;
print "$stg\n";
$ perl re10a.pl
This is the worst!
. 11.3 , Perl .
perldoc perlre.
11.3. Perl
^ ( )
$ ( )
()
(.
)
. ()
(\n)
\\
(\)
\b
( )
\B
, ([^\b])
\d
([09])
\D
, ([^09]
[^\d])
\s ( )
, ,
, ,
541
\S ( )
([^\s])
\w ( )
( ; [azAZ09])
\W ( )
, ([^\w])

Perl , ,
. /{.*} / ,
, (
{ } { }).
Perl
(//).
$ cat 5ha.pl
$string = " { } { } .";
$string =~ s/{.*} //;
print "$string\n";
$ perl 5ha.pl
.
, ,
.
.
,
, ,
( [^}]),
(*),
,
.
( , , ,
, , [^}] ,
.)
$ cat re5b.pl
$string = " { } { } .";
$string =~ s/{[^}]*} //;
print "$string\n";
$ perl re5b.pl
{ } .
Perl
, . {.*?}
542 11. Perl

, , ,
, , .
$ cat re5c.pl
$string = " { } { } .";
$string =~ s/{.*?} //;
print "$string\n";
$ perl re5c.pl
{ } .

. Linux
( ).
Perl . Perl
.
Perl, .

. ,
, , , Perl
.
My name is Sam $stg.
/My name is (.*)/ ,
$stg. ,
, Sam; $1
( ) . , $stg, Sam.
$ cat re11.pl
$stg = "My name is Sam";
$stg =~ s/My name is (.*)/$1/;
print "Matched: $stg\n";
$ perl re11.pl
Matched: Sam

. ,
. . \D*
, : \D
.
, ( What is). \d+
.
543
, ; $1
, . .*
.
$string.
,
$string2. print .
$ cat re8.pl
$string = " 488 78?";
$string2 = $string;
$string =~ s/\D*(\d+).*/$1/;
$string2 =~ s/\D*\d+\D*(\d+).*/$1/;
print "$string\n";
print "$string2\n";
print $string - $string2, "\n";
$ perl re8.pl
488
78
410
,

,
.

. ag(e ,
age, , ag(ed).
$ perl -le 'if ("ag(ed)" =~ /ag(ed)/) {print "true";} else {print "false";}'
false
, ,
,
Perl .
.
$ perl -le 'if ("ag(ed)" =~ /ag$ed$/) {print "true";} else {print "false";}'
true
Perl :
$ perl -le 'if ("ag(ed)" =~ /ag(e/) {print "true";} else {print "false";}'
Unmatched ( in regex; marked by <-- HERE in m/ag( <-- HERE e/ at -e line 1.
( , <-- HERE m/ag( <-- HERE e/ e,
1
, , Perl
:
$ perl -le 'if ("ag(ed)" =~ /ag\(e/) {print "true";} else {print "false";}'
true
544 11. Perl
CPAN
CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
Perl) - (www.cpan.org)
Perl, (FAQ), (.
. 507) . 16000
(. ) ,

Perl
, ( Perl).
- search.cpan.org
, .
, CPAN
. Perl
, (::). , , Timestamp::Simple, - search.cpan.org/
dist/Timestamp-Simple. (timestamp)
YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
- Perl,
, . - search.cpan.
org/~shoop/Timestamp-Simple-1.01/Simple.pm
Download ().
.
.
Perl tar- (.
tar- . 83). ,
:
$ tar xzvf Timestamp-Simple-1.01.tar.gz
Timestamp-Simple-1.01/
Timestamp-Simple-1.01/Simple.pm
Timestamp-Simple-1.01/Makefile.PL
Timestamp-Simple-1.01/README
Timestamp-Simple-1.01/test.pl
Timestamp-Simple-1.01/Changes
Timestamp-Simple-1.01/MANIFEST
Timestamp-Simple-1.01/ARTISTIC
Timestamp-Simple-1.01/GPL
Timestamp-Simple-1.01/META.yml
README, ,
. .
$ cd Timestamp-Simple-1.01
$ perl Makefile.PL
Checking if your kit is complete
Looks good
Writing Makefile for Timestamp::Simple

Makefile Timestamp::Simple
, , perl Makefile.PL -
CPAN 545
.
(makefile), .
, , .
make,
. make
make test, .
$ make
cp Simple.pm blib/lib/Timestamp/Simple.pm
Manifying blib/man3/Timestamp::Simple.3pm
$ make test
PERL_DL_NONLAZY=1 /usr/bin/perl "-Iblib/lib" "-Iblib/arch" test.pl
1..1
# Running under perl version 5.100000 for linux
# Current time local: Fri Sep 4 18:20:41 2009
# Current time GMT:
Sat Sep 5 01:20:41 2009
# Using Test.pm version 1.25
ok 1
ok 2
ok 3
, root-, :
# make install
Installing /usr/local/share/perl/5.10.0/Timestamp/Simple.pm
Installing /usr/local/man/man3/Timestamp::Simple.3pm
Writing /usr/local/lib/perl/5.10.0/auto/Timestamp/Simple/.packlist
Appending installation info to /usr/local/lib/perl/5.10.0/perllocal.pod
,
perldoc.
perldoc . 506.
SYNOPSIS.
, ,
SYNOPSIS Perl:
$ cat times.pl
print stamp, "\n";
$ perl times.pl
20090905182627
Perl.
timestamp :
$ cat fn.pl
#
$ts = stamp, "\n";
#
$ts =~ s/.(.*)/\1/;
546 11. Perl

#
$fn = "myfile." . $ts;
# ,
open (OUTFILE, '>', "$fn");
print OUTFILE ".\n";
close (OUTFILE);
$ perl fn.pl
$ ls myf*
myfile.0905183010
substr . , $ts =~, . substr

, $ts, 4 :
substr
$ts = substr ($ts, 4);
Perl.
,
Perl.
Linux
, , .
, ,
. %ENV Perl
,
Perl
. , .
$user . shift
(. shift, push, pop splice . 518)
, .
, $user. ,
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@list.
, , . $fh.
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. 530) Perl
,
. grep, /etc/group , ,

547
$user. Perl , die .

$ cat groupfind.pl
$user = shift || $ENV{"USER"};
say " $user :";
@list = ();
open (my $fh, "grep $user /etc/group |") or die ": $!\n";
while ($group = <$fh>) {
chomp $group;
$group =~ s/(.*?):.*/$1/;
push @list, $group;
}
close $fh;
@slist = sort @list;
say "@slist";
$ perl groupfind.pl
:
adm admin audio cdrom dialout dip floppy kvm lpadmin
while groupfind.pl
grep , grep.
, /etc/group, ,
, , . :
sam:x:1000:max,zach,helen

$group =~ s/(.*?):.*/$1/;
,
. .*: , ; ,
(. . 541).
, ,
, Perl ,
, . .*
. Perl $1 , ( , ), ( ) $group.
chomp ( ). push $group @list. chomp,
.
while , grep, sort @list
@slist. ,
.
548 11. Perl

opendir readdir.
opendir , open . :
. readdir .
opendir ( .), $dir.
opendir , Perl
, or: die
. while , ,
readdir, $entry. if print , (d).
print , . .. .
readdir , false,
, while.
closedir , print ,
, .
opendir
readdir
$ cat dirs2a.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl
print " :\n";
opendir my $dir, '.' or die " : $!\n";
while (my $entry = readdir $dir) {
if (-d $entry) {
print $entry, ' ' unless ($entry eq '.' || $entry eq '..');
}
}
closedir $dir;
print "\n";
$ ./dirs2a.pl
:
two one
split ,
. split
split (/_/, );
_ (
), .
, split .
Linux
UID,
/etc/passwd, 100. passwd
$user while, , , split. ,
@row, @row.
split
549
if true, (
UID
) , 100. >=, ;
ge.
print UID-
, $sortout. open
,
sort n. sort (. sort:
. 74) ,
, split3.pl ,
$sortout, passwd.
$ cat split3.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
open ($pass, "/etc/passwd");
open ($sortout, "| sort -n");
while ($user = <$pass>) {
@row = split (/:/, $user);
if ($row[2] >= 100) {
print $sortout "$row[2] $row[0]\n";
}
}
close ($pass);
close ($sortout);
$ ./split3.pl
100 libuuid
101 syslog
102 klog
103 avahi-autoipd
104 pulse
@ARGV (. @ARGV . 532)

, .
foreach @ARGV,
. ++
$count .
$ cat 10.pl
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
$count = 0;
$num = @ARGV;
print " : $num, :\n";
foreach $arg (@ARGV) {
print ++$count, ". $arg\n";
}
$ ./10.pl apple pear banana watermelon
550 11. Perl

: 4, :
1. apple
2. pear
3. banana
4. watermelon
Perl (Larry Wall) 1987.

Perl , ,
, ,
, .
Perl
,
CPAN.
perldoc Perl.
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pod- (plain old documentation ),
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551
5. , IP- .
6. , . ,
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File::Find.)
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3. Perl, , ,
.
4. , .
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92.50.103.52 - - [19/Aug/2008:08:26:43 -0400] "GET /perl/automated-testing/next_active.gif
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"Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux x86_64; en-US; rv:1.8.1.6) Gecko/20061201 Firefox/3.0.0.6
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AWK
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554 12.
AWK
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BEGIN {
nam="sam"
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else
print "nam is not max, it is", nam
}
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nam is not max, it is sam
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{
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n++
}
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561
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for (n=1; n <= 5; n++)
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}
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, , , .
562 12.
AWK
cars.
,
- , , , . ( ).

cars
$ cat cars
plym
fury
chevy
malibu
ford
mustang
volvo
s80
ford
thundbd
chevy
malibu
bmw
325i
honda
accord
ford
taurus
toyota rav4
chevy
impala
ford
explor
1970
1999
1965
1998
2003
2000
1985
2001
2004
2002
1985
2003
73
60
45
102
15
50
115
30
10
180
85
25
2500
3000
10000
9850
10500
3500
450
6000
17000
750
1550
9500
gawk- :
{ print }
, .
, gawk . print .
.
$ gawk '{ print
plym
fury
chevy
malibu
ford
mustang
volvo
s80
}' cars
1970
1999
1965
1998
73
60
45
102
2500
3000
10000
9850
, .
, chevy .
/chevy/
gawk ,
chevy. , gawk ,
print.
, chevy:
$ gawk '/chevy/' cars
chevy
malibu 1999
chevy
malibu 2000
chevy
impala 1985
60
50
85
3000
3500
1550
gawk, ,
, -
563
. gawk- , ,
.

( ) .
-
. , , gawk .
($3), ( , ) ($1) :
$ gawk '{print $3, $1}' cars

1970 plym
1999 chevy
1965 ford
1998 volvo
, ,
, chevy,
:
$ gawk '/chevy/ {print $3, $1}' cars
1999 chevy
2000 chevy
1985 chevy
gawk ,
h. , gawk
.
$ gawk '/h/' cars
chevy
malibu 1999
ford
thundbd 2003
chevy
malibu 2000
honda
accord 2001
chevy
impala 1985
~ (
)
60
15
50
30
85
3000
10500
3500
6000
1550
,
h, (~):
$ gawk '$1 ~ /h/' cars

chevy
malibu 1999
chevy
malibu 2000
honda
accord 2001
chevy
impala 1985
60
50
30
85
3000
3500
6000
1550
(^)
, , :
$ gawk '$1 ~ /^h/' cars
honda
accord 2001
30
6000
.
gawk , ,
564 12.
AWK
t m, ,
. "$" $5 , gawk
.
$ gawk '$2 ~ /^[tm]/ {print $3, $2, "$"
1999 malibu $3000
1965 mustang $10000
2003 thundbd $10500
2000 malibu $3500
2004 taurus $17000
$5}' cars
,
gawk-. -, ,
, . -,
(5$). -,
.

$ gawk '$3 ~ /5$/ {print $3, $1, "$"

1965 ford $10000
1985 bmw $450
1985 chevy $1550
$5}' cars
(==) gawk 1985. gawk

(print) , true.
$ gawk '$3 == 1985' cars
bmw
325i
1985
115
chevy
impala 1985
85
450
1550
$3000
.
$ gawk '$5 <= 3000' cars
plym
fury
1970
73
chevy
malibu 1999
60
bmw
325i
1985
115
toyota rav4
2002
180
chevy
impala 1985
85
2500
3000
450
750
1550
gawk ,
ASCII- . gawk , 450 750 , 2000 9000,
.
$ gawk '"2000" <= $5 && $5 < "9000"' cars

plym
fury
1970
73
2500
chevy
malibu 1999
60
3000
chevy
malibu 2000
50
3500
bmw
325i
1985
115
450
honda
accord 2001
30
6000
toyota rav4
2002
180
750
565
, .
. , , .
$ gawk '2000 <=
plym
fury
chevy
malibu
chevy
malibu
honda
accord
$5 && $5 < 9000' cars

1970
73
2500
1999
60
3000
2000
50
3500
2001
30
6000
(,) .
, .
, . ,
, , gawk
. , , volvo ,
, bmw.
, (
)
$ gawk '/volvo/ , /bmw/' cars

volvo
s80
1998
102
ford
thundbd 2003
15
chevy
malibu 2000
50
bmw
325i
1985
115
9850
10500
3500
450
, , .
gawk , chevy ford.
ford, gawk ,
chevy.
$ gawk '/chevy/ , /ford/' cars
chevy
malibu 1999
60
ford
mustang 1965
45
chevy
malibu 2000
50
bmw
325i
1985
115
honda
accord 2001
30
ford
taurus 2004
10
chevy
impala 1985
85
ford
explor 2003
25
3000
10000
3500
450
6000
17000
1550
9500
gawk-
. f (file), ,
gawk-.
file
gawk-, pr_
header, BEGIN. gawk
, BEGIN, :
.
, {print}, .
BEGIN
$ cat pr_header
BEGIN
{print ".
{print}
"}
566 12.
AWK
$ gawk -f pr_header cars

.
plym
fury
1970
73
chevy
malibu 1999
60
ford
mustang 1965
45
volvo
s80
1998
102
2500
3000
10000
9850
, BEGIN, . ,
.
$ cat pr_header2
BEGIN
{
print " .
"
print "----------------------------------------"
}
{print}
$ gawk -f pr_header2 cars
.

---------------------------------------plym
fury
1970
73
2500
chevy
malibu 1999
60
3000
ford
mustang 1965
45
10000
volvo
s80
1998
102
9850
length
, . $0 . gawk
, gawk sort
( n ; . sort V).
cars .
length
$ gawk '{print length, $0}' cars | sort

21 bmw 325i
1985
115
450
22 plym fury
1970
73
2500
23 volvo
s80
1998
102
24 ford explor 2003
25
9500
24 toyota
rav4
2002
180
25 chevy
impala 1985
85
25 chevy
malibu 1999
60
25 chevy
malibu 2000
50
25 ford taurus 2004
10
17000
25 honda
accord 2001
30
26 ford mustang 1965
45
10000
26 ford thundbd 2003
15
10500
-n
9850
750
1550
3000
3500
6000
.
; .
567
NR (), . ,
24. .
NR (
)
$ gawk 'length > 24 {print NR}' cars

2
3
5
6
8
9
11
, (,) NR .
:
$ gawk 'NR == 2
chevy
malibu
ford
mustang
volvo
s80
, NR == 4' cars
1999
60
3000
1965
45
10000
1998
102
9850
END , BEGIN, ,
gawk , ,
. ,
. NR gawk , ,
END.
END
$ gawk 'END {print NR, " ." }' cars

12 .
, ,
, if. gawk
, ( ) . gawk
. .
$ cat separ_demo
{
if ($1 ~ /ply/) $1 = "plymouth"
if ($1 ~ /chev/) $1 = "chevrolet"
print
}
$ gawk -f separ_demo cars
plymouth fury 1970 73 2500
chevrolet malibu 1999 60 3000
ford
mustang 1965
45
volvo
s80
1998
102
ford
thundbd 2003
15
bmw
325i
1985
115
honda
accord 2001
30
ford
taurus 2004
10
10000
9850
10500
450
6000
17000
568 12.
AWK
toyota rav4
2002
180
chevrolet impala 1985 85 1550
ford
explor 2003
25
750
9500
gawk f , , gawk
, .
, , . #!/
bin/gawk f (. #! . 294) gawk. ,
, (. chmod:
. 292).
$ chmod u+rx separ_demo2

$ cat separ_demo2
#!/bin/gawk -f
{
print
}
$ ./separ_demo2 cars
plymouth fury 1970 73 2500
ford
mustang 1965
45
10000
,
OFS. OFS , escape-
\t. , .
OFS
$ cat ofs_demo
BEGIN {OFS = "\t"}
{
print
}
$ gawk -f ofs_demo cars
plymouth
fury
chevrolet
malibu
ford
mustang 1965
volvo
s80
1998
ford
thundbd 2003
chevrolet
malibu
bmw
325i
1985
honda
accord 2001
ford
taurus 2004
1970
1999
45
102
15
2000
115
30
10
73
60
10000
9850
10500
50
450
6000
17000
2500
3000
3500
569
toyota rav4
chevrolet
ford
explor
2002
impala
2003
180
1985
25
750
85
9500
1550
printf .

.

, .
printf
$ cat printf_demo
BEGIN {
print "
"
print ".
( 1000) "
print \
"--------------------------------------------------"
}
{
printf "%-10s %-8s
%2d
%5d
$ %8.2f\n",\
$1, $2, $3, $4, $5
}
$ gawk -f printf_demo cars
( 1000)
-------------------------------------------------plymouth
fury
1970
73
$ 2500.00
chevrolet malibu
1999
60
$ 3000.00
ford
mustang
1965
45
$ 10000.00
volvo
s80
1998
102
$ 9850.00
ford
thundbd
2003
15
$ 10500.00
chevrolet malibu
2000
50
$ 3500.00
bmw
325i
1985
115
$
450.00
honda
accord
2001
30
$ 6000.00
ford
taurus
2004
10
$ 17000.00
toyota
rav4
2002
180
$
750.00
chevrolet impala
1985
85
$ 1550.00
ford
explor
2003
25
$ 9500.00
: , chevy, , ford.
$ cat redirect_out
/chevy/ {print > "chevfile"}
/ford/ {print > "fordfile"}
END {print "."}
$ gawk -f redirect_out cars
.
$ cat chevfile
570 12.
AWK
chevy
chevy
chevy
60
50
85
malibu
malibu
impala
1999
2000
1985
3000
3500
1550
summary ,
. , ; gawk .
gawk .
$ cat summary
BEGIN {
yearsum = 0 ; costsum = 0
newcostsum = 0 ; newcount = 0
}
{
yearsum += $3
costsum += $5
}
$3 > 2000 {newcostsum += $5 ; newcount ++}
END {
printf " ( ) %4.1f \n",\
2010 - (yearsum/NR)
printf " $%7.2f\n",\
costsum/NR
printf " $%7.2f\n",\
newcostsum/newcount
}
$ gawk -f summary cars
( ) 17.1
$6216.67
$8750.00
gawk passwd Linux, :

$ awk '/mark/ {print}' /etc/passwd
mark:x:107:100:ext 112:/home/mark:/bin/tcsh

. passwd Linux, (:),

(FS). passwd ID- ( 3). ,
passwd .
($3 > saveit) gawk , ID
- ID-. gawk
ID- saveit. gawk saveit ID- .
, gawk saveit .
FS
571
$ cat find_uid
BEGIN
$3 > saveit
END
{FS = ":"
saveit = 0}
{saveit = $3}
{print " UID - " saveit + 1}
$ gawk -f find_uid /etc/passwd

UID - 1092
cars. ifelse
price. ,
.
$ cat price_range
{
if
($5 <= 5000)
$5 = ""
else if
(5000 < $5 && $5 < 10000) $5 = " "
else if
(10000 <= $5)
$5 = ""
#
printf "%-10s %-8s
%2d
%5d
%-12s\n",\
$1, $2, $3, $4, $5
}
$ gawk -f price_range cars
plym
fury
1970
chevy
malibu
1999
ford
mustang
1965
volvo
s80
1998
ford
thundbd
2003
chevy
malibu
2000
bmw
325i
1985
honda
accord
2001
ford
taurus
2004
toyota
rav4
2002
chevy
impala
1985
ford
explor
2003
73
60
45
102
15
50
115
30
10
180
85
25
manuf cars.
manuf[plym], manuf[chevy], manuf[ford] .. (0). ++ , , .
, END, for,

. sort
, . , gawk, ,
manuf.
for
$ cat manuf
gawk ' {manuf[$1]++}
572 12.
AWK
END {for (name in manuf) print name, manuf[name]}

' cars |
sort
$ ./manuf
bmw 1
chevy 3
ford 4
honda 1
plym 1
toyota 1
volvo 1
, manuf.sh, .
,
.
( {count)
gawk- $1 .
$1, , ,
, : ,
. $1
, $1 (. $1$n:
. 460). $1 gawk. (,
) gawk ,
, .
$ cat manuf.sh
if [ $# != 2 ]
then
echo " : manuf.sh "
exit 1
fi
gawk < $2 '
{count[$'$1']++}
END
{for (item in count) printf "%-20s%-20s\n",\
item, count[item]}' |
sort
$ ./manuf.sh
: manuf.sh
$ ./manuf.sh 1 cars
bmw
1
chevy
3
ford
4
honda
1
plym
1
toyota
1
573
volvo
$ ./manuf.sh 3 cars
1965
1
1970
1
1985
2
1998
1
1999
1
2000
1
2001
1
2002
1
2003
2
2004
1
, gawk-,
v gawk .
. manuf2.sh ,
manuf.sh:
$ cat manuf2.sh
if [ $# != 2 ]
then
echo " : manuf2.sh "
exit 1
fi
gawk -v "field=$1" < $2 '
{count[$field]++}
END
{for (item in count) printf "%-20s%-20s\n",\
item, count[item]}' |
sort
word_usage ,
. tr (. V)
. sort ,
.
, , .
$ cat word_usage
tr -cs 'a-zA-Z' '[\n*]' < $1 |
gawk
'
{count[$1]++}
END
{for (item in count) printf "%-15s%3s\n", item, count[item]}' |
sort +1nr +0f -1
$ ./word_usage textfile
the
42
file
29
fsck
27
system
22
you
22
to
21
574 12.
it
SIZE
and
MODE
AWK
17
14
13
13
,
. C,
gawk.
$ cat word_count
tr -cs 'a-zA-Z' '[\n*]' < $1 |
gawk '
{
count[$1]++
}
END
{
for (item in count)
{
if (count[item] > 4)
{
printf "%-15s%3s\n", item, count[item]
}
}
} ' |
sort +1nr +0f -1
tail , , , , :
$ ./word_count textfile | tail
directories
5
if
5
information
5
INODE
5
more
5
no
5
on
5
response
5
this
5
will
5
.
gawk- date.
1 (NR == 1), ,
,
(NR > 1).
$ cat report
if (test $# = 0) then
echo " ."
exit 1
fi
(date; cat $1) |
gawk '
NR == 1 {print " ", $1, $2, $3 ", " $6}
575
NR >
1 {print $5 "\t" $1}'
$ ./report cars
Mon Jan 31, 2010
2500
plym
3000
chevy
10000
ford
9850
volvo
10500
ford
3500
chevy
450
bmw
6000
honda
17000
ford
750
toyota
1550
chevy
9500
ford
, . numbers
, , ,
. next (
), , , . gawk
.
$ cat numbers
10
20
20
30
30
xyz
40
75
50
20
60
30
70
1134.7
80
75
90
176
100
1027.45
110
123
120
75
$ cat tally
gawk ' BEGIN
30.3
45.7
50
107.2
30.3
45.O
50
107.2
30.3
45.7
50
107.2
40.5
66.1
70
55.6
40.5
66.1
70
55.6
40.5
66.1
57a.5
55.6
NR == 1 {
nfields = NF
}
{
ORS = ""
}
#
# nfields
# (NF)
if ($0 ~ /[^0-9. \t]/)

#
{
# ,
print "\n " NR " :\n\t"
# , TAB
print $0 "\n"
576 12.
AWK
next
}
else
{
for (count = 1; count <= nfields; count++)
#
{
printf "%10.2f", $count > "tally.out"
sum[count] += $count
gtotal += $count
}
print "\n" > "tally.out"
}
}
END
{
#
#
{
print "
-------" > "tally.out"
}
print "\n" > "tally.out"
{
printf "%10.2f", sum[count] > "tally.out"
}
print "\n\n
" gtotal "\n" > "tally.out"
} ' < numbers
$ ./tally
3 :
30
xyz
6 :
60
30
11 :
110
123
50
70
45.O
66.1
50
57a.5
$ cat tally.out
10.00
20.00
30.30
20.00
30.00
45.70
40.00
75.00
107.20
50.00
20.00
30.30
70.00
1134.70
50.00
80.00
75.00
107.20
90.00
176.00
30.30
100.00
1027.45
45.70
120.00
75.00
107.20
------------------580.00
2633.15
553.90
4257.55
40.50
66.10
55.60
40.50
70.00
55.60
40.50
66.10
55.60
------490.50
passwd, , , ID-.
577
( Linux pwck.)
Mac OS X passwd Open Directory, OSX
.
$ cat /etc/passwd
bill::102:100:ext 123:/home/bill:/bin/bash
roy:x:104:100:ext 475:/home/roy:/bin/bash
tom:x:105:100:ext 476:/home/tom:/bin/bash
lynn:x:166:100:ext 500:/home/lynn:/bin/bash
mark:x:107:100:ext 112:/home/mark:/bin/bash
sales:x:108:100:ext 102:/m/market:/bin/bash
anne:x:109:100:ext 355:/home/anne:/bin/bash
toni::164:100:ext 357:/home/toni:/bin/bash
ginny:x:115:100:ext 109:/home/ginny:/bin/bash
chuck:x:116:100:ext 146:/home/chuck:/bin/bash
neil:x:164:100:ext 159:/home/neil:/bin/bash
rmi:x:118:100:ext 178:/home/rmi:/bin/bash
vern:x:119:100:ext 201:/home/vern:/bin/bash
bob:x:120:100:ext 227:/home/bob:/bin/bash
janet:x:122:100:ext 229:/home/janet:/bin/bash
maggie:x:124:100:ext 244:/home/maggie:/bin/bash
dan::126:100::/home/dan:/bin/bash
dave:x:108:100:ext 427:/home/dave:/bin/bash
mary:x:129:100:ext 303:/home/mary:/bin/bash
$ cat passwd_check
gawk < /etc/passwd '
BEGIN
{
uid[void] = ""
# gawk, uid -
}
{
# ;
dup = 0
#
split($0, field, ":")
# , ":"
if (field[2] == "")
#
{
if (field[5] == "")
# info
{
print field[1] " ."
}
else
{
print field[1] " ("field[5]") ."
}
}
for (name in uid)
# uid
{
if (uid[name] == field[3])
# UID
{
print field[1] " UID, " name " : UID = " uid[name]
dup = 1
#
}
}
578 12.
AWK
if (!dup)
# , if (dup == 0)
# UID
# uid
{
uid[field[1]] = field[3]
}
}'
$ ./passwd_check
bill (ext 123) .
toni (ext 357) .
neil UID, toni : UID = 164
dan .
dave UID, sales : UID = 108
, gawk cars :
$ cat list_cars
trap 'rm -f $$.tem > /dev/null;echo $0 aborted.;exit 1' 1 2 15
echo -n " (, 5000 7500):"
read lowrange hirange
echo '
( 1000)
--------------------------------------------------' > $$.tem

gawk < cars '
$5 >= '$lowrange' && $5 <= '$hirange' {
printf "%-10s %-8s
%2d
%5d
$ %8.2f\n", $1, $2, $3, $4,
$5
}' | sort -n +5 >> $$.tem
cat $$.tem
rm $$.tem
$ ./list_cars
(, 5000 7500):3000 8000
( 1000)
-------------------------------------------------chevrolet malibu
1999
60
$ 3000.00
chevrolet malibu
2000
50
$ 3500.00
honda
accord
2001
30
$ 6000.00
$ ./list_cars
(, 5000 7500):0 2000
( 1000)
-------------------------------------------------bmw
325i
1985
115
$
450.00
toyota
rav4
2002
180
$
750.00
579
chevrolet
impala
1985
85
1550.00
$ ./list_cars
(, 5000 7500):15000 100000
( 1000)
-------------------------------------------------ford
taurus
2004
10
$ 17000.00
gawk
AWK.
getline,
gawk ,
, .
gawk, awk mawk .
getline:
getline ,
gawk, ,
. getline , . BEGIN g1
getline aa:
$ cat g1
BEGIN
{
getline aa
print aa
}
$ echo aaaa | gawk -f g1
aaaa
alpha:
$ cat alpha
aaaaaaaaa
bbbbbbbbb
ccccccccc
ddddddddd
g1 ,
:
$ gawk -f g1 < alpha
aaaaaaaaa
getline , $0
($1, $2, ):
$ gawk BEGIN {getline;print $1} < alpha
aaaaaaaaa
g2 BEGIN while. getline holdme
.
$ cat g2
BEGIN
{
while (getline holdme)
print holdme
}
580 12.
AWK

aaaaaaaaa
bbbbbbbbb
ccccccccc
ddddddddd
g3 gawk
$0, gawk- (
BEGIN). (NR), $0: $0 (
) .
$ cat g3
{print NR, "$0:", $0}
$
1
2
3
4
gawk -f g3 < alpha

$0: aaaaaaaaa
$0: bbbbbbbbb
$0: ccccccccc
$0: ddddddddd
, g4, , getline gawk $0.

getline , $0, -
($1, $2, ). g4, g3, , gawk.
getline aa.
, aa: aa. g4
, getline , gawk.
$ cat g4
{
print NR, "$0:", $0
getline aa
print NR, "aa:", aa
}
$
1
2
3
4
gawk -f g4 < alpha

$0: aaaaaaaaa
aa: bbbbbbbbb
$0: ccccccccc
aa: ddddddddd
g5 , ,
b. print , gawk
. /^b/ , b, .
getline hold,
:, hold, $1. $1 ,
gawk , , getline.
NR, .
getline $0, , gawk
NR .
$ cat g5
# getline
{print " ", NR, $0}
# "b",
581
/^b/
{
# getline hold
getline hold
# hold
print " :", hold
# getline , $0
# $1
print " :", $1
}
{
print ">>>> ", NR
print ""
}

1 aaaaaaaaa
>>>> 1
2 bbbbbbbbb
: ccccccccc
: bbbbbbbbb
>>>> 3
4 ddddddddd
>>>> # 4
: -
, . 3.1, gawk
.
- , -
SQL . gawk ,
, |&.
GAWK
awk mawk . gawk.
(
) ,
, .
, gawk-
, .
tr
. to_upper tr, ; .
to_upper ,
, . , to_upper
, # set x.
to_upper
$ cat to_upper
#!/bin/bash
#set -x
while read arg
do
echo "$arg" | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'
done
582 12.
AWK
$ echo abcdef | ./to_upper

ABCDEF
g6 to_upper . gawk-
, ,
.
$ cat g6
{
print $0 |& "to_upper"
"to_upper" |& getline hold
print hold
}

AAAAAAAAA
BBBBBBBBB
CCCCCCCCC
DDDDDDDDD
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. , gawk .
, print $0, . |& to_upper,
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hold .

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:
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gawk ( ), _ IP _
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g7 rfc-retrieval.txt , www.rfc-editor.
org. www.rfc-editor.org /rfc/rfc-retrieval.txt. g7 server.
TCP-,
www.rfc-editor.org 80.
HTTP- 80 http.
GET- .
, gawk. while
getline.
,
$0. print .
583
, print
gawk, .
$ cat g7
BEGIN
{
# server
#
server = "/inet/tcp/0/www.rfc-editor.org/80"
# GET-
print "GET /rfc/rfc-retrieval.txt" |& server
# while
# getline
while (server |& getline)
print $0
}
$ gawk -f g7
Where and how to get new RFCs

=============================
RFCs may be obtained via FTP or HTTP or email from many RFC repositories.
The official repository for RFCs is:
http://www.rfc-editor.org/
AWK
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lines
lines:
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Line one.
The second line.
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Eighth and last.
.
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.
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n, sed :
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$ sed -n '3,6 p' lines
The third.
This is line four.
Five.
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, , head 5.
$ sed '5 q' lines
Line one.
The second line.
The third.
This is line four.
Five.
sed ,
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_
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3,6 p
$ sed -n -f print3_6 lines
The third.
This is line four.
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2
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$ cat append_demo
2 a\
AFTER.
$ sed -f append_demo lines
Line one.
The second line.
592 13. sed

AFTER.
The third.
This is line four.
Five.
This is line seven.
Eighth and last.
insert_demo ,
This, BEFORE. .
$ cat insert_demo
/This/ i\
BEFORE.
$ sed -f insert_demo lines
Line one.
The second line.
The third.
BEFORE.
This is line four.
Five.
BEFORE.
BEFORE.
This is line seven.
Eighth and last.
.
, ,
.
$ cat change_demo
2,4 c\
SED WILL INSERT THESE\
THREE LINES IN PLACE\
OF THE SELECTED LINES.
SED \
\
.
$ sed -f change_demo lines

Line one.
SED WILL INSERT THESE
THREE LINES IN PLACE
OF THE SELECTED LINES.
Five.
This is line seven.
Eighth and last.
.
sed , . subs_demo
593
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, .
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s/line/sentence/p
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This is sentence four.
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temp. n, , , temp. cat
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-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 6001 Jun
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8 16:16 0608
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building file list done

created directory memos.copy
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memos/0606
memos/0608
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-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 6001 Jun 8 16:16 0608
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 5911 Jun 10 12:02 0610
memos.copy3:
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-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 1500 Jun 6 14:24 0606
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 6001 Jun 8 16:16 0608
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-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 1500 Jun 6 14:24 0606
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 6001 Jun 8 16:16 0608
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 5911 Jun 10 12:02 0610
memos.copy3:
total 20
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 1500 Jun 6 14:24 0606
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 6001 Jun 8 16:16 0608
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 5911 Jun 10 12:02 0610
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-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 5911 Jun 10 12:02 0610
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-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 1500 Jun 6 14:24 0606
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-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 5911 Jun 10 12:02 0610
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87 Jul 22 11:23 bkup
bu.0:
total 20
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 1500 Jun 6 14:24 0606
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 6001 Jun 8 16:16 0608
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 5911 Jun 10 12:02 0610
612 14. rsync

memos:
total 20
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 1500 Jun 6 14:24 0606
-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 6001 Jun 8 16:16 0608
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-rw-r--r-- 1 max max 2100 Jul 22 14:31 0606
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-rw-r--r-- 1
bu.1
max max 2100 Jul 22 14:31 0606
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at>CONTROL+D<EOT>
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at>CONTROL+D<EOT>
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PATH=/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:.;
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630 V.
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zach: : 504: 500: Zach Brlll : /home/zach: / n/tcsh
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Root
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/dev/hda12
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/dev/hda10
/dev/hda5
/dev/hda7
/dev/hda6
zach:/c
zach:/d
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4032092
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2522048
2096160
2096450
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1387548
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4846
9875 33% /boot
110268
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30624
929900
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60
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/dev/hda12
/dev/hda1
/dev/hda8
/dev/hda9
/dev/hda10
/dev/hda5
/dev/hda7
/dev/hda6
Size
1.4G
15M
988M
988M
1.1G
3.8G
988M
2.4G
Used Avail Use% Mounted on

52M 1.3G
4% /
4.7M 9.6M 33% /boot
108M 830M 11% /free1
30M 908M
3% /free2
77M 971M
7% /free3
1.9G 1.8G 52% /home
60k 938M
0% /tmp
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Filesystem
/dev/hda9
1M-blocks
988
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30
908
3% /free2
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Filesystem
zach:/c
zach:/d
Size
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2.0G
Used Avail Use% Mounted on

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1.8G 157M 92% /zach_d
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*** q
Mon Aug 24 18:26:45 2009
--- v
Mon Aug 24 18:27:55 2009
680 V.
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type
0: Apple_partition_scheme
1:
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3:
Apple_HFS
/dev/disk1
#:
type
0: Apple_partition_scheme
1:
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Apple_Driver43
3:
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4:
Apple_Driver_ATA
name
Eva01
Users
name
size
*152.7 GB
31.5 KB
30.7 GB
121.7 GB
identifier
disk0
disk0s1
disk0s3
disk0s5
size
*232.9 GB
31.5 KB
28.0 KB
28.0 KB
28.0 KB
identifier
disk1
disk1s1
disk1s2
disk1s3
disk1s4
682 V.
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
Apple_Driver_ATA
Apple_FWDriver
Apple_Driver_IOKit
Apple_Patches
Apple_HFS Spare
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28.0 KB
256.0 KB
256.0 KB
256.0 KB
48.8 GB
184.1 GB
disk1s5
disk1s6
disk1s7
disk1s8
disk1s9
disk1s10
:
$ diskutil info disk1s9
Device Node:
/dev/disk1s9
Device Identifier: disk1s9
Mount Point:
/Volumes/Spare
Volume Name:
Spare
File System:
HFS+
Owners:
Enabled
Partition Type:
Apple_HFS
Bootable:
Is bootable
Media Type:
Generic
Protocol:
FireWire
SMART Status:
Not Supported
UUID:
C77BB3DC-EFBB-30B0-B191-DE7E01D8A563
Total Size:
Free Space:
48.8 GB
48.8 GB
Read Only:
Ejectable:
No
Yes
/dev/disk1s8
HFS+ Extended (HFSX), Spare2.
:
# diskutil eraseVolume 'Case-sensitive HFS+' Spare2 disk1s8
Started erase on disk disk1s10
Erasing
Mounting Disk
Finished erase on disk disk1s10

verifyVolume:
$ diskutil verifyVolume disk1s9
Started verify/repair on volume disk1s9 Spare
Checking HFS Plus volume.
Checking Extents Overflow file.
Checking Catalog file.
Checking Catalog hierarchy.
Checking volume bitmap.
Checking volume information.
The volume Spare appears to be OK.
Mounting Disk
Verify/repair finished on volume disk1s9 Spare
ditto (OS X) 683
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Apple16X50PCI2: Identified 4 Serial channels at PCI SLOT-2 Bus=5 Dev=2 Func=0
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688 V.
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AppleMetaNodeLocation: /Local/Default
GeneratedUID: FFFFEEEE-DDDD-CCCC-BBBB-AAAA00000000
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RecordName: _amavisd amavisd
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5119 Aug 19 17:08 report
$ find /home/max -print

/home/max
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706 V.
finger
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Login
max
hls
sam
Name
Max Wild
Helen Simpson
Sam the Great
Tty
Idle
tty1
13:29
*pts/1 13:29
pts/2
Login
Jun 25
Jun 25
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-
708 V.
(. mesg: . 91).
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.
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[kudos]
Login
max
roy
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Roy Wong
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23:15 Jun 25 11:22
Jun 25 11:22
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[kudos]
Login: max
Name: Max Wild
Directory: /home/max
Shell: /bin/zsh
On since Sat Jun 25 11:22 (PDT) on tty1, idle 23:22
Last login Sun Jun 26 06:20 (PDT) on ttyp2 from speedy
Mail last read Thu Jun 23 08:10 2005 (PDT)
Plan:
For appointments contact Sam the Great, x1963.
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One factor that is important to remember while administering the dietary
intake of Charcharodon carcharias is that there is, at least from
the point of view of the subject,
very little
differentiating the prepared morsels being proffered from your digits.
In other words, don't feed the sharks!
$ fmt -w 50 memo
One factor that is important to remember while
administering the dietary intake of Charcharodon
carcharias is that there is, at least from the
point of view of the subject, very little
differentiating the prepared morsels being
proffered from your digits.
split-only.
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One factor that is important to remember while
administering the dietary
intake of Charcharodon carcharias is that there
is, at least from
the point of view of the subject,
710 V.
very little
differentiating the prepared morsels being
proffered from your digits.
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63801 /sbin/dosfsck 63856 /sbin/fsck.cramfs
63763 /sbin/e2fsck
63763 /sbin/fsck.ext2
63780 /sbin/fsck
63763 /sbin/fsck.ext3
63801 /sbin/fsck.msdos
63801 /sbin/fsck.vfat
, , man :
$ /sbin/fsck.ext3
Usage: /sbin/fsck.ext3 [-panyrcdfvstDFSV] [-b superblock] [-B blocksize]
[-I inode_buffer_blocks] [-P process_inode_size]
[-l|-L bad_blocks_file] [-C fd] [-j ext-journal]
712 V.
[-E extended-options] device
Emergency help:
-p
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, fsck ,
:
# fsck -f /dev/sdb1
fsck 1.40.8 (13-Mar-2008)
e2fsck 1.40.8 (13-Mar-2008)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/sdb1: 710/4153408 files (10.1% non-contiguous), 455813/8303589 blocks
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714 V.
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machine bravo login max password mypassword
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Connected to bravo.
220 (vsFTPd 2.0.7)
530 Please login with USER and PASS.
720 V.
530 Please login with USER and PASS.
KERBEROS_V4 rejected as an authentication type
Name (bravo:max): watson
331 Please specify the password.
Password:
230 Login successful.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp>
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,
bravo. memos .
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227 Entering Passive Mode (192,168,0,6,79,105)
150 Here comes the directory listing.
drwxr-xr-x
2 500
500
4096 Oct 10 23:52 expenses
drwxr-xr-x
2 500
500
4096 Oct 10 23:59 memos
drwxrwxr-x
22 500
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4096 Oct 10 23:32 tech
226 Directory send OK.
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150 Here comes the directory listing.
-rw-r--r-1 500
500
4770 Oct 10
-rw-r--r-1 500
500
7134 Oct 10
-rw-r--r-1 500
500
9453 Oct 10
-rw-r--r-1 500
500
3466 Oct 10
-rw-r--r-1 500
500
1945 Oct 10
226 Directory send OK.
23:58
23:58
23:58
23:59
23:59
memo.0514
memo.0628
memo.0905
memo.0921
memo.1102
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memo.1114 .
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ftp> get memo.1102
local: memo.1102 remote: memo.1102
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for memo.1102 (1945 bytes).
226 File send OK.
1945 bytes received in 7.1e-05 secs (2.7e+04 Kbytes/sec)
ftp> put memo.1114
ftp 721
150 Ok to send data.
226 File receive OK.
1945 bytes sent in 2.8e-05 secs (6.8e+04 Kbytes/sec)

Max
, , memos bravo, .
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421 Timeout.
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ftp> cd memos
250 Directory successfully changed.
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226 File send OK.
226 File send OK.
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221 Goodbye.
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GetFileInfo (OS X) 727

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file: "/private/tmp/picture.jpg"
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creator: "GKON"
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734 V.
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 max group 33557 Jul 20 17:32 patch-2.0.7
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-rw-rw-r-- 1 max group 9693 Jul 20 17:32 patch-2.0.7.gz
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,
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738 V.
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[4] 23277
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742 V.
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PID
Status Label
51479
0x109490.launchctl
50515
0x10a780.bash
50514
0x10a680.sshd
50511
0x108d20.sshd
22
0x108bc0.securityd
0
com.apple.launchctl.StandardIO
37057
[0x0-0x4e84e8].com.apple.ScreenSaver.Engine
27860
0x10a4e0.DiskManagementTo
27859
[0x0-0x3a23a2].com.apple.SoftwareUpdate
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<dict>
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# launchctl load -w /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ntalk.plist

# cat /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ntalk.plist
<dict>
<key>Label</key>
<string>com.apple.ntalkd</string>
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launchd% list
PID
Status
8659
1
0
0
0
0
Label
0x10ba10.cron
0x10c760.launchd
com.apple.airport.updateprefs
com.apple.airportd
com.apple.AirPort.wps
0x100670.dashboardadvisoryd
744 V.
0
com.apple.launchctl.System
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47
48
49
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pubs 4096 May 20

pubs 4096 Mar 26
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sam
9 May 21
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..
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760 V.
drwxr-xr-x 2 sam pubs 4096 Apr 4 18:56 letters
lrwxrwxrwx 1 sam sam
9 May 21 11:35 shell -> /bin/bash
r (reverse ) ls
:
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, , t l:
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9 May 21 11:35
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shell -> /bin/bash

bin
execute
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pubs 104 Jan 9 14:44

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drwxr-xr-x 2 sam pubs 4096 May 20 09:17 bin

( ),
make 761
.
(), .
$ ls -d ~/.*
/home/sam/.
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/home/sam/.AbiSuite
/home/sam/.Azureus
/home/sam/.BitTornado
(+) ,
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-rw-r--r--+ 1 sam pubs 19 Jul 19 21:59 memo

Mac
OS
X

ACL
- le:
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-rw-r--r-- + 1 sam pubs 19 Jul 19 21:59 memo
0: user:jenny allow read
make
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764 V.
, .list. date > .list .list,
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, morning morning.c. :
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.
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#
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#
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calc.o: calc.c
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clean:
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766 V.
clean .
, .o.
,
, . ,
.
$ cat Makefile
###########################################################
##
###########################################################
SHELL=/bin/sh
###########################################################
## . XLDLIBS
#
, .
#
CCFLAGS .
CC=gcc
CCFLAGS=-O2 $(CFLAGS)
XLDLIBS= -lXaw3d -lXt -lXmu -lXext -lX11 -lm
BUFLIB=libbuf.a
###########################################################
##
INCLUDES=buf.h
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###########################################################
## 'make'
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@echo " :"
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###########################################################
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###########################################################
## ,
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man 767
buf2ppm: buf2ppm.c libbuf.a
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###########################################################
##
buff.o: $(INCLUDES) buff.c
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make , .
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.
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770 V.
Linux PostScript- PDF ps2pdf.
man write, :
$ man write
WRITE(1)
BSD General Commands Manual
WRITE(1)
NAME
write - send a message to another user
SYNOPSIS
write user [ttyname]
DESCRIPTION
The write utility allows you to communicate with other users, by copying
lines from your terminal to theirs.
When you run the write command, the user you are writing to gets a message of the form:
Message from yourname@yourhost on yourtty at hh:mm
man-
man,
:
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MAN(1)
Manual pager utils
MAN(1)
NAME
man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
SYNOPSIS
man [-c|-w|-tZ] [-H[browser]] [-T[device]] [-X[dpi]] [-adhu7V] [-i|-I]
[-m system[,]] [-L locale] [-p string] [-C file] [-M path] [-P
pager] [-r prompt] [-S list] [-e extension] [--warnings [warnings]]
[[section] page ]
DESCRIPTION
man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is
normally the name of a program, utility or function. The manual page
associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A
man man-,
. man k man, latex. apropos ,
man k.
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elatex (1) [latex]
latex (1)
mkindex (1)
pdflatex (1)
structured text formatting and typesetting

structured text formatting and typesetting
script to process LaTeX index and glossary files
PDF output from TeX
mkdir 771
pod2latex (1)
Pod::LaTeX (3perl)
- convert pod documentation to latex format

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, man- 3 Section 3
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accounts,
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Usage: mkfs.ext3 [-c|-l filename] [-b block-size] [-f fragment-size]
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[-N number-of-inodes] [-m reserved-blocks-percentage] [-o creator-os]
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# /sbin/mkfs /dev/sda5
mke2fs 1.41.4 (27-Jan-2009)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
122880 inodes, 489948 blocks
24497 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152
60 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2048 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
tune2fs ext2 ext3:

# /sbin/tune2fs -j /dev/sda5
tune2fs 1.41.4 (27-Jan-2009)
Creating journal inode: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
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P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ 177
200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 210
220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 230
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211 212 213 214 215 216 217

231 232 233 234 235 236 237
786 V.
0000240
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0000360
0000400
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240
260
300
320
340
360
\n
241
261
301
321
341
361
242
262
302
322
342
362
243
263
303
323
343
363
244
264
304
324
344
364
245
265
305
325
345
365
246
266
306
326
346
366
247
267
307
327
347
367
250
270
310
330
350
370
251
271
311
331
351
371
252
272
312
332
352
372
253
273
313
333
353
373
254
274
314
334
354
374
255
275
315
335
355
375
256
276
316
336
356
376
257
277
317
337
357
377
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0028455
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#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
printf("My name is Sam.\n");
return 0;
}
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myname:
/usr/lib/libmx.A.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 92.0.0)
/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 88.0.0)
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/usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib:
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main.
.
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myname:
(__TEXT,__text) section
_main:
00002ac0
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790 V.
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Sam the Great
Max Wild
Zach Brill
Helen Simpson
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sam:x:401:50:/home/sam:/bin/zsh
max:x:402:50:/home/max:/bin/bash
zach:x:504:500:/home/zach:/bin/tcsh
hls:x:505:500:/home/hls:/bin/bash
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Sam the Great
sam:x:401:50:/home/sam:/bin/zsh
Max Wild
max:x:402:50:/home/max:/bin/bash
Zach Brill
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1
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4
p1
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/etc
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memos
798 V.
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java.plist: OK
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XML parser error:
XML-:
Encountered unexpected element at line 2 (plist can only include one object)
2 (plist
)
Old-style plist parser error:
, :
Malformed data byte group at line 1; invalid hex
1 ;

StartupParameters.plist
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