Dls01e 0102

1.
Training Course in Compressed Air Technology
Kaeser Kompressoren 2000
http://www.kaeser.com
Training Course
in
Compressed Air
Technology
Topics
Basic principles of
compressed air technology
Sizing a compressor installation

The generation of compressed air
Control systems
The compressed air system
Economic appraisal
Planning a compressor installation
The principles of heat recovery
The treatment of compressed air

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology
What is compressed air?
grid system
user
transformer
Power station
Compressed air is ...

... compressed atmospheric air
... a mixture of gases
... compressible
... an energy carrier
air main
Air centre
user
air treatment
Proportional relationship between

pressure, temperature and volume:
still valid:

Basic units
Derived units
m = Meter
kg
= Kilogram
s = Second
= Ampere
K = Kelvin
mol = Molar mass
= Newton
Pa = Pascal
bar = Bar
= Joule
W = Watt
= Celsius
Hz = Hertz
= Ohm
Physical laws
COMPRESSED AIR is atmospheric air under pressure.
That means energy is stored in the air.
When the compressed air expands again
this energy is released as WORK.
pressure (energy)
WORK
EXPANSION
Components of air
oxygen
21%
other gasses
1%
nitrogen
78%
Atmospheric pressure...
...is generated by the weight
of the atmosphere.
It is dependent on the DENSITY
of the air and the height:
The normal atmospheric

pressure at sea level is 1.013
bar (760 mmHg (Torr))

Gauge pressure ...
Absolute pressure ...

... is the pressure measured
from absolute zero.
It is used for all theoretical
approaches and is required in
vacuum and blower techniques.
pamb
... is the practical reference pressure

and is based on atmospheric
pressure.
atmospheric pressure
absolute pressure
(g)
vacuum
100%
vacuum
(g)
(g)
(g)
gauge pressure
Pg
0%
Definition of pressures
Equivalents
Generally:
Pressure (p) =
105 Pa
1 bar
Force (F)
1 MPa
10 bar
Area (A)
1 hPa
0,001 bar
Gauge pressure
1 bar
= 14,5 psi(g)
Dimensions:
1 Pascal (Pa) =
1 Newton (N)
1 bar
10197 mmWC
1 m (A)
1 bar
750,062 Torr
A = 1 m2
10
Natural laws
Isotherms (constant temperature)
If the volume is reduced under constant temperature,
the pressure increases.
p0 x V0 = p1 x V1 = constant
Heat dissipation
11
Isotherms (constant temperature)

p
Heat dissipation
p1
T0 = T1
0
p0
V1
dV
V0
V
12
Natural laws
Isobars ( constant pressure )
If heat is applied under constant pressure,
The air volume behaves directly proportional
to its absolute temperature.
Application of heat
13
Isobars (constant pressure)

p
Application of heat
p0 = p1
1
p0= p1
T1
T
0
V0
dV
V1
V
14
Natural laws
Isochors (constant volume)
Application of heat
If heat is applied with constant volume,

the pressure behaves directly proportional
to the absolute temperature.
p
p
15
Isochors (constant volume)

p
V0=V1
p1
1
T1
p0
0
V0=V1
T0
V
Application of heat
16
Adiabatic or Isentropic
(no heat transfer)
Heat insulation
If the volume is reduced and heat cannot be dissipated,
temperature increases with the pressure
p
p
p1
p0
V1
dV
V0
T1
T0
17
Theoretical performance requirement

(specific, for compression from 1 bar absolute)
n = 1.4
Pspec
kW
m3/min
Isentropic
n = 1.3
n = 1.1
n = 1.0
Isothermal
p1
p0
18
Gas equation
Gas law relating to a closed system:
p0 x V0
T0
p
V
T
R
=
=
=
=
p1 x V1
T1
= R = constant
pressure (bar (absolute))

volume (m3)
temperature (K)
special gas constants
J
e.g. R = 28.96 barm = 289.6
kgK
K
for dry air
19
Definition of volumes
Temperature
Pressure
Relative
humidity
Density
Volume according
to DIN 1343
(normal
physical state)
0C =
273,15K
1,01325
bar
0%
1,294
kg/m
Volume according
to DIN/ISO 2533
15C =
288,15K
1,01325
bar
0%
1,225
kg/m
Volume related
to atmosphere
(normal state)
atmospheric
temperature
atmospheric
pressure
atmospheric
humidity
variable
Volume related
to operating state
working
temperature
working
pressure
variable
variable
20
Volume
ambient air pressure

1 bar (a)
7 m
atmospheric
air volume
working pressure
7 bar (a) = 6 bar (g)
1 working m
21
Volume
Working
pressure
p1, V1
Expansion:
Working pressure
7 bar (a)
= 6 bar (g)
Ambient air pressure p0, V0
The volume of atmospheric air decreases

at an inverse ratio to the respective absolute
pressures (at constant temperature,
without taking humidity into account)
p
p
22
Conversion of normal volume to

volume according to DIN 1343
VN =
VN
VI
TN
TI
pN
pI
Hrel
pD
air
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
VI x TN x (pI - (Hrel x pD))

pN x TI
Normal volume to DIN 1343

Volume at inlet conditions
Temperature to DIN 1343, TN = 273.15K
Maximum temperature at the installation in K
Air pressure to DIN 1343, pN = 1.01325 bar
Lowest air pressure at the installation in bar
Maximum relative humidity in the air at the installation
Saturation pressure of the water vapour contained in the
in bar, dependent on the temperature of the air
23
Extract from the table for the saturation pressure

of water vapour at saturation
Saturation pressure
pD (bar) at air
temperature t ( C)
pD
pD
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0,00260
0,00280
0,00310
0,00340
0,00370
0,00400
0,00440
0,00480
0,00520
0,00560
0,00610
0,00640
0,00710
0,00740
0,00810
0,00870
0,00940
0,01000
0,01070
0,01150
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
0.0123
0.0131
0.0140
0.0150
0.0160
0.0170
0.0182
0.0184
0.0206
0.0220
0.0234
0.0245
0.0264
0.0281
0.0298
0.0317
0.0336
0.0356
0.0378
0.0400
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
pD
0.0424
0.0449
0.0473
0.0503
0.0532
0.0562
0.0594
0.0627
0.0662
0.0699
0.0738
0.0778
0.0820
0.0864
0.0910
0.0968
0.1009
0.1061
0.1116
0.1174
0.1234
24
Flow velocity in air lines
A1
v1
A2
v2
valid is:
V = A1 x v1 = A2 x v2
V
v
A
=
=
=
A1
v2
=
v1
A2
flow volume
velocity
pipe sectional area
25
Flow profile
pipe wall
border layer
flow velocity
26
Flow types
We differentiate between:
laminar (even) and turbulent (swirling) flow
27
Pressure (bar)
Compressed air in motion

Pressure loss
is dependent on:
sectional area
velocity
pipe length
internal surface area of the pipe
length (m)
28
Some graphical symbols

for pneumatic
systems ( ISO 1219):
Compressor
Double-acting
cylinder
Silencer
Cooler
Safety
valve
Pressure
measurement
- pressure gauge
Temperature
measurement
- thermometer
Filter or strainer
AND function
NOT function
OR function
for logical circuits:
29

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1.

Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

Sizing a compressor installation

The compressed air system

The treatment of compressed air

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

What is compressed air?

Compressed air is ...

Proportional relationship between

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

mol = Molar mass

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

The normal atmospheric

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Absolute pressure ...

... is the practical reference pressure

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Isotherms (constant temperature)

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Isobars (constant pressure)

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

If heat is applied with constant volume,

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Isochors (constant volume)

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Theoretical performance requirement

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

pressure (bar (absolute))

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

ambient air pressure

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

The volume of atmospheric air decreases

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Conversion of normal volume to

VI x TN x (pI - (Hrel x pD))

Normal volume to DIN 1343

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology

Extract from the table for the saturation pressure

Kaeser Kompressoren 2000

1. Training Course in Compressed Air Technology