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Phn th 1:
1. Gii thiu tng quan m hnh mng (SEM)
Mt trong nhng k thut phc hp v linh hot
nht s dng phn tch mi quan h phc tp
trong
m hnh
nhn
qu
l m
hnh
mng SEM(Structural Equation Modeling). M hnh
SEM c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc
nghin cu nh tm l hc (Anderson &
Gerbing,1988; Hansell v White, 1991), x hi hc
(Lavee, 1988; Lorence v Mortimer, 1985), nghin
cu s pht trin ca tr em (Anderson, 1987;
Biddle v Marlin,1987) v trong lnh vc qun l
(Tharenou, Latimer v Conroy,1994). c bit m
hnh ny cng c ng dng trong rt nhiu m
hnh tha mn khch hng nh : ngnh dch v
thng tin di ng ti Hn Quc (M.-K. Kim et al. /
Telecommunications Policy 28 (2004) 145159), M
hnh nghin cu s trung thnh ca khch
hng Dch v thng tin di ng ti Vit nam (Phm
c K, Bi Nguyn Hng, 2007)...
M hnh SEM l s m rng ca m hnh tuyn tnh
tng qut (GLM https://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/170456192?
access_key=key16aeribq1ew6xog765ll&allow_share=true&escape

=false&view_mode=scroll ) cho php nh nghin

cu kim nh mt tp hp phng trnh hi quy
cng mt lc.
SEM c th cho mt m hnh phc hp ph hp vi
d liu nh cc b d liu kho st trong di
hn(longitudinal), phn tch nhn t khng nh
(CFA), cc m hnh khng chun ho,c s d liu
c cu trc sai s t tng quan, d liu vi cc
bin s khng chun(Non-Normality) , hay d liu
b thiu (missing data).
c bit, SEM s dng c lng cc m hnh
o lng (Mesurement Model) v m hnh cu trc
(Structure Model) ca bi ton l thuyt a bin.
M hnh o lng ch r quan h gia cc bin tim
n (Latent Variables) v cc bin quan st
(observed variables).N cung cp thng tin v
thuc tnh o lng ca bin quan st ( tin cy,
gi tr).
M hnh cu trc ch r mi quan h gia cc bin
tim n vi nhau. Cc mi quan h ny c th m
t nhng d bo mang tnh l thuyt m cc nh
nghin cu quan tm.
M hnh SEM phi hp c tt c cc k thut nh
hi quy a bin, phn tch nhn t v phn tch mi
quan h h tng (gia cc phn t trong s

mng) cho php chng ta kim tra mi quan h

phc hp trong m hnh. Khc vi nhng k thut
thng k khc ch cho php c lng mi quan h
ring phn ca tng cp nhn t (phn t) trong
m hnh c in (m hnh o lng), SEM cho php
c lng ng thi cc phn t trong tng th m
hnh, c lng mi quan h nhn qu gia cc
khi nim tim n (Latent Constructs) qua cc ch
s kt hp c o lng v cu trc ca m hnh l
thuyt, o cc mi quan h n nh (recursive) v
khng n nh (non-recursive), o cc nh hng
trc tip cng nh gin tip, k c sai s o v
tng quan phn d. Vi k thut phn tch nhn
t khng nh (CFA) m hnh SEM cho php linh
ng tm kim m hnh ph hp nht trong cc m
hnh ngh.
2. Cng dng v li th ca m hnh mng
(SEM)

Kim nh cc gi thuyt v cc quan h nhn

qu c ph hp (FIT) vi d liu thc nghim hay
khng.
Kim nh khng nh (Confirmating) cc quan
h gia cc bin.
Kim nh cc quan h gia cc bin quan st
v khng quan st (bin tim n)

L phng php t hp phng php hi quy,

phng php phn tch nhn t, phn tch phng
sai.
c lng gi tr khi nim (cu trc nhn
t) ca cc o trc khi phn tch s ng
(path analysis)
Cho php thc hin ng thi nhiu bin ph
thuc (ni sinh).
Cung cp cc ch s ph hp cho cc m
hnh kim nh.
Cho php ci thin cc m hnh km ph hp
bng cch s dng linh hot cc h s iu chnh
MI (Modification Indices).
SEM cung cp cc cng c c gi tr v thng
k, khi dng thng tin o lng hiu chun cc
quan h gi thuyt gia cc bin tim n.
SEM gip gi thuyt cc m hnh, kim nh
thng k chng (v EFA v hi quy c th khng
bn vng nht qun v mt thng k)
SEM thng l mt phc hp gia mt s lng
ln cc bin quan st v tim n, cc phn d v
sai s.
SEM gi nh c mt cu trc nhn qu gia
cc bin tim n c th l cc t hp tuyn tnh
ca cc bin quan st, hoc l cc bin tham gia
trong mt chui nhn qu.
Phn th 2: Gii thiu v cc khi nim bin quan st,
tim n, bc t do, sai s, phn d, n tng, tng

minh, tnh xc nh ca m hnh...

3. Cc phn t trong m hnh mng (SEM)
Bin quan st (Observed variable): cn gi l bin ch bo
(cu to/phn nh), bin o lng, bin ngoi sinh hay bin c
lpty trng hp c th.Trong hnh 1a, m hnh bin quan
st c biu din bng hnh ch nht (V1, V2, V3). Bin V1,
V2, V3 c mi tn i ra nn trong trng hp ny cn c gi
l bin ngoi sinh hay bin c lp (trong m hnh truyn
thng). Trong hnh 1b, m hnh bin quan st V1, V2, V3 phn
nh bin tim n F v bin tim n F ng vai tr bin ngoi
sinh (nguyn nhn) trong m hnh SEM. (s ni k hn phn
phn bit bin ch bo cu to v bin ch bo phn nh pha
di)
Hnh 1: M hnh biu din quan h gia cc bin quan st v
bin tim n

S lin kt ca cc bin quan st (ch bo) vi cc bin tim

n (khng quan st) l bc u tin trong mt th tc thng k
hnh thc. Tri li thng thng cc th tc lin kt thng n
tng-nu ta cm thy mt bin o c no c ch bo tt
ca mt khi nim tim n no , th chng ta s dng n.
Bin tim n(Latent Variable): cn gi l nhn
t, bin ni sinh hay bin ph thuc trong m hnh truyn

thng(hnh 1a). Tri li, trong m hnh SEM, bin tim n trc
tip nh hng kt qu hay gi tr ca bin quan st v biu din
di dng hnh ellipse(F1) nh hnh 2. Bin tim n (nhn t)
F1 th hin mt khi nim l thuyt, khng th o trc tip c
m phi thng qua cc bin quan st V1, V2,V3. Trng hp
ny bin F1 cn c gi l nhn t c s (Underlying

factor), trong m hnh o lng.

Hnh 2: V d v mt m hnh o lng
Cc bin tim n hay cc nhn t c s (F1, F2, F3) hay cc
sai s o lng (e1,e2,e3) c th tng quan vi nhau ( mi tn
2 chiu) hay c th nh hng trc tip bin tim n khc (mi
tn 1 chiu). Bin F3 trn hnh v c cc mi tn i vo nn cn
c gi l bin ni sinh hay bin ph thuc ( trong m hnh hi
quy hay m hnh cu trc).
Hnh 3:V d mt m hnh cu trc

S hng sai s v phn d (Error & Disturbance):

S hng sai s ei biu th sai s ca cc bin o lng, trong
khi di biu th cho nhiu hoc sai s lin quan vi gi tr d bo
ca cc nhn t(bin) ni sinh t cc nhn t(bin) ngoi sinh
hay cn gi l phn d ca c lng hi quy.
Trong m hnh o lng ca SEM (hnh 4), mi bin ni
sinh c mt s hng sai s(ei) hay nhiu(di), n th hin tnh
khng chc chn v khng chnh xc ca s o lng, ng thi
n cn th hin tnh cht ny cho c cc bin cha c pht
hin v khng c o lng trong m hnh.
Hnh 4: cc phn t c bn trong m hnh SEM

Lu rng bin ni sinh l bin ph thuc vo bin khc

( V1,V2,V6 v F3) c mi tn vo/ra, cn bin ngoi sinh l
bin khng ph thuc vo bin khc (F1, F2) ch c mi tn i
ra (khng c bt k nhiu d hay bt k sai s e no) Ngoi ra,
cng cn phn bit mi tn mt chiu gia cc bin tim n v
cc bin quan st biu th cc h s ti (factor loadings) trong
khi mi tn mt chiu gia cc khi nim tim n v cc bin
quan st li biu th h s hi quy (regression coefficients)
Tm li, Mt m hnh SEM c trng l mt phc hp gia
mt s lng ln cc bin quan st v khng quan st, cc s
hng phn d v cc sai s.
Bin trung gian ( Mediator): Gi X l bin nguyn nhn
gc, M l bin trung gian tim nng(hnh 5), v Y l bin kt
qu. xc nh M l bin trung gian:
a) Chng minh rng X ---- > Y : Y lin quan vi X,
b) Chng minh rng X ---- > M : M lin quan vi X,
c) Chng minh rng M --- > Y l lin kt c ngha trong
hi quy hai bin d bo
Hnh 5: Bin trung gian trong m hnh SEM

d) Gi nh cc kim nh trn u tha mn, khi :

i) Nu lin kt : X -- >Y khng c ngha c) : M trung gian
ton phn;

ii) Nu lin kt : X --- >Y c ngha c) : M trung gian mt

phn.
Nu mt khi nim ( construct) lm trung gian trong tc
ng ca cc bin ngai sinh ln mt bin ph thuc, phi a
cc quan h chc nng ny vo m hnh. Cc bin ngai sinh
nu l bin trung gian mt phn(tc l mt lin kt trc tip hay
gin tip vi mt bin ph thuc) thng l cc bin d bo
quan trng hn cho mt bin ph thuc, hn l cc bin tng
t: bin trung gian ton phn. Nu cc tc ng trung gian
khng c xem xt thch hp ta c th b nhm ln v s quan
trng tng i ca cc nhn t khc nhau trong s tc ng ln
mt khi nim.
Phn bit khi nim n tng v khi nim Tng
minh

Bin ch bo phn nh (Reflective Indicators) c quan h

lin i vi nhau, s thay i ca mt bin ch bo ny ko theo
s thay i ca bin ch bo khc th hin qua tnh nht qun
cc b c o bng h s Cronbachs Alpha.
Bin ch bo cu to (Formative Indicators) khng cn
thit c lin quan vi nhau, s thay i ca mt bin ch bo ny

khng nh hng n cc bin ch bo khc, do vy khng p

dng o tnh nht qun.
Hai khi nim ny c phi hp li trong m hnh nghin
cu trong bin ch bo cu to l nguyn nhn trong khi
bin ch bo phn nh th phn nh kt qu.

4. Tnh xc nh ca m hnh SEM

Tnh xc nh c ngha l c t nht mt li gii c nht
cho mi c lng thng s trong mt m hnh SEM. S thng
s cn c lng bng s phng sai (Variance) hay hip
phng sai(Covariance) ca cc bin ngoi sinh (bin quan st
hay khng quan st) v cc tc ng trc tip ca cc bin quan
st ln cc bin ni sinh.
xc nh m hnh nghin cu thuc loi m hnh no
trong ba loi m hnh Va xc nh- Just Identification;
Km xc nh-Under

Identification hay Qu xc
nh- Over Identification th cn phi tnh ton s bc t
do ca m hnh.
Bc t do l s khc bit gia tng s d liu quan st u
vo (data points) v tng s cc thng s c lng trong
SEM , c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
df = 1/2[(p + q)(p + q +1)] t
Trong :

p= s cc bin ch bo ni sinh
q= s cc bin ch bo ngoi sinh
(p+q = s bin quan st)
t= S cc thng s c lng
[(p+q)(p+q+1) = S quan st hay hip phng sai trong
ma trn(data points)
1) M hnh va xc nh (Just Identification): M hnh
c df =0 v ch c mt li gii kh d cho mi c lng thng
s. V d: 2x+y =7; 3x+2y=11
2) M hnh km xc nh (Under Identification): M
hnh c df < 0 v c v s cc gi tr c lng thng s. Vi d :
2x +y =7
3) M hnh qu xc nh(Over Identification): M hnh
c df > 0 v c hn mt li gii kh d (nhng c mt li gii ti
u hay tt nht i vi mi c lng thng s). M hnh qu
xc nh xy ra khi mi thng s c xc nh v t nht mt
thng s th qu xc nh (c nhiu hn mt phng trnh cho
c lng thng s ny). Thng thng m hnh qu xc nh
c a thch hn, c bc t do dng (df>0). Mc tiu l t
c df cng ln cng tt.
Vic t cc hn ch(rng buc) trn m hnh qu xc
nh cho chng ta kim nh cc gi thuyt (dng Chi
Square v cc ch s khc).
S xc nh l mt yu cu v cu trc hay ton hc c
th tin hnh phn tch SEM.
S km xc nh trong thc nghim xut hin khi c mt
thng s c lng tnh xc nh ca m hnh c gi tr gn
bng 0. Do tnh cht lp ca c lng SEM, mt thng s c
lng (phng sai chng hn) bt u vi gi tr dng v tin
dn v gi tr 0.

Trong nghin cu m hnh SEM cn c gng xc nh

nguyn nhn ca tnh km xc nh l do cu trc hay km xc
nh do thc nghim.
- Nu km xc nh do cu trc: Xc nh li m hnh
- Nu km xc nh do thc nghim: iu chnh bng cch thu
thp thm d liu hay xc nh li m hnh.
Phn th 3: Gii thiu v cc dng m hnh ch yu khi phn tch
SEM:m hnh o lng, m hnh cu trc, m hnh xc lp, m hnh
khng xc lp, m hnh bo ha, m hnh c lp...
5. CC DNG M HNH
Theo Vinod Kumar, Deregouska,2003 th m hnh SEM gm hai m hnh c
lin quan vi nhau l m hnh o lng v m hnh cu trc. C hai m hnh u
c xc nh c th bi nh nghin cu:
5.1 M hnh o lng: (cn gi l m hnh nhn t, m hnh ngoi) din t cch
cc bin quan st th hin v gii thch cc bin tim n th no: tc l din t
cu trc nhn t (bin tim n), ng thi din t cc c tnh o lng ( tin
cy, gi tr) ca cc bin quan st. Cc m hnh o lng cho cc bin c
lp c th n hng, c th tng quan hay c th xc nh cc bin tim n
bc cao hn. M hnh o lng ( hnh 7) cho thy cc lin h thng k gia cc
bin quan st, ta c th dng chun ho m hnh cu trc c bn. Cc bin
tim n c ni kt bng cc quan h dng hi quy chun ho, tc l c
lng cc gi tr cho cc h s hi quy.
Hnh 7 : M hnh o lng

M hnh o lng dng phn tch nhn t nh gi mc m bin quan

st ti ln cc khi nim tim n ca chng. nh gi gi tr (hi t v
phn bit) ca cc bin quan st s dng k thut phn tch nhn t khng
nh(CFA) v ma trn Covariance da trn m hnh SEM,.
5.2 M hnh cu trc: Xc nh cc lin kt (quan h nhn qu) gia cc bin
tim n bng mi tn ni kt, v gn cho chng cc phng sai gii thch v
cha gii thch, to thnh cu trc nhn qu c bn. Bin tim n c c
lng bng hi quy bi ca cc bin quan st. M hnh SEM khng cho php s
dng khi nim biu th bi bin quan st n.Thng thng bin tim n o
lng bi t nht l trn mt bin, hay t 3 n ti a l 7 bin quan st.[Hair et
al, Chap 11, 2000]
M hnh SEM c th c nhiu dng khc nhau:
Hnh 8: M hnh SEM v cc phn t c bn ca n

a) Mt bin tim n c lp n c th d bo mt bin tim n ph thuc n.

b) Vi bin tim n c th tng quan trong d bo mt bin ph thuc no .
c) Mt bin tim n c lp c th d bo mt bin tim n khc, ri bin ny li
d bo mt bin th ba,
5.3 M hnh xc lp (recursive)
M hnh c 02 c im c bn :
- Cc s hng sai s ca n khng c tng quan vi nhau
- Mi tc ng nhn qu u n hng.

M hnh Recursive c s dng ph bin trong cc m hnh nghin cu

nh u im l d m hnh ho, c tnh n nh hn nhiu so vi m hnh NonRecursive, v lun c xc nh (c trnh by c th trong phn 2.3.3 Tnh
xc nh ca m hnh)
Hnh 9: M hnh SEM vi trng thi xc lp (n nh) ca n

X, Y : Bin ngoi sinh E: S hng sai s

W, Z: Bin ni sinh <---> Covariance (Tng quan )
5.4 M hnh khng xc lp (Non-Recursive)
Hnh 10: M hnh SEM vi trng thi cha xc lp (khng n nh)

M hnh Non-Recursive c vng lp phn hi gia cc bin ni sinh, hoc:

Khi hai bin ni sinh nh hng ln nhau, tc l c vng lp phn hi (1) ,
hoc:
C vng lp gia hai bin ni sinh v cc s hng sai s ca hai bin ni
sinh (2)
M hnh Non-recursive ch c tnh tm thi, khng n nh so vi m hnh
Recursive, ngoi ra, m hnh recursive d s dng nn thng thng nu c th
cc nh nghin cu thng quy i m hnh Non-Recursive v m hnh
Recursive.
5.5 M hnh bo ho (Saturated Model): M hnh bo ho (hnh 11) cha rt
nhiu cc thng s cn c lng bng vi s u vo(input) trong phn tch.V
vy m hnh ny khng c bc t do(df=0). y l m hnh t hn ch(rng buc)
nht m n c th ph hp vi b d liu.
Hnh 11: M hnh bo ha ca SEM

5.6 M hnh c lp (Independence Model)

M hnh c lp (Hnh 12) l m hnh c nhiu rng buc nht m n c th
ph hp vi b d liu, c ti a s bc t do. N ch cha cc c lng
phng sai ca cc bin quan st, tc l gi nh cc quan h gia cc bin
quan st khng c.
Hnh 12: M hnh c lp ca SEM

5.7 M hnh SEM tng qut : cho php m hnh gm nhiu khi nim tim n
c ch bo bi cc bin quan st ( c lp v ph thuc) v cho c cc quan
h n nh (Recursive) v khng n nh (non-recursive) gia cc bin khi
nim. Tm li m hnh SEM l s kt hp gia m hnh o lng v m hnh
cu trc.
Khi lm bi lun thc s thc t, m hnh s c dng tng t nh sau:

Phn th

4: Gii thiu v phn tch EFA, CFA, ma trn cu trc hip phng sai,
s ng path diagram,direct effect, indirect effect

6. PHN TCH NHN T KHM PH (EFA) V KHNG NH (CFA)

6.1 Phn tch nhn t khm ph( EFA) : c dng n trong trng hp mi quan h
gia cc bin quan st v bin tim n l khng r rng hay khng chc chn. Phn tch
EFA theo c tin hnh theo kiu khm ph xc nh xem phm vi, mc quan
h gia cc bin quan st v cc nhn t c s nh th no, lm nn tng cho mt tp hp
cc php o rt gn hay gim bt s bin quan st ti ln cc nhn t c s. Cc nhn
t c s l t hp tuyn tnh (s cu to) ca cc bin m t bng h phng trnh sau:

S lng cc nhn t c s ty thuc vo m hnh nghin cu, trong chng rng buc
nhau bng cch xoay cc vector trc giao nhau khng xy ra hin tng tng quan.
Phn tch nhn t khm ph EFA rt hu dng trong bc thc nghim ban u hay m
rng kim nh.
6.2 Phn tch nhn t khng nh (CFA): s dng thch hp khi nh nghin cu c sn
mt s kin thc v cu trc bin tim n c s. Trong mi quan h hay gi thuyt (c
c t l thuyt hay thc nghim) gia bin quan st v nhn t c s th c cc nh
nghin cu mc nhin tha nhn trc khi tin hnh kim nh thng k. Nh vy CFA l
bc tip theo ca EFA nhm kim nh xem c mt m hnh l thuyt c trc lm nn
tng cho mt tp hp cc quan st khng. CFA cng l mt dng ca SEM. Khi xy dng
CFA, cc bin quan st cng l cc bin ch bo trong m hnh o lng, bi v chng
cng ti ln khi nim l thuyt c s.
Phng php phn tch nhn t khng nh CFA chp nhn cc gi thuyt ca cc
nh nghin cu, c xc nh cn c theo quan h gia mi bin v mt hay nhiu hn
mt nhn t. Sau y l mt m hnh SEM s dng k thut phn tch CFA:
Hnh 13: M hnh o lng v m hnh cu trc ca SEM

X1 = 11 1 + 1
X2 = 22 2 + 2
X3 = 31 1 + 32 2 + 3,
( i la cac nhan to chung, Xi la cac nhan to xac nh)
Trong : l cc h s ti, cc nhn t chung i c th c tng quan vi nhau,
cc nhn t xc nh Xi cng c th tng quan vi nhau. Phng sai ca mt nhn t xc
nh l duy nht.
Phng trnh biu din m hnh mt cch tng qut dng ma trn ca x nh sau:

x = x +
Cov(x, ) = = E(xx) = E [(x +)(x +)] = E[(x +)(x +)]
= x E()x + xE()x + E()
at : = E(xx); = E(); = E()

Vi x; x; ; lan lt la ma tran chuyen v cua ma

tran x; x; ;.
Cui cng phng trnh Covariance c vit gn nh sau:

x = x x + x
Tng t i vi phng trnh dng ma trn ca y v ma trn Covariance:

y = y +
y = y y + y
7. MA TRN CU TRC CA M HNH MNG (CSM) (hnh 14)
n v phn tch trong m hnh mng (SEM) l cc ma trn phng sai (VAR) hay
hip phng sai(COV). Tng qut th tc SEM xc nh mt ma trn l thuyt hm
(ma trn tng quan k vng) bi m hnh nghin cu. Do vy cc u vo cn thit ca
SEM l cc d liu th hay moment mu c tnh t d liu ( VAR, COV, h s tng
quan hay cc moment khc) v m hnh ang c nh gi. M hnh bao gm mt tp
hp cc phng trnh xut, vi vi thng s ban u c gn gi tr c nh v cc
thng s cn c lng (mean, variance, regression weight..)
Mc ch ca ma trn VAR v COV trong SEM dng xc nh cc mi quan h
gia cc phn t trong m hnh bng cch c lng ma trn tng quan k vng (tng
th), so snh vi ma trn tng quan ca d liuquan st (mu) thng qua kim nh Chi
square. S khc bit gia tng quan c lng v tng quan quan st ca hai ma
trn ny th hin trong s thay i gi tr Chi square, n ch ra mc ph hp ca m
hnh vi d liu nh th no (Chi square khng c ngha (p > 0.05) biu th mt s ph
hp tt). Kim nh Chi square bao gm c tng quan ca bin quan st v tng quan
k vng
Hnh 14: M hnh cu trc hip phng sai
(CSM- Covariance Structural Modeling)

SEM gi nh cc thnh phn sai s ngu nhin trong m hnh c phn phi chun
a bin ( biu din bng hnh ellipse). Vi gi nh ny cho php dng phng php ML
( Maximum Likelihood) c lng cc h s trong m hnh. Trong trng hp cc
iu kin c lng ML khng tha mn, nh cc bin phn loi (categorical) chng hn
th phi s dng phng php c lng LS. Tt c cc phng php c lng trong
SEM u i hi kch thc mu ln.
Ngoi ra cc thnh phn ngu nhin trong SEM cng i hi sai s o lng ca x
(hay ca y), tc l (hay ) khng tng quan vi cc bin tim n c lp (hay ph
thuc ). ng thi sai s phng trnh trong m hnh cu trc gia cc bin tim n c
lp v tim n ph thuc th khng tng quan vi cc sai s o lng ca cc bin ch
bo quan st ( x v y), tc l khng c tng quan vi (hay ).
8. S NG (Path Diagram)
Nu cu trc ca mt m hnh ch biu th bng cc phng trnh th rt phc tp
v kh hiu. n gin ho v thun tin trong phn tch, ngi ta biu din mi quan
h cc nhn t di dng s ng ca c m hnh o lng v m hnh cu trc.
Khi nim bin ngoi sinh trong m hnh cn gi l bin ngun hay bin c lp
v n khng chu tc ng ca bin d bo hay bin no khc trong m hnh. Khi nim
bin ni sinh c d bo bi mt hay nhiu khi nim khc.
9. PHN TCH S NG (Path Analysis)
Phn tch s ng hay cn gi l m hnh nhn qu, tp trung vo vic kho
st mng li quan h gia cc bin o lng, mi quan h nhn qu gia hai hay nhiu
bin, cng ca cc quan h trc tip v gin tip, c th phn tch c cc quan h
trung gian (X->Y->Z).
Phng trnh cu trc :

Trong phn tch s ng cc phn t bin c quan h nh hng trc tip v

gin tip nhau. Trong s nhn qu trn ta c:
nh hng trc tip :
X3 gm nh hng ca X1 v X2,
X4 gm nh hng ca X2 v X3,
X5 ch nh hng trc tip bi X2
Y gm nh hng ca X4 v X5
nh hng gin tip:
L nh hng ca mt bin thng qua mt bin khc, v d:
X1 nh hng ln X4 thng qua X3
X1 nh hng ln Y mt cch gin tip thng qua X3 v X4.

nh hng gia cc bin biu th bng cc h s tng quan. Ton b cc nh hng

gia cc bin trong m hnh SEM to nn ma trn tng quan cu trc:

r13 = p31 ; r23 = p32 ; r14 =p43 . p31

r24 =p43. p32 + p42; r25 = p52
ry = py4.p42 + py4 . p43. p32 + py5.p52

Quy tc: Tng quan cu trc gia hai bin th bng tng cc tc ng trc tip v
gin tip c kh nng xy ra.
Gi s c ma trn tng quan ca cc bin quan st X1, X2 v X3 nh sau:

X1
X2
X3

X1
1.0

X2
r12
1.0

X3
r13
r23
1.0

Gi thit mt m hnh cu trc (M1) dng kim nh l :

M hnh ny c biu din bng cc phng trnh sau

12 = p21 (p: he so hoi quy rieng phan chuan hoa)

13 = p31 +p32. p21 (nh hng trc tip ca X1 ln X3 cng vi nh hng gin tip qua X2)
23 = p32 + p31. p21 (nh hng trc tip ca X2 ln X3 cng vi nh hng ca X1 ln X3 v X2)

ij biu din tng quan ti cu trc hay tng quan c lng trn c s m hnh l

thuyt trn y. H s hi quy c th c lng bng phng php hi quy a bin trn
c s m hnh cho v c th dng ti cu trc li ma trn tng quan.
Tng quan ca cc quan st bng d liu:
X1
X1
X2
X3

X2
1.0

(o)

12

1.0
1.0

Tng quan ti cu trc trn c s m hnh s ng:

X3
r13(o)
r23(o)

X1
X1
X2
X3

X2
1.0

1.0
23(e)
1.0

12 (e)

X3
13(e)

So snh cc phn t ca hai ma trn tng quan ny cng ging nhau th gi tr

Chi square cng nh.

Lu rng mi m hnh thay th c mt tp tng quan k vng khc nhau lm

cho m hnh tt hn hoc xu i. Gi s m hnh l thuyt trn by gi l (M2)

Hu ht cc m hnh nhn qu u tin hnh so snh chn ra m hnh ph hp

nht. Mi m hnh c mt gi tr Chi square ng vi s bc t do nht nh. Hai m hnh
M1 v M2 ging nhau nhng M2 b i mi quan h X1 v X2. ngha ca s tng /gim
ph hp trong trng hp ny l :
vi df = df1 df2 (hay cn xc nh bng
ch s s thay i ca Chi square trn mt bc t do)
Mi ng biu din mt quan h gia hai bin th tng ng vi mt gi thuyt nghin
cu, khng c kim nh xc nh hng. Phn tch nhn qu l phn tch cc tp
hp con ca m hnh SEM nh hnh di y:
Hnh 15: M hnh o lng con v s kt hp ca chng
trong m hnh cu trc ca SEM

Phn tch nhn qu ch cp n cc bin o lng, l s m rng ca hi quy,

c tnh ng thi v dng o tng hp.
Phn tch nhn qu l k thut xc nh quan h trc tip v gin tip gia cc
bin s, l cc lin kt gi thuyt gia cc bin ngoi sinh v bin ni sinh, l hiu ng
trc tip hay chnh l h s hi quy. Lin kt gin tip (hay hiu ng gin tip) qua bin
trung gian bng tch ca hai hay nhiu h s hi quy. H s nhn qu bng h s tng
quan hay hi quy (thng chun ho) lin kt cc bin s.Nu ch c mt lin kt gia
hai bin s, h s nhn qu bng h s tng quan. ngha ca h s nhn qu chnh l
t s gii hn CR = /SE = Z-Statistic; CR > 1.96 c ngha ti p=0.05 hay
CR = 2.5 ti mc ngha 0.01.
Phn th 5 gm: Kim tra tin cy ca thang o ,Mc ph hp ca tng th m hnh,Kim
nh Chi-Square (2),T s Chi-Square/bc t do: 2 / df ,GFI, AGFI, CFI, NFI , Ch s iu chnh
m hnh (MI - Modification Indices), Kim tra c lng m hnh bng phng php Boostrap ,
cc cng c AMOS, LISREL, EQS, MPLUS...

10. TM TT CC BC THNG K TRONG SEM

1) Kim tra tin cy ca thang o

- Bng h s Cronbachs Alpha.[Hair et al, 1998, Segar, 1997]

- c lng cc h s hi quy v tvalue

- Phn tch nhn t khng nh (CFA): thc hin trn m hnh o lng loi cc bin
c h s ti nhn t tim n thp. C th thc hin kim nh CFA trn tng m hnh con
(Sub Model) trc khi kim nh m hnh tng th(tp hp cc m hnh con kim nh
ng thi).
- Thng k SMC ( Square Multiple Correlation) cho mi khi nim tim n ngoi sinh
(kt qu phn tch CFA ca m hnh o lng nu trn), tng t h s R2 trong hi quy
tuyn tnh, SMC l phng sai gii thch ca mi khi nim tim n [Bollen, 1989]

2) Mc ph hp ca tng th m hnh

Bn cht ca m hnh SEM l i hi cc nh nghin cu trc ht thc hin khai bo

cc gi tr xut pht ban u c gi l m hnh gi thit. T m hnh gi thit, thng
qua mt chui vng lp cc ch s bin i cui cng cung cp cho nh nghin cu
mt m hnh xc lp, c kh nng gii thch ti a s ph hp gia m hnh vi b d
liu thu thp thc t.
S ph hp ca ton b m hnh trn thc t c nh gi thng qua cc tiu ch v mc
ph hp nh sau:

i) Kim nh Chi-Square (2) :

Biu th mc ph hp tng qut ca ton b m hnh ti mc ngha p-value = 0.05

[Joserkog & Sorbom, 1989]. iu ny thc t rt kh xy ra bi v 2 rt nhy vi kch
thc mu ln v mnh ca kim nh, nn thc t ngi ta dng ch s 2 /df nh
gi,

ii) T s Chi-Square/bc t do: 2 / df

Cng dng o mc ph hp mt cch chi tit hn ca c m hnh. Mt s tc gi

ngh 1 < 2/df < 3 [Hair et al, 1998]; mt s khc ngh 2 cng nh cng tt [Segar,
Grover, 1993] v cho rng 2/df < 3:1 [Chin & Todd, 1995] Ngoi ra, trong mt s
nghin cu thc t ngi ta phn bit ra 2 trng hp : 2/df < 5(vi mu N > 200) ; hay
< 3 (khi c mu N < 200) th m hnh c xem l ph hp tt [Kettinger v Lee,1995].

iii) Cc ch s lin quan khc:

GFI, AGFI, CFI, NFI, .. c gi tr > 0.9 c xem l m hnh ph hp tt. Nu cc gi
tr ny bng 1, ta ni m hnh l hon ho. [Segar, Grover, 1993] & [Chin & Todd, 1995]
GFI: o ph hp tuyt i ( khng iu chnh bc t do) ca m hnh cu trc v m
hnh o lng vi b d liu kho st.
AGFI: iu chnh gi tr GFI theo bc t do trong m hnh.
RMR: Mt mt nh gi phng sai phn d ca bin quan st, mt khc nh gi tng
quan phn d ca mt bin quan st ny vi tng quan phn d ca mt bin quan st
khc.. Gi tr RMR cng ln ngha l phng sai phn d cng cao, n phn nh mt m
hnh c ph hp khng tt.
RMSEA : l mt ch tiu quan trng, n xc nh mc ph hp ca m hnh so vi
tng th.
Trong tp ch nghin cu IS, cc tc gi cho rng ch s RMSEA, RMR yu cu < 0.05
th m hnh ph hp tt. Trong mt s trng hp gi tr ny <0.08 m hnh c chp
nhn. [Taylor, Sharland, Cronin v Bullard, 1993].
NFI: o s khc bit phn b chun ca 2 gia m hnh c lp (n nhn t, c cc h
s bng 0) vi php o phng sai v m hnh a nhn t.
NFI = (2 null - 2 proposed) / 2 null = (2 Mo - 2 Mn) / 2 Mo
Mo : M hnh gc; Mn : M hnh ph hp
Gi tr ngh NFI > 0.9 [Hair et al, 1998] & [Chin & Todd, 1995]
iv) Mc xc sut :
Gi tr > .05 c xem l m hnh ph hp tt.[Arbuckle v Wothke, 1999; Rupp v
Segal, 1989]. iu ny c ngha rng khng th bc b gi thuyt H0 (l gi thuyt m
hnh tt), tc l khng tm kim c m hnh no tt hn m hnh hin ti)
Ngoi ra cc quan h ring l cng c nh gi tt da trn cc mc ngha thng k.
Tc ng ca cc bin ngoi sinh ln cc bin ni sinh v tc ng ca cc bin ni sinh
ln cc bin ni sinh c nh gi qua cc h s hi quy. Mi quan h gia cc bin
c biu th bng mi tn trn m hnh. Chiu mi tn biu din chiu tc ng ca bin

ny ln bin kia. ng vi mt mi quan h ta c mt gi thuyt tng ng (nh trnh

by phn u chng ny v cc gi thuyt v m hnh nghin cu). Trong cc nghin
cu thuc lnh vc khoa hc x hi, tt c cc mi quan h nhn qu ngh c tin
cy mc 95% (p = .05)[Cohen,1988]

3) Ch s iu chnh m hnh (MI - Modification Indices)

Ch s iu chnh m hnh l ch s c lng s thay i ca 2 ng vi mi trng hp

thm vo mt mi quan h kh d (ng vi gim mt bc t do). Nu MI ch ra rng
lng gim 2 >3.84 (ng vi gim mt bc t do), th cho php ta ngh mt mi
quan h lm tng ph hp ca m hnh. .[Hair et al, 1998]. (xem li phn 3 Phn tch
s ng, so snh thay i 2 gia m hnh M1 & M2). iu ny cng tng t nh
a tng bin c lp vo trong m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh. Tuy vy nh nghin cu nn
thn trng bi v mi quan h thm vo m hnh ch c xem xt khi n ng h l
thuyt v khng nn c gng mi cch ci thin cc ch s nhm lm cho m hnh ph
hp hn [Bullock et al, 1994; Hair et al, 1998].Cc ch s ph hp tt ch ra rng d liu
ng h m hnh ngh, nhng chng khng c ngha rng m hnh la chn l chnh
xc hay l m hnh tt nht trong s cc m hnh kh thi v mt l thuyt. Nh vy s tn
ti mt s m hnh vi mc iu chnh ph hp khc nhau, tu theo quan im nh
nghin cu. Cc m hnh ny c gi l cc m hnh cnh tranh.

4) Kim tra c lng m hnh bng phng php Boostrap

M hnh cui cng cng nh cc m hnh ph hp khc cn thit phi c b d liu c

lp vi nhau, hay c mu ban u kh ln. Trong phng php nghin cu nh lng
bng phng php ly mu, thng thng chng ta phi chia mu thnh 02 mu con.
Mu con th nht dng c lng cc tham s m hnh v mu con th hai dng
nh gi li:

a. nh c mu con th nht dng khm ph,

b. Dng c mu con th hai nh gi cho (Cross-Validation)

Ch s nh gi cho CVI (Cross-Validation Index) o khong cch gia ma trn

Covariance ph hp trong mu con th nht vi ma trn Covariance ca mu. Ch s CVI
nh nht cho php k vng trng thi mu lp li cng n nh.
Cch khc l lp li nghin cu bng mt mu khc. Hai cch trn y thng khng
thc t v phng php phn tch m hnh cu trc thng i hi mu ln nn vic lm
ny tn km nhiu thi gian, chi ph [Anderson & Gerbing 1998]. Trong nhng trng
hp nh vy th Boostrap l phng php ph hp thay th[Schumacker & Lomax
1996]. Boostrap la phng php ly mu li c thay th trong mu ban u ng vai
tr m ng.

Phng php Boostrap thc hin vi s mu lp li l N ln. Kt qu c lng t N mu

c tnh trung bnh v gi tr ny c xu hng gn n c lng ca tng th. Khong
chnh lch gia gi tr trung bnh c lng bng Boostrap v c lng m hnh vi
mu ban u cng nh cho php kt lun cc c lng m hnh c th tin cy c.

11. CNG C THNG K NG DNG TRONG SEM

Hin nay c nhiu cng c phn mm h tr qu trnh thng k, phn tch v xc nh m
hnh SEM nh : AMOS, LISREL, EQS, MPLUS c cc nh nghin cu s dng
rt ph bin trong cc ti nghin cu. Mt trong nhng cng c ph bin nht l phn
mm AMOS vi u im l : (a) d s dng nh module tch hp chung vi phn mm
ph bin l SPSS v (b) d dng xy dng cc mi quan h gia cc bin, nhn t (phn
t m hnh) bng trc quan hnh hc nh chc nng AMOS Graphics. Kt qu c biu
th trc tip trn m hnh hnh hc, nh nghin cu cn c vo cc ch s kim nh
cc gi thuyt, ph hp ca tng th m hnh mt cch d dng, nhanh chng. Minh
ha cho phng php phn tch d liu s dng cng c AMOS c th tham kho nghin
cu ca tc gi.