VARIOUS METHODS

ANALOG MODULATION TECHNIQUES

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Phase Modulation

DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUES

 Amplitude shift key modulation (ASK)

 Frequency shift key modulation (FSK)
 Phase shift key modulation (PSK)
 Binary-phase shift key modulation (BPSK)
 Quadrature - phase shift key modulation
(QPSK)
ANALOG MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Def: When the amplitude of high frequency carrier
wave is changed in accordance with the intensity of
the signal, it is called “Amplitude modulation”.
In amplitude modulation, only the amplitude of the
carrier wave is changed in accordance with the
intensity of the signal. However, the frequency of the
modulated wave remains the same as the carrier
frequency. The Below figure shows the principle of
amplitude modulation (a) shows the audio electrical
signal, whereas (b) shows the carrier wave of
constant amplitude and (c) shows the amplitude-
modulated wave.
The amplitude of the carrier remains unchanged at
all times. The frequency of the carrier is made to
fluctuate symmetrically above and below its un-
modulated frequency. As an example, a carrier
frequency, of 1000 kHz may be caused to swing
between 925 kHz and 1075 kHz or any other
amount chosen in accordance with the signal
voltage. In frequency modulation, the deviation of
the carrier frequency from its average value is
proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signals. When the signal voltage is zero,
the carrier frequency is unchanged. When the signal
approaches its positive peaks, the carrier frequency
is increased to maximum as indicated by the closely
spaced cycles. However, during the negative peaks
of signals, the carrier frequency is reduced to
minimum as shown by widely spaced cycles.

Note that the amplitude of both positive and negative

half cycles of carrier wave are changed in
accordance with the signal. For instance, when the
signal is increasing in the positive sense, the
amplitude of carrier wave also increases. During
negative half cycle of the signal, the amplitude of
carrier decreases. In amplitude modulation, the
amplitude of the wave is varied duplicating faithfully
the fluctuations of the message. At the receiver
these variations are detected or demodulated i.e.,
the message is removed from the carrier.

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Def: In frequency modulation, the frequency of the

carrier wave is modified in accordance with the
amplitude of the modulating wave.