NervousSystemLabReport

Thethreegeneralfunctionsofthenervoussystemaresensory,integrative,andmotor
functions.AccordingtotheHolesHumanAnatomyandPhysiology,structurescalledsensory
receptorsattheendsofneuronsintheperipheralnervoussystemprovidethesensory
functionofthenervoussystem.
HolesHumanAnatomyandPhysiology.
Accordingtothe
classicalviewofthenervoussystem,thenumericallysuperiorglialcellshaveinferiorrolesin
thattheyprovideanidealenvironmentforneuronalcellfunction.

Peters,Alan,andSanford
LPalay.
Thefinestructureofthenervoussystem:neuronsandtheirsupportingcells
.
OxfordUniversityPress,USA,1991.
Dendriticspinesareimportantsitesofexcitatory
synaptictransmissionandchangesinthestrengthofthesesynapsesarelikelytounderlie
importanthigherbrainfunctionssuchaslearningandmemory.
Peters,Alan,andSanfordL
Palay.
Finestructureofthenervoussystem
.Saunders,1976.
Thebraincontainsmore
than100billionneuronsthatcommunicatewitheachotherviaaxonsfortheformationof
complexneuralnetworks.Thestructuralmappingofsuchnetworksduringhealthanddisease
statesisessentialforunderstandingbrainfunction.
Nolte,John."Thehumanbrain:An
introductiontoitsfunctionalanatomy."(2002).

Description:DrawingoftheProtectionofthe
Brain.

Description:DrawingoftheNeuroglia.

TopViewofBrain
http://www.thinglink.com/scene/626850600377647105


InsideofBrain
http://www.thinglink.com/scene/62684609388321177
7

BottomofBrain
http://www.thinglink.com/scene/62648544949331558
5

Drawingtoolofthecranialnerves.

CranialNerveAssessmentTable
CranialNerve

NerveName

Assessment

Result

Olfactory

SniffVanilla

Normal

II

Optic

Abilitytoread

Normal

III

Oculomotor

EyeballMovement

Normal

IV

Trochlear

EyeballMovement

Normal

Trigeminal

Blinking

Normal

VI

Abducens

EyeballMovement

Normal

VII

Facial

Smile,eyebrows,
whistle

Normal

VIII

Vestibulocochlear

Hearing

Normal

IX

Glossopharyngeal

Uvulaplacement

Normal

Vagus

oftongue

Normal

XI

Accessory

Shouldershrug

Normal

XII

Hypoglossal

TongueMovement

Normal

ToxinTable
MutantGene

ProduceChannelsthatarenonfunctional

SyntheticToxin

destroysmyelincoveringyouropticnerves
andmotorneurons

Batrachotoxin

causesvoltagegatedsodiumchannelsto
openatamorenegativemembrane
potentialandalsopreventstheirinactivation.

DendrotoxinK

blockyourvoltagegatedpotassium
channels.

GeneralAnesthetic

openmorepotassiumchannelsinneurons
ofthereticularformationinthebrainstem.

Potassium

potassiumlevelsgouptentimeswhatthey
shouldbe.

GraphofActionPotential


Atrestthemembranepotentialisabout70millivolts.Whenmembranereachesthreshold,
voltagesensitivesodiumchannelsopen,someNa+diffusesinward,andthemembrane
depolarized.Soonafterward,voltagesensitivepotassiumchannelsopen,K+diffusesout,
andthemembraneisrepolarized.

SpinalCordPhoto

SpinalNervesPhotos
Conclusion:
Thenervoussystemisresponsibleforcoordinatingallofthebody's

activities.Itcontrolsnotonlythemaintenanceofnormalfunctionsbutalsothebody's
abilitytocopewithemergencysituations.Structure:Thenervoussystemisdividedinto
twoparts:thecentralnervoussystemconsistingofthebrainandspinalcord.These
structuresareprotectedbyboneandcushionedfrominjurybythecerebrospinalfluid.
Theperipheralsystemwhichconnectsthecentralnervoussystem

totherestofthe

body.Function:Thenervoussystemhasthreegeneralfunctions:asensoryfunction,an
interpretativefunctionandamotorfunction.Sensorynervesgatherinformationfrom
insidethebodyandtheoutsideenvironment.Thenervesthencarrytheinformationto
centralnervoussystem.SensoryinformationbroughttotheCentralNervousSystemis
processedandinterpreted.MotornervesconveyinformationfromtheCNStothe
musclesandtheglandsofthebody.

WorksCited

Peters,Alan,andSanfordLPalay.
Thefinestructureofthenervoussystem:neuronsand
theirsupportingcells
.OxfordUniversityPress,USA,1991.

Peters,Alan,andSanfordLPalay.
Finestructureofthenervoussystem
.Saunders,1976.

Nolte,John."Thehumanbrain:Anintroductiontoitsfunctionalanatomy."(2002).

http://lrrpublic.cli.det.nsw.edu.au/lrrSecure/Sites/LRRView/7700/documents/5657/5657/5657_
05.htm