References

Baillie, P. H.F., & Danish, S. J. (1992). Understanding the Career Transition of Athletes. The
Sport Psychologist, 77-98. Retrieved from
http://www.humankinetics.com/acucustom/sitename/Documents/DocumentItem/8190.pdf
Most athletes are not prepared for retirement and this article helps focus on the
problems many athletes face after retirement such as the loss of their identity and other
problems. And athletes need to be better prepared to face the difficulties that come
with retirement.
Cottler, L. B., Abdallah, A. B., Cummings, S. M., Barr, J., Banks, R., & Forchheimer, R. (2011).
Injury, pain, and prescription opioid use among former National Football League (NFL)
players. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 116, 188-194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S53784
This article does a study by surveying 644 retired NFL players to show that athletes
with injury related pain are at a higher risk for opioid misuse and abuse.
Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J., McCrea, M., Harding, H. P., Jr, Matthews, A., . . .
Cantu, R. C. (2007). Recurrent concussion and risk of depression in retired professional
football players. Medical Science Sports Exercise, 39(6), 903-909.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3180383da5
This journal seeks to connect the relationship between traumatic brain injuries and the
mental effects that professional athletes face. In this study 2552 retired athletes who
suffered depression were evaluated, as well as another 758 athletes who were
evaluated and questioned with 11 percent of them saying that they had been diagnosed

with depression. In all this study creates a direct correlation between neurological
problems, and depression.
Krajnc, Z., Vorgin, M., Recnik, G., Crnjac, A., Drobnic, M., & Antolic, V. (2010). Increased risk
of knee injuries and osteoarthritis in the non-dominant leg of former professional football
players. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 122(2), 40-43.
The purpose of this article was to take a look at the dominant and non-dominant legs
of former professional players to evaluate the differences in knee injuries and
osteoarthritis between the different knees. Their study found football players have an
increased risk of knee injury and osteoarthritis in the non-dominant knee.
Lavalee, D., Gordon, S., & Grove, J. R. (1997). Retirement from sport and the loss of athletic
identity. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 2(2), 129-147.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10811449708414411
A sample of elite athletes were chosen for a study conducting the mental reactions
of athletes after retirement. The purpose of this is to better understand the emotional
difficulties professional athletes face once they end their carrier. To due this athletes
were monitored by researchers for distress as they were in their retirement transition.
As a result of this study significant evidence was presented to show athletes face great
psychological challenges upon retirement.
Lavallee, D. (2005). The effect of a life development intervention on sports career transition
adjustment. The Sports Psychologist, 19, 193-202. Retrieved from Human Kinetics
database.
The purpose of this article was to investigate the effectiveness of an intervention on
career transition adjustment of retired professional athletes. They used two groups of

recently retired soccer players to collect the data which revealed differences among
transitioning among the players.
McKee, A. C., Cantu, R. C., Nowinski, C. J., Hedley-Whyte, E. T., Gavett, B. E., Budson, A.
E., . . . Stern, R. A. (2009). Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: Progressive
tauopathy following repetitive head injury. Neuropathoy and Experimental Neurology,
68(7), 709-735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503
This report reviews a study done on three retired athletes who have experienced a
traumatic brain injury during their career. The study compares the results found off of
these athletes with other scientific breakthroughs on concussions and head trauma.
The focus of this article thus tries to gain a better understanding of brain effects on
retired athletes.
Platt, L. (2014, July 7). Life After The Game. Sports Illustrated, 121(1), 116-122. Retrieved from
https://larryplatt.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/watnretiree_lo_0418pm.pdf
This magazine article allows us to take a look at what a life after sports is like for
professional athletes. They interview some professional athletes such as Charles
Barkley, John Michaels, Randy Cross and a few others. They all have experience of
the difficulties of retirement but some were able to deal with it better than others.
Smith, J. L., & McManus, A. (2008). A Review on Transitional Implications for Retiring Elite
Athletes: What Happens When the Spotlight Dims? The Open Sport Sciences Journal,
45-49. http://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOSSJ/TOSSJ-1-45.pdf
This article helps examine factors that are affecting the former athletes life as they
transition from their sports environment into a new life without the sport that gave
them their identity. Some things that make it difficult for the retirement include

involuntary retirement(injury), a strong athletic identity, and a lack of pre- retirement

planning and support services.
Stambulova, N., Alfermann, D., Statler, T., & Cote, J. (2009). ISSP: Position stand career
development and transition of athletes. International journal of sports and exercise
psychology, 7(4), 395-412. Retrieved from
http://www.issponline.org/documents/positionstand2010-1.pdf
This journal focuses on the transition the athletes face when they retire and how they
have to be prepared with a good support cast around them such as family and coaches.