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WHAP: AP Essays

THE CONTINUITY & CHANGE-OVER-TIME (CCOT) AP ESSAY


The CCOT AP essay deals with the analysis of both continuities and changes over time. On the AP exam, it
will cover at least one of the periods in the concept outline1 and can address
any course themes (
e.g., culture,
trade, technology, migrations, or environment). The prompt may allow for some student choice, so that the
writer can elect to write about the region(s)/ empire(s)/ culture(s) that they know better. This essay
question requires that students demonstrate their mastery of this historical thinking skill (
analyzing change
over time, or
analyzing continuity throughout time) and, since their analysis should be phrased as an
argument, also asks that they demonstrate other historical thinking skills (argumentation, causation,
contextualization, and synthesis).
Some important things to remember:
1. The allotted time for the CCOT essay is
40 minutes
,
at least
5 of which should be spent on
pre-writing and preparation.
2. You MUST remember what the main task is: to analyze. In order to gain full credit for the CCOT
Essay, you MUST analyze the reasons why the continuities and changes-over-time occurred.
3. The only acceptable kind of thesis is an analytical thesis that appears together in
either
the
introduction or the conclusion. Remember that an analytical thesis is one which both answers
the prompt (includes the what) and also includes analysis (includes the why).
4. A thesis is only as good as its evidence. You must always support your thesis with evidence-specific, historical examples that support your identified changes and continuities.
a. If you do not include an acceptable analytical thesis in your essay then you CANNOT
earn credit for substantiating your thesis with appropriate historical evidence. In other
words, failing to earn credit for the analytical thesis means that you lose not just 1 point,
but
3 POINTS
on the CCOT essay.
Examples of past CCOT prompts are:
1. Choose TWO of the areas listed below and analyze how each areas relationship to global trade
patterns changed from 1750 to the present. Be sure to describe each areas involvement in global
patterns around 1750 as your starting point.
Latin America
Sub-Saharan Africa
East Asia
The Middle East
Eastern Europe
North America
South and Southeast Asia
2. Analyze major changes and continuities in the formation of national identities in ONE of the
regions listed below from 1914 to the present. Be sure to include evidence from specific countries
in the region selected. (2007 PACKET)
Middle East

Southeast Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

The suggestions below are meant to help you develop a process for writing CCOTs:
I. ANALYZE the question: (a) identify the
theme(s)
about which you need to write; (b) identify the
time limits

of the question; (c) if applicable, select the country/ region you want to write about.
II. PRE-WRITING:
A. Prepare a quick T-Chart (one column is changes and one is continuities) about the
theme(s) for your selected region.
1. Jot down at least 2 changes and continuities about which you can write
a. Keep in mind that an event/ occurrence that is a change at one point in
that time period may become a continuity later in that time period.
2. Jot down specific evidence (from particular countries in the region, etc.)
B. Write out a draft of your thesis; it may be more than 1 sentence in length.
1

The AP World History curriculum outline specifies 6 period timelines: I [to 600 BCE]; II [600 BCE 600 CE]; III [600 1450
CE]; IV [ 1450 1750 CE], V [1750 1900 CE]; and VI [c. 1900 to the present].


WHAP: AP Essays

1. Be sure that your thesis explicitly identifies at least one continuity and one
change-over-time for the time period AND that it analyzes the reason for
either the continuity or the change-over-time.
2. DO NOT say There were both continuities and changes-over-time. That is the
mark of a weak thesis! Be specific!
III. WRITE: (a) be sure to begin your essay with a thesis statement/paragraph; (b) use your pre-writing chart to
guide your writing; maybe include one paragraph that discusses changes and another that discusses continuities,
etc; (c) try to use 2-3 pieces of specific evidence to support
each
of your continuities and changes. At a minimum,
you want to include AT LEAST 1 piece of specific evidence for each continuity or change-over-time (4 pieces of
evidence total); (d) remember that you need to analyze the
process
of continuity and/or change-over-time at
least once; (e) add a conclusion which includes a restatement of your thesis.

WHAP: AP Essays

Continuity and Change Over Time Essay Rubric


Teacher
Mark
Th

C or

HC
A

Teacher
Mark
Th+

Basic Core Expectations (


max. 7 points)

Pts

Has an acceptable thesis

Addresses all parts of the question, though not necessarily


evenly or thoroughly
OR
Addresses most parts of the question; for example, deals with
changes but not continuities
Substantiates thesis with at least 6 pieces of accurate
historical evidence
OR
Partially substantiates thesis with at least 4 pieces of accurate
historical evidence
NOTE: If essay does not earn thesis credit, it cannot earn
evidence credit!
Uses relevant world historical context effectively to explain
continuity and change over time.
Analyzes the process of continuity and change over time

Extended Core Expectations (


max. 2 points
)
While your essay might include most or all of the extended
core expectations, you may still only earn 2 more points.
You must include
multiple
extended core expectations to
earn even one point.
Has a clear, analytical, and comprehensive thesis
Analyzes all issues of the question (as relevant): global
context, chronology, causation, change, continuity, effects,
content
Provides ample historical evidence (8+) to substantiate

1
2

thesis
S
A+

Provides links with relevant ideas, events, trends in


innovative ways (synthesis)
Incorporates other/additional historical thinking skills (skills
depend on the question asked; often more analysis)
TOTAL:

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