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Zari Basden
ERWC
Mrs. Porraz
2 December 2014
Annotated Bibliography - Macbeth
"Charles II (r.1660 -1685)." History of the Monarchy. The Royal Household. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.
http://www.royal.gov.uk/historyofthemonarchy/kingsandqueensoftheunitedkingdom/thest
uarts/charlesii.aspx
In April 1660, Parliament invited Charles to return, and he arrived on May 25 in Dover.
Although the residue of the Civil War and Charles I's execution was still fresh, there was
few negotiations over the restoration of Charles II to the throne. Nevertheless, Charles
promised pardons, arrears of army pay, confirmation of land purchases under the
Declaration of Breda, vested control of the armed forces in the Crown, restored bishops
to their seats in the House of Lords, and repealed the Triennial Act of 1641. Moreover,
under the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, only lands of the Crown and the Church were
automatically resumed, and the lands of the Royalists and other dissenters were sold or
left for private negotiation. On the other hand, Charles foreign policy was a balance of
alliances with France and the Dutch. In 1670, he signed the treaty of Dover - in secret - in
which Charles declared himself a Catholic and England would side with France against
the Dutch. Thus, in return, Charles received subsidies from the King of France.
Nevertheless, religion also played a significant role in Charles reign. The 1662 Act of
Uniformity imposed the use of the Book of Common Prayer, and insisted that clergy
subscribe to Anglican doctrine. Furthermore, anti-Catholicism was rampant: the Test Act

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of 1673 excluded Catholics from Parliament, and Parliament presented various exclusion
bills, these exclusion bills would prohibit a Catholic from succession. Nonetheless,
Charles attempted to issue a Declaration of Indulgence, suspending penal laws against
Catholics and Nonconformists, which would ensure religious tolerance.
"James II (1633 - 1701)." BBC News. BBC. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/james_ii.shtml>.
James II was born October 14, 1633 to Charles I and Henrietta Maria. He fled England
during the English Civil War and returned at the Restoration of his brother, Charles II. In
1660, he married Anne Hyde and produced two surviving children, Mary and Anne.
Nonetheless, James converted to Catholicism in 1669, which resulted him to criticize
numerous anti-Catholic policies, including the 1673 Test Act. Although a Catholic in
Protestant England, he succeeded in gaining the throne after Charles II's death in 1685.
Nonetheless, later that year, James crushed a rebellion led by Charles II's illegitimate son.
Along with attempts to provide equality to Catholics and Protestant dissenters, conflict
ensued with Parliament; hence, in 1685, James prorogued it and ruled alone. He then
began to promote Catholicism by appointing Catholics to military, political, and
academic posts. Furthermore, he also issued a Declaration of Indulgence that emphasized
religious tolerance. However, in June 1688, James' second wife have birth to a son, James
Francis Edward. Therefore, succeeding in providing a Catholic heir, Protestant nobles
feared an assured Catholic succession. They appealed to William of Orange and Mary II,
who landed with an army in November. James then deserted and fled abroad to Ireland,
then France. Therefore, in February 1698, Parliament declared that his desertion an
abdication and crowned William and Mary as joint monarchs.

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"James and the Church." James and the Church. History Learning Site. Web. 2 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/james_church.htm>.
Beginning in the early 17th century, religious disputes were starting to erupt, especially
between Puritans and the Church of England. Thus, when King James I ascended the
throne in 1603, these quarrels defined the early years of his reign. Which was illustrated
by the Millenary Petition and Hampton Court conference that involved James quite early.
In 1603, as James entered London to receive the crown, Puritans presented him with the
Millenary Petition that listed various grievances against the Church. Therefore, he
established and scheduled the Hampton Conference in 1604 to successfully review the
petition, which included various Bishops and Puritan representatives. Although, many of
the Puritan demands were ignored, the Book of Common Prayer was slightly reformed
and excommunication was curtailed. As a result, the Puritans were furious and generated
a new distrust of the Church.
Nonetheless, in 1610, James was presented with another petition: the Petition of Religion
to the king, which was outlined by the Commons. It listed and identified numerous
religious failings in the past six years since the Hampton Court conference. The petition
specifically emphasized the "silenced ministers," which included 150 ministers that were
deprived of benefices after they wouldn't conform to the Church. However, as a repeat of
the Hampton Court, direct reform was neglected. Although, it angered the Puritans, it also
increased their numbers throughout the nation. As these lecturers travelled the country,
James issued the "Direction of Preachers" in 1622, which provided the Bishops with
more control over the lecturers. Moreover, James ordered that "no preacher of whatever

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denomination" should criticize "against the persons of Papists." As a result, Puritans
interpreted his decree as advocacy of Popery, hence Catholicism.