Battery

101

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Types of Construction
Lead Acid
Flooded

Maintenance
Maintenance
Free

Sealed

(Valve Regulated)

Absorbed Glass
Mat (AGM)

Gelled

Lead Antimony
Lead Calcium
Lead Calcium
Lead Calcium
Immobilized
Deep Cycle 50% Deep Cycle 80% High Power
Electrolyte
100 - 300 Cycles 300 - 1000 Cycles Deep Cycle 50%
50 - 250 Cycles Low Power
Deep Cycle 80%
200 -500 Cycles

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Terminology

Watts = Volts x Amps = POWER

Watt-hours = Volts x Amps x Time (hours) =
ENERGY
Amp-Hours = Amps x Time(hours)

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How a Lead Acid Battery Work

Discharge

PbO2

(Positive)

Pbo

(Negative) (Electrolyte)

(Black/Dark (Gray)
Brown)
(Lead
Peroxide)

2H2SO4

(Sponge
Lead)

2PbSO4 + 2H2O
Charge
(Lead Sulfate)(Water)

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Definitions
Voltage (V) = Electromotive force
(potential of battery)
-

+
6.3V

Open Circuit Voltage?

Under Load Voltage?
12V vs. 6V?

Trojan
2.1 Volt Cells

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Voltage Relationships

Open Circuit Voltage Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity State of Charge
Specific Gravity + 0.845 = Open Circuit Voltage

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Open Circuit
Voltage
OCV or VOC:
Voltage measurement made after

24 hours of battery rest (no load).

OCV vs. State of Charge (SOC)

Charge
Level

Specific
Gravity

Voltage
(12)

Voltage
(6)

100%
75%
50%
25%
Discharged

1.277
1.227
1.172
1.111
1.098

12.72
12.42
12.12
11.76
11.58

6.4
6.2
6.1
5.9
5.8

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Typical Discharge Curve
at a Constant Discharge Current

Resistance
Voltage
Drop

Open Circuit Voltage

Voltage Under Load

Coup De Fouet

Voltage

End of Discharge
Voltage
1.75 - 1.70 VPC

Measured Capacity

IEICC

Time

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Deep cycle

7 - 10
Amps/100AH
(C20*)

Charge Current
2.45 - 2.70 VPC*

2.05 - 2.25
Volts per cell
(80% DoD*)

1-3
Amps/100AH
(C20*)
Charge Voltage

Charge Time
IEICC

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Series/Parallel Circuits

In a Series Circuit, Voltage is additive, Current

stays the same
Example: 2 T-605s in series = 12 volts @ 190
AH

In a Parallel Circuit, Current is additive, Voltage

stays the same
Example: 2 T-605s in parallel = 6 volts @ 380
AH

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Definitions
+

12V

Series Circuit

Voltage is additive
Current is equal

(12V, 220 AH)

Parallel Circuit

+
+
6V
-

Voltage is equal
Current is additive
-

(6V, 440 AH)

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Battery Capacity
A batterys capacity is the amount of
electricity
the battery can provide to the load and is
dependent upon the rate (speed) at which
the
battery
is discharged.
20
hour rating
= 100% Capacity
8
6
3
1

hour
hour
hour
hour

rating
rating
rating
rating

=
=
=
=

88%
84%
74%
59%

Capacity
Capacity
Capacity
Capacity

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Amp Draw Vs. Run Time (Hours)

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%
Capacity

Temperature vs. Capacity

Temperature (F)
IEICC

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Generic Smart Charge Curve
Voltage
(VPC)
2.60

Curren
t (A)

curren
t

C20/5

2.37

voltage
C20/50
20%

80%
State of Charge (%)

IEICC

100%

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Stratification

Specific gravity gradient that may result from

ineffective overcharging.

1.080

1.400

Normal Sp.G. = 1.277

(Full Charge)

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SAFETY

Protect eyes and skin from exposure to electrolyte.

Dont smoke when working around batteries or

while charging.

Insulate tools to prevent shorting across the posts.

Use good lifting mechanics when moving and

installing batteries.

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SAFETY

Neutralize acid spills with baking soda

or
soda ash, IMMEDIATELY.

Ventilate during charging to prevent gas

build-up.

Charge with vent caps securely in

place.

When in doubt, contact your dealer.