290.Основы физической кинетики учебное пособие PDF

Copyright & A K-C

. ..
..

-

2006
Copyright & A K-C
531
3673
K 89

-
. 2006
:
.-. , .. ;

. .. .
K 89
, .. :
/.. ; . . -. : , 2006. 99 .
ISBN 5-8397-0501-2(978-5-8397-0501-2)

.

, 510400
"" ( " ", ),
- .
. 6. .: 10 .
531
3673
ISBN 5-8397-0501-2(978-5-8397-0501-2)
, 2006
.. , 2006
Copyright & A K-C
....................................................... 5
1.
........... 5
1.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.
. . 6
1.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.8.
. . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.9.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
1.10.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
2.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
3.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
3.5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.6.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.7.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.8.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Copyright & A K-C
4
3.9.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.10.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1.
. 64
4.2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.4.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.5.
H- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.6.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.7.
,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.8.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.9.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
4.10.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.11.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.12.
- . . . . . . . . . . 95
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Copyright & A K-C

, , -
.
, , .

: .

- . .
.
1.
1.1.
, , , .
,
,
. , - ,
, ,
,
.
.
.

Copyright & A K-C

.
, , , .
.
.
.
1.2.

, ,
. , .

.
, , .
Vi , , , . , Vi , .
. , , ,
, .

, . ,
, |T | |T |/ , T ,
( ).
Copyright & A K-C
|gradT | T /,
(),
, T .
(, i) :
n
i,k
d
si
d
vi X
d
ui
dN
= Ti
pi
,
i,k
dt
dt
dt
dt
(1)
k=1
d
i,k
. dt
, u
i , si , vi, , N
( ) , ,
.
ui = Ui /mi ,
si = Si /mi ,
vi = Vi /mi = 1/i ,
i,k = Ni,k /mi = 1 k,i = ck ,
N
m k i
mk
mi i- , mk
k - .
(1)
si (t). V 0,
, p, , ck , k
u
, :
s(~r, t) = s(u, p, c, ),
n
d
u
d
s
d1 X k d k
=T p
( )
dt
dt
dt
mk dt
k=1
RRR
s(~r, t)(~r, t)dV .
S =
V
(2)
, ,
. , , , .
Copyright & A K-C
1.3.
,
. : .
, ,
. , , . ,
.
( ) (, , ),
(, , )
. Q = Q(t).
, V ,
ZZZ
ZZZ
r, t)d~r.
Q=
G(~r, t)d~r =
(~r, t)G(~
V
e Q, G G
.

( , , ,
..) . ,
(1) ,
( r, t).
). , G(~r, t) = (~r, t)G(~
Q(t)
J~G V G ,
ZZ
ZZZ
Q
= J~G ~nd +
G dV ,
(3)
t
~n -
V , J~G .
Copyright & A K-C

: .

,
, , Q,
.
ZZZ
ZZZ
G
d
Gd~r =
d~r,
dt
V0 t
V0
,
~r.

ZZZ
G
+ div J~G G ]dV = 0.
t
V0
V0 , :
G
= div J~Gl + G ,
t
(4)

Q. l ,
. C , G ,

G
dG G G dxi
=
+
+ ~v G,
dt
t
xi dt
t
v0,i =
dxi
dt
(5)
. ,
J~Gl = G~v DG,
,
, Q, D
. ,
div J~Gl = G ~v + Gdiv~v div(DG)
Copyright & A K-C
10
(4)
G
= G ~v Gdiv~v + div(DG) + G .
t
(4) (5) ,
(6)
dG
= G G( ~v ) + div(DG).
(7)
dt
(5) , , ,
dG
G.
dt

,
vm x, y, z . , d~r
dM .
, l

Jm
s
Jm
, ..
l
s
v~m 0.
= Jm
Jm
JQs Q
v~m
J~Qs = J~Ql G
ZZZ
ZZZ
d
r=
r,
Gd~
Gd~
dt
V0
V0
.
G
V , ~vm .

ZZZ
I
ZZZ
r = J~Qs d +
Q d~r.
Gd~
V
+ J~Qs = Q ,
G
11
Copyright & A K-C
.

=
G
G
(Gv~m ).
t
1 dG G d
dG
=
2 .
(8)
dt
dt
dt
:
- , G G = G(~r),
.
G
.
div(G~v ) + div(DG) + G = 0.
(9)
- G ,
= 0:
G
G div(G(~v ~vm ) + div(DG) = 0.
(10)
- G ,
~v G = 0;
~v = 0, :
~v G ;
G = 0. G .
.
1.4.
. k , k
k . (4):
k
= k div J~kl .
(11)
t
J~kl (~r, t) k .
k (~r, t) . :
Copyright & A K-C
12
1
1 A1 + 2 A2
3 A3 + 4 A4 .
A3
3f orv = 3 m3 k1 11 22 3 m3 w3f orv .
2
1 A1 + 2 A2
3 A3 + 4 A4 ,
3back = 3 m3 k2 33 44 3 m3 w3back .
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , m3 A3 .
:
3 = 3 m3 (w3f orv w3back ).
(12)
,
A3 , , R ,
R :
3 = m3
R
X
3l w3l .
(13)
l=1
:
R
X
3
3l w3l .
= div J~3l + m3
t
(14)
l=1
X
k
l
~
= div Jk + mk
kl wkl .
t
(15)
l=1
(5),
X
dk
= div(Dk k ) k div(~vk ) + mk
kl wkl .
dt
(16)
l=1
,
n
X
k=1
mk
R
X
l=1
kl wkl = 0,
13
Copyright & A K-C
(17)
k = 0.
k=1
n
X
~l
J =
k=1
= div J~l ,
t
n
X
J~kl
k=1
J~kl = k~vk Dk k ,
R
R
X
X
d
= div( (Dk k ))
k div(~vk ).
dt
k=1
(18)
k=1

.
~vk (~r, t) k
~v0 (~r, t),
:
l
vk
J~
,k = k~
~ = ~v0 =
J
n
X
J~,k =
k=1
n
X
k~vk ,
(19)
k=1
1X
~v0 =
k~vk .
(20)
k=1
~v0 ,
.
~ k = k~v0 + J~kd ,
J~,k = k~vk = k~v0 + k (~vk ~v0 ) k~v0 + k
n
X
J~kd = 0,
(21)
(22)
k=1
~ k = ~vk ~v0 k - .

(21) k -
( ), , .
(21) (15),
K
X
k
= div(k~v0 + J~kd Dk k ) +
kr wkr .
t
r=1
(23)
Copyright & A K-C
14
(17) (22)
n
= div(~v0
Dk k )
t
(24)
k=1
n
X
d
=
+ ~v0 = div(~v0 ) + div(
Dk k ).
dt
t
(25)
k=1
(18),
.
(16) (25)
R
n
X
X
1
k
d k
l l
= {div(Dk k )k div(~vk ~v0 )+mk
k wk div(
Dl l )]}.
dt
l=1
l=1
(26)
(~
r, t) = /,
, (23):
d
d
=
dt
dt

n
X
1 d
= 2 {div(~v0 ) div(
.
Dk k )} +
dt
(27)
k=1
= div(v~0 D ) + (),
t
d
= div(v~0 ) + divD ) + ()
dt
n
X
d 1
= [() + div(D )] 2 div(
Dk k ).
dt
(28)
k=1
, (~
r, t), ,
, .
1.5.

W (t). w ,
m u
15
Copyright & A K-C

, ,
:
w = m + u.
m vk2 /2, k (~r, t)
:
n
X
k vk2
( + k (~r, t)).
m =
2
(29)
k=1
,
:
(30)
w = 0
:
(w)
= div(J~l (w)).
(31)
t

,
J~wkonv = w~v0
( ) J~A
J~q :
J~l (w) = J~wkonv + J~A + J~q
.
1.6.
,
k :
Pk,i
d~vk
,
= F~k
dt
xi
(32)
Copyright & A K-C
16
~k ,
F
k , F~e,k
F~i,k , -
F~k = F~e,k + F~i,k .

,
~
~
Fe,k = Fe,k /k k
F~e,k = k
(33)
k
= 0.
(34)
t
"" ~k = ~ . , F
,
n
1X~
F~ =
Ft,k ,
k=1
Pk - k- ,
Pk,i.j = pk i,j + k,i,j .
pk , i,j , k,i,j , .
(16),
K
X
k,i
P
d(k~vk )
+~vk div(Dk k ) k~vk div(~vk ) +~vk mk
= F~k
kl wkl , (35)
dt
xi
l=1
k - .
,

n
k=1
l=1
X
X
d(~v0 )
~
= F P +
~vk {div(Dk k ) k div(~vk ) + mk
kl wkl }, (36)
dt
n
k=1
l=1
X
X
d~v0
= F~ P +
(~vk ~v0 ){div(Dk k ) k div(~vk ) + mk

kl wkl }.
dt
17
Copyright & A K-C
(32),
Pk,i
k dvk2
)
= ~vk (F~k
2 dt
xi
k vk2
2 )
X
vk2
Pk,i
~
) + {div(Dk k ) k div(~vk ) + mk
= ~vk (Fk
kl wkl }.
dt
xi
2
l=1
(37)
k - .
,

d(
K
X
vk2
Pk,i
d X
~
)+ {div(Dk k )k div(~vk )+mk
=
[~vk (Fk
kl wkl }].
dt
xi
2
k=1
l=1
(38)
= /:
K
X
Pk,i vk2
1X
d
~
)+ {div(Dk k )k div(~vk )+mk
[~vk (Fk
=
kl wkl }]
dt
xi
2
k=1
l=1
X
1 X k vk2
2
) div[~v
(
Dk k ].
2
k=1
(39)
k=1
c = v02 /2, :
n
X
X
dc ~v0 ~
= [F P +
kl wkl }].
dt
k=1
l=1
(40)
(39) (40) ,
, . (39) (40)
( )
.
(40)
dc
+ (P ~v ) = ec + i c ,
dt
(41)
Copyright & A K-C
18
P ~v , ec
"" ,
ec = ~v0 F~ ,
i c ""
i c
= P : ~v0 + ~v0 [
n
X
k=1
K
X
l=1
kl wkl }],
- , ~v k . ,
, , ~v k ,
.
1.7.
k (16) k ,
(33) (34),
n
k=1
X
X X
d
d
~
=
k div(k~v0 + Jk Dk k ) +
k
kr wkr ,
dt
r=1
(42)
k=1
X
d
=
[k div(k~vk ) (k )div(Dk k )]+
dt
k=1
n
X
k=1
(k )
R
X
kr wkr + div(v0 ),
r=1
n
k=1
k=1
X
X
X X
+div(~v0 +
k J~kd ) =
(k~v0 +J~kd )F~k +
k
kr wkr . (43)
t
r=1
k=1
,
n
X
J = ~v0 +
k J~kd ,
k=1
, .
19
Copyright & A K-C

:
""
e
""
n
X
k=1
X
F~k ~vk
(k~v0 + J~kd ) F~k =
k=1
n
X
R
X
kr wkr .
r=1
k=1
- , R
P
,
kr wkr = 0.
r=1
1.8.
(43) (41) ,
m :
m
+ div(J~m ) = m ,
t
(44)
1
m = v02 + ,
2
n
X
J~m = P ~v0 + ~v0 +
k J~kd ,
(45)
k=1

e
m
i
m
= ~v0 F~
= P : ~v0 + ~v0 [
Pn
n
X
k=1
n
X
k=1
F~k ~vk =
n
X
k=1
F~k (~vk ~v0 ),

n
K
X
l=1
(46)
kl wkl }]
X
X X
vk ] 2
k=1 k~
div[~
v
]
+
k
kr wkr .
0
k
k
2
r=1
k=1
(47)
k=1
Copyright & A K-C
20
1.9.

u
u
= div J~l (u) + (u).
t
(u) , (29). (29)
e
i
(u) = (m
+ m
),
(48)

l
J~l (u) = J~l (w) J~m
.
J~q ,
J~l (u)
u~v :
J~q = J~l (u)

u~v .
J~l (u), ,
u
+ div J~q = (u),
t
:
u
+ div J~us = (u),
t
,
J~us = J~q .
(49)
d
u
+ div J~q = (u) + (
u) ~v0 .
dt
, ""
.
21
Copyright & A K-C
1.10.
(2)
(
s)
= div J~sl + (s),
t
(50)
(s) , J~sl
. ,
, (2) (28):
n
u
d1 X k d k
d
s d
=
+p
( )=
T
dt
dt
dt
mk dt
k=1
n
div J~q
1X~
+ (
u) ~v0
Fk (~vk ~v0 )+
k=1
n
K
X
X
1
kl wkl }]
+ [P : ~v0 + ~v0 [
k=1
l=1
Pn
n
n
R
X
X
X
1 [ k=1 k~vk ]2
[
div[~v0
Dk k ] +
k
kr wkr ]+
2
r=1
k=1
p
{ + ~v0 + div(~v0 ) div(
2 t
k=1
n
X
k=1
Dk k )}
R
n
n
X
X
1 X k
k
l l
k wk div(
Dl l )]}.
{ [div(Dk k )k div(~vk ~v0 )+mk
mk
l=1
l=1
k=1
(51)
(51)
(50). , ,
Jq
1
1
Jq =
Jq ,
T
T
T
k k~vk
k
k
(k~vk ) =
(k~vk ) ,
T
T
T
J~sl (50)
, :
n
P
~
k k~vk
Jq
k=1
l
J~s =
,
(52)
T
Copyright & A K-C
22
R
n
X
1 X
Jj Aj + Jq Xk +
k~vk Xk ].
(s) = [
T j=1
(53)
k=1
Aj , Xq , Xk . , .
j -
Aj
n
X
k kj
k=1
, Jj j - .

T
Xq
T
,
~ u J~q . X
.
, ~k , :
F
k
Xk F~k T ( );
T
J~k .
.
T (s) , Jj , J~q , J~k (53). T (s). , ,
:
Aj
Aj
(54)
,
T
~ q
X
1
~
= ( ),
Xq
(55)
T
T
~
X
~
Xk k ,
(56)
T
23
Copyright & A K-C
(s) =
R
X
j=1
~q +
Jj Aj + J~q X
n
X
k=1
~ k 0.
J~k X
(57)
, , , T (s).

, ,
.
(s), (54) (56), ,
.
. ,
(54) (56). , , .

(57). (57), ,
, ,
. ,
.
(57) .
, .
(50)
ZZ
Se
= J~S ~nd
t
, ;
ZZZ
Si
=
(s)dV
t
V
, . :
S
Se Si
=
+
t
t
t
(58)
Copyright & A K-C
24
:
1. .
Se
=0
t
Si
S
=
.
t
t

,
:
Si
S
=
0.
(59)
t
t
.
2. . :
. ,
:
S
= 0,
t

Se Si
+
= 0,
t
t

. , .
. ,
Si
Se
Se
<0 |
|>|
|.
t
t
t
, ,
S
< 0.
t
. ,
Si
Se
Se
<0 |
|<|
|.
t
t
t
,
,
S
> 0.
t
25
Copyright & A K-C
. ,
Se
> 0.
t
, , ,
S
>0
t
.
,
, , .
2.

2.1.
,
.
, .
y1 , y2 , y3 ,
, yn , y10 , y20 , y30 , , yn0 , ,
:
S = S(y1 , y2 , y3 , ..., yn ).

X S
X 2S
1
1
S(y) = S(y 0 )+
(yk yk0 )+
(yk yk0 )(yl yl0 )+
1!
yk 0
2!
yk yl 0
k
k,l
+ .
, . , ..
S
= 0;
yk 0
Copyright & A K-C
26
2S
yk yl
= k,l < 0.
s =
:
S
V
s
1X
ds X s
+
yl +
=
dt
yk 0 1!
yk yl 0
k,l
3
X
1
s
dyk
+
yl ym +
,
2!
yk yl ym 0
dt
l,m
yi = yi yi0 S = S(y) S(y 0 ).

,
1X
1X
s
s
3s
s
+
yl +
yl ym + =
,
yk 0 1!
yk yl 0
2!
yk yl ym 0
yk
k,l
l,m
= s =
X s dyk
.
yk dt
k
, S
n
1X
i,j yi yj ,
S =
2 i,j=1
(60)
i,j
i,j = j,i ,
n
ds X s dyi
=
dt
yi dt .
i=1
Xi =
s
yi
(61)
(62)
27
Copyright & A K-C
dyi
dt
Ii =
.
(63)
ds X
=
Xi Ii .
dt
i=1
(64)
, Xi Ii ,
. ,
Ii Xi
yi :
Ii =
n
X
i,j yj
j=1
n
X
s
=
i,j yj ,
Xi =
yi
j=1
i,j i,j .
1
,
j,i
yj =
n
X
1
Xl .
j,l
l=1
,
Ii =
n
X
j,l=1
1
Xl
i,j j,l
n
X
Li,l Xl ,
i = 1, 2, 3, ..., n,
(65)
l=1
Li,l =
n
X
1
.
i,j j,l
j=1
Li,k () , ||L, || (

, , ..). L, ( 6= )
Copyright & A K-C
28
,
. (65) ,
.

.
Li,k yi . yi ,
yi (t+ ) = yi (t)+Ii = yi (t)+
n
X
Li,l Xl = yi (t)+
l=1
n
X
l=1
Li,l
s
yl
, , . yi (t) yi (t + ), . yi (t + )yj (t) =

n
P
Li,l yj (t) s
yi (t)yj (t)+
yl .
l=1

s
= Ae k .
A :
ZZZ
s
Ae k d = 1.
n
n yj ,
.
ZZZ
s
s s
yj (t)
=A
yj
e k d =
yl
yl
n
= Ak
ZK
ZZ
n1
s
k
~ Ak
yj e ~el d
ZZZ
n
yj s
e k d.
yl
(n 1)- , ,
- ,
29
Copyright & A K-C
. ,
yj
yl
= j,l ,
yi (t + )yj (t) = yi (t)yj (t) k Li,j .

yj (t + )yi (t) = yj (t)yi (t) k Lj,i .

,
, i j
j i,
yi (t + )yj (t) = yj (t + )yi (t)
Li,j = Lj,i .
(66)
(66) , Ji ,
i, Xj j ,
Jj Xi Li,j ,
||Li,j || .
. ,
, .
.

dS =
1
dU + dV dq dN.
T
T
T
T
T, p, , , , .

S = S1 (U1 + U, N1 + N, q) S1 (U1 , N1 , 0)+

+St (Ut U, Nt N, q) St (Ut , Nt , 0).
S1 , U1 , N1 , , St , Ut , Nt , , U , N , q
Copyright & A K-C
30
, . Nt /N (
, ,
) ,

S
S
S
1
= ,
= ,
= ,
U
T
N
T
q
T
:
S =
t
1
t
U U 1
N + N q + q
T1
Tt
T1
Tt
T1
Tt
U dU,
N dN,
q dq,
dS =
dU
dq.
dN
T
T
T
(67)
s =
(68)
q.
U
N
T
T
T
, q =
eN , e . , e + = . ,
~ = grad .
, E

1
q.
U
s =
(69)
T
T
, , jQ = U = Q ,
XQ = grad( T1 ); jq = q, 1
~
Xq = grad( T ) = E
grad
T
T .
2.2.
( , )
.
31
Copyright & A K-C
: ,
(T. Seebe k, 1821), , , ,
;
( (J. Peltier, 1834)); ,
(W.Thomson, 1856).
. :
I = q Q = U , :
"
#
~
E
1
1
grad
I~ = Li,i
+ Li,q grad( ),
T
T
T
~ = Lq,q grad( 1 ) + Lq,i

Q
T
"
#
~
1
E
.
grad
T
T
, Li,i /T = ,
(Lq,q Lx,x (q, i))/T 2 = , .

Li,q = Lq,i .
(70)
~ + (Li,q T )grad( 1 ),
I~ = E
(71)
T
~
~ = T 2 grad( 1 ) + Li,q E .
Q
(72)
T
T
Li,q .
. I = 0,
I = 0 ,

=
(Li,q T )
T = Z T.
T 2
(73)
Z , ,
.
Copyright & A K-C
32
~ = (T 2 Lq,i + Lq,i )grad( 1 ).

Q
T
T
1
. grad
T = 0 ,

~
I~ = E.

E
Q = Lq,i .
T
Q Li,q
=
= .
(74)
I
T
.
,
Z= + .
(75)
T
T
~ = 0,
. E
. I~ 6= 0
~ = 0.
gradT 6= 0, E
:
1
I~ = (Li,q T )( ),
T
~ = T 2 ( 1 ).
Q
T
(Li,q T )
I~
=
.
(76)
~
T 2
Q
2.3.
~ ,
B
. ~ = 0 ~ = L, (B)
~ . B
L, (B)
L, .
33
Copyright & A K-C
, .. . L,
~ La (B)
~ :
: Ls, (B)
,
~ = Ls, (B)
~ + La, (B),
~
L, (B)
~ = Ls, (B)
~ La, (B).
~
L, (B)
~ + L, (B)],
~
~ = 1 [L, (B)
Ls, (B)
2
~ = 1 [L, (B)
~ L, (B)].
~
La, (B)
2
~ i ,
X

~ i = As (, )X
~ i + B s (, )(X
~ i B)
~ B,
~
Ls (, )X
(77)
~ i = C a (, )[X
~ i B],
~
La (, )X
(78)
As (, ), B s (, ) C a (, ) ,
As (, ) = As (, ),
B s (, ) = B s (, ),
C a (, ) = C a (, ).
(79)
(80)
, OZ ( ),
, L,
L,
As (, )
C a (, )B 0
.
= C a (, )B As (, )
0
0
0
As (, ) + B s (, )B 2
(71), (72)
~ = 0
B
Copyright & A K-C
34
~ 6= 0:
B
Ix
Iy
Iz
Qx
Qy
Qz
Ey
1
Ex
a
+ C (i, i)B
+ (As (i, q) As (i, i)) ( ) +
= A (i, i)
T
T
x T
1
+(C a (i, q) C a (i, i))B ( ),
y T
Ey
1
Ex
s
a
+ A (i, i)
(C a (i, q) C a (i, i))B ( ) +
= C (i, i)B
T
T
x T
1
+(As (i, q) As (i, i)) ( ),
y T
s
s
2 Ez
+
= (A (i, i) + B (i, i)B )
T
1
+(As (i, q) + B s (i, q)B 2 (As (i, i) + B s (i, i)B 2 )) ( ) . (81)
z T
s
Ey
Ex
a
a
(C (i, q) C (i, i))B
+
= (A (i, q) A (i, i))
T
T
1
1
+(As (q, q) As (i, q)) ( ) + (C a (q, q) C a (i, q))B ( ),
x T
y T
E
Ey
= (C a (i, q) C a (i, i))B x + (As (q, q) As (i, q))
T
x T
1
1
(C a (q, q) C a (i, q))B ( ) + (As (q, q) As (i, q)) ( ),
x T
y T
E
= (As (i, q) + B s (i, q)B 2 ) z +
T
1
(As (q, q) + B s (q, q)B 2 (As (i, q) + B s (i, q)B 2 )) ( ) .
(82)
z T
s
~ = ( 1 0 +), 0 E
e
, , e .
,
. , As (i, i)/T = x,x (As (q, q) As (i, q)) =
x,x , C a (i, i)/T = x,y , (C a (q, q) C a (i, q))/T 2 = x,y

.
As (i, q) As (i, i) x,x ,
35
Copyright & A K-C
C a (i, q) C a (i, i) x,y .

~ I~, T
~ ,
E
(81) (82) :
T
T
x,y B ,
x
y
T
T
= Ry,x BIx + Ry,y Iy y,x B
y,y
,
x
y
T
= Rz,z Iz z,z
,
z
Ex = Rx,x Ix + Rx,y BIy x,x

Ey
Ez
(83)
T
T
x,y B ,
x
y
T
T
Qy = y,x BIx + y,y Iy y,x B
y,y
,
x
y
T
Qz = z,z Iz z,z
.
(84)
z
, (81) (82), :
x,x
;
Rx,x = Ry,y = 2
x,x + (x,y B)2
x,y
Rx,y = Ry,x = 2
;
x,x + (x,y B)2
Qx = x,x Ix + x,y BIy x,x
Rz,z = T /(As (i, i) + B s (i, i)B 2 );

x,x x,x + x,y x,y B 2
;
x,x = y,y = 2 2
T (x,x + (x,y B)2 )
x,x x,y alphax,y x,x
x,y = y,x =
;
2 + ( B)2 )
T 2 (x,x
x,y
z,z
(As (i, i) + B s (i, i)B 2 ))T

;
=
(As (i, i) + B s (i, i)B 2 )
x,x = y,y = x,x x,x x,x /T x,y x,y B 2 /T ;

x,y = y,x = x,y x,x x,y /T x,y x,x /T.
, (83) (84)
.
Copyright & A K-C
36
2.4.
~ . , B
. , ,
, ,
.
.
1. ( Ey , Ix , ) grad(T ) = 0 Iy = 0
(83)
Ey = Ry,x BIx .
(85)
Rit , ,
Rit =
Ey
= Ry,x .
Ix B
2. ( Ey , Ix , ) Iy = 0 , Qy = 0, T
x = 0 :
T
,
y
T
0 = y,x BIx y,y
.
y
Ey = Ry,x BIx y,y
(86)
Rat , ,
Ey
y,x y,y
.
= Ry,x
Ix B
y,y
Rit =
3. ( , Ix
Bz ) Iy = 0,Qy = 0, T
x = 0 (83):
Rat
.
.
T
y
Ix B
y,x
.
y,y
37
Copyright & A K-C
1. grad(T ) =
0, Iy = 0 (83)
Ex = Rx,x Ix ,
Ez = Rz,z Iz .
(87)
1
Ix = Rx,x
Ex ,
1
Iz = Rz,z
Ez .
(88)
, ( B 2 ,
).
2.5.
, ,
. ,
, . , , ,
.
.
1. , Ey ,
,
X , I~ = 0 T
x = 0.
T
,
y
T
= x,y B .
y
Ey = y,y
Qx
(89)
Ey B
y,y
=
.
Qx
x,y
2. , Ey ,
,
Copyright & A K-C
38
X , I~ = 0 Qy = 0.
T
T
y,y
,
x
y
T
T
x,y B ,
Qx = x,x
x
y
T
T
0 = y,x B
y,y
0.
x
y
Ey = y,x B
(90)
y,y y,x y,x y,y

Ey
.
=
Qx B
2x,x + 2x,y B 2
3. ,
X , I~ = 0 Qy = 0. (90) :
y,x
y T
.
= 2
Qx B
x,x + 2x,y B 2
.
1. i
1
I~ = 0 y
(T ) = 0
Qx = x,x
i = Qx /
T
.
x
(91)
T
= x,x .
x
2. a I~ =
0 Qy = 0 (90):
2x,y 2
B .
a = Qx /x T = x,x +
xx
3. Qli Qx I~ = 0 T
y = 0.
(83) :
Ex = x,x
T
.
x
(92)
39
Copyright & A K-C
Ex
= x,x .
x T
4. Qla
Qx I~ = 0 Qy = 0.
(83) (84) :
Qli =
T
T
x,y B ,
x
y
T
T
0 = y,x B
y,y
.
x
y
Ex = x,x
Qla =
(93)
Ex
x,y x,y 2
B .
= x,x +
x T
x,x
3.

3.1.

, . , , , ..
, ,
. .
. , , ,
. , ,

.
, F = U T S
= U T S N , U
Copyright & A K-C
40
, T , S , , N .
F .
, , .
, , ,
.
, , bi (i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , s)
bi
+ div(J~b,i ) = b,i ,
(94)
t
t , J~b,i , b,i , s
, .

J~bi = v~i bi Di bi ,
Di . Di ,
(94)
bi
= div(~
vi )bi + v~i bi + Di 2 bi + b,i , i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , s,
(95)
t
b,i
bi {bi }. (95)
.
, - (95) .
, .
(95) ,
. ,
{bi }
{b
1 , b2 , , bn } = {const};
(96)
41
Copyright & A K-C
{~n b
n b
n b
1 ,~
2 , ,~
n } = {const},
(97)
;
. ~n . - bi (97) , ,
, .
(95) ,
.
3.2.
.
{Xi (~r, t)}, ~r t, (94) .
, - {0 6 r 6 l , = 1, 2, 3; 0 6 t < }
Xi (~r, t) , ..
.
1. , Xi (~
r, t) , > 0 t = t0 = (, t0 ),
Yi (~r, t), |Xi (~r, t0 ) Yi (~r, t0 )| < , |Xi (~r, t) Yi (~r, t)| < t > t0 .
, . ,

Xi (~r, t) .
r, t)
2. Xi (~
lim |Xi (~r, t) Yi (~r, t)| = 0,
(98)
, Xi (~r, t) .
, ( ) ,
.
3.3.
,
, ,
Copyright & A K-C
42
. (5.3)
, (95) ( i )
. .
X(~r, t) (5.3).
X(~r, t + ), , . , . , , ( ) .
n- ,
1 , 2 , 3 , ..., n , .
, .
, , , C . , C ,
> 0 > 0, X0 , , t0
C , t > t0 X C .
C .
C t X C
, C .
.
3.4.
. ,
.
, , . , -
.
, (95).
. ,
, 0() ( ) , ( = 0),
, .
43
Copyright & A K-C
, .
, ( )
.
3.5.

bi , Jb,i
(b, i) (94). ,
, D , , .
- (94)
, . , Jb,i b,i bi , . Di .
(95) :
dbi
= Fi (b1 , b2 , b3 , . . . , bs ) + Di 2 bi ,
dt
i = 1, 2, , s,
(99)
Fi (b1 , b2 , b3 , . . . , bs ) ( {bj }) bi . (99) . (99) .

, , .
bi , .
,
, . , , . ,
Copyright & A K-C
44
, , .
, :

, , . ,
.
.
(99).
(99): b1 = b1,st , b2 = b2,st ,
b3 = b3,st , . . . , bs = bs,st .
dbi,st
(100)
= 0.
dt
.

bi = bi,st + yi (t),
(101)
yi (t) .
.
(101) (99):
dyi
= Fi (b1,st + y1 , b2,st + y2 , b3,st + y3 , . . . , bs,st + ys ).
dt
(102)
,
Fi (b1,st + y1 , b2,st + y2 , b3,st + y3 , . . . , bs,st + ys ) yi -

.
, (99)

s
yi X
=
ai,j yj + Di 2 yi ,
t
j=1
i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , s,
(103)
45
Copyright & A K-C
Fi
ai,j =
bj st
,
bi .
, (99), ,
, ..
yi
|
| 1,
bi,st
(..
(99)) (103).
,
(99) (103).
(103)
, {bi,st } (99). , {bi,st }
.
(103)
yi (t) =
s
X
Ai,j ej t ;
i = 1, 2, . . . , s,
(104)
j=1
Ai,j j , t.
j
det {Ai,j k i,j } = 0,
k = 1, 2.3, . . . , s.
(104) . j , , .. ,
.
, (99) . (Thom
R. Stabilite Stru turelle et Morphogenese. Benjamin, New York, 1972) ,
Copyright & A K-C
46
, (99)
Fi V :
Fi ({bj }) =
V ({bj })
.
bi
, (99)
. " ", .
3.6.
,
. .
(99) b1 X b2 Y
dX
= fx (X, Y ),
dt
dX
= fx (X, Y ) .
(105)
dt
t (105),
fy (X, Y )
dY
=
.
dX
fx (X, Y )
(106)
() (X, ). (105).
, . , .
(X, Y ) dY /dX , ,
fx (X, Y ) = fy (X, Y ) = 0.
. ,
(105) . .
47
Copyright & A K-C
, , (Xst , Yst ). [., , (103):
dx
= ax,x x + ax,y y,
dt
dy
= ay,x x + ay,y y .
dt
ai,j =
fi
j
(107)
i = x, y; j = X, Y.
Xst ,Yst
X = Xst + x,
Y = Yst + y .
(107)
x = x0 ewt ,
y = y0 ewt .
(108)
. (107), x0 , y0 .
, x0 , y0 ,
.

w2 T w + = 0,
(109)
T = ax,x + ay,y ,
= ax,x ay,y ay,x ax,y .
(109) w1
w2 . (109) :
x = x01 ew1 t + x02 ew2 t ,

y = y01 ew1 t + y02 ew2 t ,
(110)
Copyright & A K-C
48
wi ax,x
, i = 1, 2,
ax,y
x1,0 x2,0 .
:
yi0 = xi0
, Re(wi ) <
0, i = 1, 2, (Xst , Yst )
.

, Re(wi ) > 0, i = 1 2, (Xst , Yst )
.
,
Re(wi ) = 0, i = 1 2, ,
, .
.
, (109) , . . T
, ,
. ,
(110) , .
;
: T 2 4 0.
> 0, wi .
(110) ,
( ).

. . 1.
6Y
R
X
-
. 1.
49
Copyright & A K-C
, . ax,y =
ay,x = 0, ax,x = ay,y = a 6= 0;
dx
= ax,
dt
dy
= ay .
dt
, S a < 0 S a > 0. S
, (. 2).
6Y
R
@
S
@
@
@
@
. 2.

X
-
T 2 = 0;
dx
= ax + ay,
dt
dy
= ay, a 6= 0 .
dt

x = x0 eat + ay0 eat ,
y = y0 eat .
t, ,
y = 0 x = y ln y + cy , c ;
. 3.
.
Y
6?
?
-
S

6 6
X
-
. 3.
Copyright & A K-C
50
< 0, () w . (110)
ew1 t =
y x(w2 ax,x )
,
x0,1 (w1 w2 )
ew2 t =
y x(w1 ax,x )
.
x0,2 (w2 w1 )
w1 > 0 w2 < 0,
:
|w2 /w1 |
y x(w1 ax,x )
y x(w2 ax,x )
.
=
x0,1 (w1 w2 )
x0,2 (w2 w1 )
6Y I
@
I
I
@
@
@
@
@
@
R
@
R
@
X
-
. 4.
,
, .
: x02 = 0 x01 = 0.
w1 ax,x w2 ax,x . . 4
(x, y). ,
t
, . ,
.
.
- : T 2 4 < 0
T 6= 0,
. (110) , (T <
0) (T > 0) .
.
. 5.
6Y
S?
X
-
. 5.
51
Copyright & A K-C
T = 0, > 0, , wi = i . , , .
, ,
(. . 6). ,
, .
6Y
'$
??b S
66
&%
X
-
. 6.
,
3.7.
,
. ,
, , . , , , ,
.
,
.
, .
, .
3.8.
m
,
V (x) = m( x2 + x4 ).
2
4
Copyright & A K-C
52
d2 x
= (x + x3 ),
2
dt
:
dX1
dt = X2 ;
dX2
3
dt = (X1 X1 ).
:
1. X1 = 0,
X2 = 0;
2. X1 = +, X2 = 0;
3. X1 = , X2 = 0.

:
dX1
dt = X2 ,
dX2
dt = X1 .
:
X1 = A1 et + A2 et ;
X2 = A1 et A2 et ,
= .
wi
, .

:
dX1
dt = X2 ,
dX2
dt = 2X1 ,
:
X1 = A11 ei1 t + A12 ei1 t ; X2 = i1 (A11 ei1 t A12 ei1 t ),
1 = 2.
, .
, = 0
.
.
Copyright & A K-C
53
n- n p, . :
N 0 N + . N 0 N + .
, . L. 0z
p , 0x 0y . .
, . ,
,
~ ,
E
,
Ld .
- z : jnz = evsn n; jpz = evsp p. vnz
vpz
.
:
~ + kT n);
~jn = en (nE
e
~ kT p).
~jp = ep (pE
e
n,p , E .
n, p, N + :
n 1 ~
j n = n ;
(111)
t
e
p 1 ~
+ j p = n + ;
(112)
t e
N +
(113)
= + .
t
, N + + N 0 = N
.
Copyright & A K-C
54
n , + -:
n = np + [c1 (N N + ) c2 nN + ];
+ = [c4 p(N N + )c3 N + ]+[c1 (N N + )c2 nN + ]+[s2 p(N N + )s1 N + ]p.
, , c1 , c2
, c3 , c4 (
) . s1 , s2 ,
( ). - ~ , E
s1 , ,
, () .
( , ) ,
~ =E
~q + E
~ . E
~ q , E
,
~
, E
, .
, ~ q . , E
, ,
Na = p0 +Nod +N0+ n0 . N0d
, p0 , N0+ n0
,
.
~ :
E
~ = e (p + N + + Nd n),
E
(114)
Nd = Nd Na . (111) (114), ,
.

+ = 0,
~jn + ~jp = ~j = const ~jn = en .
(115)
55
Copyright & A K-C
+ = 0
N + = N/[
s1 p + c 2 n + c 3
+ 1] ,
s2 p 2 + c 4 p + c 1
(116)
n = np+N [c1 (s1 p+c3 )c2 np(s2 p+c4 )]/[s2 p2 +(c4 +s1 )p+c2 n+c1 +c3 ].
(117)
:
s1
c1 c3
c3
(118)
= ,
=
c2 c4
c4
s2
, n (p) :
n = [ np][ + N c2 (s2 p + c4 )/(s2 p2 + (c4 + s1 )p + c2 n + c1 + c3 )]. (119)
j
vsp
p.
evsn vsn
(119)
(120)
n=
n =
p1,2 =
vsp (p p1 )(p p2 )(p p3 )(p p4 )

,
vsn
(p p5 )(p p6 )
2evsp
j
j 2 vsn
)
<
2evsp
vsp evsp
, ,
r
vsn vsp ,
j > 2e
(121)
(122)
(123)
0 < p1,2 6 evjsp /,

p1 p2 .
p
p3,4 = A A2 B,
(124)
c2 c2 vsp
1 c 4 s1
),
A= ( + +N
2 s 2 s2
s2 vsn
c2 j
c1 c3
c2 c4
B=
+ + +N
> 0.
s2 evsn s2 s2
s2
q
p5,6 = A1 A21 B1 ,
(125)
Copyright & A K-C
56
1 c4 s1 c2 vsp
A1 = ( +
),
2 s2 s2 s2 vsn
c1 c3
c2 j
+ +
> 0.
B=
s2 evsn s2 s2
, A2 B , p3 p4 A > 0 A < 0.
, .
s2 , , s2 s2 6 s2,1 s2 > s2,2 , ,
s2 s2,1 6 s2 6 s2,2 .
+

> 0, s2,2 = 2 c3
> 0,
s2,1 = 2 c3
(126)
( c4 + N c2 )2
( c4 + N c2 )2
1 vsp c2
c3
c2
j
+ c1 + (
+ c4 )( + N ),
evsn
2 vsn
c4
j
c2 c4
c2 vsp
c2 c4
j
= (c2
+ c1 + c3 + N
+ c1 +
(c3 + N
)(c2
)).
evsn
evsn
c4 vsn
= c2
n
p
p = p1
n
(p1 p2 )(p1 p3 )(p1 p4 )
vsp
<0 .
|p=p1 = s2
2
p
vsn s2 p1 + (c4 + s1 )p1 + c2 n1 + c1 + c3
(127)
p = p2 :
vsp
(p2 p1 )(p2 p3 )(p2 p4 )
n
> 0.
|p=p2 = s2
2
p
vsn s2 p2 + (c4 + s1 )p2 + c2 n2 + c1 + c3
n (p = 0) = + N
c1 c3
> 0,
c2 evjsn + c1 + c3
c1 (c3 + s1 evjsp )
j
> 0.
)=+N
n (p =
evsp
s2 ( evjsp )2 + (c4 + s1 ) evjsp + c1 + c3
(112) :
4
X
n=1
Mn ln(
vsp
p pn
) = x,
p0 p n
vsn
(128)
(129)
(130)
57
Copyright & A K-C
p0 ,
M1 =
f1
,
(p1 p2 )(p1 p3 )(p1 p4 )
f2
,
(p2 p1 )(p2 p3 )(p2 p4 )
f3
M3 =
,
(p3 p1 )(p3 p2 )(p3 p4 )
f4
,
M4 =
(p4 p1 )(p4 p2 )(p4 p3 )
fn = (pn p5 )(pn p6 ), n = 1, 2, 3, 4.
M2 =
, ( )
v
sp
)p + c2 evjsn + c3
(s1 c2 vsn
vsp
j
= e(1 +
)p
+ eN/[
+ 1].
vsn
vsn
s2 p 2 + c 4 p + c 1
, p1,2 p3,4 , p x , ,
.

_n = n0 p (p0 + c2 N0+ )n (c1 + c2 n0 )N0+ ,

+ = ((c4 + 2s2 p)(N N0+ )
s2 c 3 +
N0 )p c2 N0+ n
c4
s2
p0 )(c4 p0 + c3 ) + c2 n0 + c1 )N + .
c4
+
p0 , n0 N0 ,
z .
,
((1 +
~ ) =
div(E
4e
(p + N + n).
kT
4e
4e
n
n 2 n = (n0 n n0
)p (p0 + c2 N0+ + n n0
)n
t
e
4e
)N + ,
(c1 + c2 n0 n n0
Copyright & A K-C
58
p N + n kT
+
(p 2 p n 2 n) =
t
t
t
e
4e
(n p N + ),
= (n n0 + p p0 )
+
s2 c 3 +
N
N0 )p c2 N0+ n
= ((c4 + 2s2 p)(N N0+ )
t
c4
s2
((1 + p0 )(c4 p0 + c3 ) + c2 n0 + c1 )N + .
c4
, (z = 0):
n = n1 exp(t + i~ ~r),
p = p1 exp(t + i~ ~r),
N + = N1+ exp(t + i~ ~r).
.
:
4e
kT
4e
]p + [p0 + c2 N0+ + n n0
+ n 2 + ]n+
e
4e
]N + = 0,
+[c1 + c2 n0 n n0
4e kT
4e kT
2
2
[(n n0 + p p0 )
+
p
+ ]p [(n n0 + p p0 )
+
n
+ ]n+
e
4e
+[(n n0 + p p0 )
+ ]N + = 0,
s2 c 3 +
N0 ]p c2 N0+ n
[(c4 + 2s2 p)(N N0+ )
c4
s2
[(1 + p0 )(c4 p0 + c3 ) + c2 n0 + c1 + ]N + = 0.
c4
,
,

[n0 n n0
3 + A1 2 + A2 + A3 = 0,
, .. ,
.
59
Copyright & A K-C
3.9.
. . ,
. .

. .
,
, ,
.
. , :

, ;
.
,
. , , .. .
, .
, , ,
, .
, .
, , : ,
, ,
.
,
Copyright & A K-C
60
,
, .
,
-
, , - ,
, - , ,
. , , , , ,
, .
,
. , ,
,
( ) .
, . ,
,
. , ,
.
, , , - , , ..
, . . ,
, ,
; .
, ,
.
,
.

. ,
, (, ,
.. ),
. , .. , -
61
Copyright & A K-C
x + y(z 1 + x2 ) + x,
y = x(3z + 1 x2 ) + y,
z = 2z( + xy) = 1, 1, = 0, 87,
, 2, 3180, 002, ..
, .
3.10.
,
.
:
ln N
,
a0 ln 1/a
d = lim
(131)
N , ; a
. d , .
, . . n
, n2 a = 1/n.
(131), ,
:
ln n2
= 2.
d = lim
n ln n
, , .
, ,
(" ")
.
[0, 1,
(1/3, 2/3).
. .
, , . k - 2k , ,
3k . k ,
Copyright & A K-C
62
. :
k
1
22
1X 2
2
1/3
l = + 2 + 3 =
=
= 1.
3 3
3
2
3
1 2/3
k=1
,
:
,
(i 3) .
. , N = 2k = 1/3k . , k = 0 N = 1, = 1. k = 1, N = 2,
= 1/3; = 2 N = 4, = 1/9, k = m N = 2m , = 1/m .
k . , (131),
d = lim (ln 2m / ln 3m ) = ln 2/ ln 3 0, 631.

m
.
, ,
, .
(k = 1) .
( , k = 2) .. k
.
.
k = 1,
N = 8 = 81 ,
k = 2, N = 8 8 = 82 ,
k = 3, N = 8 8 8 = 83 ,
k = m,
N = 8m ,
= 1/31 ,
= 1/32 ,
= 1/33 ,
,
,
,
= 1/3m ,
d = lim (ln 8m / ln 3m ) = ln 8/ ln 3 1, 893.

m
63
Copyright & A K-C
, ,
, ,
. - "" .
4.

, -, , ( )
, , -, - .
,
. .
f (~r, p
~, t) . f
~r p
~, t. f (~r, p~, t) N
ZZ
f (~r, p~, t)d~rd~p = N ,
n(~r, t)
Z
n(~r, t) = f (~r, p~, t)d~p.

ZZ
(t)
=
(~r, p~, t)f (~r, p~, t)d~rd~p

(~
r, t) =
(~r, p~, t)f (~r, p~, t)d~p.
,
"" "". , .
, r0 (108 107 ). r0
Copyright & A K-C
64
,
.
n > r03 ,
"",
.
n < r03 , "",
, . .
"" .
4.1. .

.
,
, . ~1 }
dw = W (X, Y |, t)dY X = {~r1 , p
dY = d~r2 d~
p2 Y = {~r2 , p~2 }
,
t.
, W (X, Y |, t) :
Z
(132)
W (X, Y |, t)dY = 1,
f (X, t)W (X, Y |, t)dX = f (Y, t + ).
(133)
X Y
Z = {~r3 , p~3 } 1 + 2 , 1 X
Z , 2 Z Y .
, W (X, Y |, t) , , .
W (X, Y |1 + 2 , t) =
W (X, Z|1 , t)W (Z, Y |2 , t + 1 )dZ.
(134)
65
Copyright & A K-C
.
, .. t t.
, X Y Y X
, , , ..
W (X, Y |, t) = W (Y, X|, t).

4.2.

, .
, .
.

: .

. , .
,
.
g(X), : g(X) |X|
g(X) 0,
g(X)
0,
Xi
2 g(X)
0 ,
Xi Xj
....
(135)
(134) g(X)
X :
Z
g(Y )W (X, Y |1 + 2 , t)dY =
Copyright & A K-C
66
g(Y )
W (X, Z|1 , t)W (Z, Y |2 , t + 1 )dZdY.
g(X)
Z :
g(Y ) = g(Z) +
6
1 X 2 g(Z)
(Yi Zi ) +
(Yi Zi )(Yj Zj ) + ...,
Zi
2 i,j=1 Zi Zj
6
X
g(Z)
i=1
g(X):
n g(Z)
n g(Y )
=
.
Yi Yj Yk ... Y =Z
Zi Zj Zk ...
Z Z
g(Y )W (X, Y |1 + 2 , t)dY =
g(Z)W (X, Z|1 , t)W (Z, Y |2 , t + 1 )dZdY +
Z Z X
6
g(Z)
+
(Yi Zi )W (X, Z|1 , t)W (Z, Y |2 , t + 1 )dZdY +
Z
i
i=1
Z Z
6
1 X 2 g(Z)
(Yi Zi )(Yj Zj )W (X, Z|1 , t)W (Z, Y |2 , t + 1 )
2 i,j=1 Zi Zj
dZdY.
(132), (
Z Y )
Z
g(Y )(W (X, Y |1 + 2 , t) W (X, Y |1 , t))dY =
Z X
6
g(Z)
= 2
ai (Z, 2 , t + 1 )W (Z, Y |1 , t)dZ+
Z
i
i=1
1
+2
2
Z X
6
2 g(Z)
bi,j (Z, 2 , t + 1 )W (Z, Y |1 , t)dZ,
Z
Z
i
j
i,j=1
1
ai (Z, 2 , t + 1 ) =
2
(Yi Zi )W (Z, Y |2 , t + 1 )dY
67
Copyright & A K-C
1
bi,j (Z, 2 , t + 1 ) =
2
(132)
(Yi Zi )(Yj Zj )W (Z, Y |2 , t + 1 )dY,
W (Z, Y |1 , t)dY = 1.
ai (Z, 1 , t)
1 Z t. bi,j (Z, 1 , t)
i- k-
1 .
1 0 2 ,
Z
W (X, Z|, t)
{
g(Z)
6
X
6
X
ai (X, t)W (X, Z|, t)
i=1
g(Z)
Zi
2 g(Z)
bi,j (X, t)W (X, Z|, t)

...}dZ = 0,
Z
Z
i
j
i,j=1
ai (Z, t) = lim ai (Z, 2 , t),

2 0
bi,j (Z, t) = lim bi,j (X, 2 , t),

2 0
Z X
6
ai (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)
i=1
6
X
i=1
ai (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)g(Z)dZi |ZZii =+

=
6 Z
X
i=1
g(Z)
dZ =
Zi
g(Z)
[ai (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)]dZ.

Zi
- g(X) .
Copyright & A K-C
68
6 Z
X
i,j=1
2 g(Z)
bi,j (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)
dZ =
Zi Zj
6 Z
X
g(Z)
Z =+
bi,j (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)dZj |Zjj =
Zi
i,j=1
6 Z
X
g(Z)
i,j=1
6 Z
X
[bi,j (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)]dZi |ZZii =+

= +
Zj
g(Z)
i,j=1
6 Z
X
i,j=1
2
[bi,j (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)]dZ =
Zj Zi
2
g(Z)
[bi,j (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)]dZ.
Zj Zi
W (X, Z|, t) X
[ai (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)]
g(Z){
Z
i
i=1
6
1 X 2
[bi,k (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)]}dZ = 0.

2
Zk Zi
i,k=1
g(X) ,
6
W (X, Z|, t) X
[ai (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)]
=
Z
i
i=1
6
1 X 2
[bi,k (Z, t)W (X, Z|, t)].

2
Zk Zi
(136)
i,k=1

W (X, Z|, t).
f (X, t) X (133),
f (Z, t + ):
6
f (Z, t + ) X
[ai (Z, t)f (Z, t + )]
=
Z
i
i=1
69
Copyright & A K-C
6
1 X 2
[bi,k (Z, t)f (Z, t + )].
2
Zk Zi
(137)
i,k=1
t , (136) (137)
t = 0.
:
6
f (Z, t) X ji
= 0,
+
t
Z
i
i=1
(138)
1X
ji = ai (Z, t)f (Z, t)
[bi,k (Z, t)f (Z, t)].
2
Zk
k=1

. x, y, z , .
, ,
, :
f (~r, t)
(139)
+ div~j = 0,
t
~j = ~a(~r, t)f (~r, t) 1 div[b(~r, t)f (~r, t)],

2
~a(~r, t) , b(~r, t)

.
.
.
.

:
W (~r1 , ~r2 |, t) = W (|~r1 ~r2 | ).
Copyright & A K-C
70
1
~a(~r, t) = lim
0
W (|~r ~r2 | )(~r ~r2 )d~r2 = 0

Z
1
W (|~r ~r2 | )(ri r2i )(rj r2j )d~r2 = bi,j ,
bi,j (~r, t) = lim
0
Z
1
b = lim
W (|~r| )x2 d~r = const.
0
:
b
f
= 2 f,
t
2

f
= D2 f.
(140)
t
b
D:
b = 2D.
t = 0 ~r0 , (140) :
f (~r, ) = (4D )
(x)2
1/2
|~
r ~
r 0 |2
4D
(x x0 )2 f (~r, )d~r = 6D ,
..
.
. .
, ~a 6= 0.
b , ,
~j :
~j = ~af b f.
2
71
Copyright & A K-C
~j = 0
:
U (~
r)
f (~r) = Ae kT .
,
U (~
r)
~j = (~a + b U (~r))e kT = 0.
2kT
D
b
U (~r) = U (~r) = q F~ ,
2kT
kT
D
~ = U (~r) .
q = kT
, F
, .
~a =
4.3.

,
.
, . ,
X Y
t :
W (X, Y |, t) = A(X, t)(X Y ) + P (X, Y, t).

P (X, Y, t) X
Y t , A(X, t)(X Y )
"" X Y , -
, X .
(132) ,
Z
A(X, t) = 1 P (X, Y, t)dY.
,
W (X, Y |, t) = {1
P (Z, Y, t)dZ}(X Y ) + P (X, Y, t).
(141)
Copyright & A K-C
72
, f (Y, t + ) Y
t + f (X, t) X
t (133). (132) :
Z
f (Y, t + ) f (Y, t) = {W (X, Y |, t)f (X, t) W (Y, X|, t)f (Y, t)}dX.
(141) 0,
:
Z
f (X, t)
= {P (X, Y, t)f (Y, t) P (Y, X, t)f (X, t)}dY .
(142)
t

- ( ):
i (t) X
=
{Pi,j (t)j (t) Pj,i (t)i (t)}.
t
j=1
(143)
, Pi,j (t) Pj,i (t) j (t), (142) (143) ,

, .
, . 1916
. ,
.
,
1 2 (1 < 2 ),
N1 N2 . 1 < 2 , 1 2
, 1 2 . ,
(, T )
= (2 1 )/h:
B1,2 N1 (, T ).
:
73
Copyright & A K-C
1. (), A2,1 N2 ,
2. ( ),
(, T ), .. B2,1 N2 (, T ).
,
B2,1 N2 (, T ) + A2,1 N2 = B1,2 N1 (, T )
A2,1 N1 B2,1
/[
].
B2,1 N2 B1,2

(, T ) =
g1
N1
= e(2 1 )/kT ,
N2
g2
g1 g2 .
:
g1 B1,2 = g2 B2,1 ,
, 2 1 = h ,
(, T ) =

g2 A2,1 h
/[e kT 1].
g1 B2,1
(, T ) = 3 f ( ).
T
g2 A2,1
= A 3 .
g1 B2,1
h
(, T ) = A 3 /[e kT 1].
h kT
:
8
(, T ) = 3 kT 2 .
c
:
(, T ) =
8h 3 h
/[e kT 1].
c3
Copyright & A K-C
74
4.4.
.
. ~r
p
~ . , ,

, . ,

, . ,
" ".
- , ( ) :
3
f
f X f
df
x i +
pi ] = 0.
=
+
[
dt
t
x
p
i
i
i=1
(144)

, , .
"" "" (
). ,
(144)
.
, f (~
p, ~r, t) :
3
f
f X f
x i +
pi ] = q q ,
+
[
t
x
p
i
i
i=1
(145)
q q , . -

.
75
Copyright & A K-C

Z Z Z
q q =
B(, ~q)[f (~r, v~ , t)f (~r, v~1 , t)f (~r, ~v , t)f (~r, v~1 , t)]ddd3 v1 ,
v~ ,
~q = v~1 ~v , ~v , v~1 ,
v~ , v~1 .
B(, ~
q ) .
(, ), .
p, p~1 )d~p1
W (~
~1 p~1 + d~p1 ,
- , p
p
~. W (~p, p~1 ) ~r t. ,
~,
p
, :
Z
q = W (~p, p~1 )f (~p1 , ~r, t)(1 f (~p, ~r, t))d~p1 ,
p
~1 ,
.
~,
, p
, p
~1 p~1 + d~p1 ,
,
Z
q = W (~p1 , p~)f (~p, ~r, t)(1 f (~p1 , ~r, t))d~p1 ,
p
~1 , .

6
X f
f
f
x i +
pi ]+
=
[
t
x
p
i
i
i=1
{W (~p, p~1 )f (~p1 , ~r, t)(1f (~p, ~r, t))W (~p1 , p~)f (~p, ~r, t)(1f (~p1 , ~r, t))}d~p1 ,
f
= (~v r f ) (F~ p f )+
t
Copyright & A K-C
76
{W (~p, p~1 )f (~p1 , ~r, t)(1 f (~p, ~r, t))
W (~p1 , p~)f (~p, ~r, t)(1 f (~p1 , ~r, t))}d~p1 .
(146)
. W (~
p|~p1 ) p, ~r, t), (146)
f (~
.
~ W (~p|~p1 ).
F
q ~ H
~ ,
E
~
~ + q [~v H],
F~ = q E
c
c .
p|~p1 ) W (~
.

f
= (~v r f ) (F~ p f )
t
f
,
Z
f
= {W (~p, p~1 )f (~p1 , ~r, t)(1 f (~p, ~r, t))
t
W (~p1 , p~)f (~p, ~r, t)(1 f (~p1 , ~r, t))}} d~p1
f .
, p
~
p~1 , p~ ~1 :
p
W (~p, p~1 )f0 (~p1 , ~r)(1 f0 (~p, ~r)) = W (~p1 , p~)f0 (~p, ~r)(1 f0 (~p1 , ~r)).

:
i1
h (~p,~r)
kT
+1
,
f0 (~p, ~r) = e
77
Copyright & A K-C
W (~p, p~1 )
(~p1 , ~r) (~p, ~r)
.
= exp
W (~p1 , p~)
kT
, (~
p1 , ~r) > (~p, ~r) W (~p, p~1 ) > W (~p1 , p~), ..
~ p~1 , p
.

, .
, ..
(~p1 , ~r) = (~p, ~r)
W (~p|~p1 ) = W0 (p, )(p p1 ),
(p p1 ) , ~
p = p1 , p
p
~1 .
, (
| f f0 | f0 ) W
,
.
f
= (~v r f ) (F~ p f )+
t
+2
Z
0
{W0 (p, )(f (~p1 , ~r, t) f (~p, ~r, t))p2 sin()d.
(147)
(147) , (D.Enskog, 1917),
f = f0 + f1 ,
(148)
p) f0 f0 ((p, ~r)) , f1 (~
, . f F0 , f0
p) p~. ,
, f1 (~
f1 (~p)
,
~-.
p
Copyright & A K-C
78
f (147),
(~v r f ) + (F~ p f ) = f1 (~p)/ (p),
(149)
1
= 2
(p)
Z
0
W0 (p, )[1 f1 (~p1 )/f1 (~p)]p2 d.
(150)
(p) (
),
~ =0
. , F
r T = 0.
t = 0
, (149) ,
f f0 :
f f (~p, t) f0 (p)
+
= 0.
t
(p)
:
(f f0 ) = (f f0 )t=0 exp(t/ ).
, ,
e .
,
(146) (148) . ,
f1 . , , f1 (~
p1 )/f1 (~p)
, ,
.
.
. , ,
,
79
Copyright & A K-C
. . , , . (

(155) , ).
.
, " ".
, "" , ..
- ,
.

, .
. ,
. ,
, , ,
. ,

.
4.5. H-
,
. , .
~1 p~2 , p
p
~1 p~2 .

p~1 + p~2 = p~1 + p~2 ,
p21 + p21 = (p1 )2 + (p1 )2 .
Copyright & A K-C
80
( )
1
P~ = (~p1 + p~2 ),
2
~u = p~1 p~2
(151)
~ , ~u ,
P
(151)
P~ = P~ ,
|~u| = |~u |.
(152)
f (~p1 )
=
t
Z Z Z
[(~p1 , p~2 |~p1 , p~2 )f (~p1 )f (~p2 ) (~p1 , p~2 |~p1 , p~2 )f (~p1 )f (~p2 )]d3 p2 d3 p1 d3 p2 .

(~p1 , p~2 |~p1 , p~2 ) = (~p1 , p~2 |~p1 , p~2 ).
(153)
(151), , , p
~1 , p~2
~1 p~2 p~1 , p~2

, p
~.
Z
Z
f (~p1 )
= d d3 p2 (~p, p~2 |)[f (~p1 )f (~p2 ) f (~p1 )f (~p2 )]. (154)

t
p, p~2 |)
, (~
()
(~p, p~2 |) = (~p, p~2 |)|~p1 p~2 |.

3
f
f X f
x i +
pi ] =
+
[
t
x
p
i
i
i=1
d3 p2 ()|~p1 p~2 |[f (~p1 )f (~p2 ) f (~p1 )f (~p2 )].
(155)
81
Copyright & A K-C
f (~
p, ~r, t).
, H - , (1872 .).
, .
, S ,
Z Z Z
d3N pd3N q
,
(p, q)ln((p, q)
S k0
(156)
h3N
(6N )
(p, q) , k0
.
, .
V (f /~r) = 0,
F = 0. f
p
~ t.
Z
Z
f (~p1 )
= d d3 p2 ()|~p1 p~2 |[f (~p1 )f (~p2 ) f (~p1 )f (~p2 )]

(157)
t

Z
N
f (~p, t)d3 p =
= n = const.
(158)
V
, H(t)
Z
H(t) f (~p, t)ln(f (~p, t)d3 p.
,
Z
Z
f
H
3
=
(f ln(f )) d p =
ln(f )d3 p,
t
t
t
(158)
Z
f (~p, t) 3
n
d p=
= 0.
t
t
(159)
Copyright & A K-C
82
(158)
Z Z
Z
H
=
ln(f (~p1 , t)) d()|~p1 ~p2 |[f (~p1 )f (~p2 )f (~p1 )f (~p2 )]d3 p1 d3 p2 .
t
(160)
~1
p
p~2 , () .
.
H
=
t
Z Z
Z
1
ln(f (~p1 )f (~p2 )) d()|~p1 ~p2 |[f (~p1 )f (~p2 )f (~p1 )f (~p2 )]d3 p1 d3 p2 .
=
2
{~
p1 , p~2 }
{~
p1 , p~2 }, . ,
1
=
2
Z Z
ln(f (~p1 )f (~p2 ))
H
=
t
d ()|~p1 ~p2 |[f (~p1 )f (~p2 )f (~p1 )f (~p2 )]d3 p1 d3 p2 .
, d3 p1 d3 p2 = d3 p1 d3 p2 ,|~
p1 p~2 | = |~p1 p~2 | () = (),

Z Z Z
1
H
=
(ln(f (~p1 )f (~p2 )) ln(f (~p1 , t)f (~p2 ))
t
4
()|~p1 p~2 |[f (~p1 )f (~p2 ) f (~p1 )f (~p2 )]dd3 p1 d3 p2 .
(161)
p1 , t), p~2 , t)ln(f (~p1 , t), p~2 , t)][f (~p1 )f (~p2 )f (~p1 )f (~p2 )]
[ln(f (~
(ln(x)ln(y))
(x y), x y .
H
0,
(162)
t

f (~p1 )f (~p2 ) = f (~p1 )f (~p2 ).
(163)
H S . -

83
Copyright & A K-C
(p, q, t) f (~pi , ~ri , t):

(p, q, t) =
N
Y
f (~pi , ~ri , t),
(164)
i=1
h3
f (~p, t).
n
(164)
f (~
p, t)
Z Z
d3 pd3 r
= 1,
f (~p, t)
h3
1
h3
S = k0 ( H + ln( )).
(165)
N
n
,
H S .
H - .
f (~p, t) =
. H ,
(163), ..
.
" ".
. H , .. , - .
4.6.

. , ~ :
p
p2
.
= g +
2m
g , m .

p~
= .
~v =
~p m
Copyright & A K-C
84
(149)
~ , (148), f1 F
, ,
p, ~r) :
f1 = f1 (~
f1 (~p, ~r) =
f0
(~
(, ~r) ~v ) ,

~ (, ~r) , f0 () :
1
f0 (, ~r) =
,
exp( k0 T ) + 1
, T , k0
. , ~
~r, F
~ + 1 [~v H]],
~
F~ = (e)[E
c

f0 . , ,
.
,
r f r f0 =
T
f0
[ + ( )
].
r f1
.

p f = p f0 + p f1 ,
p f0 =
f0
~v ,
2 f0 ~
0 ~
()
~
v
+
~
v
(
+
(~
v
)~v ).
p f1 =
2
m
,
~ ~v ,
~ p f0 = e f0 [E
~ + 1 [~v H]]
~ ~v = e f0 E
~ + 1 [~v H]]
e[E
c
85
Copyright & A K-C
~ p~ = [~p p~] H
~ = 0. ,
[~
p H]

, .
f
~
e 2 f0
v H]
e
0 ~ [~
~
~
~
+
(
[~v H] p f1 = [ 2 (~v [(~v H]) () ~v +
c
c
e f0 ([H
~ ] ~v )
~
)(~v [~v H]))]
=
.
c
m
,
+(~v
~
e f0 ([H
T
f0 ~
1 f0
~ ] ~v )
f0
E~v
([+()
]~v )e
=
(~
~v ) ,
c
m

~ = [H
~
~ [~v H]
~ ] ~v .
~v ,
~ = { + ( )
~ ~]
T
~ + e [H
}.
+ eE
T
c m
(166)
~ = ~a + [~b
~ ],
(167)
~a = [ + ( )
T
~
+ eE],
T
~
~b = e H .
cm
~b (167) ~b [~b
~ ] = 0,

~b
(168)
~ = ~b ~a.
~ (167) ~a + [~b
~ ],

~ = ~a + [~b ~a] + [~b [~b ~a]].

[~b [~b ~a]] = ~b(~b

~)
~ b2
Copyright & A K-C
86
(168),
~ = ~a + [~b ~a] + ~b(~b ~a)

~ b2 .
~a + [~b ~a] + ~b(~b ~a)

.
1 + b2
, b2
,
,
.
, .. :
~ = ~a + [~b ~a] + ~b(~b ~a).
~=
~ = {[( )
+(
T
~ t ] + e [H
~ [( ) T + eE
~ t ]]+
+ eE
T
cm
T
e 2 ~
T
~ t ])H},
~
)
(
H
[(
)
+ eE
cm
T
~t = E
~ + 1
E
e
, ( ).
4.7.
,
, ,
Z Z Z
X
2e
e
f0
~j =
~v f1 = 3
(~
~v ) ~v d3 p.
V
h
(169)
p~,sz

,
~ ,
~ = {0, 0, },
(~
~v ) = v cos ,
~v = ~iv cos sin + ~jv sin sin + ~kv cos .
87
Copyright & A K-C
Z2
sin d = 0,
Z2
cos d = 0,
2
cos2 sin d = .
3
~j = 8e
3h3
Z
0
3/2
8e2
f0 2 2
~ v p dp =
3h3
f0 3/2
~ d.
(170)
8e2 e n1
n
< >3/2 3 ( )
3h cm
8e e
<< n >>3/2 3 ( )n1
3h cm
Z
0
Z
0
f0 n
()3/2 d,
f0 n
()( )3/2 d,
~ t + << 2 >>3/2 [H
~ T ]+
~j =<< >>3/2 T + < >3/2 E
T
T
~ < 3 >3/2 (H
~ E
~ t )H.
~
~ E
~ t ]+ << 3 >>3/2 (H
~ T )H+
+ < 2 >3/2 [H
T
,

Z Z Z
2
f0
1X
~v f1 = 3
(~
~v ) ~v d3 p
w
~=
(171)
V
h
p~,sz
8
w
~= 3
3h
f0
~ v 2 p2 dp,
T
~ t + << 2 >>5/2 [H
~ T ]+
+ < >5/2 E
T
T
~ < 3 >5/2 (H
~ E
~ t )H.
~
~ E
~ t ]+ << 3 >>5/2 (H
~ T )H+
[H
T
w
~ =<< >>5/2
+ < 2 >5/2
Copyright & A K-C
88
, , ,
<< >>3/2 < >5/2 ,

<< 2 >>3/2 < 2 >5/2 ,
, .
4.8. .

V (r) = e2 /r.
. . ,
, : , .
, ,
() Ek
E :
E
1.
Ek
E
1

Ek
, ( 32 kT )
, , , .
2
E
e2 /kT r0 ,
Ek
3
r0 n1/3 , n
.
, . E
4
n 1012 3 kT 5 .
Ek 2 10 ,
.
89
Copyright & A K-C
10
, , n 1017
3 .
.
,
.
4.9.
,
: ( ) , ( ""),
.
f (t,
r ,
p )
f (t,
r ,
p ) = f (p) + f (t,
r ,
p ),
0
p2 /2m
f0 (p) = exp( kT ) , f1 ,
Z
1
f0 (p)d
p = n,
3
h
n .
h3
exp( ) = n
.
kT
(2mkT )3/2
(172)
Z
e
f0 (p)d
p,
+
0 = 0 = 3
h
Z
e
r ,
p )d
p,
= 3 f1 (t,
h
Z
e
p~
~j =
f1 (t,
r ,
p )d
p.
3
h
m

,
f1
~ + 1 [~v H])
~ p f0 = f1 ,
+ ~v r f1 e(E
(173)
t
c
Copyright & A K-C
90
~ = 4e
div E
h3
f1 (t,
r ,
p )d
p
(174)
~ = 0,
div H
(175)
Z
~
p~
E
4e
1
~ =
3
f1 (t,
r ,
p )d
p
rotH
c t
ch
m
(176)
~
1 H
.
(177)
c t
-,
~ =
rotE
f1 = f~ , exp(i(t
~ ~r)),
~ =E
~ ~ , exp(i(t
E
~ ~r)),
~ =H
~ ~ , exp(i(t
H
~ ~r))
: OX , OZ ,
:
~ = (, 0, 0),
~ ~ , = (0, 0, H~ , ),
H
~ ~ , = ((E~ , )x , (E~ , )y , 0).

E
if~ , + ivx f~ , +
e
[vx (E~ , )x + vy (E~ , )y ]f0 = f~ , ;
kT
Z
4e
i(E~ , )x = 3
f~ , d~p;
h
Z
4e
vx f~k, d~p = 0;
i (E~k, )x 3
c
hc
Z
4e
vy f~ , d~p;
iH~ , = i (E~ , )y 3
c
hc
i(E~k, )y = i H~k, .
c
f~ ,
f~ , = i
e vx (E~ , )x + vy (E~ , )y
f0 .
kT
vx + i
(178)
(179)
(180)
(181)
(182)
91
Copyright & A K-C
, ,
Z
[vx (E~ , )x + vy (E~ , )y ]f0
4e2
d~p;
i(E~ , )x = i 3
(183)
h kT
vx + i
Z
[vx (E~ , )x + vy (E~ , )y ]f0
4e2
vx
d~p;
i (E~ , )x = i 3
(184)
c
h ckT
vx + i
Z
[vx (E~k, )x + vy (E~k, )y ]f0
4e2
2c
](E~ , )y = i 3
d~p.
vy
i[
(185)
c
h ckT
vx + i
, - vy
Z
vy (E~ , )y f0
d~p = 0,
vx + i
Z
vx vy (E~ , )y f0
d~p = 0,
vx + i
(172)
vx (E~ , )x f0
n
d~p =
vx + i
2mkT
Z
px
)
vx (E~ , )x exp( 2mkT
dpx ,
vx + i
Z
p2x
vy2 (E~ , )y f0
)
(E~ , )y exp( 2mkT
mkT
d~p =
dpx .
n
vx + i
vx + i
2m2
(184) (183),
px
)
vx2 (E~ , )x exp( 2mkT
dpx =
vx + i
+ i
+
p2x
)dpx +
vx (E~ , )x exp(
2mkT
px
)
dpx =
vx + i
px
)
dpx .
vx + i
, : :
px
)
dpx ;
vx + i
2
Z
x
(E~ , )y exp( p
4e2 n
2c
2m )
](E~ , )y =
dpx .
[
c
vx + i
cm 2mkT
4e2 n
(E~ , )x =
2mkT kT
(186)
(187)
Copyright & A K-C
92
4.10.
. (186) (E~ , )x ,
2
Z
x
vx exp( mv
4e2 nm
2kT )
1=
(188)
dvx .
vx + i
2mkT kT
,
vx = +i
,
.
P
1
= i(x),
0 x i
x
lim
P , (x) - .
,
(189)
1 = J(, ) + iI(, ),
4e2 nm
J(, ) =
P
2mkT kT
x
vx exp( mv
2kT )
dvx ; ,
vx
(190)
4 2 e2 nm
m 2
I(, ) =
(191)
exp( 2 ).
2 kT
3 2mkT kT
J(, ) , (
.., .. , .: , 1954; Fried B. D., Conte S.D. The
plasma Dispersion Fun tion, A ademi Press, New York, 1961.),
.

1
vx
1
=
1
+
=
1 vx
1 vx
=1+
vx
vx
vx
vx
vx
1
vx
).
+ ( )2 + ( )3 + ( )4 + ( )5 + ( )6 (
1 vx
, .
, ,
93
Copyright & A K-C
| vx | < 1.
vx = vx3 = vx5 = 0,
vx2 =
kT
,
m
vx4 = 3(
kT 2
),
m
vx6 = 15(
kT 2
).
m
(189)
02
04
m
02
vx7
2
5
)) + iI(, ) = 0,
1 2 (1 + 6 2 (LD ) + 60 4 (LD )4 +
(
kT 5
1 vx
(192)
2
1
1
1
,
exp
I(, ) =
(193)
2
4 0 (LD )3
4 0 (LD )2
p
p
0 = 4e2 n/m , LD = kT /(4ne2 )
.
2
02 (LD )2 1 (
) ,
..
02
02
1 2 (1 + 6 2 (LD )2 ) + iI(, ) = 0.
(194)
I(, ) 6=
0, . = i ,
,
1
1
1
=
(1
+
2i
),
2
( i)2
2
I(, ) I(, ).
02
02
02
02
2
2
(1
+
6
(L
)
)
2i
(1
+
12
(L
)
) + iI(, ) = 0.
D
D
2
2
2
2
02
= 0 (1 + 3 2 (LD )2 + ),
02
2
= 2 I/(1 + 12 2 (LD )2 + ).
20
0 (1 + 3(LD )2 + ),
(195)
Copyright & A K-C
94
0
0
.
exp
= I(, )/(1 + 12(LD )2 )
2
8 (LD )3
4(LD )2
(196)
(195), (196) ()
, . , .
,
, =
~ ~v .
, , ,
.
, ,
.

~0 ,
~0 ,
Al
15,0
Be
18,9
Mg
10,5
Si
16,9
Ge
16,0
Na
5,7
2
02 (LD )2 1
J(, )
4e2 nm
P
J(, ) =
2 2mkT kT
m
P
+
2mkT
x
vx exp( mv
4e2 n
2kT )
dvx = 2
(1+
kT
vx
2
x
exp( mv
2kT )
dvx .
vx
(197)
vx = u + ,
:
P
2mkT
m
2kT
2
me
P
=
2mkT
x
exp( mv
m
2kT )
P
dvx =
vx
2mkT
mu2
e 2kT (1
m(u + )2 du
)
=
exp(
2kT
u
u
1 u 2 1 u 3
du
+ (
) (
) + ...)
kT 2 kT
6 kT
u
95
Copyright & A K-C
m 2
2 e 2kT 2
.
2 kT

2
J(, )
4e n
2 kT
m
2 2kT
2
e
2 kT
(198)
, 0 .
4.11.
(187) (E~ , )y ,

4e2 n
2
2
= (c) +
m 2mkT
x
exp( p
2m )
dpx .
vx + i
(199)
, ,
04
02
2
=c +
+ 2 (LD ) + 3 4 (LD )4 + )
2
.
exp
i0
0 LD
4(LD )2
.
, (2
= mv
2
), , vx = c. ,

2
02 (1
2 = c2 2 + 02 (1 + (LD )2 + ),
= 0.
(200)
4.12. -

( , : n-GaAs, InSb, InAs, CdS .), , ( , : Si, Ge, PbTe, PbSe n-).
Copyright & A K-C
96
- , me mn
.
, , . . qe = e,
qi = +e ne = ni = n. , , me mi e i ,
fe
fe
~ e = e fe ,
+ ~v
eE
t
~r
~p
fi
fi
~ i = i fi ,
+ ~v
+ eE
t
~r
~p
Z
~ = 4e (fe (t,
div E
r ,
p ) fi (t,
r ,
p ))d
p,
3
h
~ = 0,
div H
Z
~
fe (t,
r ,
p ) fi (t,
r ,
p)
4e
E
1
~
p~(
)d
p,
3
rotH =
c t
ch
me
mi
~
~ = 1 H ,
rotE
c t
p2
3/2
),
e = (2me kTe )
exp(
2me kTe
p2
),
i = (2mi kTi )
exp(
2mi kTi
Te , Ti . 1954 .. ,
Ti Te .
-
3/2
px
e
fe,~, +
[px (E~ , )x + py (E~ , )y ]e = fe,~, ;
me
me kT
e
px
[px (E~ , )x + py (E~ , )y ]i = fi,~, ;
ifi,~, + i fi,~,
mi
mi kT
Z
4e
i(E~ , )x = 3
(fe,~, fi,~, )d~p;
h
Z
fe,~k, fi,~k,
4e
)d~p;
px (
0 = i (E~k, )x 3
c
hc
me
mi
ife,~, + i
97
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iH~ ,
4e
= i (E~ , )y 3
c
hc
py (
fe,~k,
me
fi,~k,
mi
)d~p;
i(E~k, )y = i H~k, .
c
fe,~, fi,~, ,
:
Z
4e2
e /Te
i(E~ , )x = i 3
+
[px (E~ , )x + py (E~ , )y ][
hk
me px + ime
+
4e2
(E~ , )x = 3
c
h ck
i /Ti
]d~p;
mi px + imi
px [px (E~ , )x + py (E~ , )y ][

+
4e2
2c
](E~ , )y = 3
[
c
h ck
Z
+
(201)
e /Te me
+
me px + ime
i /Ti mi
]d~p;
mi px + imi
(202)
py [px (E~ , )x + py (E~ , )y ][
e /Te me
+
me px + ime
i /Ti mi
]d~p;
mi px + imi
(203)
2
1= 0
exp( 2mpexTe )
p2x
me
exp(
mi
2mi Ti )
+
]dpx
kTe 2me kTe ( px me + i) kTi 2mi kTi ( px mi + i)
(204)

px [
2 c 02
=
c
c
exp( 2mpexTe )
p2x
me
exp(
mi
2mi Ti )
+
i)
2mi kTi ( px mi
]dpx .
+ i)
(205)
mi me ,
, ,
.
2mk Te ( px me +
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98
0 . , ,
Z
p2x
me
exp(
mi
2mi Ti )
2
2
0,i
0,i
px [
]dpx 2 (1+6 2 (LD,i )2 )iI(, );
kTi 2mi kTi ( px mi + i)

(206)
#
"

1
1 2
1
I(, ) =
,
exp
2 (L
2
4 0,i (LD,i )3
4 0,i
D,i )
p
p
0,i =
4e2 n/mi , LD,i = kTi /(4ne2 )
.
= 0
me 2
2 e 2kTe 2
4e2 n
1
.
J(, ) 2
kTe
2 kTe
02
0,i
0 Te Ti ,
, -
.
me 2
2
2
0,i
2 e 2kTe 2 0,i
1

4e2 n
2
(1+6
(L
)
)+i
0.
1
1+ 2
D,i
kTe
2 kTe
2
2
4 0,i (LD,i )3
= i , ():
r
1 0 mi 2
kTe
1
+ ... ,
(207)
me
2 kTe

r
me
=
.
8mi
.
- - ,
99
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.
q (207)
kTe

me , .
, - : ( me /mi
).
1. . ,
/. , . . .: - , 1973.
280 .
2. , .. /.. . .: - , 1978. 128 .
3. . .
/. . .: - , 1974.
304 .
4. .. /..
. .: - , 1971. 415 .
5. .. /.. , .. . .:
- , 1976. 480 .
6. , .. .
/... .: - . 1987.
559 .
7. , .. /.., ...
.: - , 1979. 527 .
8. . /. ,
. . .: - , 1979. 512 .
9. , .. .
/.. , .. . M.: - , 1977. 552 .
10. .. .
/.. . .: , 2000. 312 .
Copyright & A K-C
100
, ..
..
23.11.2006. 60x84/16. .
. . . 5,11. .-. . 4,8.
100 . .
-
-
. ...
150000 , . , 14.
"" 06151 26.10.2001.

. , . , 94, . 37, . (4852) 73-35-03

290.Основы физической кинетики учебное пособие PDF

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J~Gl = G~v DG,

div J~Gl = G ~v + Gdiv~v div(DG)

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3f orv = 3 m3 k1 11 22 3 m3 w3f orv .

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J~l (w) = J~wkonv + J~A + J~q

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F~k = F~e,k + F~i,k .

(~vk ~v0 ){div(Dk k ) k div(~vk ) + mk

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(~vk ~v0 ){div(Dk k ) k div(~vk ) + mk

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F~k (~vk ~v0 ),

~vk {div(Dk k ) k div(~vk ) + mk

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J~q = J~l (u)

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yi = yi yi0 S = S(y) S(y 0 ).

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Li,k ()  ,  ||L, ||   (

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yi (t+ ) = yi (t)+Ii = yi (t)+

, , . yi (t) yi (t + ), .  yi (t + )yj (t) =

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yi (t + )yj (t) = yi (t)yj (t) k Li,j .

yj (t + )yi (t) = yj (t)yi (t) k Lj,i .

yi (t + )yj (t) = yj (t + )yi (t)

S = S1 (U1 + U, N1 + N, q) S1 (U1 , N1 , 0)+

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~ = Lq,q grad( 1 ) + Lq,i

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~ = (T 2 Lq,i + Lq,i )grad( 1 ).

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C a (i, q) C a (i, i) x,y .

Ex = Rx,x Ix + Rx,y BIy x,x

Rz,z = T /(As (i, i) + B s (i, i)B 2 );

(As (i, i) + B s (i, i)B 2 ))T

x,x = y,y = x,x x,x x,x /T x,y x,y B 2 /T ;

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Ey = Ry,x BIx y,y

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Li,k () , ||L, || (

, , . yi (t) yi (t + ), . yi (t + )yj (t) =

Fi (b1 , b2 , b3 , . . . , bs ) ( {bj }) bi . (99) . (99) .