Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
5/25/15
ELEC TR O S TATIC S
Vocabulary
Electric Force
Electric Charge
Electric Field
Electric Potential Energy
Electric Potential (Voltage)
electromotive force (emf),
potential difference,
Potential
Current
Coulomb
Ampere
Current
Conductor
Coulombs Constant
Coulombs Law
5/25/15
Electric Force
Electric force is fundamental to our
very existence!
All atoms and molecules are held
together by this electric force.
Without the electric force there would
be no such things as molecules (NO
DNA & NO LIVING THINGS!)
5/25/15
Electric Force
We can move because of this force:
5/25/15
Electrostatic Force
Law of Electrostatic Charges
Like Charges repel.
Unlike Charges attract.
Charged objects attract neutral objects
5/25/15
Electrostatic Force
+ + + + +
+ + +
Attraction
- - - - - - - - -
Electric Charge
Atoms are made of three sub-atomic
Electric Charge
The simplest possible charge called the
Electrostatic Force
Electric Charge is always conserved.
When one object receives a positive
charge another object must receive an
equal but opposite negative charge.
The charges are due to the sub-atomic
particles within an atom
Proton (+)
Electron (-)
5/25/15
Electrostatic Force
Coulombs Law:
Fe =
kQq
r2
10
Coulom bs Law
2.3 m
-15 C
24 C
Fe =
kQq
r2
=
Fe = -0.61 N
x -15 x 10-6
2.32
(Attractive)
5/25/15
11
Coulom bs Law
22 C
45 C
-13 C
1.7 m
2.3 m
What is the net force on the -13 C due to the other two charges?
Solution:
Fe =
l
Fe =
r
kQq
r2
5/25/15
12
Coulom bs Law
Fe(left) =
Fe(right) =
x -13 x 10-6
= 0.891 N (Left)
1.72
x -13 x 10-6
2.32
= 0.995 N (right)
Therefore:
Fnet =
0.104 N (R)
5/25/15
13
Fe =
kxQxq
Fg =
GxMxm
r2
r2
Note the
similarity of
the two graphs
FE
Fg
r
5/25/15
14
Fg
m = KQq
1/r2
m = GMm
1/r2
15
Electric Field
Remember when we talked about gravitational field to describe
how forces act over a distance well the same thing applies to
electric force.
Electric Field:
Shows the direction that a positive-point charged
would travel near another charge.
Shown as vector arrows.
Electric field lines point
away from a positive
charge.
5/25/15
16
Electric Field
Electric Field around a negative charge
17
Electric Field
Electric Field around two equal
charges
18
Electric Field
+
19
Electric Field
If two metal plates (called a capacitor) are
oppositely charged by a power supply a uniform
electric field is created between the plates
+
P.S.
-
5/25/15
20
E=
F
q
and
kxQxq
F =
r2
21
r2
22
65 C
kxQ
New Equation
r2
E =
E = 260000 N/C
5/25/15
23
45 C
3.4 m
-15 C
P
2.8 m
ER =
EB =
kxQ
r2
5/25/15
24
3.42
2.82
5/25/15
25
E Fields)
5/25/15
26
27
E Fields)
W = Ep = F x d
But:
F=
KQ1Q2
R2
Therefore:
Ep =
KQ1Q2
xd
R2
5/25/15
28
E Fields)
Ep =
KQ1Q2
R
Note:
This is very similar to Gravitational
Potential Energy:
Ep =
- GM1m2
R
5/25/15
29
E Fields)
Example #1:
What is the potential energy of the 2.6 C charge relative to
the +37 C Charge?
7.3 m
-2.6 C
+37 C
5/25/15
30
E Fields)
Solution:
Ep =
Ep =
KQ1Q2
R
Ep = - 0.119 J
5/25/15
31
E Fields)
Example #2
(A more realistic problem is when one charge is forced to move or is
allowed to move on its own.)
2.4 m
0.75 m
4.0 C
2.0 C
5/25/15
32
E Fields)
Work = Ep
Ep = Ep2 - Ep1
Ep =
kQq
kQq
r2
r1
Ep =
1.65
Ep = 0.0436 J - 0.030 J
= 0.0136 J
5/25/15
33
E Fields)
d=?
electron
Fe atom
-26 elementary Charges
5/25/15
34
Solution:
E Fields)
Ek = E p
m v2 =
KQ1Q2
R
x 9.11 x 10
-31
x (6.0 x 10 ) =
5 2
R=
R=
5.99 x 10
-27
1.64 x 10-19
3.7 x 10-8 m
35
Electric Potential
(Voltage)
Not to be Confused
with electric
potential energy!
Voltage,
electromotive force (emf),
potential difference,
Potential
5/25/15
36
Electric Potential
Relates the potential energy (or work) done on an
object and the amount of charge on that object
Book Definition:
Electric potential equals potential energy per
unit charge.
For example:
a 1.5 V dry cell can give 1.5 Joule of energy
per coulomb of charge moved.
120V circuit can give 120 J of energy per
coulomb of charge
5/25/15
37
Electric Potential
m
Gravity
Field
FA
B
A
Fg
Applied Force
mg
Ep
Ep
+
f
Electric
Field
A
FE
qE
Electric Field
FA
+
+ + +
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
E pf
E pi
38
charge
Ep
V =
Note:
Ep = QV
is a very useful equation to
know!
And
Ep =
KQq
R
39
(Non-Uniform E Fields)
Therefore:
Electric Potential or Voltage at a Point:
V =
KQq
Rq
Therefore:
V=
KQ
R
Electric potential
for a non-uniform
E-field situation
40
Electric Potential(Non-Uniform
E Fields)
Equipotentials for a small
positive charge:
V3 = 100 V
V4 = 50 V
V1 = 200 V
Electric Field
Q
V2 = 150 V
kQ
V1 = 200 V
V4 = 50 V
V=
V2= 150V
V3 = 100 V
5/25/15
41
Electric Potential(Non-Uniform
E Fields)
Example #1:
10.3 m
32 C
42
Electric Potential(Non-Uniform
Solution:
V=
E Fields)
KQ
R
43
Electric Potential(Non-Uniform
E Fields)
Example #2:
3.2 m
P
10 C
3 C
5/25/15
44
Electric Potential(Non-Uniform
E Fields)
VR =
kQ
VL =
1.6
VL =
kQ
r
9.00 x109 x 3 x 10-6
1.6
VL = 16875 V
V(at point P) = 73125 V
5/25/15
45
Electric Potential(Non-Uniform
E Fields)
A
3.0 m
3.0 m
B
1.7 m
25 uC
1.7 m
25 uC
5/25/15
46
Electric Potential(Non-Uniform
E Fields)
Solution:
At Point A:
VA1 =
VA2 =
3.0
kQ
r
9.00 x109 x 25 x 10-6
VA2 =
VA1 = 75000 V
3.0
VA2 = 75000 V
VA = 150000 V
47
Electric Potential(Non-Uniform
E Fields)
At Point B:
VB1 =
kQ
VB2 =
1.7
kQ
r
9.00 x109 x 25 x 10-6
VB2 =
VB1 = 132352 V
1.7
VB = 132352 V
2
VB = 264704 V
5/25/15
48
Electric Potential(Non-Uniform
E Fields)
V = VB - VA
V = 264704 V - 150000 V
V = 114704 V
5/25/15
49
Uniform E Field
+
P.
S.
5/25/15
50
Situations
Ep
(Units = J/C = Volt)
V =
Q
Ep = Q x V
5/25/15
51
arrangements:
Which has the greatest electric potential
and hence the greatest energy?
+200 V
a)
0V
+200 V
b)
-200 V
-400 V -600 V
c)
5/25/15
52
Ep
Ek
v2 = ?
v1 = 0
Ep = QV
Ek= mv2
But Ep is completely transferred to Ek!
Ep = Ek
350 V
QV = mv2
5/25/15
53
2QV
v2 =
v =
350 V
v =
5/25/15
54
v2 = ?
Ep1 = QV
Ek2
Try:
Ek2 = Ek1 + Ep1
(Ans: 6.9 x 106 m/s)
125 V
5/25/15
55
(Uniform E
Field)
F
E =
q
And therefore:
F = qxE
5/25/15
56
But:
Therefore:
(Uniform E Field)
W = F xd
W = qxExd
And: W = Ep = QV
Putting both of these equations together:
qxExd = QxV
Now: q = Q and cancels out on both sides
5/25/15
57
(Uniform E
Field)
V = E x d
V = voltage
across plates
(V)
E = electric field
in the plates
(N/C) or (V/m)
d = distance
between the
plates (m)
58
(Uniform E Field)
By a little re-arranging:
Voltage across the plates
E=
V
d
59
For
Example:
(Uniform E Field)
0.175 m
230 V
0.025 m
(Force)
Ep
KQq
R2
(Electric Field)
KQ
R2
(Energy)
KQq
R
V
(Electric Potential)
KQ
R
61
xd
(Force)
qE
Ep
QV
or
qV/d
q
(Electric Field)
V
d
(Energy)
(Electric Potential)
5/25/15
62