Finalreportold

NIAGARA COLLEGE GIS-GM
Spatial Statistics
Final Geostatistics Report Deliverable D4b
By: Marc Mancino

For: Ian D. Smith
10 Jessica Drive St. Catharines Ontario L2M 6V7

(905) 935-8366 marcmancino@gmail.com
March 24th, 2015
GISC9308D4b
Mr. Ian D. Smith
Niagara College
135 Taylor Road, RR#4
Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario
L0S 1J0
Dear Mr. Smith,
RE: Submission of GISC9308D4b Spatial Statistics
The purpose of this deliverable is to perform a geostatistical analysis on a dataset
using two different interpolation methods to produce a predictive model for single
family detached housing in St. Catharines and Niagara Falls. As a result, the
difference in house prices between St. Catharines and Niagara Falls was marginal
and insignificant. The predictive model produced for St. Catharines recommended
residency in the southern half of the city. The predictive model produced for Niagara
Falls recommended residency in the eastern part of the city. Additional data
collection is recommended to achieve better results and avoid the risk of producing
an interpolation result that cannot be interpreted. Performing a geostatistical
analysis has been proven useful in solidifying my knowledge of ArcGIS and further
enhanced my ability to perform like a GIS expert.
Should you require further information, please do not hesitate to contact me at your
convenience. I look forward to your comments and suggestions on this deliverable.
Sincerely,
Marc Mancino
Project Manager
MM/
Enclosures: 1) Hardcopy formal report
Abstract
The focus of this deliverable is to geostatistically analyze a dataset using
the Geostatistical Analyst extension in ArcGIS. This project will utilize the
Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging interpolation methods to
produce a predictive model. The first purpose of the project is to compare
the prices of single detached housing in St. Catharines to Niagara Falls,
which will approach the data for each city separately to compare with each
other. The second purpose is to present a predictive model for which
neighbourhoods would be best to consider for a couple looking to purchase
that first home, which will approach the data as a whole.
Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Predictive Model for Single Family Detached Housing in St. Catharines and Niagara Falls
Table of Contents
1.0 - Introduction......................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Methodology....................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Data Extraction............................................................................................... 3
2.2 Processing....................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation for St. Catharines..................7
2.4 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation for Niagara Falls..................10
2.5 Kriging Interpolation for St. Catharines.........................................................13
2.6 Kriging Interpolation for Niagara Falls...........................................................16
2.7 Exploratory Data........................................................................................... 19
3.0 Pre-processed Observations............................................................................. 21
4.0 - Geostatistical Analysis...................................................................................... 23
5.0 - Conclusions....................................................................................................... 25
Bibliography.............................................................................................................. 26
Appendix................................................................................................................... 27
Page i

List of Figures
Figure 1 - House Prices ($) and Locations in the Niagara Region Study Area..........2
Figure 2 - Search input for Ovlix.com...................................................................3
Figure 3 The cheapest house listing for St. Catharines.......................................3
Figure 4 - An ArcMap menu displaying the creation of the shapefile for the sample
points of each city........................................................................................4
Figure 5 - Sample Locations for the 50 Cheapest Houses for Sale in St. Catharines
according to Ovlix.......................................................................................5
Figure 6 - Sample Locations for the 50 Cheapest Houses for Sale in Niagara Falls
according to Ovlix'.......................................................................................6
Figure 7 - ArcMap menu displaying the Geostatistical Analyst tool......................7
Figure 8 ArcMap menu displaying the Search Neighborhood Parameters of the
IDW interpolation for St. Catharines..............................................................7
Figure 9 - ArcMap menu displaying the 'Cross Validation' of the IDW interpolation
for St. Catharines.........................................................................................8
Figure 10 - Resultant Map for the IDW Interpolation of the Data Points for St.
Catharines................................................................................................... 9
Figure 11 - ArcMap menu displaying the 'Search Neighborhood' Parameters of the
IDW interpolation for Niagara Falls..............................................................10
for Niagara Falls.........................................................................................10
Figure 13 - Resultant Map for the IDW Interpolation of the Data Points for Niagara
Falls........................................................................................................... 11
Kriging interpolation for St. Catharines.......................................................12
Figure 15 - ArcMap menu displaying the 'Cross Validation' of the Kriging
interpolation for St. Catharines...................................................................12
Figure 16 - Resultant Map for the Kriging Interpolation of the Data Points for St.
Catharines..................................................................................................13
Kriging interpolation for Niagara Falls.........................................................14
interpolation for Niagara Falls.....................................................................14
Figure 19 - Resultant Map for the Kriging Interpolation of the Data Points for
Niagara Falls.............................................................................................. 15
Figure 20 - Frequency histogram showing the number of houses in each price
category for St. Catharines.........................................................................19
category for Niagara Falls...........................................................................19
Figure 22 - Snapshot of the IDW Interpolation Result for St. Catharines atop Base
Map Imagery.............................................................................................. 20
Figure 23 - Snapshot of the IDW Interpolation Result for Niagara Falls atop Base
Map Imagery.............................................................................................. 20
Figure 24 - Snapshot of the Kriging Interpolation Result for St. Catharines atop
Base Map Imagery......................................................................................21
Figure 25 - Snapshot of the Kriging Interpolation Result for Niagara Falls atop
Base Map Imagery......................................................................................21
List of Tables
Table 1 - ArcMap menus displaying Histograms for each city using the
Page ii

'Geostatistical Analysis' tool........................................................................16

Table 2 - ArcMap menus displaying QQ plots for each city using the 'Geostatistical
Analysis' tool..............................................................................................16
Table 3 - ArcMap menus displaying Semivariograms for each city using the
'Geostatistical Analysis' tool........................................................................17
Table 4 - ArcMap menus displaying Covariance using the 'Geostatistical Analysis'
tool............................................................................................................ 17
Table 5 - Analysis of Statistical Variables for each City and for All the Data.........18
Table 6 Housing UTM Coordinates and their Respective Price for St. Catharines
and Niagara Falls........................................................................................24
Page iii

1.0 - Introduction
The focus of this deliverable is to geostatistically analyze the dataset that
was approved in the first part of the project. With the conclusion of the
preliminary observations, the in-depth analysis can begin. As a refresher,
the first purpose is to compare the prices of single detached housing in St.
Catharines to Niagara Falls, which will approach the data for each city
separately to compare with each other. These two cities were selected
because they had the most data on the website that was chosen for the
data extraction. The initial hypothesis was that Niagara Falls would have
significantly higher housing prices due to the significantly larger tourism
influence due to its proximity to one of the wonders of the world: Niagara
Falls. The second purpose is to present a predictive model for which
neighbourhoods would be best to consider for a couple looking to purchase
that first home, which will approach the data as a whole.
In order to geostatistically analyze the dataset, a powerful application
called ArcGIS will be used. ArcGIS is a user-friendly application capable of
manipulating and distributing geographic information (ESRI, 2014). This
project will utilize the geostatistical analyst extension from ArcGIS and
apply the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) and Kriging interpolation
methods to the data points to produce a predictive model. The Inverse
Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation assumes that each measured point
has a local influence that diminishes with distance and therefore weights
points closer to the prediction location greater than those farther away
(ESRI, 2015). The Kriging interpolation method assumes that the distance
or direction between sample points reflects a spatial correlation that can
be used to explain variation in the surface. The main difference between
the two interpolation methods is that the IDW is directly based on the
surrounding measured values or on specified mathematical formulas that
determine the smoothness of the resulting surface, whereas Kriging is
based on statistical models that include the statistical relationships among
the measured points (ESRI, 2015). The candidate dataset for these
interpolation methods can be seen in the Niagara Region study area,
shown in Figure 1.
Page 1

Figure 1 - House Prices ($) and Locations in the Niagara Region Study Area
Page 2

2.0 Methodology
2.1 Data Extraction
The procedures for data extraction are outlined below. The locations of
interest were input into the search engines of the Ovlix website, as
shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 - Search input for Ovlix.com
Houses were ordered by sorting based on pricing from lowest to highest,

as indicated by the black circle in Figure 3. To keep the data consistent,
the 50 cheapest single family detached houses for each city were selected.
To minimize error, the user sorted through the house listings and only
included single detached housing and discarded condos. Any house listing
that was suspicious of an erroneous address or information of the like, was
also discarded.
Figure 3 The cheapest house listing for St. Catharines
Once all of the house addresses and their respective prices had been
recorded, google map was used to obtain the latitude and longitude
coordinates. In order to create a map to display the points in ArcMap, the
Page 3

UTM coordinates would need to be derived from the latitude and longitude
coordinates. An excel worksheet was created to separate the price (z),
UTM Easting (x), and UTM Northing (y) data into columns for each city. The
excel worksheet was saved as a .csv file so that a shapefile could be
created in ArcMap. The X field (UTM Easting), Y field (UTM Northing), and Z
field (Price) for creating a shapefile in ArcMap were input and the
coordinate system was set to the usual NAD 1983 UTM Zone 17N, as
indicated in Figure 4.
Figure 4 - An ArcMap menu displaying the creation of the shapefile for the sample
points of each city
The resultant maps, displaying all of the sample locations, were created
using these shapefiles, as shown in Figure 5 (St. Catharines) and Figure 6
(Niagara Falls).
Page 4

Figure 5 - Sample Locations for the 50 Cheapest Houses for Sale in St. Catharines
Page 5

according to Ovlix
Page 6

Figure 6 - Sample Locations for the 50 Cheapest Houses for Sale in Niagara Falls
according to Ovlix'
2.2 Processing
The procedures for processing the data using the geostatistical analyst
extension are outlined below. The dataset was input into the IDW and
Kriging functions of the Geostatistical Analyst tool, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 - ArcMap menu displaying the Geostatistical Analyst tool
2.3 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation for St.

Catharines
The geostatistical wizard was used as a guide for creating the IDW of St.
Catharines. Since there were no directional influences, such as prevailing
winds affecting the dataset, the default parameters were used to execute
this step of the IDW interpolation process. The default parameters of the
Search Neighborhood for the IDW interpolation are shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8 ArcMap menu displaying the Search Neighborhood Parameters of the

IDW interpolation for St. Catharines
Upon performing the cross-validation of the IDW interpolation for St.

Catharines, there was some importance in regards to the value of the
Root-Mean-Square. The Root-Mean-Square indicates how close the
model predicts measured values with a smaller value being more ideal
Page 7

(ESRI, 2015). The Root-Mean-Square of 38231.72, shown in Figure 9, is

small when discussing house costs and therefore suggests an appropriate
model.
for St. Catharines
The resultant map, displaying the IDW interpolation of the data points for
St. Catharines, was created using the Geostatistical Analyst tool, as
shown in Figure 10.
Page 8

Figure 10 - Resultant Map for the IDW Interpolation of the Data Points for St.
Page 9

Catharines
2.4 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation for Niagara Falls

The geostatistical wizard was used as a guide for creating the IDW of
Niagara Falls. Since there were no directional influences, such as
prevailing winds affecting the dataset, the default parameters were used
to execute this step of the IDW interpolation process. The default
parameters of the Search Neighborhood for the IDW interpolation are
shown in Figure 11.

IDW interpolation for Niagara Falls
Upon performing the cross-validation of the IDW interpolation for Niagara

Falls, there was some importance in regards to the value of the RootMean-Square. The Root-Mean-Square indicates how close the model
predicts measured values with a smaller value being more ideal (ESRI,
2015). The Root-Mean-Square of 36280.33, shown in Figure 12, is small
when discussing house costs and therefore suggests an appropriate
model.
Page 10

for Niagara Falls
The resultant map, displaying the IDW interpolation of the data points for
Niagara Falls, was created using the Geostatistical Analyst tool, as shown
in Figure 13.
Page 11

Figure 13 - Resultant Map for the IDW Interpolation of the Data Points for Niagara
Page 12

Falls
2.5 Kriging Interpolation for St. Catharines

The geostatistical wizard was used as a guide for the kriging interpolation
of St. Catharines. Since there were no directional influences, such as
to execute this step of the kriging interpolation process. The default
parameters of the Search Neighborhood for the kriging interpolation are
shown in Figure 14.

Kriging interpolation for St. Catharines
Upon performing the cross-validation of the kriging interpolation for St.

Catharines, there was some importance in regards to the value of the
Root-Mean-Square. When the Root-Mean-Square Standardized value is
close to one and the Average Standard Error is close to the Root-MeanSquare from cross-validation, you can be confident that the model is
appropriate. If the model has a very large Root-Mean-Square
Standardized, such as 9 or 10, it is indicative of severe model problems
(ESRI, 2015). With a Root-Mean-Square Standardized value of 1.284384,
as shown in Figure 15, it is evident that the model is appropriate.
Furthermore, the Average Standard Error of 31024.45 is close to the
Root-Mean-Square of 39044.94, which also promotes an appropriate
model.
Page 13


interpolation for St. Catharines
The resultant map, displaying the kriging interpolation of the data points
for St. Catharines, was created using the Geostatistical Analyst tool, as
shown in Figure 16.
Page 14

Figure 16 - Resultant Map for the Kriging Interpolation of the Data Points for St.
Page 15

Catharines
2.6 Kriging Interpolation for Niagara Falls

The geostatistical wizard was used as a guide for the kriging interpolation
of Niagara Falls. Since there were no directional influences, such as
to execute this step of the kriging interpolation process. The default
parameters of the Search Neighborhood for the kriging interpolation are
shown in Figure 17.

Kriging interpolation for Niagara Falls
Upon performing the cross-validation of the kriging interpolation for

Niagara Falls, there was some importance in regards to the value of the
Root-Mean-Square. When the Root-Mean-Square Standardized value is
close to one and the Average Standard Error is close to the Root-MeanSquare from cross-validation, you can be confident that the model is
appropriate. If the model has a very large Root-Mean-Square
Standardized, such as 9 or 10, it is indicative of severe model problems
(ESRI, 2015). With a Root-Mean-Square Standardized value of 0.8495718,
as shown in Figure 18, it is evident that the model is appropriate.
Furthermore, the Average Standard Error of 41013.95 is close to the
Root-Mean-Square of 35758.61, which also promotes an appropriate
model.
Page 16


interpolation for Niagara Falls
The resultant map, displaying the kriging interpolation of the data points
for Niagara Falls, was created using the Geostatistical Analyst tool, as
shown in Figure 19.
Page 17

Figure 19 - Resultant Map for the Kriging Interpolation of the Data Points for
Page 18

Niagara Falls
2.7 Exploratory Data

Accessing the Explore Data menu displays various ways of interpreting
the dataset to get an idea of how well the model will predict unknown
values. The histograms for the datasets of St. Catharines and Niagara
Falls, shown in Table 1, were produced using the Geostatistical Analysis
tool. The frequency histograms in Figure 20 and Figure 21 that were
produced in the first part of this project, yielded identical results, both
graphically and statistically.
Table 1 - ArcMap menus displaying Histograms for each city using the
'Geostatistical Analysis' tool
St. Catharines
Niagara Falls
The QQ plots for each city were created using the Geostatistical Analysis
tool as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 - ArcMap menus displaying QQ plots for each city using the 'Geostatistical
Analysis' tool
St. Catharines
Niagara Falls
Page 19

The semivariograms for each city were created using the Geostatistical
Analysis tool as shown in Table 3.
Table 3 - ArcMap menus displaying Semivariograms for each city using the
'Geostatistical Analysis' tool
St. Catharines
Niagara Falls
The covariances for each city were created using the Geostatistical
Analysis tool as shown in Table 4.
Table 4 - ArcMap menus displaying Covariance using the 'Geostatistical Analysis'
tool
St. Catharines
Niagara Falls
Page 20

3.0 Pre-processed Observations

The first part of this project involved an observational analysis, which
would simply set the basis for the geostatistical analysis. The dataset was
plotted and mapped to help determine general statistics and potential
trends that would be used to hypothesize why house pricing was the way it
was. The initial observations and hypotheses can be found in the
proceeding text.
The initial hypothesis was that Niagara Falls would have significantly
higher housing prices due to the significantly larger tourism influence due
to its proximity to one of the wonders of the world: Niagara Falls. Initial
examination of the data, showed evidence that the hypothesis will be
rejected as there is only a marginal difference in the maximum value in
house pricing ($10,000). The mean values were almost identical in value
(Table 5), which further supported the rejection of the hypothesis. There
were, however, larger, more notable differences between the two median
and standard deviation values. The geostatistical analysis will detail the
differences between the distributions of housing prices throughout the two
areas.
The graduated symbol model, for the data, displayed in Figure 5 and
Figure 6, depicts an easy, first glance at how houses with the lowest prices
are grouped. The cheapest housing in St. Catharines looked situated
around the city center, with the more expensive housing hugging the
outside. Niagara Falls seemed to have the cheapest housing closer to the
tourism area of the Niagara Falls. The distribution pattern for Niagara Falls
Page 21

was much more erratic and demonstrated a lot less consistency than St.
Catharines, where it was more obvious.
The data extracted from the Ovlix website can be analyzed to produce
common statistical variables, as indicated in Table 5.
Table 5 - Analysis of Statistical Variables for each City and for All the Data
Min
$39,900
Max
$249,900
Mean
$181,293
Median
$182,400
640754.4
646218.9
643012.05
Northing (y)
4777090.
6
4786165.2
643201.32
6
4780516.5
82
4780516.3
5
2175.5366
Niagara
Falls
Easting (x)
$99,900
$259,900
$181,805
$174,900
649836.3
658221.9
655260.1
Northing (y)
4768433.
6
4778238.8
655168.54
2
4773425.5
2
$43,235.6
15
1862.3312
St.
Catharines
Easting (x)
4773412.9
5
SD
$50,977.9
5
1469.9971
1971.3000
The data extracted from the Ovlix website can be analyzed and plotted in
Microsoft Excel to produce frequency histograms, as indicated in Figure 20
and Figure 21.

category for St. Catharines
Page 22


category for Niagara Falls
Page 23

4.0 - Geostatistical Analysis

With sufficient background in the processes involved with interpolating the
dataset, the in-depth geostatistical analysis can begin. For convenience,
snapshots of the results were included in this section in addition to their
larger counterparts found previously in Figure 10, Figure 13, Figure 16,
and Figure 19.
The IDW interpolation result for St. Catharines,
shown in Figure 22, predicted a good portion of
the cheaper housing in the southern half of the
city, more specifically clustered near the center,
demonstrated by the black indicator circle. The
more expensive housing is generally located in
the northern part of the city and scattered
somewhat erratically throughout the southern
half. Therefore, this model suggests that
purchasing that first home in St. Catharines
would be ideal in the area encompassed by the
black indicator circle. This could be because it is
amongst heavy residential occupancy and near
a school.
Page 24

The IDW interpolation result for Niagara Falls, shown in Error: Reference
source not found, predicted a good portion of the cheaper housing in the
eastern part of the city, more specifically along the Niagara Parkway,
demonstrated by the black indicator circle. The more expensive housing is
generally located in the north-western quadrant of the city and scattered
somewhat erratically throughout the southern half. Therefore, this model
suggests that purchasing that first home in
Niagara Falls would be ideal in the area
encompassed by the black indicator circle.
This could be because it is within the vicinity
of the busiest part Figure 22 - Snapshot of the
of Niagara Falls. IDW Interpolation Result for St.
Noise
pollution Catharines atop Base Map
from
the
falls Imagery
themselves as well as the early morning
tourists occupying an area that would
seemingly never sleep are both potential
contributors. The Niagara Whirlpool is also
another famous tourist and fishing enthusiast
attraction. Usually, unattractive attributes of
a residence and its surroundings result in a
reduced cost. The only variable being
considered is house cost, but these ideal
Figure 23 - Snapshot of the IDW
locations could change if other variables,
Interpolation Result for Niagara
such as the cheapest and quietest location,
Falls atop Base Map Imagery
were accounted for. It is outside the scope of this project, but would be
interesting to look into for future projects.
Page 25

The Kriging interpolation result for St.

Catharines, shown in Figure 24, predicted a
similar, but more defined area, of the IDW
interpolation, for the cheaper housing. The
transition
between
areas
representing
differences in cost was smoother. Despite
having an appropriate model to represent St.
Catharines, the model produced for Niagara
Falls needs to be addressed.
The Kriging interpolation result for Niagara
Falls, shown in Figure 25, predicted very
discouraging and erratic patterns. It almost
looked as if there was no spatial relation
between any of the data. There was horrible
transition, if any at all, between areas
representing differences in cost. Kriging is
more appropriate on models where you know
there is a spatially correlated distance or
directional bias in the data, which could be the
reason for this awful interpolation (ESRI,
2015).
Even
Figure 24 - Snapshot of the
though
the Kriging Interpolation Result for
cross-validation St. Catharines atop Base Map
Imagery
suggested
an
appropriate model, there could simply just
not be enough data or that the data is too
spread out. Because of these reasons the
Kriging interpolation result for Niagara Falls
was deemed unsuccessful. There were
many holes in this dataset. Kriging used too
small a search neighbourhood to predict a
sufficient number of z-values in between
sample points for Niagara Falls. There
Figure 25 - Snapshot of the Kriging
simply need to be more samples for this
Interpolation Result for Niagara
area because the points are too scattered
Falls atop Base Map Imagery
to do a proper analysis using this method. The IDW for Niagara Falls,
however, produced a result that can be analyzed. Changing the location of
the search neighbourhood and any of the parameters just yielded the
same result, which used the default settings upon entering step 5 of the
Page 26

geostatistical wizard. Since there were no directional influences, such as

prevailing winds affecting the dataset, the default parameters would
execute this process sufficiently anyway. Because the turnout for the IDW
interpolation was successful for both areas and the kriging interpolation
was only successful in one of the areas, the results of the IDW
interpolations were used to determine an ideal purchase location for that
first home.
Page 27

5.0 - Conclusions
After performing a geostatistical analysis using two different interpolation
methods from ArcGIS, a few conclusions can be made. As a refresher, the
initial hypothesis was that Niagara Falls would have significantly higher
housing prices due to the significantly larger tourism influence due to its
proximity to one of the wonders of the world: Niagara Falls. This
hypothesis was rejected as the complete opposite was observed. The
housing prices in Niagara Falls were cheapest in the busiest areas. The
difference in house prices between St. Catharines and Niagara Falls was
marginal and insignificant. The predictive model produced by the IDW
interpolation for St. Catharines, indicated that ideal first home
purchasing, in terms of house cost, was in the southern half of the city,
more specifically clustered near the center. The predictive model produced
by the IDW interpolation for Niagara Falls, indicated that ideal first home
purchasing, in terms of house cost, was in the eastern part of the city,
more specifically along the Niagara Parkway. Additional data collection is
recommended to achieve better results and avoid the risk of producing an
interpolation result that cannot be interpreted.
Page 28

Bibliography
1) Smith, Ian D. (2015) GISC9308D4 Geostatistical Analysis of Student
Collected Spatial Data. Terms of Reference.
2) ESRI ArcGIS Resources. Comparing Models. (2015). Retrieved on
March 23rd, 2015 from
http://resources.arcgis.com/en/help/main/10.1/index.html#//0031000
000q0000000
3) ESRI ArcGIS Resources. Examining spatial autocorrelation and
directional variation. (2015). Retrieved on March 23rd, 2015 from
http://resources.arcgis.com/en/help/main/10.1/index.html#/Examinin
g_spatial_autocorrelation_and_directional_variation/00310000001700
0000/
4) ESRI ArcGIS Resources. Search Neighborhoods. (2015). Retrieved
on March 23rd, 2015 from
http://resources.arcgis.com/en/help/main/10.1/index.html#//0031000
0001r000000
5) ESRI ArcGIS Resources. How Kriging works. (2015). Retrieved on
March 23rd, 2015 from
http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//009z
00000076000000.htm
6) ESRI ArcGIS 9.2 Desktop Help. How Inverse Distance Weighted
(IDW) interpolation works. (2015). Retrieved on March 23rd, 2015
from http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?
TopicName=How_Inverse_Distance_Weighted_%28IDW
%29_interpolation_works
7) Ovlix. Find Your Home on Ovlix.com. (2015). Retrieved from
http://www.ovlix.com/
Page 29

Appendix
The data extracted from the Ovlix website is displayed in its entirety, as
indicated in Table 6.
Table 6 Housing UTM Coordinates and their Respective Price for St. Catharines
and Niagara Falls
St.
Catharines
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Price (z)
$39,900.0
0
$73,500.0
0
$99,900.0
0
$107,900.
00
$109,900.
00
$111,500.
00
$112,900.
00
$117,900.
00
$121,500.
00
$133,700.
00
$144,900.
00
$149,900.
00
$154,900.
00
$154,900.
00
$159,900.
00
$159,900.
00
$159,950.
00
$162,500.
00
$168,800.
00
$169,000.
00
$169,900.
00
$169,900.
00
UTM E
(x)
642824
.6
644239
642812
643764
.9
643162
642618
.3
643263
.5
643628
642804
.4
642417
.2
642324
.8
642270
.6
644571
.2
641621
.5
641953
.4
641857
.2
643750
.8
644324
.2
642337
.4
642862
.1
645151
.6
641991
.6
UTM N
(y)
477993
2.3
478062
9.5
478059
9.3
478088
1.2
478094
6.9
478151
7.1
478034
8
478114
4.7
478170
6.7
477846
0.1
478053
2
478069
8.7
477908
8.2
477799
1.4
478331
7.8
477799
3.9
478206
4.1
478043
2.8
477838
7.4
478086
1.5
477798
6.5
478099
3.2
Niagara
Falls
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Price (z)
$99,900.0
0
$107,000.
00
$109,900.
00
$124,900.
00
$134,500.
00
$134,900.
00
$137,900.
00
$139,000.
00
$139,777.
00
$139,900.
00
$139,900.
00
$139,900.
00
$142,900.
00
$145,000.
00
$149,900.
00
$159,900.
00
$159,900.
00
$159,900.
00
$162,500.
00
$164,500.
00
$166,900.
00
$169,900.
00
UTM E
(x)
657057
.6
657089
.6
656202
.2
655006
.7
656940
.6
657084
.2
656970
.2
655274
.1
654505
.6
657038
.4
654717
.3
656145
.9
651781
656539
.7
655421
.2
655028
.9
657029
.7
654702
.4
656540
.5
657482
.2
654767
654391
UTM N
(y)
477523
9.4
477529
5.6
477495
0.6
477066
9.1
477326
4.7
477339
5.5
477318
9.4
477292
9.1
477179
2.2
477430
0.3
477522
8.2
477456
4.6
477086
7.8
477474
5.7
477293
5.9
477309
2.8
477403
7
477042
6
477447
0.4
477404
6
477187
5
477215
5.3
Page 30

23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
St.
Catharines
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
$174,500.
00
$179,900.
00
$179,900.
00
$184,900.
00
$189,900.
00
$189,900.
00
$189,900.
00
$196,900.
00
$210,000.
00
$214,900.
00
$218,900.
00
$219,800.
00
$219,900.
00
Price (z)
$219,900.
00
$219,900.
00
$229,900.
00
$229,900.
00
$229,900.
00
$234,900.
00
$234,900.
00
$237,900.
00
$239,000.
00
$239,000.
00
$239,900.
00
$239,900.
00
$247,500.
00
$249,900.
00
$249,900.
00
644080
.3
646155
.3
645638
.6
644531
.4
640754
.4
643750
.4
642095
.7
642034
.8
642215
.2
643267
.6
641195
.7
644157
.5
643903
.5
UTM E
(x)
641162
.4
641022
.7
642347
.1
642097
.4
644874
.4
645221
.8
644302
.5
646218
.9
645232
.3
640783
.9
645648
.4
644708
.5
640919
.1
641846
.3
643349
.9
478020
0.2
477965
4.7
477857
0
477946
4.6
478059
9.7
478263
7.7
478050
0.7
477843
8
477855
2.7
478376
0.8
477942
5
477809
8.6
478345
6.1
UTM N
(y)
477773
8.3
477738
1.9
478297
5.1
478350
4.6
478035
1.4
478267
7.4
478616
5.2
477846
3.5
478322
6.8
477725
2.4
477823
2.5
478189
3
477709
0.6
478387
8.3
478517
6
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Niagara
Falls
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
$169,900.
00
$174,900.
00
$174,900.
00
$174,900.
00
$177,900.
00
$182,000.
00
$189,900.
00
$189,900.
00
$194,000.
00
$194,500.
00
$199,900.
00
$199,900.
00
$209,000.
00
Price (z)
$209,900.
00
$209,500.
00
$212,000.
00
$224,900.
00
$229,000.
00
$229,900.
00
$229,900.
00
$229,900.
00
$235,900.
00
$245,395.
00
$249,000.
00
$249,900.
00
$254,900.
00
$259,900.
00
$259,900.
00
657367
.9
655693
.7
654212
.4
657191
.3
653731
.9
652681
.8
655246
.1
654994
.9
655243
.7
656897
.6
655071
.1
653593
657740
.9
UTM E
(x)
652049
.5
653975
.2
652448
.9
654622
.1
656613
.9
654312
.7
658221
.9
649979
.4
655294
.9
649836
.3
653946
.6
655299
.6
655546
.5
655382
.6
653514
.7
477368
8
477383
9.6
477281
0.7
477352
9
476971
5.4
477161
5.4
477333
4.6
477578
4.3
477147
9.5
477343
0.4
477606
4.3
477231
7.5
477424
7.9
UTM N
(y)
477385
3.1
477638
1
477512
6.9
477270
0.1
477406
9.4
477443
3.3
476843
3.6
477224
4.5
477675
4.4
477231
7.3
477248
4.9
477732
9.6
477823
8.8
477032
7.9
477125
4
Page 31

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NIAGARA COLLEGE GIS-GM

By: Marc Mancino

10 Jessica Drive St. Catharines Ontario L2M 6V7

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

'Geostatistical Analysis' tool........................................................................16

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Figure 2 - Search input for Ovlix.com

Houses were ordered by sorting based on pricing from lowest to highest,

Figure 3 The cheapest house listing for St. Catharines

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Figure 7 - ArcMap menu displaying the Geostatistical Analyst tool

2.3 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation for St.

Figure 8 ArcMap menu displaying the Search Neighborhood Parameters of the

Upon performing the cross-validation of the IDW interpolation for St.

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

(ESRI, 2015). The Root-Mean-Square of 38231.72, shown in Figure 9, is

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

2.4 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation for Niagara Falls

Figure 11 - ArcMap menu displaying the 'Search Neighborhood' Parameters of the

Upon performing the cross-validation of the IDW interpolation for Niagara

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

2.5 Kriging Interpolation for St. Catharines

Figure 14 - ArcMap menu displaying the 'Search Neighborhood' Parameters of the

Upon performing the cross-validation of the kriging interpolation for St.

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Figure 15 - ArcMap menu displaying the 'Cross Validation' of the Kriging

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

2.6 Kriging Interpolation for Niagara Falls

Figure 17 - ArcMap menu displaying the 'Search Neighborhood' Parameters of the

Upon performing the cross-validation of the kriging interpolation for

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Figure 18 - ArcMap menu displaying the 'Cross Validation' of the Kriging

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

2.7 Exploratory Data

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

3.0 Pre-processed Observations

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Figure 20 - Frequency histogram showing the number of houses in each price

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Figure 21 - Frequency histogram showing the number of houses in each price

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

4.0 - Geostatistical Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

The Kriging interpolation result for St.

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

geostatistical wizard. Since there were no directional influences, such as

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis

Geostatistical Analysis GISC9308D4b Submission Spatial Analysis