Millennium

Development Goals
Kazakhstan and Vietnam

Millennium Development Goals

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight globally agreed upon
goals that will improve poverty and health world-wide. These goals began in the
year 2000 with the completion date of 2015. They were established after the
adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. The Millennium
Development Goals include the following:
Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty, achieve universal primary education,
promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve
maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, ensure environmental sustainability, and
develop a global partnership for development.

Eradicate Extreme
Hunger and Poverty
Millennium Development Goal #1

1. Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty

Vietnam
Vietnam has come a long way with their poverty. From a rate
of 58.1 % back in 1993 to as low as 14% in 2008.. There also had
been a food poverty reduction as well, from 24.9% back in 1993 to a
mere 6.9% in 2008. These numbers were of everyone in Vietnam
and not just rural. As if 2011 a reduction of malnutrition from 41 % to
11.7%.
Poverty in all locations and groups are not all equal and
some poverty levels are still high in some levels. And the country
runs a high risk of falling back to poverty due to te macro-economic
instability.
As reported for 2008 50% of the ethnic minorities were
below poverty line, as well of a 30% for food poverty. The highest
poverty rate is in the North West, as high as 45.7%, and child poverty
of 64.6%.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan's first target was to reduce the
proportion of people "whose daily
consumption is below USD 4.30" by half.
They achieved this target in 2004.
Their second target to "reduce the share of
the poor by 1/3" was adapted in 2007.
They completed this target as well.
Extreme hunger is no longer an urgent
issue in Kazakhstan.

Conclusion:
The rate that poverty fell in Vietnam was greater than in Kazakhstan.Both countries made great strides in
extreme poverty and hunger. Now, they will need to maintain the progress they have made as they advance
more in the future.

Achieve Universal
Primary Education
Millennium Development Goal #2

2. Achieve Universal Primary Education

Vietnam
AS of 2009 enrollment rate for primary school was 95.5%,
with a literacy rate of 97.1% of the ages of 15-24 year-olds.
Enrolment rate between boys and girls in Primary school is
about 1%. Even the poorest of household income still yield a
whopping 88.9%, and the wealthiest being 98.3%. And, kids
with disabilities of the age 15-24 are 69.1%. Some of the
reasons the poorest dont make it is because the distance
they have to travel for school, as well as road conditions not
being safe. However with the poorest, at 5th grade only 61 %
had the reading level necessary to go onto 6th grade, in the
school year 2006-2007.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan's target for this goal was to
enable boys and girls to complete a "full
course of primary schooling". This goal in
its original version has been achieved.
They expanded their goal to include
secondary education. There have been
great achievements in this area, but there
are still some issues concerning policies
and quality of education.

Conclusion:
As seen in relation between the two countries, both have improved primary school enrollments and have
worked on secondary school. Both countries have good equality in educating both boys and girls.

Promote Gender
Equality and Empower
Women
Millennium Development Goal #3

3. Promote Gender Equality and Empower

Women
Vietnam
Primary school enrolments 91.5 % are girls as
92% are boys. Secondary enrolment rate is
82.6% girls as 80.1% boys. The Upper
secondary enrolments were 63.1% girls, and
53.7% boys. However the work labor rate 73%
of women, and 82% men. And according to
www.vn.undp.org, Womens representation in
the National Assembly is currently 24.4 percent.

Kazakhstan
The target for this goal was "to eliminate
gender disparity at all levels of
education no later than 2015." This target
has been achieved, but there are still
some differences between men and
women in Kazakhstan. Because of this,
they adapted four new targets to promote
gender equality.

Conclusion:
Vietnam and Kazakhstan both strive for better gender inequality, but they each still have some aspects of
their goals that need to be worked on. We can conclude that they will not be able to complete their goal by
2015, but they are making progress.

Reduce Child
Mortality
Millennium Development Goal #4

4. Reduce Child Mortality

Vietnam
From mortality 1990 of 44.4 for 1000 to 14 back in 2011,
infant mortality. And the mortality for children under from
went from 58 per 1000 to 16 in the year 2011. However
despite all this, ethnicity, where the live, income, and the
maternal education they have are all factors of these
rates, and recently have risen. The greatest reason for
children under 1-year-old death, which accounts for 70%
of all the deaths, are neonatal mortalities, as well as 52%
of death children under 5- years-old.

Kazakhstan
The target for reducing child mortality in
Kazakhstan is "to reduce by 2/3, between
1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality
rate." This has been a challenging goal.
The government has tried to implement
standards in health care, but they are not
enforced well enough on a local level. This
goal has not yet been achieved.

Conclusion:
Kazakhstan wanted to reduce child mortality for ages 5 and under by 66%, however they have yet to
complete this goal. Within less years Vietnam has declined their mortality rate by over 72%. We can conclude
that Vietnam is ahead of Kazakhstan in completing this goal.

Improve Maternal
Health
Millennium Development Goal #5

5. Improve Maternal Health

Vietnam
With maternal mortality in 1990 from 233 per
100,000 births to 69 100,000 births in 2009. The
maternal mortality rate hasnt changed since
2006 and 2009. These numbers would go down
even further if the people were better educated,
and required the skills from maternal health.
People from ethnic minorities, young as well as
migrants have limited access to the information
for better maternal health.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan's target is "to reduce by 3/4,
between 1990 and 2015, the maternal
mortality ratio" and "to achieve universal
access to reproductive health." There has
been progress in reducing maternal mortality,
but Kazakhstan is still struggling with this
goal. Achieving this target will depend on
change in legislation. They need to invest
more funds into sexual and reproductive
health in order to achieve this goal.

Conclusion:
From 1990 to 2009, Vietnam had been able to reduce maternal mortality by 70.4%. Kazakhstan had a goal of
75%, but they have not fulfilled this goal. We can conclude that Vietnam is ahead of Kazakhstan in fulfilling
this goal.

Combat HIV/AIDS,
Malaria and Other
Diseases
Millennium Development Goal #6

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Other

Diseases
Vietnam
The HIV/AIDS rate has been estimates 17.7% if
men who had sex with men back in 2009. 13.4% if
men who inject themselves with needles and a 3%
in female sex workers back in 2011. With all the
progression they wont be able to make their
millennium development goal by 2015, but has
already achieved its goal with malaria. Vietnam
needs to spend more resources in targets area to
better achieve its goal.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan set a target "to halt and begin to
reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS" by 2015. They
have struggled with this goal because of
transmission mainly through drug use. Sexual
transmission is another factor in this problem. The
government needs to make a stronger political
commitment to this target and educate youth on
HIV transmission modes. If they do this, they may
achieve their goal sometime after 2015.

Conclusion:
Both countries need to spend more resources to their goals of preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS.We can
conclude that both Vietnam and Kazakhstan will not complete this goal by 2015.

Ensure
Environmental
Sustainability
Millennium Development Goal #7

7. Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Vietnam
Vietnam has made progress into the environmental sustainability
but wont be able to achieve its millennium development goal by
2015. Forest coverage has gone up, of the total land area, from
28.8% in 1990 to 39.5%. Over 96% of all household have access
are connected to the electric grid, for energy. However CO2
emissions per capita had gone up from 1990 to 2008. 92% of all
the households have access to clean drinking water, as opposed
to 2000 with only 78.7%. However there are 3 things crippling
these millennium development goals, which are: water and
sanitation, climate change, biodiversity conservation.

Kazakhstan
There were multiple targets set for this goal. The first one is "to integrate the
principles of sustainable development into the country's policies and programs and
reverse the loss of environmental resources." Kazakhstan has progressed a little in
this area, but they need to gain more cooperation and set environmental policies in
order to achieve this target.
The second target is "to halve the proportion of people without sustainable
access to clean drinking water and main sanitary technical facilities." Kazakhstan is
suffering from water deficit. The main problem with reaching this target is waste
management. If Kazakhstan uses the right equipment and reduces the water
consumption rates, they may be able to achieve this target sometime after 2015.
The third target is set as a goal for 2020. This target states that Kazakhstan
will "achieve a significant improvement in the lives of the rural population residing in
the most unfavorable social, housing and ecological environment." The government
has implemented many programs in order to enhance villages and agriculture, but
living standards in these rural areas are still very low. This issue has been challenging
because of funding issues. Kazakhstan needs to focus on awareness, education, and
gain support from citizens in order to complete this goal by 2020.

Conclusion:
Kazakhstan is having difficulties getting water to their homes, but Vietnam has made a huge improvement
and now has water running to the majority of their homes. We can conclude that Vietnam is ahead of
Kazakhstan in fulfilling this goal.

Develop a Global
Partnership for
Development
Millennium Development Goal #8

8. Develop a Global Partnership for

Development
Vietnam
Vietnam has developed a lot since 2000. They have
accession to the World Trade Organization, as well
as to expand the cooperation with ASEAN. Also,
Vietnam has received a non-permanent member of
the UN Security Council, as well as having
involvement into a few free trade agreements. . But
for further development then Vietnam will need to
work on the other fields to further this millennium
development Goal.

Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan has already achieved this goal
and continues to cooperate in partnerships
internationally. Some of the partnerships
include trade, investments, finance, and
more. They can enhance this goal on a
local level by enhancing dialogue and
collaboration.

Conclusion:
Both countries have proved successful in Global Partnership, but both have ways they can do to further their
progress in this area.

Summary
Both Vietnam and Kazakhstan have made great strides in
fulfilling the Millennium Development Goals. Vietnam has
completed more of the goals than Kazakhstan has
completed. We can conclude that Vietnam is a more
developed country than Kazakhstan. Both countries still
have some goals to complete, and they can continue to
progress as they work towards achieving these goals.

References
Vietnam:
http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg1/
http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg2/
http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg3/
http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg4/
http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg5/
http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg6/
http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg7/
http://www.vn.undp.org/content/vietnam/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg8.html

References
Kazakhstan:
http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg1/
http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg2/
http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg3/
http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg4/
http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg5/
http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg6/
http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg7/
http://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg8/

General:
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/