TCP

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol),

30 . TCP (RFC793),
100 .
, 10
.

1) TCP

img1

a)
TCP ( Window Size )
2^16 ( 64 ). :

: 100 100 .
TCP, 10 /
( 524288 / 0.1 = 5.24 / 100 ).

b) Bandwidth-delay product (BDP)

 TCP , bandwidth*delay
product BDP ( *),
TCP .
(LFN long fat network),
BDP TCP, .

img2 TCP

.
BDP:
a) : 10 Mb/s, 100 ms RTT
BD = 10^7 b/s 10^-1 s = 10^6 b, or 1 Mb / 125 kB
b) : 1 Gb/s, 10 ms RTT
BD = 10^9 b/s 10^-2 s = 10^7 b, or 10 Mb / 1.25 MB

BDP .
TCP BDP .

c) Protocol Overhead
95% Ethernet.
Ethernet MTU ( Ethernet) = . 1500 bytes.
Ethernet, IP, TCP, :

img3 Ethernet

( ) .
IFG (Interframe gap) .
: preamble, frame delimiter, Ethernet header/FCS 26 bytes, IFG 12 bytes, IP header 20 bytes, TCP header 20 bytes.

VLAN tagging, TCP timestamp , (Payload)

TCP Ethernet :
Max TCP Payload= (MTUTCPIP) / (MTU+Ethernet+IFG) = (150040) / (1500+26+12) = 94.9 %

d)
, TCP
.
TCP , Mathis-:

: MSS (Maximum segment size) TCP (MSS = MTU packet headers=1460 bytes),
MTU OSI (Ethernet MTU = 1500 bytes),
RTT ( , . Round Trip Time)
Ploss Loss probability ( ).
Ploss = 0. ,
.

img4 TCP

0.01% (1 10`000).
netstat s.

2) TCP

a)
, TCP Extensions for High
Performance (RFC1323), .
:
TCP Window Scale Option: 2^30 (1 ),
TCP selective acknowledgment (SACK) options:
( ) (RFC2018),
TCP timestamps: RTT (Round Trip Time Measurement RTTM),
ACK (Prevention Against Wrapped Sequence numbers PAWS),
Path MTU discovery: MTU ,
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN): (RFC3168).

TCP/IP .

b) a o

 RFC1323 1992 , - .

OS Windows
RFC1323 Windows 2000 (XP, Server 2003)
.
Windows Server 2008, Vista, 7 TCP/IP,
TCP/IP (Next Generation TCP/IP Stack). ,
Windows . :
a (Receive Window Auto-Tuning),
compound TCP:
, , ,
.
. .

(Windows XP, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Mac OS X),

.

: ( ),
TCP ( ), OSI
.

3) TCP/IP

.
nuttcp (New TTCP),
:
TCP UDP,
- (CLI),
TCP/IP (loopback),
( TCP ),
( iperf),
NAT-.

: 1980 , Mike Muuss ( ping-) ttcp (Test TCP)

TCP.
. Nuttcp . 2010.

 -.
payload ( ).
5000. 5001 ( ).

#nuttcp -S
.

:
FreeBSD, Windows XP SP3, FastEthernet (100Mbps).
server-ip# nuttcp S

:
-w128 TCP receive window size = 128 KB
-r receiving (, )
-F NAT-
-i5 5
-T15 (15 ).

TX% RX% .

TCP/IP :
C:\> nuttcp.exe -w1m 127.0.0.1
205.0625 MB / 10.00 sec = 172.0189 Mbps 19 %TX 12 %RX

:
Intel Core 2 Duo (2 core) @ 1.6 GHz/ 1 GB RAM / Windows XP = 1300/1400 Mbps
AMD Athlon X2 Dual-Core 4600 @ 2.4 GHz/ 2 GB RAM / Windows 7 = 2000/2100 Mbps
Intel XEON X5650 (24 cores) @ 2.67GHz/ 8 GB RAM / FreeBSD = 16600/18000 Mbps

Download ( ):
C:\> nuttcp.exe -w128 -r -F i5 -T15 server-ip
56.0166 MB / 5.00 sec = 93.9803 Mbps
56.0575 MB / 5.00 sec = 94.0489 Mbps
56.0338 MB / 5.00 sec = 94.0090 Mbps

168.2676 MB / 15.00 sec = 94.1020 Mbps 3 %TX 10 %RX

some-unix-client# nuttcp -r -F -i5 -T15 server-ip

429.0000 MB / 5.02 sec = 717.3541 Mbps
526.0000 MB / 5.00 sec = 882.0518 Mbps

1371.1741 MB / 15.00 sec = 766.6703 Mbps 26 %TX 39 %RX 3153 host-retrans 0.29 msRTT

Upload ( ):
C:\> nuttcp.exe -w128 i5 -T15 server-ip
55.6250 MB / 5.00 sec = 93.3169 Mbps
55.8125 MB / 5.00 sec = 93.6562 Mbps
55.6875 MB / 5.00 sec = 93.4277 Mbps

167.2500 MB / 15.12 sec = 92.7664 Mbps 17 %TX 6 %RX

some-unix-client# nuttcp -i5 -T15 server-ip

422.9375 MB / 5.00 sec = 709.5294 Mbps
420.6875 MB / 5.00 sec = 705.9357 Mbps
456.3750 MB / 5.00 sec = 765.6674 Mbps

1305.3853 MB / 15.06 sec = 727.0077 Mbps 20 %TX 48 %RX 24478 host-retrans 0.29 msRTT

4)

, TCP
:
,
(RTT),
(~ 200 /),
(, , ),
( TCP
),
( (Bit Error Rate<10^-8),
),
TCP ,
, (
TCPView TCPEye).

 speedtest- browser, flash + geo- , :

(, ) ( WWW ..),
,
.

, :
TCP (Window Size),
Ethernet Duplex,
.