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1) TCP
img1
a)
TCP ( Window Size )
2^16 ( 64 ). :
: 100 100 .
TCP, 10 /
( 524288 / 0.1 = 5.24 / 100 ).
TCP , bandwidth*delay
product BDP ( *),
TCP .
(LFN long fat network),
BDP TCP, .
img2 TCP
.
BDP:
a) : 10 Mb/s, 100 ms RTT
BD = 10^7 b/s 10^-1 s = 10^6 b, or 1 Mb / 125 kB
b) : 1 Gb/s, 10 ms RTT
BD = 10^9 b/s 10^-2 s = 10^7 b, or 10 Mb / 1.25 MB
BDP .
TCP BDP .
c) Protocol Overhead
95% Ethernet.
Ethernet MTU ( Ethernet) = . 1500 bytes.
Ethernet, IP, TCP, :
img3 Ethernet
( ) .
IFG (Interframe gap) .
: preamble, frame delimiter, Ethernet header/FCS 26 bytes, IFG 12 bytes, IP header 20 bytes, TCP header 20 bytes.
d)
, TCP
.
TCP , Mathis-:
: MSS (Maximum segment size) TCP (MSS = MTU packet headers=1460 bytes),
MTU OSI (Ethernet MTU = 1500 bytes),
RTT ( , . Round Trip Time)
Ploss Loss probability ( ).
Ploss = 0. ,
.
img4 TCP
0.01% (1 10`000).
netstat s.
2) TCP
a)
, TCP Extensions for High
Performance (RFC1323), .
:
TCP Window Scale Option: 2^30 (1 ),
TCP selective acknowledgment (SACK) options:
( ) (RFC2018),
TCP timestamps: RTT (Round Trip Time Measurement RTTM),
ACK (Prevention Against Wrapped Sequence numbers PAWS),
Path MTU discovery: MTU ,
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN): (RFC3168).
TCP/IP .
b) a o
RFC1323 1992 , - .
OS Windows
RFC1323 Windows 2000 (XP, Server 2003)
.
Windows Server 2008, Vista, 7 TCP/IP,
TCP/IP (Next Generation TCP/IP Stack). ,
Windows . :
a (Receive Window Auto-Tuning),
compound TCP:
, , ,
.
. .
: ( ),
TCP ( ), OSI
.
3) TCP/IP
.
nuttcp (New TTCP),
:
TCP UDP,
- (CLI),
TCP/IP (loopback),
( TCP ),
( iperf),
NAT-.
-.
payload ( ).
5000. 5001 ( ).
#nuttcp -S
.
:
FreeBSD, Windows XP SP3, FastEthernet (100Mbps).
server-ip# nuttcp S
:
-w128 TCP receive window size = 128 KB
-r receiving (, )
-F NAT-
-i5 5
-T15 (15 ).
TX% RX% .
TCP/IP :
C:\> nuttcp.exe -w1m 127.0.0.1
205.0625 MB / 10.00 sec = 172.0189 Mbps 19 %TX 12 %RX
:
Intel Core 2 Duo (2 core) @ 1.6 GHz/ 1 GB RAM / Windows XP = 1300/1400 Mbps
AMD Athlon X2 Dual-Core 4600 @ 2.4 GHz/ 2 GB RAM / Windows 7 = 2000/2100 Mbps
Intel XEON X5650 (24 cores) @ 2.67GHz/ 8 GB RAM / FreeBSD = 16600/18000 Mbps
Download ( ):
C:\> nuttcp.exe -w128 -r -F i5 -T15 server-ip
56.0166 MB / 5.00 sec = 93.9803 Mbps
56.0575 MB / 5.00 sec = 94.0489 Mbps
56.0338 MB / 5.00 sec = 94.0090 Mbps
1371.1741 MB / 15.00 sec = 766.6703 Mbps 26 %TX 39 %RX 3153 host-retrans 0.29 msRTT
Upload ( ):
C:\> nuttcp.exe -w128 i5 -T15 server-ip
55.6250 MB / 5.00 sec = 93.3169 Mbps
55.8125 MB / 5.00 sec = 93.6562 Mbps
55.6875 MB / 5.00 sec = 93.4277 Mbps
1305.3853 MB / 15.06 sec = 727.0077 Mbps 20 %TX 48 %RX 24478 host-retrans 0.29 msRTT
4)
, TCP
:
,
(RTT),
(~ 200 /),
(, , ),
( TCP
),
( (Bit Error Rate<10^-8),
),
TCP ,
, (
TCPView TCPEye).
, :
TCP (Window Size),
Ethernet Duplex,
.