Mathematical 2 (GENERAL)

PBL PROJECT
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

Fatima Mohamed 201400215

Fatema Kadhem 201401208
Majeda Yusuf 201401171
Lamya Mohamed 20140017

Table of contents
1.0 Introduction.................................................................................................... 3-4
1.1 Background.......................................................................................................
1.2 Problem definition...........................................................................................

1.3 Objective...........................................................................................................
2.0 Methodology................................................................................................. 5-16
2.1 procedure and method....................................................................................
2.2 Questionnaire...................................................................................................
2.2 Data analysis....................................................................................................
2.3 Null and alternative hypothesis....................................................................
2.4 Descriptive statistics.......................................................................................
2.5 Interview...........................................................................................................
3.0 Conclusion................................................................................................... 18-19
4.0 References....................................................................................................... 20

1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background
The movement of the people and the goods from one place to
other using vehicles through organized system is called
transportation. But by the increasing the amount of vehicles in
the streets leads in increasing the amount of the pollution in the
atmosphere which in turn harms the living being. Nowadays,
using private cars is more common which causes many
problems such as traffic jam, air pollution, etc. One way to

reduce these problems is by encouraging the people to use

public transport.
Public transport is any form of transport which is economic and
environmental friendly. It could be in a form of buses, trains,
subways and ferries. Using public transports, group of people
travel using the same vehicle to a specific place. This helps in
reducing the number of private vehicles on the street which in
turn helps in reducing pollution.
Bahrain is considered as one of the smallest countries in the
Middle East. Therefore, neither trains nor trams are available. In
Bahrain, buses are the only mean of public transportations
available. Buses were first introduced in Bahrain during the
nineteenth century. The government kept enhancing this facility
until it became available in almost every town and easy to
reach.
1.2 Problem definition
Large number of people neglects the importance of using public
transport and the reason behind this is the lack of cleanliness,
lack of care, overcrowded buses, careless bus drivers which
tends the people all over Bahrain in having their private vehicles.
Our essay will specifically focus on the measures that can be
taken to encourage the people in using public transport which
can help in reducing the usage of personal vehicles that shall
reduce pollution and will provide healthier environment.

1.3 Objective
To find out reasons why people avoid using public transport
To encourage people in using public transport

2.0 Methodology
2.1 procedure and method
By considering Bahrain polytechnic students as a society, we have
conducted a survey to find the number of students who use public
and private transport and the reasons behind their preference of
each method. The students were selected stratified-randomly to
complete the survey.
The whole population of fresh students in the university is 350
students. Therefore, the accurate sample size to get less biased
results is 186 students with 5% margin of error.

Survey data collection was conducted in two methods. It required

students of Bahrain polytechnic to complete a multiple-choice
questions and answering the interview questions.
2.2 Questionnaire
1. How often do you use public transportations?
o Daily
o Weekly
o Monthly
o Never
2. What do you think about public transportations in Bahrain?
o Excellent
o Good
o Bad
o Very bad
o
3. Do you think public transport can replace private transport?
o Yes
o No
4. If you had an emergency, would you consider using the bus?
o Yes
o No
5. Are the fares of public transport in Bahrain are expensive?
o Yes
o No
6. Do you think cars are environmentally friendly?
o Yes
o No

2.2 Data analysis

186 responses were received and analyzed to get the following
results.
1. How often do you use public transportation?

Daily

Weekly

Monthly

Never

1. In the first question, the majority of the students answered

that they never use public transport. Only 20 % of the student
s prefer traveling by bus.

2. What do you think about public transportation in Bahrain?

Good

Excellent

Bad

Very bad

2. On a scale of Excellency. Only 10% of the students think that

public transport in Bahrain is excellent and 55% consider it
bad. None of the students think it is too bad and the remaining
35% said it is good.

3. Do you think public transport in Bahrain can replace private transport?

Yes No

3. In this question, 30% of the students said that private

transport is irreplaceable and 40% think that public transport
can be an alternative option for private transport

4. If you had an emergency, would you consider using the bus?

Yes

No

4. In this question, the minority would consider using the bus and
70% would not use public transport in emergency cases.

5. Are the fares of the public transports in Bahrain expensive?

Yes

No

5. The aim of the next two questions is to illustrate how students

agree with the below facts, thus still choose private transport
over public. In this question, 90% of students agree that the
fares of buses are cheap, yet they still use cars and other
forms of private transport.

6. Do you think cars are environmentally friendly?

Yes

No

6. Another reason the students admitted is that cars are less

environmentally friendly, yet they still use cars knowing that it
effect the environment.

2.3 Null and alternative hypothesis

The second question was selected from our questionnaire to do the
hypothesis test. We have assumed that peoples opinion about public
transportation is excellent, we tested our assumption using excel t-test
by testing one sample against a claim value which was 2 (Excellent)

Q: what do you think about the public transportation in Bahrain?

1.
2.
3.
4.

Good
Excellent
Bad
Very bad

H0: people public transportation in Bahrain is excellent (evaluation is

equal to 2)
H1: people think public transportation in Bahrain is not excellent
(evaluation does not equal to 2)
The table below shows the students evaluation of public transportation in
Bahrain. The claim value is 2 (Excellent). The number of people who
think that the public transportation in Bahrain is excellent is only 10%
which is 18 out of 184. In addition, people who think that public
transport is bad is 55% and none of the students think it is very bad.
The remaining 64 students evaluated public transportations as good.
Evaluatio
n
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

Claim value
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming

Equal Variances
Evaluation

Clai
m

v
al
u
e
Mean
Variance
Observations
Pooled Variance
Hypothesized Mean Difference
df
t Stat
P(T<=t) one-tail
t Critical one-tail
P(T<=t) two-tail
t Critical two-tail

2.20218579
2
0.86548970
2
183
0.43274485
1
0
364
2.93998576
0.00174594
5
1.64905054
5
0.00349189
1.96650256
9

2
0
183

Because P-value<0.05 so we reject H0 which is peoples opinion in the public

transport in Bahrain is excellent.
2.4 Descriptive statistics
Column1
Mean
Standard Error
Median
Mode
Standard
Deviation
Sample
Variance
Kurtosis

2.2021857
92
0.0687710
11
3
3
0.9303169
9
0.8654897
02
1.7262385

Column2
Mean
Standard Error
Median
Mode
Standard
Deviation
Sample Variance
Kurtosis

2.202185
792
0.068771
011
3
3
0.930316
99
0.865489
702
1.726238

Skewness
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Sum
Count

79
0.4143537
6
2
1
3
403
183

Skewness
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Sum
Count

579
0.414353
76
2
1
3
403
183

The table above shows data analysis for the first question in the
questionnaire. Through those analyses, we knew that the
amounts of data in both columns were the same. The value of
the mode and median were the same which is 3 ,but the
amount of the mean was not equivalent. Moreover, we found
out that the value of the standard deviation which is
0.930316989824047 and the amount of sample variance which
is equal to 0.865489701555275. In addition, we got the
amounts of the standard error, Kurtosis, Skewness, range,
minimum, maximum, sum, and count after doing the analysis.
2.5 Interview
We have conducted face-to-face interviews with some of Bahrain
polytechnic students to know their opinion about using public
transportation. Below is a dialog to one of the students.
A: Since you are a student, have you ever considered using the
public transport to go to the university? Why?
B: No, I have never thought about using public transportation to
get to the university, because I prefer using my own car or
get a ride with a friend. I think private cars has more privacy
and comfort than public busses.
A: In your opinion, why people use public transportation in
other countries but they do not use it here in Bahrain?

B: Personally, I use public transportation when I travel to other

countries because we do not own a care there and it is
expensive to rental ones, I mainly use trains for long
distances and busses for short distances. But the main
reason why I use public means in other countries and not in
Bahrain because they are more punctual and their tickets
system is much modern than Bahrains, as they have tickets
machines in every bus station which saves time.
A: Do you think public transportation can replace privet
transport here in Bahrain?
B: maybe in the future if public transport has developed by
using the new technologies to ease the process of buying and
using public transportations.
A: If you had an emergency, would you consider using the bus?
B: No, a private car is faster because a bus will slow my move
towards my destination.

3.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, we have to improve the public transportation to
encourage people to use them spontaneously in their daily

needs. We will add some entertainment features to buses such

as small televisions in the back to every seat with headphones
and because of that passengers will be able to watch their
preferred TV channel or show without annoying or disturbing
others.
We can also play some music through the trip so they wont get
bored and because its too expensive to put television in all the
buses, we can provide them in some and play music in the
others.
Additionally, many people are complaining about the seats,
they said that they are old and there is not enough number of
them per bus, while some of them said it is not safe to leave
their kids in such buses like the current ones. We will offer new,
more quantity and more comfortable seats. Special seats for
children beside the regular ones will be added so the number of
seats will be enough for all the consumers. We can provide
some adjustable seats in some of the buses so if someone is
tired, they will take a nap through the trip.
Furthermore, we will also provide different type of buses and
offers so people may choose the most suitable one for them.
For example we can sell different tickets such as bronze, silver,
and gold tickets beside the regular ones. And each one have
different bus, different features and of course different prices.
Also, we will do special offers in the occasions such as national
day, Ramadhan, Eid, and the holiday seasons (New Year,
Christmas, etc.). Moreover, we will add some specific tickets for

workers and students because they will use the bus for almost
every day and they want something affordable.
In addition, we have decided to rebuild all the bus stations as
theyre old, not air conditioned and there are only few chairs
and mot of people are standing in the hot and sunny weather.
The new stations will be air conditioned and there will be a
digital board that shows the trips timing and directions. Also, we
can add a vending machine to provide the passengers cold
beverages and snacks. Moreover, we will determine a smoking
area for smokers and it would not be allowed to smoke in all the
station because it will affect passengers health, especially the
kids. Another thing will be provided in the stations is toilets that
will be assured to stay clean. However, we are trying to extend
the number of route stops as the number of stations in Bahrain
are very few compared to the passengers in need for
transportation. That will also be helpful for kids, special needs,
and overaged as they wont walk long distances.
Moreover, there will be a hotline number written in the buses
and the stations so the complements and suggestions will
deliver to whom It May Concern. We will also put suggestion
boxes in the buses and around the bus stations to develop
everything more from time to another. For complains and
suggestions there will be a hotline and suggestion boxes
noticeable by the passengers.

4.0 References
Land transport. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from
http://mot.gov.bh/en/land-transport
Experiencing Bahrain. (n.d.). Retrieved October 10, 2014, from
/http://english.cntv.cn/program/storyboard/special/bahrain
Getting Around Bahrain bus . (2006, July 9). Retrieved October 15, 2014,
from
http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Bahrain/TransportationBahrain-MISC-BR-1.html
Getting around bahrain - Causeway Driving. (2009, September 15).
Retrieved October 12, 2014, from
http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/Bahrain/TransportationBahrain-MISC-BR-1.html

Sample size calculator. (n.d.). Retrieved October 8, 2014, from

http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html