MC LC

Chng 1 : Kho st h thng monitor ti ging bnh trong y t....................................3

1.1.

Gii thiu v h thng gim st bnh nhn...........................................................3

1.2.

Gii thiu v h thng monitor n thng s ti ging bnh..............................5

1.3.

Gii thiu h thng monitor a thng s ti ging bnh.....................................5

1.4.

Chc nng ca monitor a thng s......................................................................7

1.4.1.

Hin th tn hiu in tim...............................................................................7

1.4.2.

Hin th tn hiu SPO2.................................................................................11

1.4.3.

Hin th tn hiu huyt p.............................................................................14

1.4.4.

Hin th nhp th..........................................................................................16

1.4.5.

Hin th nhit ...........................................................................................17

1.4.6.

Hin th nhp tim..........................................................................................18

1.5.

C s l thuyt ca h thng monitor a thng s ti ging bnh....................19

1.5.1.

Phng php o nhp tim.............................................................................19

1.5.2.

Phng php o nhp mch..........................................................................23

1.5.3.

Phng php o huyt p.............................................................................23

1.5.4.

Phng php o nhit ..............................................................................30

1.5.5.

Phng php o nhp th.............................................................................32

1.5.6.

Phng php o nng CO2.....................................................................33

1.5.7.

Ghi tn hiu in tim ECG............................................................................36

1.5.8.

bo ha oxi trong mu SpO2..................................................................40

1.5.9.

o cung lng tim CO.................................................................................41

1.6.

H thng monitor trung tm................................................................................49

1.6.1.

Gii thiu v h thng monitor trung tm....................................................49

1.6.2.

Xu hng pht trin h thng monitor trung tm hin nay...........................51

1.6.3.

S cn thit ca h thng monitor trung tm................................................52

CHNG 2: GII PHP MNG CHO H THNG MONITOR TRUNG TM.........54

2.1.

Tip cn cu trc m trong h thng gim st bnh nhn...................................54

2.1.1.

Nhng ng dng mi ca bus trong ngnh cng nghip hin nay................54

2.1.2.

GPIB iu khin bn phn cng...................................................................55

2.1.3.

T b iu khin Ethernet ti GPIP iu khin tc cao...........................55

2.1.4.

T USB tc cao ti GPIB iu khin......................................................56

2.1.5.

Tip cn phn mm linh hot trong h thng cu trc m............................56

2.1.6.

Tng quan v kt ni mng trong h thng trung tm gim st bnh nhn. .57

2.1.7.

H thng gim st bnh nhn s dng mt my ch....................................58

2.1.8.

Mng ng ng vi h thng gim st bnh nhn......................................59

2.2.

B iu khin mng chun Ethernet...................................................................61

2.2.1.

Tng quan v mng Ethernet........................................................................61

2.2.2.

Chun IEEE 802...........................................................................................63

2.2.3.

Giao thc CSMA/CD...................................................................................64

2.3.

Mng khng dy.................................................................................................70

2.3.1.

Gii thiu v WLAN....................................................................................70

2.3.2.

Cch lm vic ca mng WLAN..................................................................71

2.3.3.

Cc ty chn cng ngh...............................................................................72

2.3.4.

Giao thc truy cp........................................................................................75

2.4.

Cu hnh mng LAN...........................................................................................78

2.4.1.

Thit b Ethernet...........................................................................................78

2.4.2.

Cu hnh mng WLAN................................................................................83

CHNG 3: THIT K PHN MM V CU HNH.................................................87

3.1.

Yu cu thit k..................................................................................................87

3.1.1. Yu cu chc nng:..........................................................................................87

3.1.2. Yu cu phi chc nng.....................................................................................88
3.2.

C s l thuyt....................................................................................................88

3.2.1.nh dng khung d liu truyn ln..................................................................89

3.2.2. nh dng khung lnh truyn xung................................................................96
3.3.

Port cng giao tip...........................................................................................97

3.3.1. Cc tr s port thng gp (Well Known Port 0-1023)...................................99

3.3.2. Cc port ng k (registered port: 1024-49151)........................................101

3.3.3. Dynamic port / Private port (49152-65535)...................................................101

3.4.

Thut ton.........................................................................................................102

3.4.1. Cu trc phn mm........................................................................................102

3.4.2. Module x l tn hiu gi tr v dng sng in tim......................................102
3.4.3. Module x l gi tr NIBP.............................................................................104
3.4.4. Module x l tn hiu gi tr v dng sng in RESP..................................105
3.4.5. Module x l gi tr nhit .........................................................................105
3.4.6. Module x l tn hiu gi tr v dng sng in SPO2..................................107
3.5.

Cu hnh............................................................................................................ 108

CHNG 4: XY DNG PHN MM......................................................................114

4.1

La chn cng c lp trnh................................................................................114

4.1.1.

Gii thiu v LabVIEW.............................................................................115

4.1.2. Cc kiu d liu............................................................................................118

4.2

Xy dng cc khi c bn.................................................................................122

4.2.1 Khi thu nhn d liu...................................................................................122

4.2.2 Khi lu tr tn hiu......................................................................................127
4.2.3. Khi phn tch v hin th d liu................................................................129
CHNG 5: KT LUN..............................................................................................131

Chng 1 : Kho st h thng monitor ti ging bnh trong y t

1.1.

Gii thiu v h thng gim st bnh nhn

Trong y t, monitor l mt thit b dng gim st mt cn bnh, mt tnh trang hoc

mt vi thng s y t ca bnh nhn theo thi gian thc.

Hnh 1.1:Thit b monitor

H thng gim st bnh nhn (PMS) l mt h thng theo di rt quan trng, n c
s dng cho gim st tn hiu sinh l bao gm in tm (ECG), h hp, huyt p xm
ln v huyt p khng xm ln, bo ha oxy trong mu (SpO2 ), nhit c th v
nng cc kh gy m, Trong PMS, nhiu cm bin v cc in cc c s dng
cho vic nhn tn hiu sinh l nh l in cc ECG, cm bin ngn tay SpO2, bng qun
o huyt p v que d nhit o cc tn hiu sinh l.
Vic gim st ca monitor y t c thc hin bng cch o c lin tc cc thng s
nht nh thng qua mt mn hnh y t, v d nh o lin tc mt tn hiu s sng bng
mn hnh theo di ti ging bnh nhn hay vic thc thin lp i lp li cc xt nghim
y t, chng hn nh theo di lng ng huyt vi my o lng ng nhng ngi
mc bnh i tho ng.

Trong khi iu tr, theo di lin tc cc du hiu sinh l quan trng ca bnh nhn l
iu ht sc cn thit. V vy PMS lun c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong lnh vc thit
b y t. Cc ci tin lin tc v cng ngh khng ch gip chng ta truyn ti nhng tn
hiu sinh l quan trng ca bnh nhn ti cc nhn vin y t m cn n gin ha vic o
lng, t lm tng hiu qu gim st bnh nhn.
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhng ci tin cng ngh lin quan n o lng v thng
tin truyn thng dn n vic theo di bnh nhn c hiu sut ton din hn v cht
lng n nh.
Trong qu kh, cc sn phm ca cc nh sn xut thit b y t ch o c mt thng
s duy nht. Tuy nhin hin nay, cng ngh theo di bnh nhn a thng s mi c s
dng ph bin. Ngy nay trong cng nghip, h thng gim st bnh nhn gm 2 loi:h
thng monitor n thng s v h thng monitor a thng s.
1.2.

Gii thiu v h thng monitor n thng s ti ging bnh

H thng gim st n thng s ch c kh nng o lng 1 tn hiu sinh l duy nht.

Ngy nay, y l cng ngh c, nhng n vn c s dng cc nc ang pht trin
nh n , Pa-ki-xtan, Bng-la-t, Cc h thng gim st n thng s c chi ph rt
thp nn rt d sn xut v duy tr. H thng gim st n thng s c th dng o
huyt p c th, ECG (in tm ), SpO2 ( bo ha oxy trong mu),
Mn hnh hin th bnh nhn theo kiu tng t c da trn nguyn l b to dao ng
v ch c duy nht mt knh, thng dnh ring cho in tim (ECG). Mt monitor
phi theo di huyt p ca bnh nhn, mt ci khc th phi theo di lng SPO2, mt ci
khc na l ECG. Cc mu my tng t sau ny c thm 2 hoc 3 knh o v hin th
trn cng mt mn hnh, thng thng theo di huyt p v s hot ng ca h hp. cc
loi my ny thng c s dng rng ri v cu sng nhiu sinh mang, nhng
chng c mt vi hn ch, bao gm s nhy cm vi nhiu in, s ln xung tht
thng ca mc c s v thiu s cnh bo.

1.3.

Gii thiu h thng monitor a thng s ti ging bnh

H thng gim st bnh nhn a thng s (PMS) c dng o nhiu du hiu sinh
l quan trng ca bnh nhn truyn ti cc thng tin quan trng nh in tm , nhp
h hp, huyt p, V vy, PMS lun c vai tr rt quan trng trong lnh vc thit b y
t. S ci tin lin tc v cng ngh trong PMS gip my o c nhiu du hiu sinh
l quan trng cho nhn vin y t.
Cc thit b theo di ti ging c cc cu hnh khc nhau ph thuc vo cc nh sn
xut. Chng c thit k theo di cc thng s khc nhau nhng c tnh chung gia
tt c cc my l kh nng theo di lin tc v cung cp s hin th r nt ng sng
ECG v nhp tim. Mt s thit b cn bao gm kh nng theo di p sut, nhit , nhp
th, nng oxi bo ha SpO2,

Hnh 1. 2 S khi thit b theo di bnh nhn

PMS mi nht gip n gin ho cc php o du hiu sinh l v tng hiu qu theo
di. V vy, ngy nay PMS rt linh hot v n c th theo di nhiu tn hiu sinh l trong
cng mt h thng duy nht.
S xut hin ca cc my vi tnh nh du s m u ca mt hng pht trin c
bn mi trong cc h thng theo di bnh nhn. Nhng h thng nh vy c mt khi
CPU chnh c kh nng tng hp, ghi nhn bn cht ca ngun tn hiu v x l chng
mt cch thch hp. Phn cng chu trch nhim cho vic phn tch tn hiu sinh l, hin
th thng tin v tng tc vi ngi s dng trn thc t l mt tp hp cc khi phn sn
c thc hin di chng trnh vi tnh. Phn sn em li cho h thng tnh cht ca n
cc cng tc, nt, nm xoay,v ng h o c thay th bng mn hnh s ( cm ng).
Trong :
ECG: Electrocardiogram in tm
RESP: Respiration h hp
SpO2: Nng Oxi trong mu
BP: Blood Pressure huyt p
TEMP: Temperature nhit
NIBP: Non-Invasive Blood Pressure huyt p gin tip
Khi u vo gm c ba khi chnh l khi ECG/RESP, SpO2/BP/TEMP, NIBP.
1.4. Chc nng ca monitor a thng s
1.4.1. Hin th tn hiu in tim
Qu trnh hnh thnh tn hiu in tim
in tim ECG (Electrocadiography) l cc hot ng in ca tim c to ra bi
qu trnh co bp ca c tim. Tim hot ng c l nh mt xung ng truyn qua h
thng thn kinh t kch ca tim. u tin xung ng i t nt xoang ta ra c nh lm cho

tm nh kh cc, tm nh co lm y mu xung tm tht, tip nt nh tht AV tip

nhn xung ng ri truyn qua b His xung tm tht lm tm tht kh cc, lc ny tm
tht y mu co mnh s y mu ra ngoi bin. Hin tng tm nh v tht kh cc ln
lt trc sau nh vy chnh l duy tr qu trnh huyt ng bnh thng ca h thng
tun hon. V th in tim gm hai phn, phn nh i trc ghi li hot ng in
ca tm nh v tht i sau ghi li hot ng in ca tm tht.
Vi qui c t in cc dng bn tri qu tim v in cc m bn phi qu tim
ta thu c cc dng sng in tim.

Hnh 1.4: Dng tn hiu in tim chun

Dng sng in tim bao gm mt chui cc sng lp li theo mi chu k tim.
Nhng sng thnh phn ny c k hiu bng cc k t P, Q, R, S, T theo quy c
thng dng trong lm sng. Cc sng thnh phn ny tng ng vi cc hot ng ca
mt chu k tim. Tng thi gian cho mt chu k tn hiu in tim l khong 800ms, tng
ng vi khong 75 nhp/pht.

 Dng sng P: L qu trnh kh cc tm nh, xung ng i t nt xoang ti nh

phi s ta ra lm kh cc c tm nh, hnh thnh mt in th dng hng t
trn xung, t phi sang tri ca tim. Thi gian kh cc ny khong 80 ms.
Khi tm nh ti cc, n cng to ra mt in th cc tnh m nh hn nhiu so
vi in th kh cc tm tht cng lc , nn ta khng nhn thy trn in tim
. Nh vy, hot ng ca tm nh trn in tim ch tn ti mt sng n sng p.
Sng phc hp QRS: L qu trnh kh cc tm tht, bt u t lc tm nh vn
cn ang kh cc. Vic kh cc bt u t phn gia mt tri vch lin tht i
xuyn sang mt phi vch ny to nn mt vect in th kh cc u tin
hng t tri sang phi to nn mt sng m nh nhn trn in tim gi l
sng Q. Tip , xung ng c truyn hng xung v bt u kh cc c
hai tm tht theo hng xuyn qua b dy c tim. Lc ny, qu trnh kh cc
hng nhiu v pha bn tri hn v tht tri dy hom v tim nm nghing
hng trc gii phu sang bn tri. V th vect in th kh cc lc ny
hng t phi sang tri hnh thnh mt sng dng rt cao v nhn gi l sng
R. Sau cng l vng y tht c kh cc to nn mt vect in th hng
t tri sang phi to nn mt sng m nh nhn gi l sng s. Nh vy, trong
qu trnh kh cc tm tht sinh ra mt sng phc hp QRS c bin
tng i ln, bin thin nhanh ch trong mt khong thi gian ngn khong
70ms.
Sng T v U: Khi tm tht kh cc xong s qua mt thi gian ti cc chm
khng th hin trn in tm bng mt sng no ht m ch l mt ng
thng, on S-T sau l n mt thi k ti cc nhanh v xut hin sng T.
Ti cc tin hnh t vng in dng n vng in m v c vect ti cc
hng t trn xung di v t phi sang tri lm pht sinh mt ln sng
dng thp. Sng T thng c dng khng i xng, sn ln thoai thoi v
sn xung dc ng hn. Ngi ta khng o khong thi gian ca sng T v
n thay i theo tng ngi v im bt u ca sn ln l khng r rng.

Ngay sau khi sng T kt thc, ta cn c th thy mt sng chm nh gi l

sng U. Sng U l giai on mun ca qu trnh ti cc. Sng T thng c
rng khong 0,2s v sng u c rng khong 0,08s.
S khi qu trnh x l tn hiu in tim
Thc hin o mt knh tn hiu ECG v ng sng h hp (RESP) hnh (3.2).
Cc mch tr khng cao v cc b hm kh bo v cc b khuch i u vo khi sc
tim v cc tn hiu nhiu tn s cao t cc in cc gn trn ngi bnh nhn. Cc mch
u vo ca khi ny c cch ly vi cc mch cn li bng cc b ni quang v my
bin th. Khi ny nhn mt knh tn hiu ECG t cc o trnh 3 in cc hoc 5 in
cc. Ph thuc vo ci t phn mm m b chn o trnh khi ny chn o trnh
ph hp t 3 n 5 in cc t trn ngi bnh nhn. Mch x l ng sng h hp c
kh nng o tr khng ca cc tn hiu u vo. S thay i tr khng ca cc tn hiu
u vo gy ra s thay i in p ca tn hiu u ra v da vo s thay i in p ny
my tnh ra s nhp th ca bnh nhn.

Bng1.3 S mch khi ECG/RESP

 c im ca tnh hiu in tim u ra

Tn hiu in tim l tn hiu sinh hc ly t c th ngi thng qua cc in cc, do
vy n c mt s c im sau:
-

Bin ca tn hiu in tim tng i nh, khong lmV.

Tn s nm trong khong t: 0.1Hz n 250Hz.
D b can nhiu, ngun nhiu ny sinh ra do mt s nguyn nhn c bn nh:
Nhiu 50Hz (nhiu ca ngun in p xoay chiu cung cp cho thit b), nhiu

do tip xc ca cc in cc, do s chuyn ng ca bnh nhn, do s co c....

1.4.2. Hin th tn hiu SPO2
bo ha Oxy trong mu
Mu trong c th ngi mang oxy theo hai cch: Ha tan di dng cht dch
trong mu hay gi l huyt tng v kt hp vi hemoglobin. Lng oxy dng cht
dch chim khong 3% ton b oxy. Gi tr ny o c di dng cc kh trong mu
(blood gases). Do hu ht oxy u kt hp vi hemoglobin, nn c ba yu t nh hng
n lng oxy cung cp cho c th:
-

Dch truyn m
Lng hemoglobin
S bo ha hemoglobin bi oxy.
Nu mi phn t hemoglobin kt hp vi mt phn t oxy th ton b hemoglobin

trong c th bo ha hon ton (100% bo ha). Khi ht th khng kh (21% oxy), lng
oxy ny l rt t hemoglobin c bo ha hon ton. Nhng i lc ca hemoglobin
vi oxy l rt cao nn gy ra s bo ha gn nh l hon ton trong mu (khong 97%).
Khi hemoglobin khng mang oxy ti cc m (mc mao dn), s bo ha
hemoglobin trong mao dn tng dn. Thng thng s bo ha trong tnh mch vo
khong 75%. i lc ca hemoglobin i vi oxy cao hn ch oxy khi bo ha mc thp,
bi vy mc chnh lch gia mc bo ha trng thi khe t 95 - 98% v mc th
km (85-90%) l rt thp. Nu oxyhemoglobin thp (di 90%) th khng lng oxy
cung cp cho c th.

 S khi o tn hiu SPO2

Khi ny c dng o mt knh ng sng huyt p, mt knh ng sng
nhit v gi tr ca SpO2. Cc mch u vo trn bng ny c cch ly khi cc
mch cn li bng cc b ni quang v my bin th. Thng trn khi ny c mt
cng tc ngm dng ci t cc thng s cn o trong khi. Trong mch x l nhit
, tn hiu u vo t cc thermistor c lc qua b lc thng thp loi b nhiu tn
s cao. B ghp knh sau s dng ng thi in p tham chiu 270C, in p nh c
cho 370C v tn hiu nhit c th t cc thermistor. Trong mch x l huyt p(hnh
3.4) b kch thch iu khin hot ng ca u o huyt p. Nhng tn hiu u vo t
transducer c khuch i v sau c lc qua b lc thng thp. Mch x l SpO2
(hnh 3.3) bao gm 3 mch nh: mch iu khin LED, mch pht in ID u o, v
mch x l tn hiu u vo. Mch iu khin LED iu khin hot ng ca LED
trong u o. Mch pht hin ID u o tm dng v s hin din ca u o. Trong
mch x l tn hiu u vo, tn hiu u vo t photodiode c khuch i v c lc
qua b lc thng thp. Trong qu trnh ny, mt phn tn hiu khi khng d c nh
sng cgi li nh ng gc ca tn hiu.

Hnh 1.5. S nguyn l ca khi SpO2

Hnh 1.6 . S nguyn l hot ng ca khi IBP

Dng sng Pleth c to ra t tn hiu thu c ca cm bin o SpO2 nhng
dng sng Pleth khng phi l s dao ng ca gi tr SpO2. Gi tr SpO2 thng c
th hin bng dng s trn cc monitor theo di bnh nhn.
Pleth c vit tt t Plethysmography c ngha l biu o th tch. N th hin
s thay i th tch trong mt c quan hay trong ton b c th (thng l th tch mu
hoc kh). Cc cm bin SpO2 da trn hin tng hp th nh sng tnh ton lng
mu lu thng trong phn m gia u pht v u thu nh sng, do th to ra cng
c gi l Plethysmography hay c th hn l Photopethysmography (PPG).

Hnh1.7: dng sng Pleth

Mi chu k trn dng sng ny ng vi mt nhp p ca tim. ng i ln ng
vi qu trnh tm thu, mu t ng mch ch c bm n ngn tay. ng i xung
ng vi qu trnh tm trng. Trn ng i xung c mt gai nh, gai ny c to ra
do mu t ng mch ch khi c bm n cc phn di c th to s p lc ln trn
v truyn n ngn tay. cao ca sng cho bit dung lng mu lu thng trong ng
mch, chiu di bc sng cho bit nhp tim. Cc dng sng Pleth khng bnh thng s
cho bc s mt s thng tin v tnh trng ca bnh nhn.
Mt s monitor khng v sng Pleth m biu din s thay i th tch mu lu
thng trong ng mch din bng s dao ng ca mt chui vch. Ngy nay, nh s
pht trin ca cng ngh, thit b o SpO2 ngy cng n gin v r, do gi tr SpO2
cng sng Pleth v ang tr thnh mt thng tin quan trng phc v cho cng tc chn
on ca bc s.
1.4.3. Hin th tn hiu huyt p
S hnh thnh huyt p

Huyt p l p lc gy ra cho thnh mch mu khi mu lu thng trong mch mu.

S hnh thnh ca huyt p ng mch l kt qu ca tc dng tng quan gia tim bom
mu v lc cn bn ngoi.
Khi tim co li, tm tht s y mu vo mch mu. C tm tht phng thch ra
nng lng, mt phn dng y mu di chuyn, mt phn s chuyn ha thnh p lc
ln thnh mch mu. Tr s huyt p v lng mu do tim y ra c lin quan mt thit
vi nhau. Lng mu y ra l tch s ca lng mu c y ra sau mi ln tim p v
nhp tim. V vy, nhp tim nhanh hay chm u nh hng n tr s huyt p.
Sc cn ngoi vi c hnh thnh ch yu do lc cn huyt qun, l mt nhn t
quan trng hnh thnh nn huyt p. Neu khng c sc cn ngoi vi th lng mu t tim
bm ra s chy nhanh ra ngoi. Ch khi phi hp vi sc cn ngoi vi, lng mu do tim
bm ra s khng chy qu nhanh m lu li mch mu. Nh th, nng lng phng
thch ra khi tm tht co li mi c th biu hin di dng p lc, hnh thnh nn huyt
p tng i cao. p lc ngoi vi tng cao ch yu l do s thay i ca ng knh
mch mu v lin quan mt thit n hot ng co, gin ca thnh mch mu.
n hi ca ng mch v dnh ca mu cng s nh hng n tr s huyt
p. Khi n hi ca ng mch tng c tc dng lm gim bin dao ng ca huyt
p, ngn nga hin tng p sut tm thu qu cao v p sut tm trng qu thp.
dnh ca mu tng cao, sc cn ngoi vi ln cng s lm cho huyt p tng cao.
S khi o huyt p
Sau khi tn hiu nhn t u o huyt p, khi ny khuch i cc tn hiu u vo
ri sau cho qua cc b lc v au vo b ghp knh. Cc tn hiu t b ghp knh sau
c a vo bng mch m x l tip. Trong khi ny c mt b iu khin van
an ton kim tra trng thi ca van an ton. Van an ton c thit k sao cho n t
ng lm gim bt p sut ca Cuff khi p sut ny vt qu 300mmHg. Van ny gip

bo v bnh nhn trong trng hp mch an ton khng dng tng p sut ca cuff khi p
sut t n 300mmHg.

Hnh1.8: S nguyn l hot ng ca khi NIBP

theo di huyt p lin tc v v th, cc bc s phi s dng phng php o
huyt p xm ln (Invasive Blood Pressure hay IBP). Ngi ta c th o IBP ti nhiu v
tr trn c th nhng thng thng nht l o ng mch quay, i,Dng sng huyt
p c hnh dng gn ging vi hnh dng sng Pleth do c hai u lin quan n mc
bm mu n ng mch.

Hnh1.9: dng sng huyt p

1.4.4. Hin th nhp th

Tng quan v h h hp ca ngi
Phi thc hin chc nng thng kh vo trao i O2, CO2 vi mu. v mt trao i
kh, mu s nhn O2 t khng kh ht vo v thi CO2 ra ngoi theo ng th ra. v mt
thng kh, khi phi co li s to nn mt p lc m so vi p lc kh quyn v khng kh
s i vo qua ng dn kh (mm, mi- kh qun, ph qun-phi). y l qu trnh ht
vo ca con ngi. Khi phi dn ra, lng kh trong phi b y ra ngoi do p lc phi
cao hon p lc kh quyn. y l qu trnh th ra ca con ngui. Hot ng ca h h hp
uc theo di qua cc thng s kh c trong kh th ca con ngui nh C02, lng 02
tiu th cng nh s co bp ca phi v s ln ht vo, th ra (nhp th).
S khi
Cc in cc c t trc ngc bnh nhn (ty theo v tr ca in cc th ta
c Z) o tn hiu th, b to dao ng s to ra tn hiu dng in xoay chiu c tn
s t 20KHz n 100KHz, cng t 25pA n 500pA tc ng vo in cc mc ch
thu c gi tr in p a vo b khuch i. Tn hiu ra ca b khuch i s
c lc, x l v tnh ton bi b vi x l. Trn mn hnh s hin th dng tn hiu th
v nhp th/pht, tt c qu trnh ny uc th hin hnh 1.12.

Hnh 1.10: s khi qu trnh x l tn hiu th trong thit b

theo di bnh nhn

1.4.5. Hin th nhit

Gii thiu chung
Nhit (temperature) c o ti mt s v tr khc nhau trn c th chn
on v theo di bnh nhn. ngi, nhit phn gia c th l n nh nh chc nng
iu ha nhit (thermoregulatory) sinh l. Nhit ca cc m nm su trong phn
gia c th c gi l nhit li hay nhit c th su (deep body). Thut ng nhit
c th thng dng cho nhit li mc d nhit ca c th l khng ng u
m thay i t im ny ti im khc. Nhit li lun nm trong khong 35 - 40c.
Hu ht cc thay i nhit sinh l hay bnh l u nm trong di ny, t thp nht vo
sng sm hay trong thi tit lnh ti cao nht do st hay do vn ng mnh.
S khi phn x l v hin th
in tr nhit trong u o nhit c kt ni vi b so snh. B so snh ny
s lin tc so snh u vo vi cc in tr chun lin tc hiu chun php o. in p
c to ra sau s c khuch i, lc v c s ha ri a n b vi x l. Vic
hiu chnh lin tc, tuyn tnh ha, iu khin, bin i sang c v hin trn mn hnh u
c thc hin bi b vi x l.

Hnh 1.11: S khi phn x l tn hiu nhit

1.4.6. Hin th nhp tim

Nhp tim (Heart Rate) c xc nh l s ln tim p trong mt pht. Vic theo
di nhp tim l xc nh xem l tim p nhanh hay chm. Nhp tim c ly t qu
trnh thu nhn v x l tn hiu in tim ECG v o bng cch ly trung bnh hay khong
thi gian tc thi gia hai nh R lin nhau. Nhp tim c khong gi tr t 0-250
nhp/pht.
Do nhp tim c ly t qu trnh thu nhn v x l tn hiu in tim ECG nn s
khi ca qu trnh x l nhp tim cng l s khi hnh 1.6. B vi x l s thc hin
vic tnh ton v hin th gi tr nhp tim khi tn hiu in tim c x l.
hiu r hn v cch hot ng ca cc khi o, ta cn tm hiu l thuyt v
phng php o cc thng s. Ni dung v cc phng php o c trnh by di y.
1.5. C s l thuyt ca h thng monitor a thng s ti ging bnh
1.5.1. Phng php o nhp tim
Nhp tim c xc nh l s ln tim p trong mt pht. Vic theo di nhp tim l
xc nh xem l tim p nhanh hay chm. nhp tim ly c t s khuch i xung
ECG v o bng cch ly trung bnh hay khong thi gian tc th gia 2 nh R lin nhau.
Di o t 0-300 nhp/pht. Cc in cc ECG ngc hay chi c s dng l cc cm
bin. o nhp tim gm c php o trung bnh, php o tc th.
Php o trung bnh:
Da trn c s chuyn i mi nh sng R ca ECG thnh mt xung c
bin v thi gian c nh v sau xc nh dng trung bnh t nhng xung .
Chng kt hp mch c thit k mt cch c bit chuyn i tn s sang in
p hin th nhp tim trung bnh theo n v nhp/ pht. Mch trung bnh thng
thng c s dng chuyn i tn s sang in p hin th hp tim trung bnh
l mch bm iot:

Hnh1.12: Mch bm Diot

Nu mt t C c np y bng mt xung c bin in p V, th in tch

c gi trong n vi mt xung l: q = CV
Nu c N xung trong mt khong thi gian t, sao cho mi xung np mt
lng in tch q ln t, sau tng in tch l: Q = Nq = NCV
Do dng trung bnh trong chu k t l:
Q NCV
i tb
=CVf
t
t

Khi mt xung dng c bin V c a vo u vo ca mch, t C1 s

c np n C1V thng qua diot D1, diot ny s dn v to ra mt in tr
khng ng k. Do , s np t s do hng s thi gian R1C1 khng ch, v hng
s ny nh hn rt nhiu chiu rng ca xung u vo.
Khi xung u vo chuyn thnh 0, cathode ca D2 l m V vn so vi anode, do
iot D2 phn cc thun v bt u dn in. T C1 sau phng in qua diot D2,
ng h o v cc in tr R1, R2. T C2 c s dng trung bnh ha dng qua
ng h o v do n phi ln hn nhiu so vi t C1. Mch c sp xp sao cho
t C1 phng in hon ton trc khi xung tip theo xut hin ti u vo. Mt xung
khc c ln V li mt ln na np mt in tch q, sau li c bm qua ng h
o khi xung u vo quay li bng 0.
Nu dng trung bnh itb chy qua mt in tr R2 (in tr ng h o ch th),

th in p ca t l: e = C.V.f.R2
Mi lin h ny l ng ch khi e c mt t l nh so vi V. Tnh tuyn tnh
0.1% c th t c bng cch s dng V = 150V v e = 1V. Nhng cch ny khng
thc t i vi hu ht cc mch. Do mt s dng bin i c thc hin c
c mt in p u ra c mi quan h tuyn tnh vi tn s.
S khi ca mt dng c o nhp tim trung bnh c trc tip c m t trong
hnh 1.8. Xung ECG nhn c t cc in cc c khuch i ti mt b tin khuch
i ti mc c th vn hnh mch kch hot Schmidt. B kch hot Schmidt chuyn i
mi sng R thnh mt xung hnh ch nht, sau c ly vi phn trong mt b vi phn
RC mng li cc xung nh nhn cho vic kch hot Monostable Multivibrator. u
ra ca b Multivibrator ny bao gm cc xung ng dng c cng mt bin v thi
gian i ti b tch phn (mch bm diot), mch ny to ra mt dng t l thun vi tn s
u vo.

Hnh 1.13: S khi mt my theo di nhp tim trung bnh

Php o tc th:
Nhp tim tc th gip cho vic pht hin ra s ri lon nhp v cho php theo di
kp thi cc trng hp tim mch khn cp khi chng mi chm xut hin. Hnh 3.9 cho
thy nguyn l ca mt dng dng c o nhp tim tc th. N cung cp u ra n nh
gia cc xung, biu din tn s tc th gia hai xung trc. in p u ra gia R2 v

R3 t l vi tn s xung ca R1 v R2 tc l t l vi 1/T1.
u ra gia R3 v R4 t l vi 1/T2, nu nhp tim tr nn thp hn ( vi T4>T3)
v xung khng xut hin ti thi im thi gian bng T3 sau R4, u ra bt u gim v
hiu chnh thnh gi tr mi. K thut ny c u im l thit k n gin nhng n
khng cho ra u ra tuyn tnh cho mt di tn s rng.
Mt k thut khc c dng rng ri cho vic o nhp tim tc th bao gm 2 t,
mt c s dng nh t o thi gian v t kia c s dng nh mt t b nh. Hot
ng ph thuc vo vic np t o theo chu k thi gian gia hai qung thi gian cui,
trong khi t b nh hin th gi tr c lu tr tng ngvi qung thi gian gia
hai qung thi gian cui. y u ra khng tuyn tnh. Cisek (1972) a ra mt thit
k cho mt Cardiotachometer xung xung tuyn tnh s dng k thut ny. Trong mch
ca ng mch o thi gian c np theo hm hypecbol gi hai xung lin tc to ra gi
tr in p cui, c quan h tuyn tnh vi tn s xung tc thi.

Hnh 1.14: Nguyn l chuyn i tn s sang in p theo di nhp tim tc

th
Hnh trn l s khi ca mt Cardiotachometer. ECG c ly mu trong mi
bc 2ms. S chuyn tip nhanh ca cc thnh phn bin cao c lm suy yu i
bng mt b hn ch t l xoay, b ny lm gim bin nhiu do my to nhp tim gy
ra v lm gim kh nng tnh nhng nhiu ny thnh cc nhp p ca tim.
Hai mu 2ms gn nhau c ly trung bnh v kt qu l mt chui mu 4ms c
to ra. loi b nhng thnh phn tn s cao khng cn thit ca tn hiu, ngi ta

dng mt b lc Butterworth xung phn hi khng gii hn tn s 30Hz. B lc ny cho

ra cc mu 8ms trong qu trnh hot ng. Bt k mt sng DC no cui cng cng phi
qua mt b lc so snh QRS, b d nhp p nhn bit cc t hp QRS trong cc gi tr
ca ng in tim ang c ghi. Nu gi tr ny vt qu gi tr ngng th mt nhp
tim c m. Ngng ny c hiu chnh t ng ph thuc vo gi tr ca bin
sng QRS v khong thi gian gia cc t hp QRS. Tip theo mi nhp p l chu k c
ch 200ms c a vo, trong qua trnh d khng c nhp tim no c nhn ra. iu
ny lm gim kh nng sng T c tnh nhm. Chu k c ch cng c duy tr bin i
nh mt phng trnh nghch o gii hn nhp tim trn vi cc gii hn nhp tim cao
thp hn thi chu k c ch di hn.

Hnh 1. 15: S khi mt my Cardiotachometer da trn b lc so snh

1.5.2. Phng php o nhp mch
Nhp mch c xc nh l s ln mu c y vo trong ng mch. Theo di
thng s nhp mch l bit xem tim c y c mu i ln ng mch hay khng.
o nhp mch ngi ta s dng mt transducer in quang thch hp t ln ngn tay
hay di tai. Tn hiu t t bo quang hc c khuch i v c lc v khong thi
gian c o gia hai xung lin tc. Di o t 0-250bpm.
Theo di xung ngoi vi c ch hn v c lp hn so vi vic tnh nhp tim t
ng in tim trong trng hp tc tim bi v n c th ngay lp tc ch ra s ngng lu

thng mu trong cc chi. Thm vo cc Transducer in quang rt d dng so vi ba

in cc in tim. Bin ca tn hiu thu c bng phng php ny cng ln
so snh vi tn hiu in tim v do n cho ra t l tn hiu nhiu tt hn. Tuy nhin,
k thut ny chu nh hng kh ln ca cc tc nhn nhiu do chuyn ng.
1.5.3. Phng php o huyt p
Huyt p l mt thng s ph bin v hiu qu nht trong y t thc hnh sinh
l. Thc hin xc nh gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca p sut mu trong mi
chu k nhp tim, b xung thm thng tin v cc thng s sinh l, h tr cho vic chn
on nh gi iu kin c mch mu v mt vi kha cnh v hot ng ca tim.
C nhiu phng phng php o huyt p khc nhau, nhng phn ra lm 2 loi: o
huyt p theo phng php trc tip v o huyt p theo phng php gin tip.
Cc gi tr p sut trong h thng chc nng c ch ra:
- H thng ng mch 30 300mmHg
- H thng tnh mch 5 15mmHg
- H thng phi 6 25mmHg
o huyt p theo phng php trc tip IBP:
L phng php o chnh xc nht v cm bin c cy trc tip vo ng mch
ca c th. Phng php ny ch p dng khi cn chnh xc cao p ng cho yu cu
theo di lin tc ca h thng monitor. Phng php ny cho php o huyt p trong cc
vng su m phng php o gin tip khng o c. Trong phng php o trc tip
ngi ta s dng cc loi ng thng c gn cm bin a vo trong ng mch hoc
tnh mch vng quan tm. C hai loi ng thng c s dng, mt loi c cm bin
c gn u ng v thc hin chuyn i p lc ca mu thnh tn hiu in. Mt loi
khc l ng cha y cht lng, p lc mu s c truyn n u d thng qua cht
lng trong ng. Sau u d s chuyn i sang cc tn hiu in tng ng. Cc tn
hiu in ny sau c khuch i v hin th hoc l ghi li xem xt. Trong
phng php o ny trc khi a cc ng thng vo trong mch mu phi c tit

trng trc.

Hnh 1. 16: nh cy cm bin trc tip vo ng mch

Vic o p sut tnh mch chnh CVP (central Venous Pressure) c thc hin
vi k thut ng dn c bit. Cc u d vi nhy cao c a vo trong tnh mch
o p sut mu. Tuy nhin cc u d khng th gn trc tip ln u ca ng v
khng th thay i v tr ca ng trong khi o. Vic o p sut tnh mch chnh thng
c o t mt ng dn nh v cao cp, cc ng dn ny thng di t 25 30cm.
S dng phng php gin tip NIBP:
K thut ny dng xc nh p sut ca mu ti tm thu v tm trng bng
cch cun quanh cnh tay ly p lc ca ng mch. Phng php ny c thc hin
bng cch cun quanh cnh tay mt ti chu p lc, sau dng bng hi bm hi vo
ti n mt gi tr nht inh. Cho gim dn p sut trong ti mt cch u n, ti khi
no c mu chy trong ng mch th l gi tr p sut tm thu, tip tc gim dn p
sut trong ti n khi mu chy bnh thng th gi tr l p sut tm trng. Nhng
vn xc nh ngng ca hai p sut trn l rt kh, m theo cch trn l rt th cng
thc hin bng tay, kt qu ph thuc nhiu vo kh nng ca y t. Nn t tm ra
cc phng php o hon ton t ng c th thc hin trn my:

T ng o huyt p s dng phng php KorotKoff:

Phng php ny thc hin ging nh khi lm bng tay nhng c thm cm bin
m c t vo ti kh thu cc m thanh Korokoff. Cc m thanh ny qua cht p
in s c chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu in tng ng. Sau cc tn hiu ny c
khuch i v truyn i qua cc b lc thng di loi b nhiu. T cc tn hiu thu
c ngi ta xc nh c p sut tm thu v tm trng tng ng. Qu trnh din ra
trong khong thi gian t 2-5s.

Hnh 1.17: Dng sng tn hiu thu c o theo phng php Korotkoff v dao
ng k.
T ng o huyt p s dng phng php dch pha
Da vo s xut hin mch ti thi im tm thu v bin mt ti thi im tm
trng. Xc nh tc th cc gi tr p sut tm trng v tm thu. thc hin c iu
, ngi ta sp xp trn ti kh gm 3 ti con hoc l 3 ngng con c bm cao hn p
sut sut tm thu khong 30 mmHg. Mt trong cc tui c gi l ti tm thu, hai ti
cn li c gi l ti tm trng. Ga tr p sut tm thu c xc nh bng cch cm
nhn mch mu u tin i qua cc ti tm trng. Cn gi tr p sut tm trng c
xc nh bng cch pht hin ra khi tn hiu t cc ti tm trng khng cn b dch pha
so vi nhau na
T ng o huyt p s dng phng php Rheographic:

Da vo s thay i tr khng ti 2 im di sc p ca ti kh xc nh p
sut tm trng thay cho vic da vo s dch pha mch mu phng php trn.
Hnh 1.10 m t cch t in cc o huyt p trong phng php ny. Ba in
cc gn trn ti kh c t p st vo da trn cnh tay ca bnh nhn. Vic tip xc tt
s lm gim tr khng tip xc gia in cc v da. ic cc B hot ng nh l mt
in cc chnh c t gia ti kh, cc in cc A v C c gn hai bn in cc
B. Mt ngun xoay chiu tn s cao c 100KHz c a vo cc A v C, khi thc hin
o tr khng gia in cc bt k di p lc ca ti kh th n s a ra gi tr tng ng
ca cc nhp p trong mch. Do cc xung mch c th c nhn bit v a i
khuch i.
Khi ti kh c bm ln ti khong gi tr ca p sut tm thu th khng c mt
xung mch no c nhn bit bi in cc A. Xung mch s xut hin khi p sut ca
ti kh gim xung di mc p sut tm thu. S xut hin cu xung th nht s to ra
mt tn hiu in nh du gi tr ca p sut tm thu trn p k. Khi p sutti kh
gim v nm trong khong gia p sut tm thu v p sut tm trng th cc tn hiu ny
s khng c in cc A v C nhn bit, do dng mu b ngn cn bi ti kh lm cho
cc xung xut hin ti A tr hn s vi xung xut hin ti C. Khi p sut ti kh gim
xung gi tr p sut tm trng th dng mu khng cn b cn tr v cc tn hiu ny s
bin mt. Mt tn hiu chnh xut hin v p sut ca tm trng c hin th trn p k.

Hnh 1. 18 Phng php o huyt p gin tip theo Rheographic

 T ng o huyt p theo phng php dao ng k:

Da trn phng php dao ng k hoc l khng thm nhp t ng xc nh
huyt p ca ng mch. Thit b ny cng thc hin theo li truyn thng l dng ti kh
bm cng v cho gim dn p lc. Khi cho p lc ca ti kh gim i th p sut ca ng
mch c xc nh tai thi im p lc ca ti kh l thp nht, ti bin ca dao
ng k l ln nht. Ti kh c tng p lc bi mt ng c cht v p sut c theo
di bng mt ng khc c gn cm bin p lc t trong . Hot ng ca thit b c
iu khin bi vi x l h 4040. Vic pht hin p lc ng mch c da vo hai dao
ng k. Thit b ny c th t c h s tng quan l 0.98 trong vic xc nh p
sut ca ng mch.
T ng o huyt p s dng phng php hiu ng siu m Doppler:
Cc Monitor t ng o huyt p cng c thit k da vo siu m v s vn
ng ca thnh mch. Cc b logic iu khin c t hp trong thit b thc hin phn
tch cc tn hiu thu c t s vn ng ca thnh mch xc nh p sut tm thu v
tm trng v cho hin th gi tr tng ng.
Hiu ng dch tn Doppler c xc nh nh sau:

Trong :

f - tn s Doppler(Hz)

vt

- tc truyn m(m/s)

- bc sng(m)

f=

2 vt
t

i vi thit b o huyt p th ng mch cnh tay c s dng v sng

siu m s phn x tt. S vn ng ca mch s to ra dch chuyn tn s Doppler:
c =

Trong :

T ta c:

vc
fc

- bc sng siu m trong mi trng(m)

vc

- vn tc sng truyn m trong mi trng(m/s c 1480m/s)

fc

- tn s ca sng siu m trong mi trng (2MHz)

3

c =0,74.10 m

V tn s Doppler l:

f=

2 vt

0,74.10

=2,7.10 v t ( Hz)

Do o ta thy tn s Doppler f ph thuc vo vn tc ca sng siu m trong mi

trng. xc nh tn s Doppler phi xc nh theo s vn ng ca thnh mch. S
3
vn ng ca thnh mch c xc nh vo c 5. 10
m v lp li trong khong thi

gian t = 0.1s. T tc ca thnh mch c xc nh l :

vt =

d 5.103
=
=50. 103 (m/s)
t
0.1

Thay vo biu thc tnh tn s Doppler ta c :

3

f =2.7 x 10 v t x 50 x 10 =135 Hz

Cc thit b s dng nguyn l dch tn siu m Doppler o huyt p u da

vo vic xc nh tn s dch chuyn ca cc sng phn hi li t s vn ng ca thnh
mch. Mt khc cc thit b o huyt p loi ny phi lc b i cc tn s cao v cc tn
thp t cc tn hiu phn hi li khi gp s vn ng ca thnh mch.
S khi ca cc thit b loi ny c m t trong hnh 3.15. gm 4 khi chnh.
Ti cng mt thi im cc tn hiu iu khin t h thng con c pht ti khi RF v
h thng Audio con vi tn s sng mang l 2Mhz. Ti chng c a ti cc u d
trong ti kh, cc u d thc hin chuyn i nng lng ca sng RF sang dng nng
lng ca sng siu m v cho i qua tay ca bnh nhn. p sut trong ti kh c kim
tra bi h thng iu khin con v kh p sut t n khong nh trc th qu trnh
bm c dng li. Ti thi im ny, cc mch audio trong khi RF v khi audio h
thng con s c iu khin bi cc tn hiu iu khin h thng con v cc tn hiu
audiony s a cc tn s Doppler n khi iu khin logic. Cc tn hiu iu khin t
h thng con c a ti khi h thng kh iu khin bm kh cho ti kh theo mt
tc nh trc.

Hnh 1. 19 : Cc khi chnh trong thit b o huyt p siu m

Ti p sut tm thu, ng mch ang b nn s m ra v mu bt u chy. S vn

ng ca ng mch lm xut hin tn s Doppler khi sng siu m phn hi li. Tn
hiu c chuyn i sang dng tn s audio v c nhn bit l im p sut tm thu
bi h thng iu khin logic. Sau khi c 4 tn hiu c nhn bit y t cc thanh
ghi th lc mi khng nh l im p sut tm thu. Mt cch kim tra khc l da vo
cc tn hiu audio xc nh b rng v tn s ca cc xung phn hi t cc ng mch.
Cc xung c b rng ln hn 125ms va tn s ln hn 250ms s b loi b ra bi h thng
iu khin logic. Vic thit lp gii hn trn (240bit/s) theo nhp timca bnh nhn s
c thit b t ng thc hin. Tng t nh vy cho gii hn di l 24bit/s. Ti p
sut tm trng, p sut ca ti kh s cn bng hoc xp x ngng p sut ca ng
mch. Khi h thng audio con s khng nhn c cc tn s Doppler na v vic c
p sut tm trng c tin hnh. Khi p sut ca ti kh s cn bng vi p sut ca
kh quyn v c gi nguyn cho n khi thc hin mt php o mi.
1.5.4. Phng php o nhit
Cc cm bin c s dng thng dng trng cc thit b o nhit l cc
in tr nhit. S thay i gi tr in tr theo nhit c xc nh bng mch cu v
c hin th bng mt nhit k. Di o nhit cho c th ngi thng t 30 420C.
Trong trng hp hin th s th cc mch in thng x l trong monitor c
biu din trn hnh 1.12. Ban u chuyn mch S1, S2 c t nh trong hnh 3.16,
trong trng hp nym in p trn Rref ( 00C) c a vo u khng o ca b
khuch i A1. Tn hiu t A1 c a ti c hai u o v khng o ca b khuch
i A2. Tuy nhin trong thi gian ny t C u o ca b khuch i A2 s c np
ti gi tr Vref 0C. Ti thi im m v tr cc chuyn mch c o li v u vo cu
b khuch i A1 c ly t in tr nhit. ng thi u vo o t A1 n A2 c
ni mch. Khi mt in th dng ln hnVref 0C xut hin tai u vo khng o

ca b khuch i A2. S khc nhau gia u vo o v u vo khng o ca b

khuch i A2 lm cho u ra ca n b m. Trong thi gian ny, t C phng in qua R2
cho n khi in p trn t C cn bng vi in p trn RT. Khi hai u vo ca b
khuch i A2 tr nn cn bng th u ra ca n li tr li gi tr dng. Trn thc t th
cc mch FET c s dng cho cc chuyn mch S1, S2, Cc xung tn s cao s c
m trong khong thi gian m nhit c xc nh. Trong cc h thng theo di bnh
nhn c hai knh o nhit thng c s dng. Cng ging nh vic ghi o in tim,
y cc mch ra cng phi c cch ly qua cp bin i quang in.

Hnh 1. 20 : S khi chi tit o nhit hin th s trc tip

1.5.5. Phng php o nhp th
Cc u d thng c s dng trong vic o nhp th bao gm cc in tr
nhit c t trc mi, cc vi mch hoc l cc u d khng c nh c t
quanh ngc bnh nhn. Tr khng ca cc in cc v tn hiu c ly t vic xc nh
CO2. Tn hiu nhp th c ly t bt k mt u d no c em khuch i v trong
khong thi gian ny s thc hin o gia hai xung k tip nhau. Di o thng 0
50nhp/pht. Gm c 2 phng php in tr nhit v tr khng phi
S dng in tr nhit:
Dng in tr nhit nh cc u d. t in tr nhit gn ng qun o s thay
i ca nhit kh th trong khi ht vo hoc th ra. in tr nhit c t trn cnh

tay ca bnh nhn l mt mch cu Wheastone d a ra s thay i ca nhit trn.

Mt b khuch i c s dng nhn tn hiu t mch cu, t tn hiu ny s thc
hin m s nhp th /pht. Cc tn s tho s c lc b trc khi tn hiu c em i
x l.
Nu nh nhit khng kh th ra l trong khong nhit phng th s rt thun tin
cho vic s dng mt in tr nhit phn bit s khc nhau gia hai nhit khi ht
vo v th ra, t s to ra tn hiu in tt hn. Cn nu nhit khng kh khi th ra
l cao hn th in tr nhit c th hot ng nhit phng. i khi cn phi o cho
cc bnh nhn b bt tnh khi h khng iu khin c qu trnh th ca mnh na
lc ny cn c s tr gip ca my.
S dng tr khng phi:
y l mt k thut dng xc nh nhp th mt cch gin tip. Trong phng
php ny ngi ta s dg cc in cc t ln ngc bnh nhn( tt nht l cc in cc b
mt), da vo tr khng phi xc nh quan h gia su nhp th v s thay i tr
khng ca ngc. Trong k thut ny yu cu cn c cc dng c : mt n, ng dn, lu
lng k, hoc ph dung k. Trong phng php ny th cc in cc b mt c s
dng l thch hp nht.
Cc in cc c gn ln ngc bnh nhn nhn bit ra tn hiu iu ch. Tn
hiu c iu ch bng cch thay i tr khng ca c th cng vi chu k th. Cc in
cc t gin tip xc vi da c h tr bi mt lp kem chuyn dng. Cc in cc khi
tip xc vi da s to ra mt tr khng c 150 - 200. S thay i tr khng trong mi
chu k th s dao ng trong khong 1% in tr gc trn.

Hnh 1. 21 : Nguyn l phng php o tr khng phi

Hnh trn l s nguyn l phng php o tr khng phi hai in cc. Vic
dng 2 in cc cm nhn tr khng th ch ph hp vi bnh nhn nm. V nu nh
c bt c s dch chuyn no ca i tng th s lm thay i tr khng tip xc ca
in cc. gim s thay i th ta s dng 4 in cc. Khi tn hiu pht ra t b dao
ng k c a ti hai in cc, dng in t b dao ng k s khng i qua tr khng
tip xc ca in cc o. Cc s ny thng c dng cho cc monitor m i tng
o l tr em.
1.5.6. Phng php o nng CO2
Xc nh nng CO2 trong kh th ra l mt cch khc xc nh nhp th.
Hnh 3.18 minh ha nng CO2 ht vo v th ra. Vic xc nh da vo cc tia hng
ngoi c hp th t cc kh. Cc b lc cn thit c s dng tp trung cc kh c
bit nh: CO2, CO, N2O trong thnh phn kh th ra, cc kh him v kh a nguyn t
s khng hp th tia hng ngoi. Khi cho cc tia hng ngoi i qua kh th ra c cha
mt hm lng CO2 th mt phn nng lng ca tia hng ngoi c hp th bi kh
ny. Cc b cm nhn s nhn bit c s suy gim nng lng ca tia v thc hin
chuyn i thnh tn hiu in. Tn hiu ny s c s dng tnh nhp th trung bnh.

Trong cc phng php phn tch hp th hng ngoi, c 2 phng php o CO2
l sidestream v mainstream.

Phng php o CO2 sidestream

Phng php ny ht th lin tc ly mu kh v phn tch hm lng CO2 ca mu

. S thit lp khng ng tc th, kh d ra h thng mu, s ngng t hi nc l
do tnh trng bao ph v tt c cc bi nguyn t l cc ngun gy li. Cc dng ng
cc cht pha ch c nc c thit k ngn chn s i vo ca cc cht lng thnh ra
s o c nh cc cht lng c hp th hng ngoi cao. Sau khi cc kh c phn
tch, cc kh thi c th ly li gy m trc khi hydroxit natri vi hydroxit canxi trong
hp nh.

Phng php o CO2 mainstream

Phng php ny s phn tch ton b kh th ti mt thi im gy m. Cuvett o

c t cng gn th c th t trong ng qun. Dng c phn tch s dng hp th hng

ngoi pht hin CO2. ng c t nng ti 400C ngn chn s ngng t ca hi
nc c mt trong cc kh. Ht vt cht nh nc nhy hoc nc ming t ng thng s
gy ra sai lch do s hp th hng ngoi nu chng i vo trong ng cuvette. Tuy nhin,
p ng thi gian ca dng c phn tch nhanh hn phng php CO2- sidestream,
phng php khi ph k hoc cc dng c phn tch Raman. Tt c cc phng php o
CO2 c chun nh k ngn chn s sai lch ca thit b.

Hnh 1. 22: Nng CO2 khi ht vo v th ra

Hnh di a ra s khi trong vic phn tch kh CO2 trong hi th ra. Hai
chm tia c cng tng ng nhau to ra cc tia hng ngoi t cc si t c gn
trn mt na ca mi bnh ngng. B d gm c 2 phn ging ht nhau c cch bit
bi mt lp kim loi mng. Cc u d c lm y bi cc mu CO2 tinh khit. Do s
tp trung ca kh CO2 trong t bo phn tch nn chm tia trn b mt th nghim ca
u d s yu hn l mt xem xt. Do kh b mt xem xt s c t nng hn b
mt phn tch. Mng ngn y l mt tm ca t in. Cc chm tia hng ngoi c
chn tn s 25Hz v tn hiu xoay chiu xut hin u d s c khuch i ph hp
a ra nhp th tng ng.

Hnh 1.23: S khi ca qu trnh phn tch kh CO2 trong hi th

1.5.7. Ghi tn hiu in tim ECG
Ghi tn hiu in tim
in tim ECG l cc hot ng in ca tim c to ra bi qu trnh co bp ca
c tim. Vic theo di in tim ECG nhm kim tra mt s chc nng ca tim l rt quan
trng trong vic theo di tnh trng ca bnh nhn trong sut qu trnh gy m bnh nhn
trong phng m. Vic theo di ECG c s dng tnh nhp tim, phn tch chng to
nhp, pht hin chc nng to nhp v chng thiu mu. Tn hiu in tim c ly trn
da bnh nhn thng qua h thng in cc ECG v cp ni. S in cc c th l 3,5 hay
12 in cc tu theo loi my. Cng nhiu in cc th thng tin o c cng chnh xc.
Tuy nhin hu ht cc Bedside thng s dng cp in tim tiu chun 3 hoc 5 in
cc.V tr t in cc trn ngi bnh nhn tu thuc vo s in cc ca cp in tim.
Vi h thng 3 in cc ( 3 o trnh ) cc in cc ny s c gn R/RA( right
arm), L/LA ( left arm), F/LL( left leg) ca bnh nhn. i vi cp in tim 5 in cc th
thm cc v tr C/V(chest) v N/RL(right leg). S lng o trnh ph thuc vo s in
cc.
Cc in cc ECG gn trn da bnh nhn thu nhn cc tn hiu in ECG v
c ni vi mt mch u vo ca monitor bng cc dy dn/ cp. Cc tn hiu ECG thu
c s c khuch i v x l bi modul hoc khi o ECG v sau d liu c
chuyn ti BSM v hin th dng sng ECG trn mn hnh.

Hnh 1. 24: Cc o trnh chun

Hnh 1. 25: Cc o trnh chi n cc

Hnh 1. 26:Cc o trnh trc ngc

Nu s dng cp in tim 12 in cc ta s o c dng sng ca 12 o trnh
trn. Nu s dng cp 3 hoc 5 in cc c dng sng ca 3 o trnh hoc 6.

Hnh 1. 27 in tim 12 knh ghi

Hnh 1. 28 in tim 6 knh ghi

Hnh 1. 29 in tim 3 knh ghi

Hnh 1. 30 in tim 3 knh ghi + 1 nhp tim chun

Cc in cc ECG gn trn da bnh nhn thu nhn cc tn hiu in ECG v
c kt ni vi mt mch u vo ca monitor bng cc dy dn/ cp. Mch u vo
bao gm mch cch ly v mch bo v. Mch cch ly c chc nng cch ly bnh nhn
khi cc dng in nguy him c th pht ra trong qu trnh thu tn hiu ECG v mch
bo v trnh monitor khng b ph hng bi cc in p cao c th xut hin trong qu
trnh kh rung tim bnh nhn. B khuch i ECG gm b tin khuch i v b khuch
i iu khin. Cc tn hiu ECG thu c ban u c bin rt nh s c khuch i
vi sai c h s khuch i rt ln. B khuch i ny c tr khng u vo ln v t s
Mode chung CMRR cao. B khuch i iu khin s khuch i cc tn hiu ECG ti
mt bin ln v truyn tn hiu ECG ny ti b chuyn i AD v khi x l trung
tm, s khi c m t nh hnh di:

Hnh 1. 31 S khi ca vic thu nhn v x l tn hiu ECG

1.5.8. bo ha oxi trong mu SpO2
Hemoglobin l mt loi protein v l thnh phn chnh ca cc t bo hng cu, n
vn chuyn oxi t phi ni nng hay p lc oxi SpO2 rt cao, ti cc m ni m nng
oxi thp. bo ha oxi SpO2 trong mu c nh ngha l t s gia lng oxi ti
hn vi tng kh nng c th cha oxi ca mu ng mch, tc l t s gia oxi
hmoglobin vi tng s hemoglobin trong mu ng mch theo cng thc:
Sp O2 ( )=

100[O2 Hb]

[O2 Hb ]+[ HHb]

[O 2 Hb] : nng oxi hemoglobin

[HHb ] : nng deoxigenhemoglobin ( khng mang oxi)

bo ha xi c tnh xc nh hiu qu cu vic iu tr , chn on,

ng thi cng cn cho theo di tnh trng v s pht trin ca mt s lai bnh. o
bo ha xi ngi ta s dng pulse oximetor, cm bin ca thit b ny gm ngun
sng kp, phtodetector.

Hnh 1. 32: S khi x l tn hiu ca Pulse Oximetor

Nguyn l o SpO2:

nh sng v tia hng ngoi c pht ra lin tc t ngun sng kp i xuyn

qua m. Xng, m, sc t da v mu ng mch s hp th mt lng nh sng c nh
theo thi gian. Cn ng mch thng s p v hp th cc lng nh sng khc nhau
trong cc qu trnh tm thu v tm trng do dung lng mu s tng v gim trong cc
qu trnh ny. T s nh sng c hp th ti thi im tm thu v tm trng s c
chuyn i sang vic o nng bo ha oxi. Cc m c cu trc mng thng c
chn o: ngn tay, ngn chn v tai. Phn nh sng i qua m s c thu nhn bi
phtdetector v c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in, cng nh sng thu c cng
ln th tn hiu in cng mnh. Photodetector gi cc tn hiu in cha thng tin v
cng nh sng ny ti oximetor, oximetor s dng cc thng tin ny tnh ton
phn trm tng i ca HbO2 v HHb, bo ha oxi SpO2 v nhp mch thng qua b
vi x l tn hiu.

Hnh 1. 33 Hnh s hp th nh sng hng ngoi ca mu tnh mch, m, xng

Tuy nhin nh sng khi xuyn qua v tr o khng ch b hp th bi mu
ng mch m cn bi mu tnh mch v cc m khc. Do , cc thng tin m
oximeter thu c bao gm thng tin t mu ng mch v cc t chc khc ngoi
mu ng mch c o.
1.5.9. o cung lng tim CO

Cung lng tim l lng mu tim bm vo ng mch trong mt pht. Cung

lng tim ph thuc vo th tch tm thu v nhp tim. Gi tr bnh thng ca cung lng
tim 4.5 6lit/pht, cn khi vn ng nhiu th c th ln n 20 lit/pht. Theo di cung
lng tim bit c lng mu qua tim tng hay gim. C 3 phng php xc nh
cung lng tim phong php Fick, phng php pha long cht mu, phng php pha
long nhit. Trong phng php pha long nhit l ph bin nht

Phng php Fick:

y l phng php o chnh lch hm lng oxi gia ng mch v tnh

mch. Phng php ny dng Oxi nh cht ch th v tng hm lng oxi trong mu tnh
mch do n i qua phi dc theo ng thng xi th, do hm lng cn xc nh
cung lng tim l CO = nng O2 trong ng thng/A VO2 khc. ng thng oxi
( mL/pht) c o bng mt thit b o dung tch phi c in y oxi cha mt thit
b ht CO2. A VO2 khc c xc nh t hm lng oxi(mL/100mL mu) t bt k
mt mu mu ng mch no v hm lng oxi (ml/100ml) ca mu ng mch phi.
Hm lng oxi trong mu thng rt kh o. Tuy nhin, cc my phn tch kh trong
mu m o nng pH, nng O2, nng CO2, t l th tch huyt cu v
hemoglobin cung cp gi tr cho hm lng O2 bng cch tnh ton s dng ng cong
phn tch oxi. C mt k thut chuyn mn nh bao gm cch xc nh ng thng oxi bi
v oxi b hp th nhit c th nhng o c nhit phng trong thit b o dung
tch phi. V vy, th tch ca oxi b hp th trong mt pht c nhn vi h s F.

Hnh 1. 34 S o Oxi trong ng vi mt dung k (phi) v phng php s dng tnh

ton o th tch
Hnh trn l ph dung biu din s lin quan th tch trn mt ng dc c
bn th hin mc ngng th(REL). dc nhn bit ng thng oxi nhit phng.
Trong vn ny, s hp th oxi khng chnh xc l 400mL/pht 260C trong thit b o
dung tch phi. Vi mt kh p vi p sut 750mHg, h s chuyn i ng vi th
tch , nhit c th 370C v lm bo ha hi nc l:
F=

273+ 37 PbP H 2 O
x
273+T s
Pb 47

Trong

Ti

l nhit dung k, Pb l p sut kh p, v PH2O Ts c ly

t bng hi nc (bng).

Hnh 1. 35 p sut kh p ca nc
Mt v d tnh ton n gin cho h s chnh xc F c a ra trong hnh m tnh
ra gi tr ca F l 1.069. Tuy nhin, d dng s dng bng 3.1 cha h s chnh xc. V
d, cho mt dung k nhit 260C v p sut kh p 750mHg, F= 1.0691. Ch rng h
s dng F trong trng hp ny ch ng 6.9%. Li ng c th t hn li s dng
trong tt c cc ln o khc. Mt v d c la chn trong A V
15 mL/100mL, mu v nng

tim l

CO=

O2

O2

khc l 20

trong ng thng l 400 x 1069; do cung lng

400 x 1069
=8552 mL / pht
(2015)/100

Phng php pha long cht mu

Phng php pha long cht mu( thuc nhum) l mt dng ca phng php

pha long cht ch th. Dng dung dch xanh Methylene hoc xanh Indocianine sau khi
trn hon ton trong tun hon phi s vo mu ng mch. Mu mu ng mch c
o lin tc nng cht mu bng vic phn tch quang ph khi mu qua ngun sng
hng ngoi. Cht mu dng cho php o lu lng phi ha tan trong nc, khng c,
v trng v cho php xc dnh nng trong mu hay huyt tng ( cung lng tim).
ghi li ng cong pha long c th dng quang mt k loi ng thy tinh
hay loi earpiece hoc ng si quang. Quang mt k ng thy tinh l mt dng c o
nng thuc nhum trong mch mu mt cch lin tc thng qua mt ng trong mch.
Khi nng thuc nhum nh v phn tn u trong mu, th theo lut Lamber Beer
ta c quan h gia mt quang I v nng cht mu (thuc nhum) :
cd =log

I0
=log I 0logI
I

( )

Trong :

 : h s hp th
d : dy ca lp mu
c : khi lng cht ch th
I0

: mt quang khi c = 0

Tuy mt quang l hm phi tuyn i vi nng thuc nhum nhng vn t

c u ra tuyn tnh theo c tnh loga ca ng nhn quang khi dng anot khng i. .
nhy ca quang mt k c th hiu chun bng cch a mu cha thuc nhum
vi nng xc nh vo ng thy tinh. Mc hiu chun c th b thay i bi cc gi
tr hematocrit. Tuy vy, nu dng quang mt k lng sc s dng 2 bc sng trong
mt bc sng th nhy vi thuc nhum cn bc sng cn li th khng nhng c
hai u nhy vi hematocrit th c th b c s thay i .
ng si quang cng c th s dng ghi ng cong pha long cht mu trong
c th. Ti u ng, mu c chiu sng bi mt chm tia sng truyn qua b si quang
v phn nh sng tn x ngc c d ti b tch sng quang nh mt b si quang
khc. Tuy khc vi quang mt k loi ng thy tinh v loi ci tai m nh sng i qua
mt lp c chiu dy xc nh nhng n vn t c ng cong hiu chun tng t
gia nng thuc nhum trong mu v s thay i cng nh sng tn x. So snh
vi quang mt k trong php o v tim th kt qu thu c c h s tng quan vo
khong 0.9.
Mt u im ca ng si quang l n c php ghi li ng cong pha long trong
cc mch mu ln m khng b mo ging nh quang mt k lai ng thy tinh ( do
phn b vn tc trong ng thy tnh) . C th ch to ng si quang nh s dng
tr s sinh. Tuy nhin phng php ny cng t khi s dng.

Phng php pha long nhit

Phng php ny s dng mt cht ch th khng c chuyn ha l NaCl 0.9%

hoc Dextrose 5% c lm lnh trong nc (D5W) c nhit thp hn nhit ca
mu v c tim vo nh phi. Trong phng php ny thng dng cht lng lnh lm
cht ch th do cht lng lnh t gy tn hi cho mu v m hn so vi cht lng nng.
Hnh 3.43 minh ha phng php v ng cong pha long nhit c trng. Phng php
pha long nhit da trn nhit thay i o c trong Cl v phng trnh sau bao gm
iu kin xc nh r nhit (C) v khi lng (S) ca cht ch th (i) v mu (b). u
Cathete tim dung dch ny c gn mt cm bin nhit xc nh c nhit ca
dung dch tim. S thay i nhit ca mu do tim dch lnh ny c o ng
mch phi nh mt b cm bin nhit th 2. Hai tn hiu ny c chuyn i thnh tn
hiu in v c tch phn theo thi gian cho mt gi tr cung lng tim tng ng
vi cung lng tim h thng. C biu thc :

CO=

][ ]

V ( T b T i ) 60 S i C i
F
A
SbCb

Trong :
V : th tch cht ch th c tim (mL)
Tb

: nhit trung bnh ca mu ng mch phi

C)

60 : h s nhn khi chuyn i mL/s sang mL/pht

0
A : vng di ng cong pha long (s. C)
C: nhit chnh xc ca cht ch th (i) v mu (b)
(

S i C i /S b Cb =1.08

cho Dextrose 5% v mu th tch hng cu c 40%)

F : h s ng cho nhit truyn qua ng tim ( ng c ng knh 7F,F=0.825)

H s cung lng tim l:

CO=

V ( T bT i ) 53.46
A

Trong :
CO: cung lng tim (mL/pht)
53.46 = 60*1.08*0.825
minh ha mt ng cong pha long nhit, cung lng tim c tnh ton
bng cch s dng ng cong pha long nh trong hnh
V= 5mL ca Dextrose 5% trong nc
Tb

T
0
0
0
=37 C, i = 0 C, A=1.59 Cs

C0 = 6220mL/pht

Hnh 1. 36 Phng php pha long nhit (a), v ng cong c trng (b)
Mc d phng php pha long nhit l mt phng php chun trong y hc lm
sng, n c mt vi khuyt im bi v nhit gim nhanh qua thnh ng, khi tim 5mL
cht ch th cn phi c gi tr ph hp vi cung lng tim. Nu cung lng tim thp, tc
l, ng cong pha long rt rng, n kh c mt gi tr chnh xc vi cung lng tim.

C mt s thay i do cm ng th gy ra trong nhit mu PA m lm xo trn ng

cong pha long khi n c bin thp. Mc d nhit phng D5W c th c s
dng, D5W c lm lnh cung cp mt ng cong pha long tt hn v gi tr cung
lng tim ng tin cy hn. Hn na, r rng nu nhit ca cht ch th bng nhit
ca mu th s khng c ng pha long.
Tuy nhin phng php ny vn c mt vi u im: cht ch th khng c hi nn
c th thc hin lp li cc php o, ng cong pha long c ghi li d dng nh mt
in tr nhit t trong mch mu v thnh phn quay vng l nh tch phn ca
ng cong pha long l chnh xc. Gi thit c bn ca phng php pha long cht ch
th l cht ch th khng c thot khi h thng mch mu gia v tr truyn vo v v
tr o bi v nhit c th truyn qua thnh mch mu. nh hng ny khng ng k
trong cc mch mu ln v t s gia din tch b mt trn th tch trong mt n v chiu
di l nh. V th phng php pha long nhit vn thch hp cho cc php o cc
mch mu ln.
S quay vng cht ch th:
Mt ng cong pha long l tng nh trong hnh 3.44 bao gm ng dc ng
v mt ng suy gim theo lut hm s m trong cht ch th. Cc thut ton m o din
tch ng cong pha long l khng kh vi mt ng cong. Tuy nhin, khi cung lng
tim thp, c trng ca ng cong pha long l bin thp v rt rng. Thng th b
dc ca ng cong b che khut bi s quay vng ca cht ch th hoc bi cc nhiu
bin thp. Hnh di l mt ng cong pha long m b dc b che khut bi s
quay vng ca cht ch th. R rng l rt kh xc nh im cui thc t ca ng
cong, m thng c ch th theo thi gian khi nng cht ch th ri vo t l phn
trm ln (v d 1%) ca bin ln nht (Cmax). Bi v b dc m t gn ng ng
cong suy gim theo lut hm s m (e-kt), s iu chnh b dc lut hm m cho php
khi phc ng cong m khng c li ca s quay vng bng cch cung cp ch yu
nhn bit im cui cho ci c gi l first pass ca cht ch th.

Trong hnh 1.29(b) l bin ca b dc ng cong, trong hnh (a) m t th

bn loga v phn tun theo hm s m m t l mt ng thng. Khi s quay vng xut
hin, cc im d liu trch so vi ng thng v do c th khng cn n v
phn ng thng c th b ngoi suy theo t l phn trm ca nng ln nht bng 1%
Cmax. S m t cc im d liu trn phn b ngoi suy c biu din li bng th
nh trong hnh (a) ch r ng cong pha long khng b nhiu bi s quay vng.

Hnh 1. 37 ng cong pha long b che khut bi s quay vng (a), v th bn

thut ton
loga ca b dc(b)
1.6.

H thng monitor trung tm

1.6.1. Gii thiu v h thng monitor trung tm

H thng gim st bnh nhn cho php gim st t xa hang chc bnh nhn.
Chng c to thnh t cc my mc c khc nng ni mng. Thng thng, chng bao
gm mt hoc nhiu b cm bin, thit b hin th, thnh phn phn tch, thm vo l
cc
H thng trung tm gim st bnh nhn a thng s l mt loi thit b cung cp
thng tin v y t c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc iu tr lm sng. H thng bao
gm phn mm qun l v my tnh c tc cao, to nn mt mng li bng cch kt
ni cc my theo di ging bnh.
H thng monitor trungg tm c iu khin bi mt my tnh trang b nhng kt
ni mi nht cng h thng knh. H thng ny c th thc hin nhng cng vic sau:
Qun l theo thi gian thc cng lc 16-24 bnh nhn.
Qun l v hin th cc ch s sinh l ca 16-24 bnh nhn theo thi gian thc
trong 24 gi.
m v phn tch tn hiu, ng thi bo ng khi c s c xy ra.
T ng lu tr d liu v bnh nhn.
D liu c truyn t CMS n cc my theo di ti ging bnh theo nh dng
XML.
C ng dng kt ni khng dy qun l t xa hoc kt ni vi H thng
mng bnh vin 41.lin kt truyn thng.

Hnh 1.38 Mn hnh hin th h thng

Xu hng internet of things (IOT) m ra mt mng li gim st y t ni b v

cng hiu qu m c ng dng trn nn lin kt truyn thng. Vi cc monitor c kh
nng kt ni mng, chng c th gi d liu u ra ca chng ti trm gim st trung tm
ICU, ni m mt c nhn c th gim st v hi p ti nhiu monitor ging bnh. Php
o t xa linh hot c th tch hp ln cc mu m c mang theo trn ngi bnh nhn
v truyn d liu ca bnh nhn thng qua kt ni d liu khng dy. Gim st k thut s
to ra tnh kh dng m h tr pht trin ton phn ca s tch hp d liu sinh l t
mng li gim st bnh nhn bn trong h s y t in t ca bnh vin v h thng
biu k thut s, s dng cc tiu chun chm sc sc khe thch hp m c pht
trin nh IEEE v HL7. Phng php mi hn ca biu d liu bnh nhn gim li
trong ti liu bnh nhn v ton b s tiu th giy. Ngoi ra, s din gii ECG t ng
tch hp t ng vo cc bng m chun on. Phn mm nhng ca cc monitor y t c
th x l c m ha d liu theo chun ca chng v gi cc gi tin ti bn ng dng
h s y t m c kh nng gii m chng v tng hp d liu y thnh mt trng thch
hp. Kt ni ng di c th tn dng cho y hc t xa, ni m lin quan ti vic cung
cp cc dch v chm sc sc khe.
1.6.2. Xu hng pht trin h thng monitor trung tm hin nay
H thng gim st trong bnh vin
Cc bnh vin phi i mt vi nhng thch thc hng ngy v theo di bnh nhn
mt cch y trong c s y t ca h. Ngoi ra, bnh nhn cn c di chuyn lin tc
t n v ny sang n v khc da trn mc tnh trng ca bnh v cc ging bnh
trng. Gii php gim st ton c s y t l cn thit m bo rng thng tin gim st
bnh nhn c cung cp mt cch chnh xc cho vic duy tr h s bnh nhn mt cch
lin mch.
Cc t chc chm sc sc khe hin i ngy nay i hi mng gim st c s y t
mnh m m c th phc v theo di bnh nhn t hu nh bt k v tr no. Cc gii
php gim st c s y y thnh cng mang n kt qu l t tc nghn cc dng di chuyn
bnh nhn trong bnh vin, bnh nhn c c hi s dng ging bnh tt hn.

 Gim st ti ging bnh

Thng thng, gim st ti ging bnh c thm tnh nng l c th ci t c
kh nng lin kt vi cc monitor ln hn, chi ph cao hn v c nhiu tnh nng hn.
Cc la chn phn mm c th c mua thm thm cc tnh nng nng cao m t
lm tng chi ph tng th. Do , cc ty chn ph hp vi chi ph c gii hn
p ng cc rng buc v ngn sch.

Hnh 1.39 monitor ti ging bnh

H thng gim st trung tm thng qua gim st ti ging bnh
Ngoi vic theo di bnh nhn trn c s c nhn, quan st t xa ca hng chc
cc bnh nhn c th c kch hot thng qua h thng gim st bnh nhn trung tm.
Cc h thng gim st c to thnh t cc my mc c kh nng kt ni mng nht
qun ca mt hoc nhiu b cm bin, thit b hin th, cc thnh phn ch bin, v cc
lin kt truyn thng cho hin th hoc ghi li kt qu nhng ni khc thng qua mng.
H thng gim st bnh nhn trung ng c th gip cc bnh nhn, ngi chm
sc, v y bc s thc hin cc quyt nh ng n hn. Ngoi vic cung cp d liu
h tr cc y bc s vi cc quyt nh chn on v iu tr , chm sc tn ni c ci
thin vi vic s dng cc h thng ny c cc d liu c th kch hot cnh bo hoc
phn ng cung cp dch v ci thin kt qu sc khe.

1.6.3. S cn thit ca h thng monitor trung tm

H thng gim st bnh nhn c s dng qun l mt phm vi rng cc mi
trng y t nh v liu php h hp, gic ng, cc dch v y t khn cp v di chuyn.
Chng tr nn quan trng trong cc phng chm sc c bit. Ngoi ra, cc h thng
theo di bnh nhn c minh chng l v cng cn thit cho cc phng phc hi,
chm sc bnh nhn ngoi tr, X-quang, cc phng th nghim th thut, khoa tiu ha v
nhiu ng dng khc.
H thng gim st bnh nhn c th phc v cho mt s mc ch bao gm cung cp
d liu h tr y bc s vi cc quyt nh chun on v s la chn phng php iu
tr. Bn cnh , h thng cn gip cho bnh nhn, ngi chm sc, y bc s a ra
nhng quyt nh gii quyt tnh hung chnh xc hn. Ngoi ra, tnh c ng trong vic
chm sc c ci thin khi s dng d liu ca h thng nh l cc d liu dng cnh
bo hoc kch hot cc dch v cung ng cn thit ngay lp tc ci thin sc khe cho
bnh nhn ngoi tr.
Theo di bnh nhn l vic kim tra lin tc tnh trng ca bnh nhn, c bng trc
tip ln gin tip thng qua cc thit b gim st y t. Trong mi trng bnh vin, theo
di bnh nhn l v cng quan trng trong iu hnh cc trng hp khn cp, chm sc
c bit, cc n v chm sc c bit v nhiu lnh vc quan trng khc.
Trong khi theo di bnh nhn c th lm gim nguy c ly nhin bnh v cc bin
chng khc, cng nh l h tr thm cho bnh nhn cm thy thoi mi v yn tm trong
thi gian bnh nhn ngoi tr ang c nh hng ti sinh l bi s bnh hay stress. Do
, theo di cc phn ng sinh l ca bnh nhn l v cng quan trng xc nh tnh
hiu qu ca cc bt k iu tr y t no.
Thc t, h thng gim st bnh nhn vi cc tnh nng tin tin, kh nng kt ni
khng dy hoc iu khin t xa l mt trong cc thit b y t pht trin nhanh nht hin
nay. S dng cc cng ngh gim st bnh nhn mi c th em li kt qu l ch cn

thm t nhn vin mi hn, tng kh nng lm vic cho cc nhn vin ang cng tc v
gim thiu ri ro cng vic.

CHNG 2: GII PHP MNG CHO H THNG MONITOR TRUNG TM

2.1.

Tip cn cu trc m trong h thng gim st bnh nhn

T vi thp k trc, cc k s v nh khoa hc s dng rng ri h thng giao

tip truyn thng c trong ngnh cng nghip y t nh HPIB hoc mt s h thng bus
ni tip nh Profibus, CAN bus,
Trong thi i hin nay, cng ngh ngy cng pht trin c bit l trong lnh vc
truyn thng m trong ngnh cng nghip y t. Xu hng ny c pht trin chuyn
sang giao thc TCP/IP l bus ni b thay v cc thit k truyn thng nh GPIB, Profibus,
CAN bus.
Tip cn cu trc m ang dn ph bin trong ngnh cng nghip y t. Hu ht
ton b nh sn xut thit b u s dng h thng bus mi nht cho giao din giao tip
m cho sn xut thit b.
Kt ni bus mi nht l kt ni rt thng minh bi nhiu l do nh d cm v chy
thit b, thit b ngoi vi Universal Serial Bus (USB), kt ni tc cao nh IEEE 1394
v card iu khin mng tc cao.
2.1.1. Nhng ng dng mi ca bus trong ngnh cng nghip hin nay
T 10 nm qua, ng dng cc kt ni bus mi l rt chm trong ngnh cng
nghip so vi h thng bus truyn thng. Ngy nay trong ngnh cng nghip, nhng bus
nh IEEE 1394, Ethernet Controller v Universal Serial Bus (USB) c s dng trong
quy m rng.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) v b iu khin Ethernet s dng nh kt ni bus

tiu chun cho th nghim v ng dng o lng trong ngnh cng nghip. Tuy nhin,
nh chng ta bit cng ngh c pht trin tng ngy, v vy n l c hi kh tt s
dng nhng loi thit b c h tr bus trong tng lai nh cng c th nghim v kim
sot o lng trong mt khong thi gian di.
Cng ngh mi trong cc h thng bus ca phn cng l mt l do s dng
GPIB (bus giao din mc ch chung) trong ngnh cng nghip hin nay cho vic iu
khin thit b v cho kt ni mng. Cc GPIB c thit k iu khin thit b v hy
vng n s c dng trong nhiu nm th nghim v ng dng o lng trong ngnh
cng nghip.
i vi cng nghip sn xut Personal monitor system(PMS), s lng ln cc
my PMS c s dng h thng bus truyn thng. V vy, cc nh sn xut nh National
Instrument a ra c thit b bc cu vi s h tr ca GPIB, ngi dng c th kt ni
h thng bus mi nht vi cc h thng bus c. Cc sn phm ny gip ngi s dng d
dng kt ni bus cng ngh mi nht vo cc h thng c sau cc thit b c th cm
v s dng vi s h tr ca cng ngh bus mi v cng c s dng kim sot thit
b kim tra v h thng o lng trong ngnh cng nghip.
Nhng sn phm bc cu gip kt ni cc h thng gim st bnh nhn c n vi
h thng mng li bnh vin hin ti. C mt s sn phm bc cu c sn trong ngnh
cng nghip dng cho kim tra v o lng ca cc thit b.
2.1.2. GPIB iu khin bn phn cng
c im ca B iu khin Ethernet vi GPIB:
Tng thch vi Windows Vista, Windows XP v Windows 2000
H thng mng s to trang ch v chia s ln n 14 thit b GPIB vi cc mng
khc nhau

 Giao thc cu hnh ng my ch (DHCP) v cng c th chnh cu hnh a ch

IP v n tng thch vi 10BASE-T v 100BASE-TX
iu khin mt mng TCP/IP Ethernet da trn chun IEEE 488
2.1.3. T b iu khin Ethernet ti GPIP iu khin tc cao
c im ca USB GPIB iu khin:

Da trn chun IEEE 488.1, tc truyn ti ln ti 1,8 Mb/giy

USB tc cao tng thch vi USB 1.x
Khng yu cu kt ni cp GPIB, c tnh nng cm l chy
Tng thch hon ton vi Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000,

Windows Me, Windows 98, Mac OS X, v Linux IEEE 488.2

2.1.4. T USB tc cao ti GPIB iu khin
c im ca USB GPIB iu khin:

Da trn chun IEEE 488.1, tc truyn ti ln ti 1,8 Mb/giy

USB tc cao tng thch vi USB 1.x
Khng yu cu kt ni cp GPIB, c tnh nng cm l chy
Tng thch hon ton vi Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000,

Windows Me, Windows 98, Mac OS X, v Linux IEEE 488.2 9

2.1.5. Tip cn phn mm linh hot trong h thng cu trc m
Kh nng tng thch phn mm lun l mt vn quan trng trong ngnh cng
nghip sn xut thit b c bit l khi cc th h bus mi nht c gii thiu. Trong
ngnh thit b y t, vic pht trin h thng giao din nhiu nh cung cp ang ngy cng
ph bin trong thi gian gn y. Phn mm c th duy tr kh nng tng thch vi bus
mi cng nh bus c, trong khi vi ngnh thit b y t hin nay, vic s dng duy nht
mt phn mm tiu chun dnh cho tt c cc thit b l mt hng i ng n.
Hin nay nhng tiu chun c a ra l Nn tng thit b o (IVI Foundation) v
Cu trc phn mm thit b o (VISA). IVI c pht trin vo nm 2001. H cho cc
nh cung cp phn mm, phn cng, dng c v h thng a cung cp cho cc cp
tng thch lm thnh vin. V vy, hin nay trong ngnh cng nghip hu ht cc nh

cung cp s dng IVI v VISA gim thiu chi ph ca ngi dng cui, c bit khi
ngi dng c nhu cu tng thch vi h thng bus mi.
Mc ch chnh ca tiu chun ha phn mm l duy tr s tn ti trn th trng
ca sn phm v tnh sn c cng lu cng tt. C th l:
D dng s dng cc thit b c hiu sut ti u .
Tng cng v duy tr kh nng tng thch lu di ca cc thit b thuc nhiu
nh cung cp.
Phn mm h tr cho h thng cu trc m cho nhiu nh cung cp .
Ti s dng phn mm c v mi vi nhiu nh cung cp.
Bo m chun h thng phn mm.

Hnh 2.1 S khi mch h thng gim st bnh nhn

2.1.6. Tng quan v kt ni mng trong h thng trung tm gim st bnh nhn

Do c tnh h thng c s kim sot ca trung tm, h thng monitor trung tm

t vn kt ni mng cc b ln mt mc rt cn thit. duy tr lin tc, khng b
tr, tnh phn hi cao, thc thi lnh theo thi gian thc, cc khung thng tin s dng
trong h thng phi c ti u ha theo cc chun c a ra bi nh sn xut. Bn
cnh , cc thit b h tr cu hnh mng cng cn phi p ng y yu cu c
a ra.
2.1.7. H thng gim st bnh nhn s dng mt my ch
Trong CMS, my ch kt ni vi cc my khch ti ging bnh thng qua cc
thit b mng v c quyn truy cp ti tt c chng. CMS c nhim v ghi li v qun l
d liu bnh nhn theo thi gian thc. My ch c ci h iu hnh chuyn dng nh
Windows NT Server, Windows 2008 hay Linux
Trong h thng gim st bnh nhn s dng mt my ch c 3 loi my ch:
Cc my ch tp tin c chc nng qun l d liu a thng s theo thi gian thc
cc ging bnh khc nhau.
Cc my ch ng dng c chc nng nh mt c s d liu, ngoi ra chng cn
c s dng lp trnh v nng cp cc my theo di ging bnh.
Cc my ch in c dng in d liu t tt c cc my khch trong h thng.

Hnh 2.2 H thng trung tm qun l bnh nhn

Nhng vn pht sinh vi h thng gim st bnh nhn s dng mt my ch

Trong thi i cng ngh hin nay, cc h thng qun l t xa ang tr nn ph

bin. Vn ca cc h thng ny l vic lu tr d liu v nguy c qu ti i vi my
tnh trung tm.
Ngy nay, mng ni b trong cc bnh vin u c kt ni vi h thng thng
tin bnh vin (HIS). Thng thng, my ch c mt s a cng lu d liu ca cc
my khch. Nu my ch b sp hoc a cng b li, ton b h thng gim st bnh
nhn s b nh hng cc b.
Xut pht t thc t ny, cc nh nghin cu chia nh h thng trnh vic
qu ti d liu. l vic a mng ng ng (Peer-to-Peer network) vo gii quyt
nhng vn trn.
Mng ng ng khng phi l mt khi nim mi, thm ch cn l kh c trong
lnh vc cng ngh thng tin. Bn cht ca cc mng ng ng l chia s v lu tr d
liu cc my ch h thng trong mng, t trnh gy ra vic qu ti. Mng tn ti
di dng cc nt mng c kt ni vi nhau, cho php thc thi d liu gia cc mng
mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip. Cc nt mng ca mng ng ng khng c im gc
v c dng nh cc chu trnh x l l tng, lu tr d liu v bng thng ca cc nt
mng qua mng.
Trong PMS, theo mt nghin cu mi ca k s L v ng nghip, h pht
trin mt ng dng m t hot ng ca mng ng ng, c th tng thch vi cc cm
bin v thn nhit, huyt p v in tim. Nhm nghin cu xy dng m hnh tham
chiu PARM, gip truyn thng d liu t ging bnh n my ch bnh vin , cho
php cc bc s c th phn ng kp thi trc cc tnh hung khn cp.
Ban u h xy dng mt m hnh nh th nghim, sau pht trin thnh
nhng m hnh ln hn da trn PARM. PARM c tim nng pht trin tr thnh h
thng chm sc y t in t, gip gim chi ph khm cha bnh do s dng mng ng
ng.

2.1.8. Mng ng ng vi h thng gim st bnh nhn

Mng ng ng c nhng u im nh: kt ni n gin, chia s d liu d dng
v c bit l chi ph thp hn h thng s dng mt my ch. Vi vic s dng mng
ng ng trong lnh vc chm sc sc khe, hiu qu cng vic s c nng ln: ci
thin vic chm sc bnh nhn, cn i tng chi ph v gim nh cc cng vic bng tay,
n gin nh thng tin bnh nhn c th c lu tr bng h thng mng.
Mt s tnh nng ni bt ca mng ng ng ng dng trong mi trng bnh
vin:
Lu tr cc ch s sinh l ca bnh nhn thay v vit trn giy.
Bnh nhn c th truy cp trang web ng k thng tin.
D liu v bnh nhn c th c truy cp bt k lc no v bt k u trn th
gii.
Cc bc s c th khm bnh thng qua video thi gian thc.
Hiu nng ca mng ng ng
Hiu nng l vn ln nht ca mi mng ng ng, v i vi CMS, chng ta
cn chia s hay trao i mt lng d liu ln theo thi gian thc. Trong CMS, my ch
v my khch s dng chung chun d liu.
Mng ng ng c thit lp bng cch kt ni cc h thng gim st bnh nhn
vi my ch thng qua cc hub hoc switch. Mc ch chnh ca vic ny l khi xy ra s
c mt my ch th h thng gim st bnh nhn v cc my khch vn tip tc hot
ng bnh thng.

Hnh 2.3 h thng gim st bnh nhn a thng s da trn mng ng ng

Trong mng ng ng, cc my khch c thit lp chia s d liu mt cch
bnh ng v c cng h iu hnh. Trong PMS, cc my ch v my khch u c quyn
gi v nhn d liu cng nh lu tr v chia s chng. Mi my u c a ch IP d
nhn din.
u im ca mng qun l bnh nhn ngang hng
Mng ng ng c nhng u im r rng nh:
D liu lun sn sng: D liu c phn b cc thnh phn ca mng, cho php
truy cp lin tc.
Thi gian lu tr di: D liu c th c lu tr trong mt khong thi gian di
trn h thng.
D liu c bo mt: Bo mt lun l vn ln vi bt k mng no. Nguy c
ph bin nht l cc cuc tn cng t chi dch v (DOS) m trong mng nhn
c qu nhiu yu cu cng mt lc gy ra tnh trng tc nghn ging nh c
virus tn cng. Cc cuc tn cng DOS c th ph hy d liu v lm gin on
hot ng ca mng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Trong mng ng
ng, nguy c DOS l rt t do mng ng ng khng c mt trung tm qun l
no. Ngoi ra, c mt s giao thc bo mt khc cng hot ng trong h thng
nh IP-sec, SSL, VPN,

2.2.

B iu khin mng chun Ethernet

Trong h thng monitor trung tm, lin kt truyn thng mng l v cng quan

trng. Do , vic quan tm ti cch thc kt ni mng sao cho hp l l v cng quan
trng. Ty thuc vo tnh hnh thc t m khi lp t s dng cc thit b mng ph hp.
2.2.1. Tng quan v mng Ethernet
Gii thiu v Ethernet
Ethernet l cng ngh khu vc ni b c s dng kt ni cc thit
b mng khong cch gn, c vn hnh ch trong mt to nh. mc ti a, ngi
ta c th s dng hng trm mt kt ni cc thit b Ethernet. Nhng kt ni cc
thit b khong cch a l xa th khng th. Ngy nay, nh nhng tin b v mt cng
n gh, ngi ta c th xem xt li tr ngi v mt a l ny, cho php mng li Ethernet
m rng n hng chc kilmet. Gn y, n c phin bn 100 Mbps c gi l Fast
Ethernet v 1000 Mbps gi l Gigabit Ethernet.

Thng s k thut
Cu hnh truyn thng : C cu trc dng tuyn phn on, ng truyn dng
cp ng trc, tuy nhin mi thnh phn ca n c th l cu trc Star ( Star-wired bus).
Tn hiu truyn trn mng c m ha theo kiu ng b.
Quy cch k thut 802.3
Vn tc truyn : 10Mbps,100Mbps,..10Gbps
Loi cp : Cp ng trc mnh, cp ng trc dy, cp xon i, cp si quang.
Chiu di ti a ca mt on cp tuyn l 500m, cc on tuyn ny c th c
kt ni li bng cch dng cc b chuyn tip v khong cch ln nht cho php gia 2
nt l 2,8km.

S dng tn hiu bng tng c bn, truy xut tuyn hoc tuyn token
(token bus),giao thc l CSMA/CD, d liu chuyn i trong cc gi (64 1518 byte).
Ngy nay, khi nim Ethernet thng c s dng ch mt mng LAN
CSMA/CD, ph hp vi tiu chun 802.3, c im :
Hot ng mc lin kt d liu
Theo nguyn tc CSMA/CD cm bin sng mang c pht hin ng
Thnh phn chnh:
- Phn cng mng : Cc thit b ni mng .
- Giao thc iu khin truy xut ng truyn.
- Khung Ethernet : n v d liu truyn trn mng.

2.2.2. Chun IEEE 802

Hnh 2.4 Chun IEEE 802.2

Chc nng ca chun IEEE802.2:
iu khin truy cp phng tin truyn (MAC-a ch MAC c 48 bit)

- quy nh vic truyn d liu ln phng tin truyn chia s.

- dng khung v nh a ch.
- Lin h vi cc thnh phn vt l c dng truyn thng tin.
Kim sot kt ni lun l (LLC)
- C nhng chc nng kim sot qu trnh truyn thng vi tin cy cao
- Lm cu ni cho php giao tip chung.
- Nhn thng tin t tng mng bn gi v chuyn n cng thch hp ca bn
ch.

Ethernet standards

Hnh 2.5 Chun IEEE802.2 trong m hnh TCP/IP

2.2.3. Giao thc CSMA/CD
truyn thng tin, mi giao tip mng phi lng nghe cho ti khi khng c tn
hiu trong knh chung, lc ny n mi c th truyn thng tin. Nu mt giao tip mng

thc hin truyn thng tin trong knh th gi l sng v cc trm khc phi ch i cho
ti khi s truyn dn ny kt thc. Qu trnh ny gi l pht hin sng mng.
Mi giao tip Ethernet u c c hi ngang nhau trong vic truyn thng tin trong
mng (a truy nhp). Trong qu trnh truyn t u ny ti u kia ca Ethernet, nhng
bt u tin ca khung cn phi i ti mi vng ca mng. Tc l c th c 2 giao tip
mng cng thy mng ri v gi i cng 1 lc. Khi Ethernet pht hin s va chm
v dng vic truyn v gi li cc khung. l qu trnh pht hin va chm.
Giao thc CSMA/CD c thit k nhm cung cp c hi ngang bng truy nhp
kn h chung cho mi trm trong mng. Sau khi gi tin c gi i mi trm trong mng
s s dng giao thc CSMA/CD xem trm no s c gi tip sau.

Ethernet s dng CSMA/CD

IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD): tiu chun ny nh ngha cc tnh cht c lin quan ti
tng con MAC. Lp con MAC s dng k thut CSMA/CD nhm gii quyt s xung t
d liu khi truyn trn mng.
Tiu chun IEEE 802.3 m t cc phng php tn hiu (trn c bng tn c s v
bng tn rng), tc d liu, cc phng tin v cu trc lin kt. Tiu chun ny quy
nh c th cc phng tin truyn dn vt l nh cp xon, cp ng trc v cp quang.
Bng tn c s (baseband): dnh ton b bng thng cho mt knh truyn (ch c
mt tn hiu trn ng truyn).
Bng tn rng (broadband): cho php nhiu knh truyn chia s mt phng tin
truyn dn (chia s bng thng), thng c s dng cp xon, cp quang to ra
nhiu knh truyn d liu.
Kim sot vic truyn v nhn khung trn mng:

Trm pht lng nghe tn hiu trn cp bng cch cm bin sng mng, nu ng
cp rnh, n s pht d liu. Sau , trm pht tip tc kim tra tn hiu pht t cc trm
khc: Nu khng c th tip tc pht n ht d liu v chuyn sang trng thi lng nghe.
Nu c ng th pht tn hiu (Jamming) thng bo cho cc trm khc => dng pht
trong 1 khong thi gian, ht ng , pht tip.
Trm nhn: cc trm u nhn c khung d liu nh nhauKim tra kch thc
khung phi ln hn kch thc ti thiu (64byte). N kim tra a ch ca trm khp vi
a ch ch trn khungM CRC (cyclic redundancy check) trong khung hp l.Sau khi
kim tra cc iu kin, d liu ca khung s c chuyn cho chng trnh ng dng
mc trn.

Hnh 2.6 Cc trm truy nhp knh

Mt card mng c th bt u truyn ti bt k thi im no. Nhng n khng
truyn nu cm nhn c rng mt (s) card khc ang truyn l cm nhn sng
mng.
Card mng ang truyn s hy b ngay vic truyn d liu khi n cm nhn
c mt card khc ang truyn l s pht hin xung t.

Trc khi c gng truyn li, card mng i mt thi on ngu nhin l
truy cp ngu nhin.
Gii thut CSMA/CD trong Ethernet
Bc 1: Card mng nhn gam d liu t tng mng v to frame.
Bc 2:Nu cm nhn thy knh truyn ri, n s bt u truyn frame i. Nu
cm nhn thy knh truyn bn, n i khi knh truyn ri v truyn d liu.
Bc 3: Nu card mng truyn xong ton b frame m khng pht hin thy vic
truyn d liu khc no, n xem nh vic truyn frame hon thnh.
Bc 4:Nu card mng pht hin thy c s truyn d liu khc, n s hy b vic
truyn d liu v gi tn hiu bi.
Bc 5: Sau khi hy b vic truyn, card mng bc vo vn hi theo lut s m:
sau ln xung t th m, card mng chn gi tr K ngu nhin t ( 0,1,2,2m-1).
Card mng i K*512 bit times v tr li bc 2
Trong :
Tn hiu bi: m bo rng tt c cc trm ang truyn bit c xung t ang
xy ra; 48 bit.
Bit time: 1 microsec cho 10 Mbps Ethernet; vi K =1023, thi gian i 50msec.
Vn hi theo lut s m:
Ti nng: thi gian i ngu nhin s l di hn.
Xung t u tin: chn K t (0,1), tr l K*512 bit times.
Sau xung t th 2: chn K t (0,1,2,3..).
Sau xung t th 10: chn K t (0,1,2,3.,1023).

2.2.4. Cu trc khung

Hnh 2.7 Cu trc khung

Preamble
Dest.Address
Src.Address
Type
Data
CRC,FCS

64bit
48bit
48bit
16bit
32bit

ng b gip xc nh ni bt u khung
a ch vt l my s nhn khung d liu
a ch vt l my pht khung d liu
Xc nh loi d liu s dng giao thc trn
D liu t giao thc mc trn. Ti a 1500byte
M pht hin li trong khung d liu

Khun dng khung Ethernet

C bn kiu khun dng d liu khc nhau c s dng trong mng Ethernet
bao gm Ethernet 802.2, Ethernet 802.3, Ethernet II, v Ethernet SNAP. Mi kiu
khun dng c phn khc nhau v chng u c bn trng chung: a ch ngun
(source addres), a ch ch (destination address), d liu (data) v trng kim tra
li (error-checking). Cc kiu khun dng Ethernet c s dng thng thng nht l
Ethernet 802.2 v Ethernet 802.3. Cc khun dng Ethernet c kch thc bin i t
ti thiu 64 byte ti ti a 1518 byte. (Mi khun dng cha thng tin header kch
thc 14 byte cng vi trng Frame Check Sequence chiu di 4 byte. Phn d liu
ca khun dng c kch thc bin i t 46 byte ti ti a 1500 byte. Kch thc
tng cng ca frame c tnh ton n gin bng cch cng kch thc ca tt c
cc trng Nu trng d liu ca frame nh hn 46 byte, frame s c m
thm trng pad kch thc ti thiu ca n l 46 byte.
a ch Ethernet

Mi host trong mt mng Ethernet (tht ra l tt c cc host trn th gii) c mt

a ch Ethernet duy nht. M t mt cch k thut, a ch c gn vo card mng ch
khng phi my tnh; n c ghi vo ROM trn card mng. Cc a ch Ethernet thng
c in theo th thc m con ngi c th c c: mt dy gm 6 bytes c vit di
dng thp lc phn, cch nhau bi du hai chm :. V d, 80:be:b2 l cch biu din d
c ca a ch Ethernet sau : 00001000 00000000 10110001 11100100 10110001
00000010.
m bo rng mi card mng c gn mt a ch duy nht, mi nh sn xut
thit b Ethernet c cp cho mt phn u a ch (prefix) khc nhau. V d, Advanced
Micro Devices c cp phn u di 24 bit x08002 (hay 8:0:2). Nh sn xut ny sau
phi m bo phn ui (suffix) ca cc a ch m h sn xut ra l duy nht.
Mi khung c pht ra Ethernet s c nhn bi tt c cc card mng c ni vi
ng truyn. Mi card mng s so snh a ch ch trong khung vi a ch ca n, v
ch cho vo my tnh nhng khung no trng a ch. a ch duy nht nh vy gi l a
ch unicast. Ngoi ra cn c loi a ch broadcast l loi a ch qung b, c tt c cc
bit u mang gi tr 1. Mi card mng u cho php cc khung thng tin c a ch ch
l broadcast i n host ca n. Cng c mt loi a ch khc gi l multicast, trong
ch mt vi bit u c t l 1. Mt host c th lp trnh iu khin card mng ca n
chp nhn mt s lp a ch multicast. a ch multicast c dng gi thng ip
n mt tp con (subset) cc host trong mng Ethernet.
Thut ton truyn
Mi my Ethernet, hay cn gi l my trm, hot ng c lp vi tt c cc trm
khc trn mng, khng c mt trm iu khin trung tm. Tt c cc trm u thy frame
truyn. Mi trm phi kim tra mi frame xc nh xem n c phi l ch ca frame
hay khng. Mi trm u kt ni vi Ethernet thng qua mt ng truyn tn hiu chung
cn gi l ung trung gian. Tn hiu Ethernet c gi theo chui, tng bit mt, qua
ng trung gian ti tt c cc trm thnh vin. gi d liu trc tin trm cn lng

nghe xem knh c ri khng, nu ri th mi gi i cc gi (d liu). C hi tham gia

vo truyn l bng nhau i vi mi trm, tc l khng c s u tin. S thm nhp vo
knh chung c quyt dnh bi nhm iu khin truy nhp trung gian MAC (Medium
Access Control) c t trong mi trm. Khi mt tn hiu trn thit b trung gian
Ethernet ti mi node c gn trn mng, a ch nhn c r rng trong Frame c
th nhn din ra ngi nhn.
c t Ethernet ban u c cp n vn collision c th xy ra trn LAN.
Khi h tng mng l dng chung, bt k mt tn hiu in ny cng c truyn dn trn
ng dy cng c th xung t vi mt tn hiu ca mt thit b khc. Khi hai hoc
nhiu Ethernet frame chng lp ln ng truyn mt thi im no , collision xy
ra.
Collision s dn n cc li bit v mt frame (bit error). c t ca Ethernet
nh ngha thut ton CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection) gii quyt nhng collisions khng th trnh khi. CSMA/CD s gip
gim thiu s collisions nhng khi n xy ra, CSMA/CD s ch ra vic cc my gi d
liu s nhn ra collision v truyn li frame nh th no.
Cc loi a ch khung Ethernet
a ch Unicast : c dng khi 1 trm mun truyn khung n trm khc trn
mng (1-1). Khi vng a ch ngun v ch l a ch ca cc trm.
a ch Broadcast : dng khi 1 trm mun truyn khung n tt c cc trm khc
trn mng (1-n). Khi vng a ch ch c tt c cc bit l (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF)
a ch Multicast : c dng khi 1 trm mun truyn khung n trm khc trn 1
mng con (subnet). Khi vng a ch c 3 byte u tin l 01:00:5E, cc byte cn li
l a ch nhm.
2.3. Mng khng dy
2.3.1. Gii thiu v WLAN

Wireless Lan l mt trong nhng cng ngh truyn thng khng dy c p dng
cho mng cc b. S ra i ca n khc phc nhng hn ch m mng ni dy khng th
gii quyt c, v l gii php cho xu th pht trin ca cng ngh truyn thng hin
i. Ni nh vy thy c nhng li ch to ln m Wireless Lan mang li, tuy nhin
n khng phi l gii php thay th ton b cho cc mng Lan ni dy truyn thng.
Da trn chun IEEE 802.11 mng WLan i n s thng nht v tr thnh
mng cng nghip, t c p dng trong rt nhiu lnh vc, t lnh vc chm sc sc
khe, bn l, sn xut, lu kho, n cc trng i hc. Ngnh cng nghip ny kim
li t vic s dng cc thit b u cui v cc my tnh notebook truyn thng tin thi
gian thc n cc trung tm tp trung x l. Ngy nay, mng WLAN ang c n
nhn rng ri nh mt kt ni a nng t cc doanh nghip. Li tc ca th trng mng
WLAN ngy cng tng.
2.3.2. Cch lm vic ca mng WLAN
Mng WLAN s dng sng in t (v tuyn v tia hng ngoi) truyn thng
tin t im ny sang im khc m khng da vo bt k kt ni vt l no. Cc sng v
tuyn thng l cc sng mang v tuyn bi v chng thc hin chc nng phn pht
nng lng n gin ti my thu xa. D liu truyn c chng ln trn sng mang v
tuyn n c nhn li ng my thu. l s iu bin sng mang theo thng tin
c truyn. Mt khi d liu c chng (c iu ch) ln trn sng mang v tuyn,
th tn hiu v tuyn chim nhiu hn mt tn s n, v tn s hoc tc truyn theo
bit ca thng tin bin iu c thm vo sng mang.
Nhiu sng mang v tuyn tn ti trong cng khng gian ti cng mt thi im
m khng nhiu vi nhau nu chng c truyn trn cc tn s v tuyn khc nhau.
nhn d liu, my thu v tuyn bt sng (hoc chn) mt tn s v tuyn xc nh trong
khi loi b tt c cc tn hiu v tuyn khc trn cc tn s khc.
Trong mt cu hnh mng WLAN tiu biu, mt thit b thu pht, c gi mt
im truy cp (AP - access point), ni ti mng ni dy t mt v tr c nh s dng cp

Ethernet chun. im truy cp (access point) nhn, lu vo b nh m, v truyn d

liu gia mng WLAN v c s h tng mng ni dy. Mt im truy cp n h tr mt
nhm nh ngi s dng v vn hnh bn trong mt phm vi vi mt ti vi chc mt.
im truy cp (hoc anten c gn ti n) thng thng c gn trn cao nhng thc
t c gn bt c ni u min l khong v tuyn cn thu c.
Cc ngi dng u cui truy cp mng WLAN thng qua cc card giao tip
mng WLAN, m c thc hin nh cc card PC trong cc my tnh notebook, hoc s
dng card giao tip ISA hoc PCI trong cc my tnh bn, hoc cc thit b tch hp
hon ton bn trong cc my tnh cm tay. Cc card giao tip mng WLAN cung cp mt
giao din gia h iu hnh mng (NOS) v sng tri (qua mt anten). Bn cht ca kt
ni khng dy l trong sut vi NOS.
2.3.3. Cc ty chn cng ngh
Cc nh sn xut mng WLAN chn nhiu cng ngh mng khc nhau khi thit k
gii php mng WLAN. Mi cng ngh c cc thun li v hn ch ring.
Tri ph
a s cc h thng mng WLAN s dng cng ngh tri ph, mt k thut tn s
v tuyn bng rng m trc y c pht trin bi qun i trong cc h thng truyn
thng tin cy, an ton, trng yu. S tri ph c thit k hiu qu vi s nh i di
thng ly tin cy, kh nng tch hp, v bo mt. Ni cch khc, s dng nhiu bng
thng hn trng hp truyn bng hp, nhng i li to ra tn hiu mnh hn nn d
c pht hin hn, min l my thu bit cc tham s ca tn hiu tri ph ca my pht.
Nu mt my thu khng chnh ng tn s, th tn hiu tri ph ging nh nhiu nn. C
hai kiu tri ph truyn i bng v tuyn: nhy tn v chui trc tip.
Cng ngh tri ph nhy tn (Frequency Hopping pread Spectrum)
Tri ph nhy tn (FHSS) s dng mt sng mang bng hp thay i tn s
trong mt mu c my pht ln my thu. c ng b chnh xc, hiu ng mng s

duy tr mt knh logic n. i vi my thu khng mong mun, FHSS lm xut hin cc
nhiu xung chu k ngn.

Hnh 2.8 Tri ph nhy tn

FHSS nhy tn t bng hp sang bng hp bn trong mt bng rng. c bit
hn, cc sng v tuyn FHSS gi mt hoc nhiu gi d liu ti mt tn s sng mang,
nhy n tn s khc, gi nhiu gi d liu, v tip tc chui nhy - truyn d liu ny.
Mu nhy hay chui ny xut hin ngu nhin, nhng tht ra l mt chui c tnh chu k
c c my thu v my pht theo di. Cc h thng FHSS d b nh hng ca nhiu
trong khi nhy tn, nhng hon thnh vic truyn dn trong cc qu trnh nhy tn khc
trong bng tn.

Hnh 2.9 Tri ph chui trc tip

Cng ngh tri ph chui trc tip (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
Tri ph chui trc tip (DSSS) to ra mt mu bit d cho mi bit c truyn.
Mu bit ny c gi mt chip (hoc chipping code). Cc chip cng di, th xc sut m
d liu gc b loi b cng ln (v tt nhin, yu cu nhiu di thng). Thm ch khi mt
hoc nhiu bit trong mt chip b h hi trong thi gian truyn, th cc k thut c
nhng trong v tuyn khi phc d liu gc m khng yu cu truyn li. i vi my
thu khng mong mun, DSSS lm xut hin nhiu bng rng cng sut thp v c loi
b bi hu ht cc my thu bng hp.
B pht DSSS bin i lung d liu vo (lung bit) thnh lung symbol, trong
mi symbol biu din mt nhm cc bit. Bng cch s dng k thut iu bin pha thay
i nh k thut QPSK (kha dch pha cu phng), b pht DSSS iu bin hay nhn
mi symbol vi mt m ging nhiu gi l chui gi ngu nhin (PN). N c gi l
chui chip. Php nhn trong b pht DSSS lm tng gi to di bng c dng ph
thuc vo di ca chui chip.
Cng ngh bng hp (Narrowband)
Mt h thng v tuyn bng hp truyn v nhn thng tin ngi dng trn mt tn
s v tuyn xc nh. V tuyn bng hp gi cho di tn tn hiu v tuyn cng hp cng
tt ch cho thng tin i qua. S xuyn m khng mong mun gia cc knh truyn thng
c trnh bng cch kt hp hp l cc ngi dng khc nhau trn cc knh c tn s
khc nhau.
Mt ng dy in thoi ring rt ging vi mt tn s v tuyn. Khi mi nh ln
cn nhau u c ng dy in thoi ring, ngi trong nh ny khng th nghe cc

cuc gi trong nh khc. Trong mt h thng v tuyn, s dng cc tn s v tuyn ring

bit hp nht s ring t v s khng can thip ln nhau. Cc b lc ca my thu v
tuyn lc b tt c cc tn hiu v tuyn tr cc tn hiu c tn s c thit k.
Cng ngh hng ngoi (Infrared)
H thng tia hng ngoi (IR) s dng cc tn s rt cao, ch di tn s ca nh
sng kh kin trong ph in t, mang d liu. Ging nh nh sng, tia hng ngoi IR
khng th thm nhp cc i tng chn sng; n s dng cng ngh trc tip (tm nhn
thng) hoc cng ngh khuch tn. Cc h thng trc tip r tin cung cp phm vi rt
hn ch (0,914m) v tiu biu c s dng cho mng PAN nhng thnh thong c s
dng trong cc ng dng WLAN c bit. Cng ngh hng ngoi hng kh nng thc
hin cao khng thc t cho cc ngi dng di ng, v do n c s dng thc
hin cc mng con c nh. Cc h thng IR WLAN khuch tn khng yu cu tm nhn
thng, nhng cc cell b hn ch trong cc phng ring l.
2.3.4. Giao thc truy cp
y l mt c ch truy cp c bn, c gi Hm phi hp phn tn, v c bn l
a truy cp cm bin sng mang vi c ch trnh xung t (CSMA/CA). Cc giao thc
CSMA c bit trong cng nghip, m ph bin nht l Ethernet, l giao thc
CSMA/CD (CD ngha l pht hin xung t).
Giao thc CSMA lm vic nh sau: Mt trm truyn i cc cm bin mi trng,
nu mi trng bn (v d, c mt trm khc ang pht), th trm s tr hon truyn mt
lc sau, nu mi trng t do th trm c cho php truyn.
Loi giao thc ny rt c hiu qu khi mi trng khng ti nhiu, do n cho
php cc trm truyn vi t tr hon, nhng thng xy ra trng hp cc trm pht cng
lc (c xung t), gy ra do cc trm nhn thy mi trng t do v quyt nh truyn
ngay lp tc.

Cc tnh trng xung t ny phi c xc nh, v vy lp MAC phi t truyn li

gi m khng cn n cc lp trn, iu ny s gy ra tr ng k. Trong trng hp
mng Ethernet, s xung t ny c on nhn bi cc trm pht i ti quyt nh
pht li da vo gii thut exponential random backoff.
Cc c ch d tm xung t ny ph hp vi mng LAN ni dy, nhng chng
khng c s dng trong mi trng mng LAN khng dy, v hai l do chnh:
1. Vic thc hin c ch d tm xung t yu cu s thi hnh ton song cng,
kh nng pht v nhn ng thi, n s lm tng thm chi ph mt cch
ng k.
2. Trn mi trng khng dy chng ta khng th gi thit tt c cc trm
nghe thy c nhau (y l s gi thit c s ca s d tm xung
t), v vic mt trm nhn thy mi trng t do v sn sng truyn
khng tht s c ngha rng mi trng l t do quanh vng my thu.
vt qua cc kh khn ny, chun IEEE 802.11 s dng mt c ch trnh xung
t vi mt s Ghi nhn tnh tch cc (Positive Acknowledge) nh sau:
Mt trm mun truyn cm bin mi trng, nu mi trng bn th n tr hon.
Nu mi trng rnh vi thi gian c ch r (gi l DIFS, Distributed Inter Frame
Space, Khng gian khung Inter phn tn), th trm c php truyn, trm thu s kim tra
m CRC ca gi nhn c v gi mt gi chng thc (ACK). Chng thc nhn c s
ch cho my pht bit khng c s xung t no xut hin. Nu my pht khng nhn
chng thc th n s truyn li on cho n khi n c tha nhn hoc khng c
php truyn sau mt s ln pht li cho trc.
Cm bin sng mang o (Virtual Carrier Sense)
gim bt xc sut kh nng hai trm xung t nhau v chng khng th nghe
thy nhau, chun nh ngha mt c ch Cm bin sng mang o:

Mt trm mun truyn mt gi, trc ht n s truyn mt gi iu khin ngn gi

l RTS (Request To Send) gm ngun, ch n, v khong thi gian giao dch sau
(v.d. gi v ACK tng ng), trm ch s p ng (nu mi trng t do) bng mt gi
iu khin p li gi l CTS (Clear To Send) gm cng thng tin khong thi gian.
Tt c cc trm nhn RTS v/hoc CTS, s thit lp ch bo Virtual Carrier Sense
ca n (gi l NAV, Network Allocation Vector, Vect nh v mng) cho khong thi
gian cho trc, v s s dng thng tin ny cng vi Cm bin sng mang vt l
(Physical Carrier Sense) khi cm bin mi trng.
C ch ny gim bt xc sut xung t v vng my thu do mt trm n t my
pht, lm ngn khong thi gian truyn RTS, v trm s nghe thy CTS v d tr
mi trng khi bn cho n khi kt thc giao dch. Thng tin khong thi gian v RTS
cng bo v vng my pht khi cc xung t trong thi gian ACK (bi cc trm nm
ngoi phm vi trm nhn bit).
Cn ch thng tin khong thi ACK v cc khung RTS v CTS l cc khung
ngn, N cng lm gim bt mo u ca cc xung t, v chng c nhn dng nhanh
hn khi n c nhn dng nu ton b gi c truyn, (iu ny ng nu gi ln hn
RTS mt cch ng k, nh vy l chun cho php k c cc gi ngn s c truyn m
khng c giao dch RTS/CTS, v iu ny c iu khin bi mt tham s gi l
ngng RTS).
Cc s sau cho thy mt giao dch gia hai trm A v B, v s thit lp NAV
ca cc trm gn chng:

Hnh 2.10. Giao dch gia hai trm A v B, v s thit lp NAV

Trng thi NAV c kt hp vi cm bin sng mang vt l cho bit trng thi
bn ca mi trng.
2.4. Cu hnh mng LAN
2.4.1. Thit b Ethernet
Ethernet card c hai ch hot ng:
Ch Half-Duplex
ch ny, mi trm gi nh rng mi trng truyn c chia s bi nhiu
hn hai trm, do n dng CSMA-CD.
-

Mt trm khng th va nhn va gi d liu ti cng mt thi im.

Tt c cc cp mng Ethernet u h tr ch Half-Duplex, v d cp
ng trc (hin khng c dng na m ch yu dng cho cable TV), cp
xon (loi ny ph bin nht), v cp quang (dng cho cc mng Ethernet

nhanh vi phm vi rng).

Ch Full-Duplex:
- ch ny, mt trm gi nh rng mi trng truyn c chia s bi
ch hai my trm, v c knh truyn ring cho vic gi v nhn d liu. Do
, CSMA-CD khng cn cn thit na, mi trm c th gi v nhn d
-

liu cng lc.

Cp xon v cp quang h tr ch ny.
Ch : Mc d cp xon v cp quang cung cp cc knh truyn ring cho
vic gi v nhn d liu, mt my trm ch half-duplex vn khng th

gi v nhn d liu cng lc c (iu ny l do vi CSMA-CD, nu mt

trm nhn c mt frame trong khi ang truyn mt fram khc, n s coi
y l xung t).
B lp
y l mt thit b Physical Layer: n thao tc vi cc bit (tn hiu) ch
khng phi vi cc frame.
Dng ni hai cp Ethernet vi nhau.
Khuch i tn hiu t mt cp v gi tn hiu qua on cp kia.
Trong trng hp n nhn c tn hiu ng thi t hai on cp, mt tn
hiu jamming s c gi ti c hai on cp, thng bo xung t.
V d, mt mng Ethernet 10Mbps c th dng 4 b lp m rng chiu di
ti a ca cp t 500m ti 2500m.
Hub
y l mt thit b Physical Layer: n thao tc vi cc bit (tn hiu) ch
khng phi vi cc frame.
Dng kt ni cc my trm hot ng ch Half-Duplex vi nhau.
Sao chp tn hiu t mt trm ti cc trm khc. Mt vi loi hub khuch i
tn hiu, cc loi khc th khng.
Trong trng hp n nhn c nhiu tn hiu ng thi t cc trm khc
nhau, mt tn hiu jamming s c gi ti tt c cc trm, thng bo xung t
Tt c cc trm kt ni vi mt hub c cng mt min xung t (collision
domain).
Ethernet switch
y l mt thit b Data Link Layer: n thao tc vi cc frame, c th c
c header ca mt frame.
Thng c dng kt ni cc my trm hot ng ch Full-Duplex
vi nhau.
Truyn frame ti mt my trm thch hp da trn a ch MAC ch ca
frame.
Thng thng, mt Ethernet switch c vng m lu-v-truyn cc frame.
Lu rng ch Full-Fuplex khng c xung t, nn khng c frame no
b mt do xung t, tuy nhin, mt vi frame c th b mt do trn b m.

 Ethernet bridge
Mt Ethernet switch cn c th c dng kt ni hai hay nhiu mng LAN
vi nhau. Trong trng hp ny, n c gi l mt Ethernet bridge.
y l thit b Data Link Layer: n thao tc vi cc frame.
c dng kt ni nhiu mang LAN vi nhau, mi mng ny bao gm
nhiu my trm kt ni vi nhau bng mt hub.
N truyn frame ti mt mng LAN ph hp da trn a ch MAC ch ca
frame.
Nu mt mng LAN c hn hai my trm (bao gm tt c cc bridge ni vi
n), th cng tng ng trn bridge phi hot ng ch Half-Duplex.
Mi mng LAN c mt min xung t ring. iu ny c ngha l vic truyn
nhiu ng thi trn mt mng LAN s gy ra xung t, nhng vic truyn
ng thi trn nhiu mng LAN c th khng gy xung t.
Mt vi loi bridge cao cp c th kt ni hai loi mng LAN khc nhau, v d
ni Ethernet vi Token Ring. Trong trng hp ny, bridge phi chuyn i
nh dng frame t dng ny sang dng kia.

Hnh 2.11 Ethernet bridge

 Bridge
Bridge chuyn mt frame n nhn c ti mng LAN thch hp da trn a
ch MAC ch ca frame v bng chuyn tip (forwarding table). Bng ny
gm hai ct nh sau:
- a ch MAC: l a ch MAC ca mt Ethernet card.
- Cng: Cng ca bridge m ni vi Ethernet card .
Mt bridge s t ng in vo bng chuyn tip khi n hot ng (iu ny
cng ng vi Ethernet switch). Do , chng ta khng phi cu hnh mt
bridge bng tay, iu ny khin cho bridge cn c gi l transparent bridge.
Mi khi n nhn c mt frame, n s in vo bng chuyn tip a ch
MAC ngun ca frame v cng m n nhn c frame .
Bridge chuyn tip mt frame nh th no?
- N tm trong bng xem c a ch MAC ch ca frame khng.
- Nu n tm thy, frame s c chuyn tip qua cng tng ng. Nu cng
tng ng ny trng vi cng m n nhn c frame, frame ny s khng
-

c chuyn tip.
Nu n khng tm thy, n gi frame ti tt c cc cng, tr cng m n

nhn c frame ny.

Nu mt trm b tch khi LAN th lm sao?
- Mi dng trong bng c gn vi mt timer. Mi khi nhn c mt
frame th timer ca dng tng ng c reset. Khi timer ht hn th dng
s b xa.
Nu mt trm c chuyn qua mt LAN khc th lm sao?
- Mi khi nhn c mt frame, bridge cp nht dng tng ng trong bng.
Nu c lp th sao?
- i khi, chng ta thm cc bridge b sung vo gia hai mng LAN cung
cp ng truyn d tha, phng trong trng hp mt ng truyn b
-

gin on th ng truyn kia vn hot ng.

Tuy nhin, chng ta phi m bo rng ch mt ng kt ni gia hai
mng LAN trong tnh trng hot ng (active), cc ng kt ni khc

phi b chn (standby).

Nu c nhiu ng kt ni gia hai mng LAN, mt frame vi mt ch
n bit s b truyn hai ln, mt frame vi mt ch n cha xc nh
s gy ra broadcast nhiu ln (broadcast storm)

Tt c cc bridge thc thi gii thut cy tn rng (Spanning Tree

Algorithm) tm ngn nga cc vng lp (nhiu ng kt ni) gia hai

mng LAN
Tn ca gii thut xut pht t vic mt cy tn rng ni tt c cc nt ca

mt th vi nhau, nhng khng cha vng lp.

Gii thut ny xc nh mt bridge c th l root bridge, sau n m bo
rng ch c mt ng kt ni tnh trng hot ng (active) t mt mng
LAN ti root bridge (v do , ch c mt ng kt ni hot ng gia hai

mng LAN).
Tt c cc bridge thc thi gii thut ny mt cch nh k, do , nu c li
xy ra (mt bridge gp s c hoc mt link b hng), th mt cy tn rng

mi s c to.
2.4.2. Cu hnh mng WLAN
Mng WLAN n gin hoc phc tp. C bn nht, hai PC c trang b cc card
giao tip khng dy thit lp mt mng c lp bt c khi no m chng nm trong phm
vi ca nhau. N c gi l mng ngang hng. Cc mng ny khng yu cu s qun tr
hoc s nh cu hnh trc. Trong trng hp ny mi khch hng ch truy cp ti ti
nguyn ca khch hng khc v khng thng qua mt nh phc v trung tm.

Hnh 2.12: Mt mng ngang hng khng dy

Vic thit lp mt im truy cp m rng phm vi ca mt mng, phm vi cc
thit b lin lc c m rng gp i. Khi im truy cp c ni ti mng ni dy, mi
khch hng s truy cp ti cc ti nguyn phc v cng nh ti cc khch hng khc. Mi
im truy cp iu tit nhiu khch hng, s khch hng c th ph thuc vo s lng

v c tnh truyn. Nhiu ng dng thc t vi mt im truy cp phc v t 15 n 50

thit b khch hng.

Hnh 2.13: Khch hng v im truy nhp

Cc im truy cp c mt phm vi hu hn, 152,4m trong nh v 304,8m ngoi
tri. Trong phm vi rt ln hn nh kho hng, hoc khu vc c quan cn thit phi lp
t nhiu im truy cp hn. Vic xc nh v tr im truy da trn phng php kho
st v tr. Mc ch s ph ln vng ph sng bng cc cell ph sng chng lp nhau
cc khch hng di chuyn khp vng m khng mt lin lc mng. Kh nng cc khch
hng di chuyn khng ghp ni gia mt cm ca cc im truy cp c gi roaming.
Cc im truy cp chuyn khch hng t site ny n site khc mt cch t ng m
khch hng khng hay bit, bo m cho kt ni lin tc.

Hnh 2.14: Nhiu im truy cp v Roaming

gii quyt cc vn c bit v topology, nh thit k mng chn cch s
dng cc im m rng (Extension Point - EP) lm tng cc im truy cp ca mng.
Cch nhn v chc nng ca cc im m rng ging nh cc im truy cp, nhng
chng khng c ni dy ti mng ni dy nh l cc AP. Chc nng ca EP nhm m
rng phm vi ca mng bng cch lm tr tn hiu t mt khch hng n mt AP hoc
EP khc. Cc EP c ni tip nhau truyn tin t mt AP n cc khch hng rng
khp, nh mt on ngi chuyn nc t ngi ny n ngi khc n mt m chy.

Hnh 2.15: Cch s dng ca mt im m rng (EP)

Thit b mng WLAN cui cng cn xem xt l anten nh hng. Gi s c mt
mng WLAN trong ta nh A ca bn, v bn mun m rng n ti mt ta nh cho thu
B, cch 1,609 km. Mt gii php l s lp t mt anten nh hng trn mi ta nh,
cc anten hng v nhau. Anten ti ta nh A c ni ti mng ni dy qua mt im

truy cp. Tng t, anten ti ta nh B c ni ti mt im truy cp trong ta nh ,

m cho php kt ni mng WLAN thun tin nht.

Hnh 2.16: Cch s dng anten nh hng

Mng WLAN c lp (mng ngang hng)
Cu hnh mng WLAN n gin nht l mng WLAN c lp (hoc ngang hng)
ni cc PC vi cc card giao tip khng dy. Bt k lc no, khi hai hoc hn card giao
tip khng dy nm trong phm vi ca nhau, chng thit lp mt mng c lp (hnh 1.6).
y, cc mng ny khng yu cu s qun tr hoc s nh cu hnh trc.

Hnh 2.17: Mng WLAN c lp v mng WLAN c lp phm vi c

m rng s dng im truy cp nh mt b chuyn tip

Cc im truy cp m rng phm vi ca mng WLAN c lp bng cch ng vai

tr nh l mt b chuyn tip (hnh 1.7), c hiu qu gp i khong cch gia cc PC
khng dy.
Mng WLAN c s h tng (infrastructure)
Trong mng WLAN c s h tng, nhiu im truy cp lin kt mng WLAN vi
mng ni dy v cho php cc ngi dng chia s cc ti nguyn mng mt cch hiu
qu. Cc im truy cp khng cc cung cp cc truyn thng vi mng ni dy m cn
chuyn tip lu thng mng khng dy trong khu ln cn mt cch tc thi. Nhiu im
truy cp cung cp phm vi khng dy cho ton b ta nh hoc khu vc c quan.

Hnh 2.18: Mng WLAN C s h tng

Microcells v roaming
Thng tin v tuyn b gii hn bi tn hiu sng mang i bao xa khi cng sut ra
cho trc. Mng WLAN s dng cc cell, gi l cc microcell, tng t h thng in
thoi t bo m rng phm vi ca kt ni khng dy. Ti bt k im truy cp no
trong cng lc, mt PC di ng c trang b vi mt card giao tip mng WLAN c
lin kt vi mt im truy cp n v microcell ca n, hoc vng ph sng. Cc
microcell ring l chng lp cho php truyn thng lin tc bn trong mng ni dy.
Chng x l cc tn hiu cng sut thp v khng cho ngi dng truy c p khi h i qua
mt vng a l cho trc.

CHNG 3: THIT K PHN MM V CU HNH

3.1.

Yu cu thit k

3.1.1. Yu cu chc nng:

T vic kho st trn thc t v nhu cu thm khm , theo di v iu tr bnh
cng nh gi thnh ca phn mm thu nhn tn hiu monitor trung tm ti Vit Nam,
nhm nghin cu a ra m hnh ca phn mm.
Phn mm c chc nng thu nhn d liu t 4-8 ging bnh hin th cc thng s
bnh nhn bao gm cc thng s: SPO2, ECG, RESP vic thu nhn hin th ng vi
thi gian thc, sau lu tr li v a cc tn hiu lnh xung iu khin thit b gim
st ti ging bnh.
3.1.2. Yu cu phi chc nng
Phn mm ngoi m bo cc chc nng trn cn phi m bo cc yu cu phi
chc nng nh: giao din nh gn tch hp vi nhiu h iu hnh v nhiu cu hnh my
ch khc nhau.
Phn mm cn phi m bo tnh n nh trong thi gian di lu tr t ng theo
thi gian thc.
3.2.

C s l thuyt
Mi khung d liu/lnh c: 1 byte m khung (ID), 1 byte Header, N -1 byte d

liu, v 1 byte checksum (kim tra li). Chiu di ti a mi khung l 10 byte tnh t u
khung n cui khung, chiu di d liu ti a l 7.
ID

Header

Data 1

ID

Phn

D liu

khung

u
1
1
li
Bng 3.1: Cu trc khung d liu/lnh

Data N-1

Checksum

D liu N - Kim

tra

Vic phn tch cc khung da vo vic xc nh byte u khung. C th l, byte

ID l byte c bt s 7 (l bt c trong s ln nht) c gi tr bng 0, cn cc byte nh

header, d liu v checksum th bt s 7 c gi tr bng 1. Cc bt ca byte Header s

cha gi tr ca bt s 7 ca cc byte d liu tng ng. V d l bt 0 ca byte header s
l gi tr ca bit 7 ca byte d liu 1, tng t vi cc file d liu tip theo.
Nhng ni trn, thit b Monitor ti ging bao gm 2 phn, l mun o v
mun trung tm. Thng tin c truyn thng gia 2 khi, trong y ta nh ngha
l:
Thng tin c truyn t mun o ti moun trung tm l d liu. Tng ng
l, mun trung tm nhn cc khung d liu s c truyn t moun o ti.
Thng tin c truyn t mun trung tm ti mun l lnh. Tng ng l,
moun o s nhn cc khung lnh t moun trung tm.
Nh vy, chng ta s gi tt thng tin t mun o v mun trung tm ln lt l
d liu v lnh trong cc phn m t di y.
3.2.1.nh dng khung d liu truyn ln
C 10 gi d liu/1s, mi gi d liu c 54 bytes (khng bao gm huyt p xm
ln m mn hnh hin th dng sng 4 ging bnh). Mi gi d liu c sp xp da
theo bng sau:

Kiu
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE

di
2
1
1

Gii thch
C
a ch ging
Ch s bin ECG

Ch
= 0x55,0xaa
S th t ging
S xc nh u l cc bin
ECG(xem bng thng s)
Gi tr cho bin(thp trc)
Byte u tin i din cho s

WORD

Gi tr bin ECG

BYTE

25

Gi tr mu dng sng
ECG

lng ca cc gi tr mu, v
d nh 10 th c 10 bytes ca

d liu dng sng mu, cc

BYTE
WORD
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
BYTE
WORD
BYTE
WORD
BYTE
BYTE
WORD
BYTE

1
2
1
1
2

byte cn li hiu = 0.
Ch s bin NIBP
Xc nh u l bin NIBP
Gi tr bin NIBP
Gi tr cho bin (thp trc)
Ch s bin RESP
Xc nh u l bin RESP
Gi tr bin RESP
Gi tr cho bin
Gi tr mu dng song Hai gi tr dng sng lin tip

1
2
1
2
6

RESP
Ch s nhit bin thin
Gi tr bin nhit
Ch s bin SPO2
Gi tr bin SPO2
Gi tr mu dng dng

Xc nh u l bin nhit
Gi tr cho bin (thp trc)
Xc nh u l bin SPO2
Gi tr cho bin (thp trc)
Su gi tr dng sng lin tip

1
2
1

SPO2
Thng s bin SYS
Gi tr bin SYS
Checksum

Xc nh au l bin SYS
Gi tr cho bin (thp trc)
=0 khng s dng

Bng 3.2: Bng cu trc gi d liu dng sng 4 ging bnh

Nu s gim st ging bnh l s hin th 6 dng sng (bao gm 2 dng sng

huyt p xm ln_ th s ti ln gi d liu l 82 bytes. 2 byte u tin l ca c = {x55,0x55}. Byte cui dng tng nh sau
Kiu
BYTE
WORD
BYTE
BYTE
WORD
BYTE
BYTE
WORD
BYTE
BYTE

di
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1

Gii thch
Ch s bin IBP1
Gi tr bin IBP1
Gi tr mu sng IBP1
Ch s bin IBP2
Gi tr bin IBP2
Gi tr mu sng IBP2
Ch s bin CO2
Gi tr bin CO2
Gi tr mu sng CO2
Checksum

Ch
Xc nh u l bin IBP1
Gi tr cho bin (thp trc)
6 gi tr dng sng lin tip
Xc nh u l bin IBP2
Gi tr cho bin (thp trc)
6 gi tr dng sng lin tip
Xc nh u l bin CO2
Gi tr cho bin (thp trc
6 gi tr dng sng lin tip
Khng dng

Bng 3.3: Bng cu trc gi d liu dng sng 6 ging bnh

Cc bin ch s in trung tm ca ECG nh sau
Gi

tr Bin tng ng

thng s
0
1
2
3
4

Cc bn tin li
Nhp tim
Cnh bo gii hn nhp tim
Cnh bo gii hn nhp tim
Kha cnh bo nhp tim

Ghi ch
Li khi no
HR
1 i din cho cp cao, 2 i din cho
trung giam, 3 i din cho cp thp hn,
0 c ngha l ng. (sa i ZSS)
= N, c m t l N dn u cho ECG

Trng thi ECG

6
7

signal
Tc qut ECG
Trng thi ging bnh- khng dng
S phn tch ri lon nhp (Logo nhp tim gc) s phn tch ri
tim (tin hiu ECG ban u lon nhp tim, d liu c bit cho cc

ca BEEP)
gi tr ch s ri lon nhp tim
Kha m thanh BEEP ca Trng thi ging bnh

ECG
S ng cng dng sng Trng thi ging bnh

10
11
12

ECG
Lc ECG
Chiu di ECG
Gi tr on S-T

Trng thi ging bnh

Trng thi ging bnh
Bedside machine byte, da theo s khc
bit gia tch cc v tiu cc mc cao.

Bng 3.4: Ch s in trung tm ca ECG

Bng ch s bin NIBP:
Gi

tr Bin tng ng

thng s
0
1
2
3
4

Cc bn tin bo li
SBP
Huyt p tm trng
Huyt p trung bnh
Nhp xung NIBP

Ghi ch
Li khi no
Tm thu
Tm trng
Trung bnh
Khng dng

5
6
7

Di bng qun
Hiu chnh di bng qun
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p Trng thi ging bnh

tm thu
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p Trng thi ging bnh

tm thu
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p Trng thi ging bnh

10

tm trng
Cnh bo gii hn huyt Trng thi ging bnh

11

p tm trng
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p Trng thi ging bnh

12

trung bnh
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p Trng thi ging bnh

13

trung bnh
Cnh bo gii hn xung Khng dng

14

NIBP
Cnh bo gii hn xung Khng dng

15

NIBP
Thi gian o c NIBP t

16

ng
Kha cnh bo NIBP

1 i din cho cp cao, 2 i din cho

trung giam, 3 i din cho cp thp hn,

17
18

n v hin th NIBP
nh du im bt u o

19
20

c NIBP
C hy o c NIBP
Ch o c NIBP

0 c ngha l ng. (sa i ZSS)

0 mm Gg, 1-kPa;

Ch cho ngi ln v tr nh

Bng 3.5: Ch s bin NIBP

Bng ch s oxygen SP02:
Gi

tr Bin tng ng

thng s
0

Bn tin bo li

Ghi ch
Li khi no

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Mc bo ha SPO2
Nhp xung
Cc ch th nh th tch mu mc nh
Mc bo ha trung bnh ca SPO2
Cnh bo gii hn SPO2
Cnh bo gii hn SPO2
Cnh bo gii hn nhp xung
Cnh bo gii hn nhp xung
Kha cnh bo SPO2

%
Nhp xung ngn tay

1 i din cho cp cao, 2

i din cho trung giam, 3
i din cho cp thp hn,
0 c ngha l ng. (sa

i ZSS)
Bng 3.6: Ch s oxygen SP02
Bng ch s RESP:
Gi

tr Bin tng ng

thng s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Ghi ch

Bn tin bo li
Nhp h hp
Nhp h hp CO2
Cnh bo gii hn nhp h hp
Cnh bo gii hn nhp h hp
Cnh bo gii hn nhp h hp C02
Cnh bo gii hn nhp h hp C02
Kha cnh bo ht th

Li khi no
RR

1 i din cho cp cao, 2

i din cho trung giam, 3
i din cho cp thp hn,
0 c ngha l ng. (sa
i ZSS)

Bng 3.7: Ch s RESP

Bng ch s bin TEMP:
Gi

tr Bin tng ng

thng s

Ghi ch

0
1
2
3
4
5

Bn tin bo li
Nhit 1(knh 1)
Nhit 2(knh 2)
Cnh bo gii hn nhit
Cnh bo gii hn nhit
Kha cnh bo nhit

Li khi no
*10
*10
1 i din cho cp cao, 2
i din cho trung giam, 3
i din cho cp thp hn,
0 c ngha l ng. (sa

6
7

Nhit hiu chun

i ZSS)
remark

Bng 3.8: Ch s bin TEMP

Cc bin trong h thng :
Gi

tr Bin tng ng

thng s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Ghi ch

Bn tin bo li
Li h thng
Bt u o c thi gian o huyt p
Th tch
Thi gian cn li
Ch cn li
Bt m thanh
Thi gian my chy
Ngt my
Kha hin ti
Gi tr hin ti ca menu c a
chn
Cc trng thi m phng
Kha cnh bo ton b
1 l m, 0 l ng
Sc
2004-11-22
Bng 3.9: Cc bin cn li trong h thng

Bng cc gi tr ch s IBP:
Gi

tr Bin tng ng

Ghi ch

thng s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Bn tin bo li
SBP
Huyt p tm trng
Huyt p trung bnh
Nhp xung IBP
Cuff pressure
Calibration cuff pressure
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p tm thu
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p tm thu
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p tm trng
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p tm trng
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p trung bnh
Cnh bo gii hn huyt p trung bnh
Cnh bo gii hn nhp xung IBP
Cnh bo gii hn nhp xung IBP
Thi gian o c IBP t ng

Li khi no
Tm thu
Tm trng
Trung bnh
Khng dng
Khng dng
Khng dng
Trng thi ging bnh
Trng thi ging bnh
Trng thi ging bnh
Trng thi ging bnh
Trng thi ging bnh
Trng thi ging bnh
Khng dng
Khng dng
1 i din cho cp cao, 2

16

Kha cnh bo IBP

i din cho trung giam, 3

i din cho cp thp hn,
0 c ngha l ng. (sa

17
18

i ZSS)
0-mm Hg, 1-k Pa

Cc n v hin th IBP
im bt u o c IBP
Bng 3.10: Bng cc gi tr ch s IBP

3.2.2. nh dng khung lnh truyn xung

Cc gi tin lnh c nhn bi cc my ti ging bnh theo tng 7 bytes, ngha
cc byte c ghi trong bng:

Th t
Byte1
Byte2
Byte3

ngha
0xaa
0x55
S ging (0-255)

Byte4

Module type ID:

0 th nhy xung byte tip theo (cc byte 5,6,7 lin tip )
1-ECG;(BYTE5 =1 cho s bt u, 6,7 cho cnh bo gii hn HR)
2-NIBP(Byte 5 =1 cho bt u, 2 cho t ng thi gian o c huyt p,
S6 l gii hn trn, S7 l gii hn di, gii hn trn cu M10, M11 l

3.3.

gii hn di, gii hn trn ca D8, 9 l gii hn di ca D)

3-RESP(CO2)
4-TEMP
5-SPO2
6-System
7-IBP1
8-IBP2
Byte5
Kiu tham s ID
Byte6
8 bit d liu thp
Byte7
8 bit d liu cao
Bng 3.11: ngha cc byte ca khung lnh
Port cng giao tip
Trong mng my tnh, Port l mt cu trc phn mm phc v nh l mt im

u cui truyn thng trong h thng hot ng my ch ca my tnh. Port lun c

lin kt vi a ch IP ca my ch v loi giao thc truyn thng. N b sung cho a ch
ch hoc a ch ban u trong cc phin truyn thng tin. Mi Port c nh ngha cho
mi a ch v giao thc vi 16bit, thng c hiu l tr s ca Port.
c bit, c cc tr s ca Port thng c s dng cho vic xc nh cc ng
dng v dch v ring. Trong s hng ngn port c bit, c 1024 tr s ca Port c
dnh cho xc nh cc loi dch v trn my ch. Cc giao thc m c u tin s dng
cc Port l cc giao thc tng giao vn, v d nh giao thc TCP, UDP trong m hnh
mng.
Vi cu hnh khch-ch trong cu trc ng dng, cc Port thng cung cp dch
v ghp ni trn mi Port number m ngi dng mng kt ni ti cho vic khi chy
dch v, sau vic kt ni c ti thit lp trn port number c th.
Trong cc giao thc tng giao vn, v d nh TCP v UDP s ch r tr s ngun v
tr s ch ca Port trong cc header ca chng. Tr s port c gi tr 16 bit nguyn khng

du t 0 n 65535. Tuy nhin, vi TCP, tr s port 0 c d tr v khng c s dng.

Vi UDP, port ca ngun l khng bt buc v gi tr 0 tc l khng c port no. Qu
trnh lin kt cc knh u vo v u ra ca n thng qua Socket mng, loi m t file,
giao thc truyn vn, tr s port v a ch IP. Tin trnh ny l bt buc cho php
truyn nhn d liu trn mng. Phn mm mng trn h iu hnh c nhim v truyn d
liu cn gi t cc port ca ng dng vo mng v chuyn tip ti cc gi tin x l
bng cch ghp gi a ch IP gi vi tr s ca port. Ch c cc tin trnh s dng cng
giao thc truyn vn mi c th lin kt ti cc a ch IP c th v t hp Port. i khi,
xung t cng xy ra khi c nhiu chng trnh kt ni ti cng mt port trn cng mt
a ch IP m s dng chung giao thc.
Cc ng dng thc hin cc dch v ph bin th thng c t trc, v d nh
cc tr s ca Port m c dng cho dch v nhn cc yu cu t pha client. Tin trnh
ny c hiu l lng nghe v bao gi s vic nhn yu cu ca Port bit v thit lp
bn ghi client-server mt mt. Vn s dng cng tr s port , cc client khc c th tip
tc kt ni ti port ang c nhim v lng nghe yu cu.
Tr s cng c m ha trong gi header ca giao thc truyn vn v chng c
th d dng c gii m khng ch bi my tnh truyn nhn m cn c cc thnh phn
h tng mng khc. c bit, tng la thng c cu hnh phn bit cc gi da
trn tr s Port ngun hoc ch ca chng.
Vic thc hin kt ni tun t ti cc port trn mt my tnh c gi l qut port.
Cc s kin kt ni ca port thng c gim st v ghi li thng xuyn bi my tnh.
3.3.1. Cc tr s port thng gp (Well Known Port 0-1023)
IANA c trch nhin vic t chc ton cu cho DNS, a ch IP v cc ngun giao
thc mng khc. N bao gm vic ng k cc tr s port thng c s dng cho cc
dch v mng.
Tr s port c chia lm 3 loi: cc Port c cho bit trc, cc port c ng
k v cc port ring.

Cc port cho bit trc c c nh tr s t 0 ti 1023. Cc yu cu cho cc

nhim v mi trong qung tr s ny s yu cu nghim ngt hn so vi cc ng k khc.
20

TCP

File Transfer - FTP data

21

TCP

File Transfer - FTP control

22

TCP/UDP

SSH Remote Login Protocol/ pcAnywhere

23

TCP

Telnet

25

TCP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

38

TCP UDP

Route Access Protocol (RAP)

42

UDP

Host Name Server - Microsoft WINS

45

TCP

Message Processing Module (receive)

46

TCP

Message Processing Module (send)

50

TCP UDP

Remote Mail Checking Protocol (RMCP)

66

TCP UDP

Oracle SQL*NET

69

TCP UDP

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

88

TCP UDP

Kerberos Network Authentication Service

101

TCP UDP

110

TCP UDP

Post Office Protocol (POP) Version 3

118

TCP UDP

SQL Services

119

TCP UDP

Network News Transfer Protocol

130

TCP UDP

Cisco FNATIVE

143

TCP UDP

161

TCP UDP

SNMP

211

TCP UDP

Texas Instruments 914C/G Terminal

Network Information Center (NIC) Hostname

Server

Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) Mail

Server

280

TCP UDP

http-mgmt

314

TCP UDP

Opalis Robot

333

TCP UDP

Texar Security Port

742

TCP UDP

Network Revision Control System

747

TCP UDP

Fujitsu Device Control

749

TCP UDP

Kerberos Administration

767

TCP UDP

Phonebook

777

TCP UDP

Multiling HTTP

800

TCP UDP

989

TCP UDP

FTP Data Over TLS/SSL

990

TCP UDP

FTP Control Over TLS/SSL

991

TCP UDP

Netnews Administration System

992

TCP UDP

Secure Telnet (over TLS/SSL)

993

TCP UDP

Secure IMAP4 (over TLS/SSL)

994

TCP UDP

Secure IRC (over TLS/SSL)

995

TCP UDP

Secure POP3 (over TLS/SSL)

996

TCP

MDBS Daemon, Remotely Possible (Remote

Control)

Vsinet / Central Point Software Xtree License

Server
Bng 3.12: Danh sch cc port thng dng

3.3.2. Cc port ng k (registered port: 1024-49151)

Cc cng TCP v UDP c s t 1024 n 49151 c gi l cc port ng k.
IANA qun l danh sch cc dch v s dng cc port trong tm s ny gim thiu vic
s dng trng nhau. Khng ging nh cc port c tr s thp hn (0-1023), cc nh pht
trin dch v TCP/UDP mi c th chn mt s mi ng k vi IANA v dung trng
vi cc s ng k.

3.3.3. Dynamic port / Private port (49152-65535)

Cc cng TCP v UDP c s bt u t 49152 n 65535 c gi l dynamic
port, private port hay ephemeral port. IANA khng qun l dynamic port cng nh khng
gii hn vic s dng ca ngi dung. Cc dch v c th chn mt vi port ngu nhin
min ph trong s ny khi cn truyn trn nhiu socket.a
3.4.

Thut ton

3.4.1. Cu trc phn mm

Hnh 3.1: Cu trc phn mm

3.4.2. Module x l tn hiu gi tr v dng sng in tim

Hnh 3.2: Module x l tn hiu gi tr v dng sng in tim

3.4.3. Module x l gi tr NIBP

Hnh 3.3. Module x l gi tr NIBP

3.4.4. Module x l tn hiu gi tr v dng sng in RESP

Hnh 3.4: Module x l tn hiu gi tr v dng sng in RESP

3.4.5. Module x l gi tr nhit

Hnh 3. 5: Module x l gi tr nhit

3.4.6. Module x l tn hiu gi tr v dng sng in SPO2

Hnh 3. 6: Module x l tn hiu gi tr v dng sng in SPO2

3.5.

Cu hnh

H thng bao gm cc my monitor a thng s kt ni vi Router Di ng 6

trong 1 Wireless-N150 Asus WL-330N3G bng dy chun cp mng bnh thng. Router
Asus WL-330N3G hot ng ch b lp vn nng. Trong ch ny bn ch vic
chn mt tn hiu khng dy m bn mun tng cng trong trang FW, WL-330N3G s
t ng m rng tm ph sng ca tn hiu . Tn hiu khng dy m ta mun tng
cng l tn hiu wifi ca Router Tenda W311R v truyn d liu v my ch

Hnh 3.7: Router Asus WL-330N3G

Chc nng ca Router Asus WL-330N3G:
Kh linh ng vi kch thc nh hn mt th tn dng
Chc nng a vai tr 6 trong 1 hng u: Router, im Truy cp, B lp vn
nng, B tip hp Ethernet, Hotspot, Chia s 3G
Ci t Cm & Lt vi Giao din Qun l ha
D dng cp in qua cng USB
Cho tc kt ni nhanh hn n 98% trong cu hnh 150Mbps khi so vi cc
router tng ng

Hnh 3.8: M hnh kt ni mng trong h thng CMS Router Di ng 6 trong 1

Wireless-N150 Asus WL-330N3G
Thnh phn trong h thng

Hnh 3.9: Thnh phn trong h thng

H thng trung tm gim st bnh nhn a thng s l mt loi thit b cung cp
thng tin v y t c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc iu t lm sng. H thng bao
gm phn mm qun l v my tnh tc cao, to nn mt mng li bng cch kt ni
cc my theo di ging bnh. y ta s dng b chuyn tip ASUS

H thng trung tm gim st bnh nhn c iu khin bi mt my tnh trang b

nhng kt ni mi nht cng h thng knh. H thng ny c th thc hin nhng cng
vic sau:
-

Qun l theo thi gian thc cng lc 16 -24 bnh nhn

Qun l v hin th cc ch s sinh l ca 16 -24 bnh nhn theo thi gian thc

trong 24 gi.
m v phn tch d liu ng thi bo ng khi c s c xy ra.
T ng lu tr d liu v bnh nhn.
C ng dng kt ni khng dy qun l t xa hoc kt ni vi H thng
mng bnh vin

Trong CMS, my ch kt ni vi cc my khch ti ging bnh thng qua cc

thit b mng v c quyn truy cp ti tt c chng. CMS c nhim v ghi li v qun l
d liu bnh nhn theo thi gian thc. My ch c ci h iu hnh thng dng nh
Wndows
Cu hnh v nh a ch IP cho cc Router trong mng
Cu hnh Router Tenda W311R
-

Bc 1: Cm in cho b pht wifi -> cm 1 u dy cp vo cng mu vng

ca b pht wifi, u cn li cm vo my tnh

Bc 2: M trnh duyt web ln ( firefox ) -> g vo a ch: 192.168.0.1 ri enter
Bc 3 : in mt khu " admin " ri nhn Ok

Bc 4: Chn " DHCP " ri in mt khu WiFi mun t vo " Security Key "
( mt khu ch 8 k t ), tip theo nhn Ok

Bc 5: Chn Advanced LAN Setting IP Address ci t IP mong mun v

Subnet Mask tng ng vi my

Router Di ng 6 trong 1 Wireless-N150 Asus WL-330N3G

-

Bc 1: Cm in cho b pht wifi -> gng 1 u dy cp vo cng ethernet b

pht wifi, u cn li cm vo my tnh

Bc 2: M trnh duyt web ln ( firefox ) -> g vo a ch: 192.168.1.1 ri enter
Bc 3: Chn ch repeater

Bc 4: Chn Advanced Setting LAN IP ci t a ch IP ph hp

Bc 5: Chn ch Repeater v sau cn mng ethernet cn m rng bn

trn

CHNG 4: XY DNG PHN MM

4.1

La chn cng c lp trnh

Cng c thit k phn mm thu nhn v x l tn hiu phi m bo c nhng

yu cu v thu nhn d liu t h thng nh phn tch. l tc cao thu nhn cao,
tn s ly mu ln nhng phi m bo thu nhn thi gian thc v ghi li d liu c
chn thc. Vi nhng yu cu kht khe LabVIEW vi c im l mt cng c rt
mnh m v thu nhn v x l d liu c chn cho thit k. Vi nhng u vit ca
mnh so vi cc cng c khc, LabVIEW hin l mt trong nhng cng c c s dng
rt nhiu trong lnh vc thu nhn v x l tn hiu y sinh. Cng c LabVIEW c pht
trin bi hng National Instruments.
LabViEW l mt phn mm my tnh c bit n nh l mt ngn ng lp tnh
hon ton khc so vi cc ngn ng lp trnh truyn thng

Hnh 4.1: LabVIEW Logo

4.1.1.

Gii thiu v LabVIEW

LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) l mt

phn mm my tnh c pht trin bi National Instruments. LabVIEW dng trong hu
ht cc phng th nghim, lnh vc khoa hc k thut nh t ng ha, iu khin, in
t, c in t, hng khng, ha sinh, in t y sinh cc nc c bit l M, Hn quc,
Nht Bn.
LabVIEW l g?
Ngn ng lu ha ca LabVIEW hp dn cc k s v nh khoa hc trn ton th
gii nh mt phng php trc gic hn trong vic t ng ha cc h thng o lng v
iu khin. Ngn ng lu kt hp vi I/O gn lin v iu khin giao din ngi s
dng tng tc cng n ch bo lm cho LabVIEW tr thnh mt s la chn l tng
cho k s v nh khoa hc.
Cc kh nng chnh ca LabVIEW
LabVIEW c bit n nh l mt ngn ng lp trnh vi khi nim hon ton
khc so vi cc ngn ng lp trnh truyn thng nh ngn ng C, Pascal. Bng cch din
t c php thng qua cc hnh nh trc quan trong mi trng son tho, LabVIEW
c gi vi tn khc l lp trnh G (vit tt ca Graphical). Hin ti ngoi phin bn

LabVIEW cho cc h iu hnh Window, Linux, hng NI pht trin cc modul

LabVIEW cho my h tr c nhn (PDA).
Mi trng pht trin LabVIEW
Pht trin nhanh vi cng ngh Express: s dng Express VIs v I/O nhanh chng
to ra cc ng dng o lng ph bin m khng cn lp trnh. Hng nghn chng trnh
minh ha, kiu module v phn cp, tr gip tch hp, th vin giao din ngi s dng
ko v th hng nghn chc nng lp sn, ngn ng c bin dch thc hin nhanh
hn. n pht trin ln, theo hng nhm (teamoriented): Ngn ng m, g ri bng
ha tch hp, phn phi ng dng n gin, nhiu cng c pht trin cp cao, cng c
pht trin nhm, iu khin m ngun, qun l ch.Thu thp, phn tch v hin th lp
sn. Thu thp: mi trng LabVIEW m tng thch vi mi phn cng o vi cc tr
gip tng tc, to m ngun v kh nng kt ni ti hng nghn thit b gip tp hp d
liu d dng. V LabVIEW cung cp tnh kt ni ti hu ht mi thit b o, nn bn c
th d dng kt hp nhng ng dng LabVIEW mi vo cc h thng hin ti. Bt chp
mi yu cu ca phn cng, LabVIEW cung cp mt giao din kt ni ti I/O mt
cch d dng. Thng tin chi tit c ti trang web ni.com/labVIEWtools.
Cc tn hiu o c vi LabVIEW
Nhit , sc cng, rung, m thanh, in p, dng, tn s, nh sng, in tr,
xung, thi gian (giai on), tn hiu s, thu thp tn hiu t cc thit b bn ngoi nh
cm bin nhit , hnh nh t webcam, vn tc ca ng c, ...
Phn tch
Tnh nng phn tch mnh m, d s dng l iu khng th thiu cho ng dng
phn mm. LabVIEW c hn 500 chc nng lp sn trch xut thng tin hu ch t d
liu thu nhn c, phn tch cc php o v x l tn hiu. Cc chc nng phn tch tn
s, pht tn hiu, ton hc, chnh l ng cong, php ni suy cho php bn nhn c s
liu thng k quan trng t d liu ca mnh. D thut ton c bn c phc tp n u
i na th cng c phn tch LabVIEW vn rt d s dng. Hn 15 Express VIs lm gim

 phc tp ca vic phn tch php o trong ng dng ca bn qua hp thoi cu hnh
tng tc xem trc kt qu phn tch. M phng v x l cc tn hiu thu nhn c
phc v cc mc ch nghin cu hay mc ch ca h thng m ngi lp trnh mong
mun.
Hin th
Xy dng cc giao din ngi dng mt cch nhanh chng v thm m hn nhiu
so vi cc ngn ng khc nh Visual Basic, Matlab. Hin th d liu bao gm cc chc
nng: trc quan, to bo co v qun l d liu. LabVIEW bao gm cc cng c trc
quan gip hin th d liu hp dn, trong c cc tin ch v biu v th cng cc
cng c trc quan 2D, 3D ci sn. Ngui s dng c th nhanh chng cu hnh li cc
thuc tnh ca phn hin th nh mu sc, kch c phng, kiu th, quay, phng to thu
nh v quay qut (pan) th khi ang chy. Thm vo , ta c th xem v iu khin
VIs qua Internet bng LabVIEW. i vi vic to bo co, NI cung cp mt s ty chn
nh cng c to ti liu, bo co dng HTML, bo co dng Word/Excel v bo co
tng tc vi NI DIA.

Hnh 4.2.Kh nng hin th ca phn mm Labview

 iu khin
LabVIEW tch hp nhiu cng c v tnh nng hn gip k s iu khin t
ng d dng thc hin cc bi ton v iu khin. Cho php thc hin cc thut ton
iu khin nh PID, Logic m (Fuzzy), mt cch nhanh chng thng qua cc chc nng
tch hp sn trong LabVIEW. Cho php kt hp vi nhiu ngn ng truyn thng nh C,
C++.
Giao tip vi thit b ngoi vi
Giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi vi thng qua nhiu chun giao tip thng qua cc
cng giao tip: RS232, RS485, USB, PCI, Enthernet.

Hnh 4.3.Kh nng giao tip ca phn mm Labview

4.1.2. Cc kiu d liu

LabVIEW h tr cho tt c cc dng d liu. Cc kiu d liu dng Boolean,

bytes, string, array, file, text, cluster v dng s c th c chuyn i mt cch d dng
sang cc dng cu trc. Sau y chng ta xem xt mt vi dng d liu:

Variables (bin)
Trong qu trnh lp trnh cn thit phi s dng ti cc bin. Thng qua cc bin,
ngi lp trnh c th thc hin c vic x l v thay i d liu mt cch thun li.
Trong LabVIEW, cc bin c s dng di 2 dng l bin ton cc (global variables)
v cc bin a phng (local variables).
-

Global variables (bin ton cc): Bin ton cc c s dng thc hin
cng vic truyn v lu tr d liu gia mt vi VI. Bin ton cc c coi l
mt i tng trong LabVIEW. Khi ta to ra mt bin ton cc LabVIEW s
to ra mt VI ton cc c bit. to ra cc bin ton cc, ta la chn
chng trn menu Structs and Constants function sau t chng ln
Diagram. Tip tc cn xc nh cho chng kiu d liu thng qua cc kiu d
liu s dng thng qua cc Controls hoc cc Indicators. Chng ta cn ch
l i vi mi bin ton cc chng ta cn phi to ra mt VI vi mt tn ring
duy nht. i vi cc bin ton cc chng ta cng cn xc nh ch ch cho
php ghi hoc ch cho php c. i vi vic truy xut vo bin ton cc s
thc hin rt nhanh chng i vi cc kiu d liu n gin nh numerics v
Boolean. Tuy nhin, khi ta s dng bin ton cc lu tr v x l cc d
liu di dng mng (arrays), Clusters hay cc su (string) ln th thi gian
cng nh b nh cn thit x l chng li s tng i ln. V n i hi
mt vi dch v qun l b nh mi khi cc bin gi ti. Khi s dng cc
bin ton cc cng nh cc bin cc b th mt vn c th gp phi l s
tranh chp d liu. Bin s dng trong Labview khng hon ton ging nh

trong cc ngn ng lp trnh dng lnh. Vic tranh chp d liu xy ra khi
hai hoc nhiu hn cc on m lnh cng thc hin song song cng thay i
gi tr ca mt bin. u ra ca VI ph thuc vo th t c thc thi ca cc
dng lnh. Bi v nu khng c s ph thuc d liu gia cc biu thc khc
nhan th s khng xc nh c ci no chy trc. Nu s dng cc bin ton
cc trong Vis m c thc hin song song, th ta c th s dng mt bin ton
cc thm vo xc nh khi no d liu c php thay i v c c gi
-

tr mi
Local variable: cho php ngi s dng c hoc vit thng tin ln mt trong
nhng thit b iu khin hoc thit b hin th trn Front Panel. to mt
bin a phng, chn Local Variable t bng Structs & Constant. Khi sdng
bin a phng cn ch mt s thng tin sau

Cc bin cc b ch c tc dng duy nht trn cc thit b iu khin hoc thit b

hin th m cng trn mt lc . Ta khng th s dng bin a phng truy cp
ti mt iu khin m khng cng trn mt lc .
Ta c th c rt nhiu cc bin cc b cho mi thit b iu khin hoc thit b hin
th. Tuy nhin iu c th gy ra s phc tp, cho rng iu khin ca bn thay i
trng thi mt cch kh hiu bi v bn ngu nhin la chn sai cc phn t trong mt
hoc nhiu bin cc b.
Ging nh bin ton cc, bn c th s dng bin cc b khng c mt dng d
liu hp l khc s dng.
String
Kiu string (chui) l mt kiu d liu dng chui k t. Ta c th s dng chui
tham gia tnh ton x l. la chn cc text lu tr d liu kiu string ta chn t
String & path t control palette nh hnh bn di.Khng ch vy c th thc hin vic
chuyn i t dng string sang cc dng khc nh dng s, dng mng (array). Trong
LabVIEW, i khi ngi s dng c th cn phi to ra hoc hin th mt s k t trong
bng m ASCII m khng th hin th c nh: Esc, tab gii quyt vn ,

Labview cung cp mt s t i din cho cc t , khi cn th hin cc k t ta

ch cn g vo nhng t i din cho chng trn Front Panel. Sau y l mt s t thay
th (Escape Code)

Array
Trong vic lp trnh i khi chng ta cn x l mt s cc dy s m mi phn t
trong c th c x l nh tng thnh phn ring bit, v vy m ta cn ti mng.
Cc mng y c th l mng mt chiu (mt ct hoc mt vc t), mng 2 chiu,
mng 3 chiu. Labview h tr cho ngi lp trnh c th to ra cc mng ca mnh m
trong cha d liu kiu numberic, string, boolean v rt nhiu dng d liu khc.
Cc mng thng c to ra bi cc vng lp. Vic s dng vng lp l tt cho cc ng
dng bi v n xc nh mt vng b nh xc nh t khi n bt u. Nu khng dng
cc vng lp th LabVIEW khng c cch no bit c khi no vng lp li c lp li,
vic qun l b nh c th s c gi li nhiu ln v lm chm vic x l.Ngi s
dng c th s dng chc nng xy dng mng. N cn cho php rng buc mng gc
vo cc mng khc
Array Constant
S dng hm ny s to ra mt mng vi cc phn t l cc hng s. nh
ngha dng d liu ca mng hng s ta la chn bt k hng s v hng no t bng
Function Palette v t n vo bn trong mng hng s. Tt c cc thnh phn ca mng
s c dng ny. S dng Operating Tool nhp gi tr cho tng thnh phn ca mng. Ta
khng th thay i c gi tr ca mng trong khi VI chy.
Array Max & Min
Hm ny c chc nng tm kim s ln nht v s nh nht ca cc s trong mng.
Hm ny thng tr v kt qu hin th. Mng c th l mng n chiu ca bt k loi
d liu no. Gi tr ln nht (max value) l cng dng d liu nh l cc thnh phn trong
mng cc s. Ch s ln nht (max index) l ch s ca phn t ln nht. Gi tr nh nht

(min value) l ca cng dng d liu nh l cc thnh phn trong mng. Ch s nh nht
(min index) l ch s ca gi tr nh nht.

Cc cu trc iu khin lung chng trnh

Trong bt c ngn ng lp trnh no, ta cng hay thng gp v lm vic vi cc
phn t iu khin lung chng trnh, l cc cu trc (Structures). Cc cu trc iu
khin lung chng trnh trong mt VI c 5 cu trc l: For Loop, While Loop, Case
Structure, Sequence Structure v Fomula Node. Cc cu trc thc hin t ng khi d
liu u vo ca chng c sn v thc hin cc cng vic theo mun cho ti khi hon
thnh th mi cung cp d liu ti cc dy ni d liu u ra. Tuy nhin, mi cu trc
thc hin theo cc quy tc ring (Sub Diagram) ca n.
SubDiagram l tp hp ca cc Node, Wire v Terminal bn trong ng vin ca
Structure. Mi cu trc For Loop v While loop c mt SubDiagram. Cu trc Case v
Sequence c th c nhiu SubDiagram, nhng ch c mt SubDiagram c th thc
hin ti mt thi im. Cch xy dng cc SubDiagram cng ging nh vic xy dng
cc Block diagram mc u.
Vic truyn d liu vo v ra cc Structure thng qua cc Terminal m c t ng to
ra ni dy ni i qua ng vin ca cu trc, cc Terminal ny c gi l cc ng
ng (Tunel).
4.2

Xy dng cc khi c bn

4.2.1 Khi thu nhn d liu

Khi thu nhn d liu c thit k thu tn hiu c s ha v truyn ln.
D liu c truyn theo chun giao thc TCP/IP trong UDP (User Datagram
Protocol) l mt trong nhng giao thc ct li

Chng trnh thu nhn d liu c thit k tun theo chun truyn thng TCP/IP.
Phn mm LabVIEW h tr ngi dng cc hm truyn thng ni tip thc hin
chng trnh. Mt s hm truyn thng UDP hay c s dng:

Hm UDP Open dng thit lp cc thng s khi truyn thng UDP.

.
Hnh 4.4: Hm UDP Open
Cc thng s u vo, u ra ca hm c thit lp nh bng 4.1
Thng s

M t

Net address

Ch nh a ch mng nghe kt ni

Port

L tn port cc b m bn mun to ra mt gi UDP

Service name

Tn dch v khi to

Timeout ms

nh ngha thi gian (ms) u vo ny ch trc khi hm

hon thnh v tr v mt li

Error in

Thng bo li trc khi chc nng ny hot ng. Mc

nh l No Error.

Connection ID

Kt ni mng m xc nh duy nht gi UDP

Port

Tr v s ca port m hm s dng

Error out

Nu li ng vo cha thng tin li trc khi VI chy th li

ng ra s mang thng tin li .
Bng 4.1: Bng cc thng s u vo, u ra ca hm UDP Open

Hm UDP Read: c mt gi d liu t socket UDP, tr li kt qu trong d liu ra

Hnh 4.5: Hm UDP Read

Cc thng s u vo, u ra ca hm c thit lp nh bng 4.2
Thng s

M t

Connection ID

Kt ni mng m xc nh duy nht gi UDP

Max size

L s ln nht ca s byte c. Mc nh l 548

Timeout ms

nh ngha thi gian (ms) u vo ny ch trc khi hm

hon thnh v tr v mt li, mc nh l 25000 ms

Error in

Thng bo li trc khi chc nng ny hot ng. Mc

nh l No Error
Connection ID out

Tr v kt ni mng m xc nh duy nht gi UDP

Data out

D liu nhn c

Error out

Nu li ng vo cha thng tin li trc khi VI chy th

li ng ra s mang thng tin li

Port

L tn port cc b m bn mun to ra mt gi UDP

Address

L a ch ca my tnh m mt gi tin bt ngun

Bng 4.2: bng cc thng s u vo u ra ca hm UDP read

Hm UDP Write: Vit cho gi d liu t socket UDP

Hnh 4.6: Hm UDP Write

Cc thng s u vo, u ra ca hm c thit lp nh bng 4.3
Thng s

M t

Port or Service name

L tn port cc b m bn mun to ra mt gi UDP

Address

L a ch bn mun gi d liu ti

Connection ID

Kt ni mng m xc nh duy nht gi UDP

Data in

D liu cn truyn i

Timeout ms

nh ngha thi gian (ms) u vo ny ch trc khi

hm hon thnh v tr v mt li, mc nh l 25000
ms

Error out

Thng bo li trc khi chc nng ny hot ng.

Mc nh l No Error.

Connection ID out

Tr v kt ni mng m xc nh duy nht gi UDP

Error out

Nu li ng vo cha thng tin li trc khi VI chy

th li ng ra s mang thng tin li .
Bng 4.2: Bng cc thng s u vo, u ra ca hm UDP Open

Hm UDP Close: ng li gi d liu t socket UDP.

Hnh 4.7: Hm UDP Close

Cc thng s u vo, u ra ca hm c thit lp nh bng 4.4
Thng s

M t

Connection ID

Kt ni mng m xc nh duy nht gi UDP

Error in

Thng bo li trc khi chc nng ny hot ng. Mc

nh l No Error
Connection ID out

Tr v kt ni mng m xc nh duy nht gi UDP

Error out

Nu li ng vo cha thng tin li trc khi VI chy th

li ng ra s mang li

Bng 4.3: Bng cc thng s u vo, u ra ca Hm UDP Close

Chng trnh thu nhn c thit k theo kiu my trng thi vi 4 trng thi c bn: i
(Waiting), Dng (Stop), Thu nhn d liu (Recording), Ghi d liu (WriteData).
4.2.2 Khi lu tr tn hiu
Lu tr tn hiu l vic rt quan trong v cn thit cho vic cho vic c th dng
d liu tn hiu nghin cu, phn tch v do c th nh gi c hot ng ca
c.
Trong LabVIEW c h tr hm ghi d liu thu c thnh file tn hiu o lng.
Hm Write To Measurement File thc hin ghi d liu di dng file o lng dng text
(.lvm), dng file o lng nh phn (.tdm hoc .tdms) hoc dng Exel file (.xlsx).

Hnh 4.8: Hm Write To Measurement File

Cc thng s u vo, u ra ca hm c thit lp nh bng 2.5

Thng s

M t

Reset

Thit lp li file d liu khi chy chng trnh. Mc nh l

FALSE.

Enable

Cho php hoc v hiu ha hot ng ca hm. Mc nh l ON

hoc TRUE.

Error in

Thng bo li trc khi chc nng ny hot ng. Mc nh l

No Error.

DAQms Task

Quy nh nhim v thuc tnh DAQ s dng khi c kt ni vi

thit b DAQ.

Comment

Gn thm bnh lun vo mi b d liu c ghi li.

Filename

Ch nh tp tin mun ghi d liu vo.

Signals

u vo tn hiu mun ghi.

Filename Out

Tr li tn ca file d liu ghi.

Saving Data

Ch ra trng thi ca ghi d liu ca hm. TRUE ang ghi,

FALSE khng ghi.

Error out

Nu li ng vo cha thng tin li trc khi VI chy th li ng

ra s mang thng tin li .

Bng 4.4: Bng cc thng s vo ra ca hm Write to Measurement File

T yu cu thit k v chc nng ca hm lu tr d liu, khi lu tr d liu c thit
k nh sau:
4.2.3. Khi phn tch v hin th d liu

Theo thng tin thit k, mi mt giy d liu c gi 10 gi thng tin, mi gi

thng tin l 54 bytes. Mi gi u ging nhau cu trc gi bao gm nhng thnh phn
g. tch v lc thng tin cn thit trong gi d liu nhn c ta s dng cc hm sau.
-

Hm String to Byte Array dng chuyn i mt chui thnh mt mng ca

kiu unsigned byte. Mi byte trong mng c gi tr ASCII ca k t tng ng
trn chui.

Hnh 4.9: Hm String to byte Array

Cc thng s u vo, u ra ca hm c thit lp nh bng 2.6
Thng s

M t

String

L chui u vo m hm chuyn i

Unsigned byte array

L mng u ra . Byte u tin ca mng c gi tr ASCII

ca k t u tin chui, tng t..

Bng 4.5: Bng cc thng s vo ra ca hm String to byte Array

Hm Array Subnet tr v mt phn ca mng bt u t ch s index v cha
length phn t.

Hnh 4.10: Hm Array Subnet

Cc thng s u vo, u ra ca hm c thit lp nh bng 2.7

Thng s

M t

Array

Mng u vo, c th l mt mng n-chiu

Index

nh ngha phn t u tin, hng, ct, hoc trang bao

gm trong phn ca mng bn mun tr v. Nu index nh
hn 0, hm mc nh n ging nh 0. Nu index ln hn
hoc bng kch thc mng, hm tr v 1 mng rng

Length

nh ngha bao nhiu phn t, hng, ct, hoc trang bao

gm trong phn ca mng bn mun tr v. nu ch s
index cng length m ln hn kch thc mng, hm tr
v duy nht nh nhiu d liu c kh nng. Mc nh l
chiu di t index n cui mng

Subarray

Mng tr v
Bng 4.6: Bng cc thng s vo ra ca hm Array Subnet

Hm Insert array b nguyn d liu sau mi ln lp vo mng mi ca n. Nh

vy sau mi ln ta tch d liu t 540bytes, s lm sai khc d liu u ra, do vy sau
mi ln lp ly ct d liu, cn nghch o v tr d liu thu c. Khc phc bng
dng hm Reverse
T yu cu thit k v chc nng ca hm lu tr d liu, khi phn tch d liu c
thit k nh sau:

Hnh 4.11: Thit k khi phn tch d liu

CHNG 5: KT LUN
-

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