Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
L.S. (,
N
m3
Body of volume, V
Fb
Principle of Archimedes: a body submerged in a liquid of specific weight is buoyed
up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced liquid,
Fb V
W VB b VB sB w
where:
VB
B
sB
w
Bo
Fb
(a) The body is in Upright Position
W Fb V
G = Center of gravity of the body
Bo = Center of buoyancy ( centroid of the submerged
portion )
M (Metacenter)
x
B
A
A
B
B1 B o
Fb
r = horizontal shifting of Bo
x = moment arm of W or Fb
= angle of tilt
W
x
B
A
B1
_____
C W x W MG sin
A
B
Bo
M (Metacenter)
Fb
A
B
G O
B
A
B1
Fb
Bo
Fb
r
S
The shifting of the original upward buoyant force Fb in the wedge AOB to
Fb in the wedge AOB causes a shift in Fb from Bo to B1, a horizontal distance r
Hence,
Fb r Fb S V r S
r S
V
Also,
_____
Note:
r MBo sin
_____
S
Then,
V
_____
S
MBo
V sin
For small angle ,
_____
MBo sin
_____
MBo
where:
S
V
r MBo sin
and F b
(approximately )
______
Metacentric Height, MG
_____
_____
_____
MG MB o GB o
+ if Bo is above G
- if Bo is below G
_____
If is negligible,
MBo is given as
_____
Io
MBo
V
Where: Io is the moment of inertia of the waterline section relative
to a line through O.
_____
Io
Derivation of MB o
V
M (Metacenter)
W
Fb
Must be equal to S or
x 2 dA S Vr
Fb
A
B
Fb
_____
x dA V MBo
r
S
But x 2 dA is the moment of inertia,I o , of the water-line section about the longitudinal axis through O (approximately constant for small angles of heel). Therefore
_____
MB o
Io
,
V
_____
_____
_____
MG MB o GB o
Fb
G
O
B
A
(B/2)(sec)
B
A
B
B/2
__
B1
Fb
Bo
Recall:
_____
S
x
2
MBo
where:
S
V sin
V BDL
1 B B
v tan L
2 2 2
1
v B 2 L tan
8
(B/2) (cos)
(B/2)(sec)
B
A
B/2
__
S
2
x1 x2 x3
3
B
B
0 cos sec
s
2
2
2
3
__
B
cos sec
3
B
1
s cos
3
cos
B cos 2 1
s
3 cos
Then from the formula,
_____
MBo
S
V sin
2
1 2
B cos 1
B L tan
_____
8
3 cos
MBo
BDLsin
2
1 2
B cos 1
B L tan
_____
8
3 cos
MBo
BDLsin
B 2 cos2 1
MBo
24 D cos2
_____
B2
1
MBo
1
24D cos 2
B2
MBo
1 sec2
24 D
_____
B2
MBo
2 tan 2
122 D
_____
B 2 tan 2
1
MBo
12 D
2
_____
_____
B2
MBo
2 tan 2
24 D
_____
B 3 L sin cos2 1
_____
cos
MBo 24 cos
BDLsin
B2
MBo
1 tan 2 1
24 D
_____
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
G (center of gravity)
_____
_____
MB GB
__
Y1
Y h
__
_____
MB
h
2
h
2
Lb 3 400mm 200mm
0.40m 0.20m
4 4
2
.
67
x
10
m
Io
12
12
12
3
Displaced Volume
9 .81 N
kg
W
V
g 1,000 kg 9 .81 m
m3
s2
2 .52 kg
2 .52 x10 3 m 3
_____
MB
2 . 67 x 10
2 . 52 x 10
m4
0 . 1059 m 106 mm
3
3
m
V 2.52 x10 3 m 4
0 . 0315 m
h
Lb 0.4m 0.20m
_____
The center of buoyancy force below the water surface and the distance OB will be
_____
OB
h 0 . 0315 m
0 . 01575 m 15 .75 mm
2
2
_____
_____
____
MO MB OB 106 15 . 75
90 . 25 mm
In the case when the height of the mast, Y1 100 mm and the
__
height of the center of gravity ( by experiment) , Y 69 mm
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
MGth MB GB
__ h
MGth MB Y
2
31.5 Y1 __
106 69
Y
37 .02 mm
_____
G (center of gravity)
_____
_____
MB GB
__
Y h
h
2
h
2
_____
MB
d
O
B1
Fb
Fb W
_____
w cos x d W
_____
MG sin W
MG
W tan
w
x
Vertical scale
Mast
Vertical sliding
weight
Jockey weight
Balancing weight
Pontoon
Tilt angle
scale
Plumb bob
_____
In the case of vertical sliding weight on the mast is at the height, Y1 100 mm .
Distance of jockey weight w from center of pontoon , x = 80 mm
Angle of tilt, = 6.80
Convert angle of tilt into radian
6 .80
6 .80 0.11868radian
180
Then,
From equation (2), the experimental metacentric height is,
x
80 mm
674 . 06 mm
0 . 11868 radian
_____
MG
_____
exp
0 . 20 kg
w x
674 . 06 mm 53 . 49 mm
2 . 52 kg
W
MG exp is positve, this shows that the pontoon at that tilt angle is stable.
TEST PROCEDURES:
Data recording:
- Pontoon weight,
- Jockey weight,
- Adjustable vertical weight
- Pontoon width,
- Pontoon length,
W = 2.50 kg
w = 0.20 kg
= 0.40 kg
D = 200 mm
L = 400 mm
Adjustable vertical
weight
Mast
Support
Procedures:
1. Tilt the pontoon as shown in figure.
2. Attach the plum bob on the angle scale.
3. Move or adjust the vertical weight to a
required distance and record that distance
from the scale on the mast.
4. Place knife edge support under the mast and
move it to a position of equilibrium and record
the height ( center of gravity) where the knife
edge is position on the scale.
2. The jockey weight can change the position of the pontoon in the
water and in order to take some experimental readings we move
the jockey weight in steps from its central position horizontally and
record the tilt angle of the pontoon from the scale on the pontoon
in degrees.
3. Each time we move the jockey weight from its central position we
must record on the data sheets supplied the distance measured from
its central position and the angle of tilt.
4. We also change the adjustable vertical weight height on the mast
and record its measurement along with the jockey weight distance
from its central position, the angle of tilt at different values and
record all the data on the sheets provided.
5. Step (3) and (4) can be repeated many times to obtain a satisfactory
conclusion.
10
12
14
16
18
Distance x of the jockey weight measured from the center of the pontoon (mm)
80
Height of
weight
on the
Tilt Angle
mast,
____mm. (degrees)
x/
Height of (mm/rad.)
center of Metacentr
gravity, ic Height
(mm)
____mm.
60
40
20
20
40
60
80
kN
kN
V s 10 . 045 3 V 8 . 95 3
m
m
but
W.S.
V s V 595 m 3
kN
V 595m 10.045 kN
xV
8.95
m
m
3
1 . 095 V
kN
5 , 976 . 775 kN
3
m
V 5 , 458 . 242 m 3
W
0.45 m
O.S.
0.45 m
Fb
Fb
Wa
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
Fba
2
W 0 . 45 m
3
3 0 . 80
W 1 . 498 kN
x 9 . 81
kN
3
m
O.S.
W
V a 0 . 093 m 3
0.45 m
therefore
Fb
Wa
W a Va a
Figure (b)
Fba
kN
W a 0 .093 m 3 24 3
m
W a 2 .232 kN
Fv 0,
Fb Fba W W a 0,
V Va 1.498 kN Va a 0
kN
kN
kN
4
3
0 . 45 m 0 . 80 x 9 . 81 3 V a 0 . 80 x 9 . 81 3 1 . 498 kN V a 24 3 0
m
m
m
3
kN
16 . 152
V a 1 . 498 kN
3
m
Solution:
new W.S.
r
Fb
Wa
Fba
0.30 m
Fv 0,
Fb Fba W Wa 0
V Va 500N Va a 0
W
new W.S.
r
Fb
0.30 m
Wa
Fba
V Va 500 N Va a 0
r 0 .426 m
10 csc
10
WT
5cos
bT
1
10 10 csc cos
2
10 csc
cos
2
10cos
Solution:
(1) Buoyant force on the timber,
C
WB=67 lbs
FbB
3
FbT V w
10 csc 62.4
144
FbT 1.310 csc
csc
A
1
csc2 6.15
10 csc
WT
5cos
FbT
10 10 csc cos
2
10 csc
cos
2
csc 2.48
sin 0.40
C
WB=67 lbs
23.8
FbB
10cos
(3) MA = 0,
10 csc
WT 5 cos WB 10 cos FbT
cos FbB 10 cos 0
2
10 csc
35 6710 1.310 csc
62.410 0
2
Example 5. A vessel going from salt into fresh water sinks two inches, then after
burning 112,500 lb of coal, rises one inch. What is the original weight of the vessel?
W
W 112,500 lb
d + 2/12
d + 1/12
Fb
(a) Salt water ( = 64 lb/ft3)
Fb
Fb
Solution:
1. In figure (a), submerged volume is, Va = Axd ft3
where: A = cross-sectional area of the vessel ( ft2 )
2. In figure (b), submerged volume is Vb = Va + (2/12)(A)
3. In figure (c), submerged volume is Vc = Va + (1/12)(A)
W 112,500 lb
d + 2/12
d + 1/12
Fb
(a) Salt water ( = 64 lb/ft3)
Fb
Fb
4. In salt water, W = Fb
W = Va ( 64 )
( 1)
5. In fresh water, W = Fb
W = [Va + (2/12)(A)](62.4)
(2)
(3)
W 1
W
A 62 .4 0.975W 10 .4 A
1
W
W 112 ,500
A 62 .4 0 .975W 5 .2 A
64 12
0 .025W 5 .2 A 112 ,500
(5)
12
9
1. Solve the angle of tilt, Arctan 12
12
3.58
Example 7. A ship with a horizontal sectional area at the waterline of 76,000 ft2 has a
draft of 40.5 ft. in sea water (s =64 lb/ft3). In fresh water it drops 41.4 ft. Find the
weight of the ship. With an available depth of 41 ft. in a river above the sills of a lock,
how many long tons of the cargo must the ship be relieved off so that it will pass the
sills with a clearance of 0.60 ft.?
Solution:
W
sea W.S
W
fresh W.S
V1
40.5 ft
41.4 ft
41 ft
41.4 ft
sills
Fbs
(a) SEA WATER
Fb f
(b) FRESH WATER
Fb' f
0.60 ft
sea W.S
fresh W.S
V1
0.90 ft
40.5 ft
41 ft
41.4 ft
41.4 ft
sills
Fbs
Fb ' f W '
Fb f
Fb' f
0.60 ft
Fbs W
Fb f W
V s W
V V1 f W
V 68,400 62 .4 W
V 64 W
(1)
(2)
and
V 2,667 ,600 ft 3
V V1 2,736,000 ft 3
Therefore,
or
lb
41 ft
W ' Fb ' f V V1 V2 62 .4
2,736 ,000 76 ,000 62 .4
sills
1 .65984 x10 lb
Fb' f
(c) SHIP IN THE LOCK
41.4 ft
0.60 ft
4 , 742 , 000 lb
4 , 742 , 000 lbx
V2
Example 8.
W.S
W
G
Bo
4
15
Fb
15
Solution:
A
W.S
C W MG sin
M
G
O
Bo
where: W V
W 50 30 8 62 . 4
W 748 ,800 lb
4
Arc tan 14 .93
15
MG MBo GBo
MG MBo 5
MBo
vS
V sin
1
15450 2 30
2
3
MBo
50308sin14.93
A
W.S
G
O
Bo
MG 9.7 ft 5 ft 4.7 ft
Then,
= 14.93
A
A
MBo 9.7 ft
Therefore,
2
30'
3
30
Example 9. A rectangular scow 10 m wide, 16 m long, and 4.0 m high has a draft in
sea water (s = 1.03) of 2.5 m. Its center of gravity is 2.80 m above the bottom of the
scow. Determine the following:
(a) The initial metacentric height,
(b) The righting or overturning moment when the scow tilts until one side is just at
the point of submergence.
Solution:
S.W.
2.5 m
MBo 3.333m
G
Bo
4.0 m
2.8 m
1.25 m
GBo 1.55m
10 m
MG MBo GBo
B 2 tan2
1
MBo
12D
2
where = 0
102 tan2 0
1
MBo
122.5
2
MG 3.333 1.55
MG 1.783m
(b)
M
G
O
2.8 m
Bo
5.0 m
1.25 m
1.5 m
2.5 m
MG 3.483 1.55
4.0 m
MG 1.933m
5.0 m
tan
1.5
5
16.699
B 2 tan2
1
MBo
12D
2
2
102 1.5 5
1
MBo
122.5
2
MBo 3.483m
RM W MG sin
where: W Fb V
W 1.03x9.8110x16x2.5
W 4,041.72kN
RM 4,041.721.933sin16.699
RM 2,244.92kN m