j

jk
kppH
Hppy
y; ; t
ty
y; y
; yppd
d x
xw
w; W
; W ((ff.; .; rr.; .; j
j.; .; g
g); );
k
kppF
Fk
k; ; ,
,l
l'
'; f
; fS
Sk
k; ; k
kppffhh ,
,l
l'
'; f
; fS
Sk
k; ;

(working draft)
,';nf ty;ypd xw;W vd;gijr; RUf;fkhf xw;W vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpnwd;/
,e;j xw;W vd;gJ ,uz;L jkpH;r; brhw;fspd; ,ilna
,ul;oj;J tUjiya[k; ,ul;of;fhky; ,Ug;gija[k; gy
tifapy; tpsf;fpf; Twyhk;/
kugpyf;fz E}y;fs; ,e;jf; fUj;Jf;f]s vt;tst[ tphpthf
ciuf;fpd;wd vd;gij Kiwahfj; jkpHpyf;fzk; gapd;nwhq
mwpthqfs;/
Fwpg;ghf. epd;w brhy;ypd; totk; vd;d? tUk; brhy;ypd;
bjhlf;fk; vd;d? ,uz;L brhw;fisa[k; nrqf;Fk; nghJ vd;d
khw;wk; njit? me;j khw;wk; Vd; njit? vd;W gytifapy;
tpsf;fpf; bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,yf;fz tpjpfs; ,d;W rpyhplk;
kl;Lnk (vGj;J totpnyh fUj;J totpnyh) ,Uf;Fk;
bry;tk;!
mj;jidf; fUj;Jf;fisa[k; bjhpe;Jbfhs;tjw;Fj; njitahd
Mqtnkh neunkh bghWiknah gyUf;Fk; ,Ue;jjpy;iy;
,dpa[k; ,Uf;fhJ!
mjdhy; vy; y h tpjpfi sa[ k; tpthpf; f h ky; . mof; f o
tH '; f g; g Lfpd; w rpytw; i w kl; Lk; . Toa mstpw; F
vspi kah ft[ k ; RUf; f kh ft[ k; tpsf; f Kay;fpnwd;/
,';nf rpy tpjpfSk; rpy vLj; J f; f hl; L f; f Sk; kl;Lk;
jUfpnwd;;/
njitahdhy; kw; w tpjpfSk; vLj; J f; f h l; L f; f Sk;
jUtjpy; jaf;fkpy;iy/
dr. v.s.rajam, 2005

t
ty
y; y
; yppd
d x
xw
w; W
;W k
kppF
Fk
k; ; ,
,l
l'
'; f
; fs
s; ;
1. fPnH jug;gl;oUf;Fk; brhw;fis mLj;J xw;W kpFk;/
m';F. ,';F. v';F
mj;jid. ,j;jid. vj;jid
mjw;F. ,jw;F. vjw;F. mJf;F. ,Jf;F. vJf;F
me;j. ,e;j. ve;j
mof;fo
mg;go. ,g;go. vg;go
mt;tHp. ,t;tHp. vt;tHp
midj;J. vidj;J
vy;yh
2. xU brhy; fPnH jug;gl;oUf;Fk; vGj;Jf;fspy; Koe;jhy;.
me;jr; brhy;iy mLj;J xw;W kpFk;/
,tw;Ws;. a; vd;w vGj;Jf;F Ke;jpd xyp bel;blhyp.
mjhtJ beoy; (long vowel). Mf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/
--f;F. --r;R. --l;L. --j;J. --g;g[. --w;W
--a;. --q. --H;
vLj; J f; f hl; L
Rf;F g; bgho
thzypapy; vz;iz tpl;L f; fha;e;jJk; ///
fiuj;J itj;J f; bfhs;st[k;
gUg;g[ g; nghl;L f; fPiu file;njd;
nj';fha; j; JUty;
FHha; g; g[l;L
japq g; gr;ro
fPH; f; fz;l ///
3. xU brhy; Mf my;yJ Ma; vd;w xypapy; Koe;jhy;.
me;jr; brhy;iy mLj;J xw;W kpFk;/

dr. v.s.rajam, 2005

vLj; J f; f hl; L
bjspthf g; ngR
bjsptha; j; bjupe;jJ
4. xU brhy; I vd;w xypapy; ,uz;lhk; ntw;Wikiaf;
Fwpf;Fk; tz;zk; Koe;jhy;. me;jr; brhy;iy mLj;J xw;W
kpFk;
vLj; J f; f hl; L
mk;khit f; nfs;
fijia r; brhy;Y
fjit j; jl;L
ntiyia g; ghq
5. gz;igf; Fwpf;Fk; rpy brhw;fs; bjhifr; brhy;ypd; Kjy;
gFjpaha; tUk;nghJ (as the first part of a compound word) Xw;W
kpFk;.
vLj; J f; f hl; L
mfy f; fhy;
rpwg;g[ j; bjhHpy;
eL j; bjU
ePs f; if
bghJ g; bgaq
tl;l g; gyif
6. rpy tif tpidbar;rr; brhw;fis (mjhtJ. adverb tifr;
brhw;fis) mLj;J xw;W kpFk;.
,e;j tifr; brhw;fs; m vd;w xypapnyh
, vd;w xypapnyh c vd;w xypapnyh Koa[k.;
,e;jr; brhw;fSs; c vd;w xypapy; Koa[k; brhy;ypy;. me;j
c vd;w xypiaj; jh';fpa vGj;Jf;F Ke;jpd xyp
bky;ypd xypahfnth (';;. ";. z;. e;. k;. d;) ,ilapd
xypahfnth (a;) ,Uf;ff; TlhJ.
dr. v.s.rajam, 2005

vLj; J f; f hl; L
fha; eWf;f g; nghndd;
bgaqfisr; Rl;o f; fhl;odhy; ey;yJ
g[uz; L gLj;njd; (gLj;njd; vd;w brhy;Yf;F
Kd;dhy; g; vd;w xw;W kpftpy;iy)
mtpay; bra; J ghqj;njd; (ghqj;njd; vd;w
brhy;Yf;F Kd;dhy; g; vd;w xw;W kpftpy;iy)
7. ,ul;oj;J tUk; xU brhy; tpidbar;rg; bghUs; (adverbial
sense) je;jhy; ,ilapy; xw;W kpFk;/
vLj; J f; f hl; L
bfhjpf;f f; bfhjpf;f ///
Rl r; Rl ///
gwf;f g; gwf;f ///
======================================================

t
ty
y; y
; yppd
d x
xw
w; W
;W k
kppffhh ,
,l
l'
'; f
; fs
s; ;
1. fPnH jug;gl;oUf;Fk; brhw;fis mLj;J xw;W kpfhJ/
m';nf. ,';nf. v';nf
m';nfna. ,';nfna. v';nfnah
mJ. ,J. vJ
mJnth. ,Jnth. vJnth
mnjh. ,njh. vnjh. Vnjh
mg;gona. ,g;gona. vg;gonah
mt;tst[. ,t;tst[. vt;tst[. vt;tsnth
mt;thW. ,t;thW. vt;thW. vt;thnwh
canu. fPnH. fPnHna. nkny. nknyna
cs;s
vd;d. vd;dnth
vd;w. vd;W. nghd;w
rpy. gy

dr. v.s.rajam, 2005

2. xU brhy; vGthahf (as the subject of a sentence) te;jhy;.

me;jr; brhy;iy mLj;J xw;W kpfhJ
vLj; J f; f hl; L
jk;gp. ghU ,';nf

(Here, jk;gp is vGtha;/)

3. ,uz;L brhw;fs; vz;Qg; bghUspy; (in an enumerative sense)

xd;iw xd;W bjhlqe;J te;jhy; ,ilapy; xw;W kpfhJ/
vLj; J f; f hl; L
fhR gzk;
vs;S bfhs;S
gl;o bjhl;o
4. ,uz;L brhw;fs; tpidj;bjhifahf xd;iw xd;W
bjhlqe;J te;jhy; ,ilapy; xw;W kpfhJ/
tpidj;bjhif? kpfr; RUf;fkhf?
,e;jr; brhw;fspy;. Kjy; brhy; xU bjhHpiyf; (an action)
Fwpf;Fk;/ mLj;J tUk; brhy; bgaiuf; Fwpf;Fk;/ ,uz;L
brhw;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk; vGj;J (tense
marker) ,Uf;fhJ/ (,d;Dk; tpsf;fk; brhy;yyhk;/)
vLj; J f; f hl; L
CW fha;
ML Fjpiu
RL nrh W
tW ga W
5. xypianah (sound) gz;ignah (attribute) toitnah (shape)
Fwpf;Fk; xU brhy; ,ul; oj; J tUk; n gh J (when doubled)
,ilapy; xw;W kpfhJ/
vLj; J f; f hl; L
fy fy. bfhG bfhG. rl rl. ry ry. jpL jpL. gs
gs

dr. v.s.rajam, 2005

6. fPnH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s. vz; i zf; (number) Fwpj; j

brhw; f is mLj;J xw;W kpfhJ/
xU. ,U. ,uz;L. :Kd;W. ehY. ehd;F. Ie;J. MW. VG.
Xd;gJ
7. xU brhy; VjhtJ xU gz; i gf; Fwpj; j h y; (as an adjective or
attribute), me;jr; brhy;iy mLj;J xw;W kpfhJ.
,t;tifr; brhw;fs; ,a vd;w xypapnyh c vd;w
xypapnyh Koa[k;/
Vw;w
bfl;l
rpwpa. rpW. rpWfpa. rpWj;j. rpd;d
ey;y
giHa. g[jpa. g[J
bghpa. bgUfpa. gUj;j. bgUj;j
Ke;ija
,e;j tpjpf; F tpyf; f hfr; rpy brhw;fs; ,yf;fpa';fspYk;
cyf tHf;fpYk; cs;sd:
rpW f; fz; gd;wp

(fgpyq. I';FWE}W 266)

fz;zpEz; rpW j; jhk;g[ (kJuftpahH;thq.

jpt;ag;uge;jk; 937)
g[J g; g[lit
8. xU brhy; Md vd;w xypapnyh Mj vd;w xypapnyh
Koe;jhy;. me;jr; brhy;iy mLj;J xw;W kpfhJ.
mUikahd. mHfhd
FWfyhd. MHkhd. njitahd
nfl;fhj. bjhpahj. g[hpahj
dr. v.s.rajam, 2005

9. xU brhy; xnu xU J vd;w xypapnyh t[ vd;w

xypapnyh Koe;jhy;. me;jr; brhy;iy mLj;J xw;W kpfhJ.
TwpaJ. bra;J. nfl;lJ. brhd;dJ. njqt[. ey;yJ
======================================================

dr. v.s.rajam, 2005