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W max |d Wmax |d
=
PT
W |d
4d 2
G
Wmax |d = PT 2T
4d
COMUNICATII MOBILE TERESTRE
PR =
GT G R
4 d
PT
PR
2
= PT G2T A = PT G2T G R ,
4
4 d
4 d
c
= GT G R
4 fd
Exprimat n dB:
L = 10 lg P R = 10 lg GT + 10 lg G R 20 lg f 20 lg d + k
PT
k = 20 lg
COMUNICATII MOBILE TERESTRE
c
= 147,6
4
Avnd n vedere c:
2
PG
W = E = T T2 ,
Z 0 4d
E=
30 PT GT
,
d
E2 A
2
2
E G R = E G R = E G R .
=
=
PR
2 120
2 Z 0
Z 0 4
Z0
E = E d (1 + exp(- j ))
aici:
= ( , , ) =| | e j
l = TPR TR
=
P
G G
L = T = R 2T
PR
4d
c
2
[1 + exp (- j ( - ) )] .
2f
10
d-z
Rezult:
E = 2 E d sin
l = R2 R1
2h T h R
= 2 E d sin
.
d
2
hT hR
d
11
12
c
PR = 4 { PT G T G R
4 fd
2 hT h R f
} sin 2
.
cd
PR
h h
= G TG R T 2 R
d
PT
13
L p = 10 lg G T + 10 lg G R + 20 lg h T + 20 lg h R 40 lg d .
14
l = BM NB ' 2d sin
COMUNICATII MOBILE TERESTRE
15
16
l =
4d sin
>
dR
8 sin
17
18
2 h 2 d1 + d 2 2
= v
2 d1d 2
2
h 2 + d 12 +
v=h
h 2 (d 1 + d 2 )
h 2 + d 22 d 1 d 2
2d 1d 2
19
2(d 1 + d 2 )
d1d 2
20
Cercuri Fresnel:
h = rn = n
= n ,
d1d 2
,
d1 + d 2
n d
nd
2
2
.
x + y + z =
df 2
4
22
E 1+ j
=
E0
2
t 2
exp j
dt .
2
C(v) j S(v) =
t 2
exp j
dt
2
1
C(v) S(v) + C 2 (v) + S 2 (v)
LKnifeEdge Re l (v )= 2
2
LEE:
20 lg (0,5 0,62v ), pentru 0,8 < v 0
20 lg (0,5 exp( 0,95v )), pentru 0 < v 1
L KnifeEdge Rel (v) 20 lg 0,4 0,1184 (0,38 0,1v )2 , pentru 1 < v 2,4 .
23
24
d1 km
h(m)
50
10000
f(MHz)
5000
100
d1<d2
30
1000
h<0
5
300
10
d2
d1
3000
12
16
30000
20
1
30
1
25
26
1. Bullington
R
h
he
hr
E
d1
d2
1
27
28
2. Epstein-Peterson
3. Metoda Japonez
E''
R
E'
E
d1
d2
d3
L=
d1
d4
1
1.T12
29
4. Metoda Deygout
d2
d3
2.T'23
3.T''3R
d4
30
L = L p + Le p + L p r
E
2
(p)
31
32
r
[dB]
modelul Dougherty
33
10kHz
100kHz
1MHz
10MHz 100MHz
1GHz f
-100
d1 + d 2
d1d 2
-150
-200
A(0,)=6+7,19-2,022+3,633-0,754 <1,4
0
-50
=6
34
35
-250
L[dB]
KE
Ha
Do
36
37
38
L50
39
= G R G T h T h2 R ,
d
2
40
.
=
f [MHz]
40
41
42
Unde decimetrice,
PAR=1kW, dBV/m
43
44
L[dB] = 20 lg E + 10 lg
45
c2 G m
4 f 2 Z0 Pb
46
10
Unghiul
de
iluminare
c2 G m
,
4 f 2 Z0 Pb
5
0
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0 ,5
dB
-5
-1 0
UHF
VHF
-1 5
-2 0
-2 5
grade
47
48
18
lg
+
66
lg
,
pentru
48
<
96
[
]
[
]
[
]
b
49
50
51
52
53
C = C ( f ) = 2log10 ( ) + 5.4
28
54
}
56
57
58
59
60
[ 40 + 14.15 log
f
f
f + 100
26 log
+ 86 log
40
40
156
f + 100
] log( d *1000 ) 0.265 L + 0.37 H 0.087U + 5.5
156
factorul de utilizare a terenului, L, (Land Usage Factor) procentajul din zon acoperit cu cldiri, indiferent de nlime;
gradul de urbanizare, U, (Degree of Urbanization) procent din cldiri care au o nlime de 4 sau mai multe etaje;
61
62
L = L 0 + log d + F0
F0 = F1 F2 F3 F4
h
F1 = b
Spaiu liber h r
Mediu
b. Punct la punct
Varianta (a): folosete civa parametrii dedui pe baz
experimental pentru f0=900MHz; hb=30,48m; P0=10W;
hm=3m; Gb0=6dB:
atenuarea median la d=1km, L0;
panta de cretere atenurii, ;
L0[dB]
h
= b
91,3 30,5
P P (W)
F2 = e = e
Rural
Pe 0 91,3 10
Suburban G b 104
G
= b
F3 =
G b 0112,8128
4
Urban
20
43,5
38,3
3043,1
63
64
L = L 0 + log d + F0
F0 = F1 F2 F3 F4
2
h
h
F1 = b = b
30,5
hr
h
L' = L + 20 log e
h b0
P P (W)
F2 = e = e
10
Pe 0
G
G
F3 = b = b
G b0
4
h
F4 = m
hm 0
hm > 10m
65
66
67
68
l = d cos
d = vt
69
l =
2vt
cos
f =
1 v
= cos
2 t
70
71
amplitudinea cn;
defazajul n fa de o referin arbitrar .
unghiurile spaiale n i n.
72
f n =
n v
= cos n cos n
2
73
p ( ) Clarke = ( )
Clarke:
Aulin:
s nu aib discontinuiti
Parsons:
p ( ) Aulin
p ( ) Parsons
cos
, m
= sin m
2
0, in rest
cos
, pentru m
= 4 m
2
2 m
0, in rest
74
p ( ) =
1
2
76
y (t ) = Re{w(t )e j2 f c t }
x(t)
z(t)
CANAL
(t)
w1(t)
y(t)
w(t)
w1 (t ) =
z ( ) h (t , )d
0
77
78
w1 (t ) =
z ( ) h (t , )d
0
se poate scrie:
conduce la:
N
w(t ) = z ( m )h0 (t , m )
w (t ) =
m =1
79
z (t ) h0 (t , t )d =
z (t ) h (t , )d
80
w(t ) = z (t m )h(t , m )
m 1
z(t)
z(t- )
h(t, )
)
z(t-2)
h(t,2
)
z (t ) Z ( f ); w(t ) W ( f )
h(t,m
)
w(t)
W ( f ) = Z ( f ) Hd ( f , )d
Z(f- )
Z(f)
Hd(f, )
W ( f ) = Z ( f m ) H d ( f , m )
m =1
81
Z(f-2 )
82
Z(f-m )
Hd (f,2 )
Hd(f,m )
W(f)
h(t,)
Sumator
T(f, t)
S( ,)
H(f, )
83
84
h( ,t)
{
}
E{H ( f , ) H ( f , )} = R ( f , f ; , )
E{T ( f , t )T ( f , t )} = R ( f , f ; t , t )
E{S ( , )S ( , )} = R ( , ; , )
Ft
S( ,)
T(f,t)
F2
H(f,)
Ff
85
86
( a ) R h ( 1 , 2 ; t1 , t 2 ) = ( 1 2 ) Ph ( 1; t )
(b ) R H ( f1 , f 2 ; 1 , 2 ) = ( 1 2 ) PH ( 1 , f )
( c ) RT ( f1 , f 2 ; t1 , t 2 ) = RT ( f ; t )
( c ) R S ( 1 , 2 ; 1 , 2 ) = ( 1 2 ) ( 1 2 ) PS ( 1; 1 )
87
88
s&e (t ) = U e e
j p t
E{x} = E{ y} = 0
j t
j t
s r ( t ) = U e Re e p i e j ( i t + i ) = U e Re{ z ( t ) e p }
i
j ( it +i )
= x + jy
z (t ) = i e
x2
2
1
f x ( x) = f y ( y ) =
e 2
2
i = D cos i
i = arg( & i ) = p i
COMUNICATII MOBILE TERESTRE
89
Notnd:
4 2
; | | D
S z ( ) = D2 2
0
; | |> D
90
r (t ) =| z (t ) |= x(t ) 2 + y (t ) 2 ;
(t ) = arg{z (t )} = arctg
y (t )
x(t )
pr (r ) =
r2
2
exp
2
2
r
R
R2
P (r R ) = Pr (R ) = pr (r )dr = 1 exp
2
2
0
91
92
r = E{r} = rp r (r )dr =
{ }
=1.2533
E r 2 = r 2 p r ( r )dr =2 2
0
4
2
= 0.4292
2
r2 = 2
Dispersia
rM = 2 2 ln 2 = 11774
.
Valoarea median
93
Funcia densitate de
probabilitate pr(r)
Valoarea
medie r
Valoarea
ptratic
medie r 2
Valoarea
median
rM
r 2
p r ( r ) = 2 exp 2
2r
4r
r2
p r ( r ) = exp
2
r2
r
2r
p r (r ) =
r 2 ln 2
2 r ln 2
exp
2
2
rM
2 rM
v.m.p.
v. medie
v. mediana
Probabilitatea
Pr(R)
y (t )
x(t )
(t ) = arctg
R
Pr ( r ) = 1 exp 2
4r
R2
Pr ( r ) = 1 exp
2
r
Pr ( r ) = 1 2
R
rM
94
p ( ) =
1
2
2
E{ } = p ( )d =
2
{ } =
p ( )d =
Dispersia
95
{ }
4 2
3
= E 2 ( E{ }) =
2
2
3
96
97
98
rata de depire a
pragului (LCR):
R2
NR =
Rf D exp
2
2
Se definesc:
R
NR
= 2 ln 2
fD
rM
99
rM
2
R
rM
100
R
exp 2 1
2
2
LR =
R
LR =
D
( )
rM
1
exp 2 1
1
2
=
R
f D 2
2 ln 2
rM
Adncimea minimei
fadingului [dB]
Lungimea medie a
0.479
1.043
-10
0.108
0.615
-20
0.033
0.207
-30
0.010
0.066
fadingului
[]
[ ]
1
LCR
101
102
exp
10 J 0
pr (r ) =
2
r
rs2
r
s
s
pr (r ) =
r 2 + rs2 rrs
exp
J
2 0
2
2
2
r
rs2
K = 10 log 2 [ dB ]
2
COMUNICATII MOBILE TERESTRE
103
104
Se ine cont de relaia existent ntre aceasta i funcia de autocorelaie a funciei pondere, Rh (t1 , t2;1,2)=( 1-2)Ph(1, t);
Pentru t= t2 - t1 =0,
Ph (, t= 0, )=Ph()
105
pornind de la definiie
106
Ph( )
[dBm]
Ph ( ) = E{h( , t ) h* ( , t )} = E{| h( , t ) |2 }
Rw (t , t ) = | z (t ) | Ph ( )d
2
Wq
nivel de prag
0 1 2
Rw (t , t ) = Ph (t )
COMUNICATII MOBILE TERESTRE
107
108
P ()d
h
D=
P ()d
h
( D)
S=
Ph ( )d
P ( ) d
h
109
110
Profunzimea
fadingului
Lungimea medie a
fadingului ()
0.479
1.043
Rata medie de
depasire a
nivelului
0
-10
0.108
0.615
-20
0.033
0.207
-30
0.010
0.066
T1
T2
111
112
E n ( t ) n ( t ) = R n ( ) = N 0 ( )
w( t ) = h( ) n( t )d
} [
E w(t )n (t ) = E h( )n(t )n (t )d =
= h( )Rn ( )d = N 0 h( )
Tehnica de convoluie cu filtru adaptat
COMUNICATII MOBILE TERESTRE
113
114
115
116
117