Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Neki Dobri Uradci
Neki Dobri Uradci
. . , . .
-
2007
517.53 (075.8)
22.161.5
77
: - .-. , . .. (. . .
- . .. ); . .-. , .
.. (.-. . -)
-
-
77
: .
/ .., .. .: ,
2007. 103 .
ISBN 5-98340-063-0
, , - .
,
.
, . ,
.
, .
,
. , . , ,
- .
. 7 . . 23.
.
,
ISBN 5-98340-063-0
.. , .. , 2007
1.
XVIXVII . a + b 1 , b 6= 0, ,
.
-, , . (1545), , . ( ., .)
.
i = 1 (1794). .
1831 .
(1799).
1. i = 1
1. ,
1 = i.
, x2 2x + 5 = 0, , x = 12i,
.
1.
1.1.
( )
z z = x +
iy , x y
, i , i = 1 .
z = x + iy , x z
Re z (Re realis
), y z Im z (Im imaginarius
).
, Re (12i) = 1 , Im (12i) = 2 . y = Im z = 0 ,
z = x , Re z = x = 0
y 6= 0 , z = iy . ,
R C , R C .
1.2. z1 z2
, Re z1 = Re z2 Im z1 = Im z2 .
1.3.
z = x+iy xiy ,
z = x iy .
1.4. x iy = z z = x + iy .
x + iy + (x iy) = 0 + i0. z ,
Re z = Im z = 0 .
, , .
) ( ) :
+ = + ;
= .
) ( ) :
+ + = + ( + ) = ( + ) + = + ( + );
= () = () = ().
) ( ) :
( + ) = + .
, = a + bi, = c + di,
:
= (a + bi) (c + di) = (a c) + (b d)i,
(, i2 = 1 )
= (a + bi)(c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi2 = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i,
,
= a2 + b2 R , i3 = i, i4 = 1 , , ,
(a + bi)(c di)
ac + bci adi bdi2
= =
=
=
c2 + d2
c2 + d2
ac + bd bc ad
ac + bd + (bc ad)i
= 2
+ 2
i.
2
2
c +d
c + d2
c + d2
2.
1799
(x, y). ,
.
, z = x + iy M x, y (. 1.1).
M z = x + iy .
- y
M (x, y)
, - iy
z = x + iy
,
, . XOY , x
x
0
, . 1.1.
(
5
) z . z z .
z = x + iy
x y , , , - z . .
2.1. ,
, ,
, .. , - .
, M (r, ). : ( )
z = x + iy
p
r = |z| = x2 + y 2 = z z,
(
OX OM )
z = Arg z . .
z1 z2 : |z1 | = |z2 | : Arg z1 = Arg z2 .
= Arg z z = x + iy .
, OX , 2 , . , , 2 .
(
x = r cos ,
(1.1)
y = r sin
2k :
Arg z = arg z + 2k,
6
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
arg z , < arg z .
arctg ,
x > 0,
y
arctg + , x < 0, y 0,
arg z =
(1.2)
x
z = rei
.
,
p
z = x + iy x2 + y 2 = z z ,
r = |z| =
z = Arg z = arg z + 2k ,
(k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ). arg z ( OX z = x + iy ),
< arg z ,
(1.2)
3.1.
z = 1 sin + i cos ,
.
7
0<<
. :
z = |z| cos(arg z) + i sin(arg z) .
|z| =
p
p
(1 sin )2 + cos2 = 2(1 sin ),
cos + sin
cos
2
2
arg z = arctg
= arctg
=
1 sin
cos sin
2
2
+ tg
4
2 = + .
= arctg
4
2
1 tg tg
4
2
p
+
+ i sin
+
: z = 2(1 sin ) cos
.
4
2
4
2
: .
tg
4. ,
,
z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ),
z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ).
:
z1 z2 = r1 r2 cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 + i(sin 1 cos 2 +
+ cos 1 sin 2 ) = r1 r2 cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 ) .
(z2 6= 0) :
z1
r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 )
r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 )(cos 2 i sin 2 )
=
=
=
z2
r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )
r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )(cos 2 i sin 2 )
8
r1
cos 1 cos 2 + sin 1 sin 2 + i(sin 1 cos 2 cos 1 sin 2 ) =
r2
r1
cos(1 2 ) + i sin(1 2 ) .
=
r2
,
. z1 = r1 ei1 , z2 = r2 ei2 , ( z2 6= 0):
=
z1 z2 = r1 r2 ei(1 +2 ) ,
z1
r1 i(1 2 )
=
e
.
z2
r2
5.
n :
z n = z z . . . z.
:
n
n
z n = (x + iy)n = r(cos + i sin ) = rei =
= rn ein = rn (cos n + i sin n).
(16671754):
(cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n.
(1.3)
5.1. Arg z ,
arg z ,
ei Arg z = eiarg z+2ki = eiarg z e2ki = eiarg z ,
e2ki = 1.
5.1. (1.3)
cos 3 sin 3 cos sin .
:
5.1. w
z 6= 0,
wn = z.
w =
y
i
4
13
-1
z , n = 2 w = z .
n z .
z = r(cos + i sin ),
w = %(cos + i sin ).
4
11
(1.4)
12
(1.4),
wn = %n (cos n + i sin n) =
= r(cos + i sin ).
14
,
. 1.2.
%n = r , n =
= + 2m = arg z + 2k .
% = n r,
1
1
= Arg z =
arg z + 2k .
n
n
n - n
k = 0, 1, . . . , n 1:
p
arg z + 2k
arg z + 2k
n
n
wk = r(cos + i sin ) = r cos
+ i sin
.
n
n
y
.
x
n
n - n r,
1
(arg z + 2k) .
n
5.2. 4 1 = {1, i, 1, i} .
. 1.2.
arg z arctg
10
6. .
, z .
. (x, y), ( ) , ..
z = x + i, z = + iy z = + i. z =
( ), .
, ;
, (,
0).
z = , || = +.
, , z = a:
a
= 0,
= ,
a
a
= .
0
,
,
0 ,
0
,
0
.
6.1. .
(18261866).
, . ( ) r , z z = 0 N , O .
11
0
Z
x
. 1.3.
N (0, 0, 2r)
Z(x, y, 0) (x, y)
S
(. 1.3).
S(, , ) z .
(x, y)
, , -
.
N SO
OZ (x, y), (x, y). N .
N . , N , z
, , ..
z . ,
N z = .
, z = + i ( z = x + i,
z = + iy )
N (0, 0, 2r) . (, , )
2 + 2 + ( r)2 = r2
2 + 2 = (2r ).
(1.5)
N Z N S
N SZ
0
2r
0
=
=
.
x0
y0
0 2r
:
x=
2r
,
2r
y=
12
2r
.
2r
(1.6)
x2 + y 2 =
4r2 ( 2 + 2 )
(2r )2
, (1.5),
x2 + y 2 =
4r2
.
2r
2r(x2 + y 2 )
,
x2 + y 2 + 4r2
(1.6)
=
4r2 x
,
x2 + y 2 + 4r2
4r2 y
.
x2 + y 2 + 4r2
x , y ( ),
0, 0, 2r , N .
7.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
13
2.
1. .
: z = x + iy w = u + iv .
D ( z = ), G
(. 2.1). .
1.1. z D
w G , , D w = f (z) , D G .
y
w = f (z)
v
w
D
0
. 2.1.
D f (z).
G f (z), , G
D f (z) G = f (D) .
, f (z) D G .
f (z)
f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y),
(2.1)
14
z D w , w = f (z) .
, , .
1.2. , f (z)
z0 , A = a + ib ,
lim
|zz0 |0
|f (z) A| = 0.
(2.2)
lim f (z) = A.
zz0
, ,
lim
u(x, y) = a,
lim
(x,y)(x0 ,y0 )
v(x, y) = b.
(x,y)(x0 ,y0 )
,
.
1.3. w = f (z) z0 ,
lim f (z) = f (z0 ).
zz0
(2.3)
, z0
,
(2.3), f (z) (2.1) :
lim
(x,y)(x0 ,y0 )
u(x, y) = u(x0 , y0 ),
lim
(x,y)(x0 ,y0 )
v(x, y) = v(x0 , y0 ).
1.1. f (z) = z 2 .
.
cos z =
:
Ln z = ln |z| + i(arg z + 2k),
k Z.
k = 0 ln z = ln |z| + iarg z .
Ln z = ln z + 2ki.
.
, 6= 0,
:
= e Ln = e(ln +2ki) ,
k Z.
,
, e2ki = 1.
p/q , (q > 1 ), q
.
.
16
2.
w = f (z) z0 = x0 + iy0 .
z0 + z w
f (z) z0 z0 + z , ..
w = f (z0 + z) f (z0 ).
2.1.
lim
z0
f (z0 + z) f (z0 )
w
= lim
,
z0 z
z
(2.4)
f (z) z0 f 0 (z0 ).
f (z), z0 , z0 .
, (2.4) f (z) = u(x, y)+iv(x, y) z = x + iy 0 u(x, y)
v(x, y) x 0 y 0.
.
2.1. f (z) z0 ,
, u(x, y) v(x, y)
(x0 , y0 ),
- (
-) :
v
u
=
,
x
y
u
v
= .
y
x
(2.5)
. .
w = f (z) z0 D ,
w = f 0 (z0 )z + z,
17
(2.6)
z = z z0 = (x x0 ) + i(y y0 ) = x + iy,
w = f (z) f (z0 ) = u(x, y) u(x0 , y0 ) +
+ i v(x, y) v(x0 , y0 ) = u + iv.
f 0 (z0 ) = a+ib , = 1 +i2 , 1 2 , x 0 y 0 . (2.6)
u + iv = (a + ib)(x + iy) + (1 + i2 )(x + iy).
,
u = ax by + 1 x 2 y,
(2.7)
v = bx + ay + 2 x + 1 y.
, 1 2 ,
x 0, y 0 , , u(x, y)
v(x, y) x y (x0 , y0 ), .
du =
u
u
dx +
dy,
x
y
dv =
v
v
dx +
dy.
x
y
(2.8)
(2.7)
(2.8), :
u
= a,
x
u
= b,
y
v
= b,
x
v
= a.
y
u
v
u
v
=
,
= .
x
y
y
x
-.
. (2.5). , f (z)
.
18
u = u(x0 + x, y0 + y) u(x0 , y0 ) =
u
u
x +
y + |z|,
x
y
v
v
x +
y + |z|.
x
y
x 0 , y 0.
-
v = v(x0 + x, y0 + y) v(x0 , y0 ) =
u
v
=
= a,
x
y
u
v
=
=b
y
x
(2.9)
w = u + iv = a(x + iy) + bi(x + iy) + ( + i)|z| =
= (a + bi)z + ( + i)|z|.
|z|
w
= lim a + bi + ( + i)
f (z0 ) = lim
z0 z
z0
z
0
+ i z 0 ,
f 0 (z0 ) = a + bi
, f (z) z0 a + bi.
, f 0 (z0 ) (2.9) :
f 0 (z0 ) =
v
v
u
u
u
v
v
u
+i
=
i
=
i
=
+i .
x
x
y
y
x
y
y
x
19
(2.10)
w = f (z), (2.5)
:
df (z)
w0 =
.
dz
, .
2.1.
f (z) = (x3 3xy 2 ) + i(3x2 y y 3 ).
. -
. , ,
(2.10) , ux = 3x2 3y 2 , vx = 6xy ,
, ,
f 0 (z) = 3x2 3y 2 + i6xy = 3(x2 + 2ixy y 2 ) = 3(x + yi)2 = 3z 2 .
: f 0 (z) = 3z 2 .
3. 1
. , .
3.1. f (z)
( , ) z0 ,
z0 .
3.2. f (z) D
( ) .
1 . . . . . //
. . 1. , , 2005, . 1924.
20
,
, ,
( 3.2). ,
,
.
.
3.3. z , z0 :
|z z0 | < , - z0 .
3.4. z0 D
D , z0 D
z0 .
3.5. D , z D D .
3.6. D , , .. z1 , z2 D L, D .
3.1. )
Pn (z) = a0 z n + a1 z n1 + . . . + an1 z + an ,
a0 , a1 , . . . , an C,
z .
)
R(z) =
P (z)
,
Q(z)
P (z) Q(z) , ,
Q(z) 6= 0. R(z) , z () , Q(z) = 0 .
21
3.7. z , f (z) ,
f (z). , f (z) ,
.
3.2.
w = z|z|.
p
u(x, y) = Re w = x x2 + y 2 ,
v(x, y) = Im w = y
x2 + y 2 .
z 6= 0.
u p 2
x2
xy
u
= x + y2 + p
=p
,
,
2
2
x
y
x +y
x2 + y 2
v
xy
y2
v p 2
=p
= x + y2 + p
,
.
x
y
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
, - (2.5)
z 6= 0.
z = 0.
z = 0
z|z| 0
w(z) w(0)
= lim
= lim |z| = 0.
z0
z0
z0
z
z
lim
,
z = 0 , ( ), .
4.
f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y),
D . D u(x, y) v(x, y) - (2.5).
22
, x y
.
- (2.5) x,
y
2u 2u
+ 2 = 0.
x2
y
(2.11)
(2.5) y ,
x,
2v
2v
+
= 0.
x2
y 2
(2.12)
, u(x, y) v(x, y)
, .
4.1. ,
, .
, u(x, y) v(x, y) - (2.5).
4.2. ,
- (2.5) .
,
.
. , , , ,
, , ..
x y , .. , .
, , ,
.
23
5.
, , , .
, u(x, y) v(x, y) , .. (2.11), (2.12).
5.1. , u = x2 y 2 + 2x
.
, u(x, y) ,
.. (2.11). .
- (2.5)
v
u
=
= 2y
x
y
v
u
=
= 2x + 2.
y
x
x,
Z
v = 2y dx = 2xy + (y),
(y) y .
(y)
y - (2.5):
v
= 2x + 0 (y) = 2x + 2,
y
0 (y) = 2
(y) = 2y + C,
C .
, , u(x, y)
v = 2xy + 2y + C .
w = u + iv = x2 y 2 + 2x + i(2xy + 2y + C) = (x2 + 2xyi y 2 )+
+(2x + 2yi) + Ci = (x + yi)2 + 2(x + yi) + Ci = z 2 + 2z + Ci.
24
6.
1. . .
2. .
3.
.
4. .
5. .
.
6. . .
7. .
25
3.
1.
f (z), z0 ,
f 0 (z0 ) 6= 0. arg f 0 (z0 )
, z0
w = f (z) w . |f 0 (z0 )| z0 w . |f 0 (z0 )| > 1 ,
, z0 . |f 0 (z0 )| < 1 ,
, |f 0 (z0 )| = 1 z0 .
2.
w = f (z) z0 ( D ) z w0 = f (z0 ) ( G ) w .
z w .
w = f (z) , z0 XOY w0 U OV . w0
z0 , z0 w0 .
z w = f (z) w . ,
.
z w .
2.1.
z , , ,
().
,
. , , , ,
.
26
: z w . , z0 w0 .
z w .
. 3.1.
|f (z0 )|
|f 0 (z0 )| > 1 (
|f 0 (z0 )| < 1) w = f (z).
Arg f 0 (z0 ) , w = f (z)
l () z0 , w = f (z)
L () w0 .
() .
w = f 0 (z0 )z + o(|z|),
0
o(|z|)
|z|.
|w|
= |f 0 (z0 )|,
lim
z0 |z|
,
|w|
( )
|z|
27
w
= lim Arg w lim Arg z.
z0
z0
z
, w0 z0 . z0
()
w = f (z). ( . 3.1
).
f 0 (z0 ) 6= 0 ( 0 + i0 ).
2.2. z0
w0 ,
w = f (z) z0
, (.. ) I (
, II ).
, .
( ) .
(18261866 .)
(1851 .)
.
2.1. D
z , ,
|w| < 1 w .
w = f (z) , .
.
2.2. w = f (z), D (
)
|w| < 1 ,
:
w0 = f (z0 ) arg f 0 (z0 ) = ,
28
z0 D , w0 , .
:
) f (z) D ;
) f (z), D G .
f (z) . , w .
, w .
. () , .
, :
f (z) = az + b ;
- f (z) =
f (z) =
az + b
;
cz + d
1
;
z
f (z) = z n ;
f (z) = ez ;
f (z) =
z;
f (z) =
1
2
z+
1
;
z
f (z) = Ln z ;
f (z) = cos z ..
29
.
.
:
, ( ) ,
. G , f (z) D ,
, D .
: D
G , .
D .
3.
,
w = az + b,
a b (a 6= 0), .
( ) .
4. -
-
w=
az + b
,
cz + d
a, b, c, d (c 6= 0 ),
.
( ). , .
30
4.1. ,
z 1 + i 2
2 2
2
iz 2
.
z+i
. :
w=
1
x
2
2
1
+ y+
2
2
=
1
2
x2 + y 2 x + y = 0.
x=
1
(z + z),
2
y=
i
(z z),
2
x2 + y 2 = z z,
: 2z z (z + z) i(z z) = 0 .
. 3.2.
z z w :
z = i
1
,
wi
z = i
1
.
w
+i
v = u + 2. 1
1
zA = i wA0 = 1 + 2i,
2
2
v = u + 2 .
: v u+2 (. 3.2).
31
4.1. a = d = 0 , b = c = 1
1
- w(z) = , z
.
4.2. 1 x 1 , y 0
1
w = .
z
1
x iy
. w = u+iv = 2
.
z
x + y2
x
y
u= 2
, v= 2
.
x + y2
x + y2
. 3.3.
:
u = 1 + y 2 < 0,
x = 1,
y
y0
v=
0.
1 + y2
v
, y = .
u
v2
u 1 + 2 = 1 u2 + u + v 2 = 0.
u
u+
1
2
2
+ v2 =
1
4
u < 0, v < 0.
32
y = 0,
1 x 1
u = 1,
x
v = 0.
v = 0 u : u 1 0 < x 1
u 1 1 x < 0.
u=
> 0,
x = 1,
1 + y2
y
y0
v=
0.
1 + y2
v
, y = . u
v2
u 1 + 2 = 1 u2 u + v 2 = 0.
u
:
u
1
2
2
+ v2 =
1
4
u > 0, v < 0.
z = i w = i.
: v 0 (. 3.3):
u+
1
2
2
+ v2 =
1
4
1
2
2
+ v2 =
1
.
4
5.
w = zn
z
w c n
33
. , w 2 . ,
w = z 2 z w .
5.1.
0 x 1,
0y1
w = z 2 + z + 1 .
. :
u = x2 y 2 + x 1,
v = 2xy + y.
. 3.4.
:
(
OA :
y = 0,
0x1
u = x2 + x 1,
v = 0.
1 u 1.
(
v2
x = 1,
u=1 ,
AB :
9
0y1
0v3
(3.1)
(3.2)
.
BC CO :
1 2
v 9 ,
4
BC :
u=
CO :
u = 1 v 2 ,
34
1 v 3,
(3.3)
0 v 1.
(3.4)
1
1
z = (1 + i) w = i , 2
2
.
:
(3.1) (3.4) (. 3.4).
6.
w=
z,
(3.5)
z = wn , , w =
z = . z ,
z = 0 z = ( w = 0
w = ), n - n
z = rei ( 0 )
:
w=
r ei
arg z+2k
n
r ei
arg z
n
ei
2k
n
k = 0, 1, . . . , n 1.
wk w ,
k . n wk ,
k = 0, 2, . . . , n 1 , (3.5).
,
wk+1 = wk ei
2k
n .
. 3.5.
- wk (3.5) z - l (. 3.5).
z = 0 ( . 3.5),
z
z . wk
35
(..
). , l z = 0 ( . 3.5).
l z
2k ( ,
), wk
2
wk ei n = wk+1 ,
2
wk ei n = wk1 .
,
wk . , n
.
, , , . ,
z = 0 (3.5).
, n wk (3.5) D ,
,
z = 0.
. 3.6.
z z = 0
z = , , ( . 3.6)
, z = 0 .
36
n wk , k =
0, 1, . . . , n 1, ,
n z .
z
k
2
2
< arg w (k + 1) ,
n
n
k = 0, 1, . . . , n 1,
w ( . 3.6, n = 6 ).
w = z n
. - wk , ,
w .
wk w = n z
z z = 0
z = , ,
0
n
z =
1
1
1
=
=
.
n
n
0
n1
(w )
nw
n z n1
, z = 0 z = ,
w = n z z
z = 0 z = .
z = 0 n .
7.
w = ez ,
z = x + iy.
r = ex ,
37
= y.
x = const r = const (y
), y = const = const ( x r ).
w = ez ,
z1 z2 ,
z1 z2 = 2ki, k N . 2 , ,
2k < Im z 2(k + 1).
0 < Im z < z w = ez w ,
0 Im z < 2 w
. y = 0 y = 2
= 0 = 2 , .. ,
.
< Re z < 0 , 0 < Im z < |w| < 1 , Im w > 0 , 0 < Re z < ,
0 < Im z < Im w > 0 ,
.
8.
, ,
w = Ln z = ln |z|+i Arg z = ln |z|+i(arg z +2k),
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
, w = z = 0 z = . wk w , k , , w = Ln z . Arg z .
,
Arg z 2 .
:
0 < r1 r r2 ,
< 1 2 < .
ln z = ln |z| + iarg z.
38
, (2.5). , z D . ,
, w = ln z D w .
8.1.
5
, z0 = i w0 = i.
2
. D ,
z ,
z = |z|(cos + i sin ),
w = ln |z| + i.
D 0 < v < 2 (
w = u + iv ).
w(i) =
w0 =
1
i.
2
5
5
i, w(i) + 2i = i.
2
2
w = ln |z| + i( + 2)
5
D 2 < v < 4 , w0 = i.
2
: 2 < v < 4 .
9.
w=
1
2
z+
39
1
z
.
(3.6)
1
1
w =
1 2
2
z
z ,
z = 0, +1, 1, (3.6) z , .
. z1 6= z2 ,
w1 = w2 , ..
1
1
1
1
z1 +
=
z2 +
.
2
z1
2
z2
0
1
=0
z1 z2 1
z1 z2
, z1 z2 = 1. ,
, ,
z1 z2 = 1 . ,
, |z| < 1 |z| > 1.
,
z = rei ,
w = u + iv
(3.6)
, ,
1
1
1
1
u=
r+
cos , v =
r
sin .
2
r
2
r
|z| < 1 |z| > 1.
|z| < 1 |z| = r < 1 . . ,
u2
v2
+
=1
a2
b2
40
1
1
1
1
a=
r+
, b=
r
2
r
2
r
p
c = a2 b2 = 1,
r |z| = r . ,
|z| = r , 0 < r < 1 ,
a b ,
(1, 0) (. 3.7).
. 3.7.
1
r < 0 r < 1, r
,
|z| = r
. r 0 a b .
, r 0 , , w . r 1 0
a 1 b 0 ,
[1, 1] w .
r ,
v2
u2
=1
2
cos sin2
p
c = a2 + b2 = 1.
41
, arg z =
(1, 0), ( ).
, (3.6)
|z| < 1 w
w = 1 w = 1 . , .
|z| < 1, Im z > 0 (3.6)
Im w < 0, |z| < 1 , Im z < 0
Im w > 0.
|z| > 1 |z| = r ,
1 < r < +. ,
, , (3.6) , , . r 1+0
[1, 1] u , r +
, ,
w . , (3.6) |z| > 1 w
w = 1 w = 1.
,
.
p
w = z + z2 + 1
, .
z w1 w2 , w1 w2 = 1. , z = 1 z = 1
. , , ,
, . , ,
z [1, 1] .
z
|w| < 1, |w| > 1
.
42
9.1.
z AB ,
a ( AB ),
W ,
a (. . 3.8).
.
.
. 3.8.
. -
w=
za
z+a
AB z AB
w , AB
w = 0 w = . AB ( . 3.8 ).
2a
dw
=
dz
(z + a)2
z = a , h
w = 2 arctg ( ,
a
w . 3.8 ).
.
w C W . -
W a
.
=
W +a
43
C , -
,
d
2a
=
dw
(W + a)2
W = a ,
h
= arctg . C
2
a
, ( . 3.8
).
2
W a
2
w= =
W +a
, h
2 = 2 arctg = . ,
a
w .
w ,
2
W a
za
=
.
W +a
z+a
1
z=
2
a2
W+
W
W =z+
p
z 2 a2 .
z(W ) C 0 , C W = a,
, AB B (z = a)
.
.
W (z) = z+ z 2 a2 ,
C 0 .
a, h d , , ( ). , a
, h , d = OO1 , . C 0 ,
44
,
, .
10.
10.1. ,
y = 2, x = 0, y = x,
w=
1 2
z z
2
w .
. 3.9.
. z = x + iy ,
w=
1 2
(x + 2ixy y 2 ) x iy.
2
1
u = (x2 y 2 ) x, v = xy y . ,
2
.
y = 2, 0 x 2 :
u=
x2
x 2, v = 2x 2.
2
1
(v + 2) 2 v 2 ,
2
1
v
u = (v 2 + 4v + 4) 2 1
8
2
1 2 5
u = v . y = 2.
8
2
x =
45
x = 0, 0 y 2 :
u=
y2
, v = y.
2
1
, u = v 2 2 v 0 . x = 0
2
.
y = x, 0 x 2 :
u = x, v = x2 x v = u2 + u.
Ov .
, .
3
13
z = 1+ i, w = , .
2
8
: 3.9.
10.2. z1 = 0
z2 = i (. 3.10 ) Im w > 0
( ).
. 3.10.
. = z 2
, [z1 , z2 ]
[1 , 2 ]
1 = z12 = 0 2 = z22 = 1, arg z = (
) arg = 2 .
46
2 = 1
= (. 3.10 ). = +1
2 = 0
= (. 3.10 ).
W = w ,
Im w > 0 (. 3.10 ).
,
p
W = w = + 1 = z 2 + 1.
, , , [z1 , z2 ].
: W = z 2 + 1.
10.3. 1 < Re z < 2 (. 3.11 )
Im w > 0 .
. 3.11.
47
. = z 1
(. 3.11 ).
1
= e 2 i
(. 3.11 ). =
0 < Im < 1 (. 3.11 ). , w = e 0 < Im < (. 3.11 ).
,
w = e = e = ei = ei(z1) .
: w = ei(z1) .
10.4.
0 < Im z < < Re z 0 , Im z =
2
(. 3.12 ) 0 < Im w < ( ).
. 3.12.
. = ez
Im > 0,
0 || 1 , arg =
2
48
1 (. 3.12 ).
=
2 + 1 Im > 0 (. 3.12 ), (. 10.2).
0 < Im w < (. 3.12 ).
,
w = ln = ln
: w =
p
p
1
2 + 1 = ln e2z + 1 = ln(e2z + 1).
2
1
ln(e2z + 1).
2
11.
1.
.
2. : .
3. - .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
49
4.
1.
D z
w = f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
l - z0 zn , D .
l , .. . l ,
( zn = z0 ). l n z0 zn
z1 , . . . , zn1 , zk = xk + iyk ( 4.1).
zk zk1 =
= zk = xk + iyk ,
xk = xk xk1 , yk =
= yk yk1 k = 1, . . . , n
(zk ,
zk1
zk , |zk |
, .. , k -
).
. 4.1.
(zk1 , zk ) k = k + ik
n
X
f (k )zk =
k=1
n
X
u(k , k )xk v(k , k )yk +
k=1
+i
n
X
v(k , k )xk + u(k , k )yk .
k=1
50
, max |zk | 0 , zk , k .
f (z)
l
Z
Z
Z
f (z) dz = u dx v dy + i v dx + u dy,
l
.. .
l : z(t) = x(t) + iy(t),
t1 < t < t2
Zt2
Z
f (z) dz =
l
f z(t) z 0 (t) dt.
t1
, ,
.
2. 1
, .
1 . . . . // . . 1.
, , 2005, . 2527.
51
2.1. ( )
D f (z) ,
l , D , f (z) l :
I
f (z) dz = 0.
(4.1)
l
, :
Z
ZZ
Q P
P (x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy =
dxdy,
(4.2)
x
y
G
G ( ) l .
f (z) = u(x, y)+iv(x, y)
-:
Z
Z
I
f (z) dz = (u dx v dy) + i (v dx + u dy) =
l
ZZ
=
v
u
x y
ZZ
dxdy + i
u v
x y
dxdy.
- (2.5) , ..
I
f (z) dz = 0.
l
f (z)
, ( ). ,
,
.. , .
, D .
52
2.2. f (z)
D ,
L,
l1 , . . . , ln
f (z) D .
I
f (z) dz = 0,
C
C = L +
n
P
lj -
j=1
D , L l1 , . . . , ln ,
C (.. ,
D ).
2.1
. f (z)
D ,
.
3.
3.1.
Zz
F (z) =
f () d
z0
f (z),
F 0 (z) = f (z).
3.1. f (z)
D , f (z) ,
z1 z2 ,
53
z2 z1 , ..
-:
Zz2
f (z) dz = F (z2 ) F (z1 ).
z1
,
.
4.
f (z) D ( ) D . , f (z) D
, f (z)
:
I
1
f ()
f (z) =
d.
2i
z
, ,
, ( ).
f (z)
D D l
D . [2],
f (z) z0 D , (z
/ l ) ,
f (z) l
I
f (z)
1
dz,
(4.3)
f (z0 ) =
2i
z z0
l
l .
(4.3)
f (z), 54
. . (4.3)
2.2 , .
%
z0
, |zz0 | %
D .
(z) =
1
f (z)
2i z z0
D% , D , D% , l
% .
2.2 (z) D% ,
D% , :
I
I
(z) dz + (z) dz = 0,
%+
%+ . ,
%+ ,
I
I
(z) dz = (z) dz.
l
(z)
% 0 :
I
I
1
f (z)
1
f (z)
dz = lim
dz.
%0 2i
2i
z z0
z z0
%
55
(4.3), f (z).
I
I
1
f (z)
f (z)
1
dz f (z0 ) =
dz
2i
z z0
2i
z z0
%
f (z0 )
2i
dz
1
=
z z0
2i
f (z) f (z0 )
dz.
z z0
I
%
dz
= 2i.
z z0
f (z) z0 = () > 0 ,
|f (z) f (z0 )| < z u (z0 ) z0 .
|z z0 | < % <
1 I f (z)
f (z) f (z0 )
1
2% < 2% = .
max
dzf (z0 )
z
2i
z z0
2
z z0
2%
%
%
I
1
f (z)
dz = f (z0 )
lim
%0 2i
z z0
%
1
2i
f (z)
dz = f (z0 ).
z z0
z0 l , f (z)
l ,
z z0
l ( z z0 l
l ). z0 l
, .
(
I
f (z0 ), z0 D,
1
f (z)
f (z0 ) =
dz =
2i
z z0
0,
z0
/ D.
l
.
56
4.1.
I
ez
dz,
z(z 3)
C
3
C
2.
2
. (4.3)
f (z) =
ez
,
z
, C . ,
I
I
f (z)
2e3 i
ez
dz =
dz = 2if (3) =
.
z(z 3)
z3
3
C
5.
(4.3) f (z).
5.1. f (z)
D , D , n -
I
f (z)
n!
f (n) (z0 ) =
dz,
(4.4)
2i
(z z0 )n+1
l
l D .
.
, f (z)
.
57
f (n) (z) =
n!
2i
f ()
d.
( z)n+1
(4.5)
I
I
f ()
f ()
2i (n)
d = 2if (z),
f (z).
d =
z
( z)n+1
n!
l
5.1.
I
ez
dz,
(z i)3
C ,
i .
. f (z) = ez , C ,
I
2i 00
ez
dz =
f (i) = sin 1 + i cos 1.
(z i)3
2!
C
6.
.
6.1. f (z), , D ,
|f (z)|
D .
[7].
58
g(z) =
1
,
f (z)
,
f (z) 6= 0 D ,
f (z) .
7.
(4.5) ( 6.1) , n - .
f (z) C R
a D , .
M |f (z)| D , C . C | z| = R , ,
n - (4.5), ,
n! I
f ()
M
n!
(n)
|f (z)| =
n+1 2R
n+1
2i
( z)
2 R
C
|f (n) (z)|
n!M
.
Rn
.
.
7.1. ( ) f (z) z ,
.
. |f (z)| M
z ,
n!M
|f (n) (z)| n
R
59
n = 1
M
.
R
R , R
, , |f 0 (z)| = 0 f 0 (z) = 0 .
f (z) = const .
|f 0 (z)|
8.
8.1. f (z)
D f (z) , D , . f (z)
, D .
, 2.1.
.
9.
f1 (z) D1 . ,
D2 , D1 D12 ,
D2 f2 (z),
D12 f1 (z).
9.1.
f2 (z)
f1 (z)
D1 D2 D12
( f1 (z) f2 (z) D2
D1 D12 ).
[7],
, , ..
f1 (z) D1 D2 D12 .
D2
D1, C . 60
f1 (z)
f2 (z) , , , ;
(
f1 (z) D1 ,
f (z) =
f2 (z) D2
D , D1 D2 :
D = D1 D2 .
, , ,
( , ), . , , ,
,
( ).
10.
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
61
5.
1.
1
. .
1.1.
cn (z z0 )n = c0 + c1 (z z0 ) + c2 (z z0 )2 + . . . + cn (z z0 )n + . . . ,
n=0
cn ( ), .
(
, ) z0 R .
R , :
cn
R = lim p1 .
R = lim
n cn+1
n n |c |
n
z0 = 0
cn z n = c0 + c1 z + c2 z 2 + . . . + cn z n + . . . .
n=0
|z| < R , .. R .
1 . . .
. . //
. . 1. , ,
2005, . 2833.
62
1.1.
zn = 1 + z + z2 + . . . + zn + . . . .
n=0
X
(z 1)n
z 1 (z 1)2
=1+
+
+ ... .
n!
1!
2!
n=0
cn
= lim (n + 1) = .
R = lim
n
n cn+1
, z .
2.
f (z) =
cn (z z0 )n ,
n=0
cn =
1 (n)
f (z0 ).
n!
|z z0 | < R .
, .
: , , ,
? .
63
2.1. ( ) f (z),
|z z0 | < R ,
f (z) =
cn (z z0 )n ,
n=0
.
. f (z),
|z z0 | < R . z
.
l z0 % < R , z
l . f (z) l
. (4.3)
I
1
f ()
f (z) =
d.
2i
z
l
1
z
1
1
=
z
z0
1
.
z z0
1
z0
(5.1)
l , z ,
z z0 |z z0 |
< 1.
z0 =
%
1
z z0
1
z0
2
1
z z0
z z0
=1+
+
+ ... .
z0
z0
z z0
1
z0
64
(5.1)
1
1
z z0
(z z0 )2
=
+
+
+ ... ,
z
z0
( z0 )2
( z0 )3
(5.2)
l z ,
z z0 |z z0 |
< 1.
z0 =
%
f ()
(
2i
) l ,
Z
Z
Z
1
1
f ()
f ()
z z0
f ()
d =
d +
d + . . . .
2i
z
2i
z0
2i
( z0 )2
(5.2)
1
cn =
2i
f (n) (z0 )
f ()
d
=
,
( z0 )n+1
n!
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
f (z) = c0 + c1 (z z0 ) + c2 (z z0 )2 + + cn (z z0 )n + . . . . (5.3)
, f (z) |zz0 | < R
(5.3) cn , ..
.
z0 = 0 .
:
X
z
z2
zn
zn
=1+ +
+ ... +
+ ... ;
) e =
n!
1!
2!
n!
n=0
z
65
) sin z =
(1)n
n=0
z 2n+1
z3
z5
=z
+
...
(2n + 1)!
3!
5!
+ (1)n
) cos z =
(1)n
n=0
z 2n
z2 z4
z 2n
= 1
+
+ (1)n
+... ;
(2n)!
2!
4!
(2n)!
) (1 + z)n = 1 + nz +
) ln(1 + z) =
X
n=1
z 2n+1
+ ... ;
(2n + 1)!
n(n 1) 2
z + ...
2!
n(n 1) . . . (n k + 1) k
+
z + ... ;
k!
(1)n
zn
z z2 z3
zn
=
+
+ (1)n
+... .
n
1
2
3
n
R = , ..
z , R = 1, . |z| < 1,
, 1 0 z = 0.
3.
f1 (z)
X
f1 (z) =
zn.
n=0
|z| < 1
f1 (z) =
1
.
1z
P
f1 (z)
cn (z z0 )n
n=0
66
. cn
cn =
f (n) (z0 )
1
=
.
n!
(1 z0 )n+1
, |1z0 |.
,
f2 (z) =
X
(z z0 )n
(1 z0 )n+1
n=0
f1 (z)
|z z0 | < |1 z0 |.
, , f2 (z),
1
.
, f2 (z) =
1z
,
z1
|z z0 | < |1 z0 |,
X
(z z1 )n
,
(1 z1 )n+1
n=0
|z z1 | <
1
< |1 z1 | f3 (z) =
,
1z
f2 (z) f1 (z) |z z1 | < |1 z1 |
. 5.1.
. f3 (z) f1 (z) . , z1
z = 1 (. 5.1).
, f1 (z) ,
z = 1. f1 (z), ,
1
,
F (z) =
1z
67
, z = 1 .
, F (z) |z| < 1 ,
f1 (z), . , ,
, F (z)
z z = 1. F (z) . z = 1,
F (z),
. ,
.
4. . 1
, , z z0 ,
z z0 ,
an (z z0 )n = . . . +
n=
an
a1
+ ... +
+
(z z0 )n
z z0
+ a0 + a1 (z z0 ) + . . . + an (z z0 )n + . . . .
R1 < |z z0 | < R2 (
: 0 < |z z0 | < R2
z = : R1 < |z z0 | < ,
: 0 < |z z0 | < ).
an ,
an .
4.1. ( ) r < |z z0 | < R , 0 r < R < , f (z)
1
(18131854 .)
68
f (z) =
cn (z z0 )n =
n=
1
cn =
2i
cn (z z0 )n +
n=0
f ()
d,
( z0 )n+1
cn
.
(z z0 )n
n=1
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
(5.4)
(5.5)
| z0 | = %, r < % < R ,
.
.
l L r0 R0 z0 ,
r < r0 < R0 < R . 4.1 f (z) l L . (4.3)
I
I
1
f ()
1
f ()
f (z) =
d +
d
2i
z
2i
z
l
1
f (z) =
2i
f ()
1
d
z
2i
f ()
d,
z
(5.6)
z l L.
(5.6) L,
z z0 |z z0 |
< 1.
z0 = R 0
1
1
=
z
z0
X
1
(z z0 )n
=
,
( z0 )n+1
z z0
n=0
1
z0
(5.7)
L ( z ).
69
(5.6) l ,
z0
r0
z z0 = |z z0 | < 1.
1
1
=
z
z z0
X
( z0 )n
1
=
(z z0 )n+1
z0
n=0
1
z z0
(5.8)
l ( z ).
(5.7) (5.8) (5.6) ,
I
X
X
f ()
n 1
d
+
(z z0 )n1
(z z0 )
f (z) =
n+1
2i
(
z
)
0
n=0
n=0
L
1
2i
I
l
X
f ()
f ()
n 1
(z
z
)
d
=
d+
0
( z0 )n
2i
(
z0 )n+1
n=0
(5.9)
X
n=1
(z z0 )n
1
2i
f ()
d.
( z0 )n+1
f ()
n ,
( z0 )n+1
2.1 (5.5) , l L.
(5.9) (5.4), cn
(5.5).
(5.4) |z z0 | < R
f1 (z), ..
f1 (z) =
cn (z z0 )n .
n=0
. (5.4) |z z0 | > r . 70
f2 (z) =
cn
,
(z z0 )n
n=1
.
,
f (z) = f1 (z) + f2 (z)
r < |z z0 | < R .
(5.5).
4.1. (5.4)
f (z) z z0 f (z)
r < |z z0 | < R . , (5.4)) ,
, z z0 .
4.1.
f (z) =
1
(z 2)(z 3)
z , z = 2 z = 3 . |z| = 2 , |z| = 3 .
|z| < 2 , 2 < |z| < 3 |z| > 3
. 2 < |z| < 3 :
f (z) =
ck z k ,
ck =
1
2i
f ()
d,
k+1
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
|| = %, 2 < % < 3,
.
71
ck
. ,
z z0 .
f (z) =
1
1
1
=
(z 2)(z 3)
z3 z2
z :
X
1
zk
1
=
=
,
z
z3
3k+1
3 1 3
k=0
1
1
1
=
z2
z 1
2
z
1
=
z
2
1+ +
z
!
2
X
2k1
2
+ ... =
.
z
zk
k=1
.
f (z) =
X
2k1
k=1
zk
X
zk
.
3k+1
k=0
.
4.2.
f (z) =
1
.
(z 1)(z 2)
z = 1 z = 2 , ,
1 < |z| < 2 .
, :
1
1
1
=
.
(z 1)(z 2)
z2 z1
72
1
1
1
z
z2
zn
1 X z n
.
=
1 + + 2 + ... + n + ... =
2
2
2 2
2
2 n=0 2
z
1
2
1/(z 1) |z| > 1 1/z :
X
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
! =
=
1 + + 2 + ... + n + ... =
.
n
z1
z
z
z
z
z
1
n=1
z 1
z
f (z) =
1 X z n X 1
1 X zn
1
=
.
2 n=0 2
zn
2 n=1 2n
zn
n=1
. , , |z| < 1
:
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
(z 1)(z 2)
z1 z2
1z
2
= 1 + z + z2 + . . . + zn + . . .
X
n=0
1
2
1+
1
2n+1
1
1
z
2
z
z2
zn
+ 2 + ... + n + ... =
2 2
2
zn.
0 < |z 1| < 1 (
z0 = 1) z 1 :
f (z) =
1
1
1
1
+
=
=
z1 z2
z 1 1 (z 1)
73
X
X
1
(z 1)n =
(z 1)n .
z 1 n=0
n=1
,
. , .
5. ,
.
5.1. , f (z) , f (z).
5.2. z0 f (z)
, f (z)
0 < |z z0 | < R (,
z0 ), ..
z0 .
:
;
;
.
5.3. z0
f (z) ( ),
lim f (z)
zz0
( f (z0 )).
5.1.
z0 f (z) , , (5.4) f (z)
74
z0 , ..
:
cn (z z0 )n = c0 + c1 (z z0 ) + . . . + cn (z z0 )n + . . . . (5.10)
n=0
f (z) (5.10),
z 6= z0 . f (z) z0 , f (z0 ) = c0 , .
5.4. z0
f (z) ,
lim f (z) = .
zz0
5.2.
z0 f (z) , , (5.4) f (z)
z0 :
f (z) =
X
cm+1
c1
cm
+
+ ... +
+
cn (z z0 )n .
m
m1
(z z0 )
(z z0 )
z z0 n=0
m > 0 , cm 6= 0, m ,
m = 1 , .
f (z) z0 m , 1
z0 m .
f (z)
5.5. z0 m
f (z),
f (z)
f (z) =
ck (z z0 )k ,
cm 6= 0, k 1.
k=m
5.6. z0
f (z) , lim f (z) .
zz0
75
, z = 0 f (z) = e1/z ,
1
lim e z = 0,
z0
lim e z = .
z0+
5.3.
z0 f (z) ,
, (5.4)
f (z) z0
:
X
cn (z z0 )n .
f (z) =
n=
,
.
f (z) =
lim f (z) =
c0 + c1 (z z0 ) + c2 (z z0 )2 + . . .
zz0
. . . + cn (z z0 ) + . . .
m-
cm
c1
+ c0 +
+ ... +
(z z0 )m
z z0
+ c1 (z z0 ) + c2 (z z0 )2 + . . .
c0
... +
cm
c1
+ c0 +
+ ... +
m
(z z0 )
z z0
+ c1 (z z0 ) + c2 (z z0 )2 + . . .
6.
6.1. z = ,
.
76
6.2. z =
f (z), (5.4)
X
cn z n
(5.11)
f (z) =
n=0
lim f (z) = c0 ,
.. .
6.3. (5.11)
c0 = c1 = = cm1 = 0 , cm 6= 0 . ,
z = m f (z).
6.4. z = m f (z), (5.4)
f (z) =
cn z n ,
cm 6= 0.
n=m
,
lim f (z) = .
6.5.
f (z),
(5.4)
f (z) =
cn z n ,
n=
77
7.
1. : .
2.
.
3. z .
4. .
5. ,
. .
6. .
7.
.
78
6.
1.
.
1.1. f (z) z0 c1 (z z0 )1 (5.4) f (z) z0 . c1 6= 0 , z0 . Res f (z0 ) Res f (z).
z=z0
f (z), , , . z = z0 f (z)
Res f (z0 ) = lim f (z)(z z0 ).
zz0
1.2. f (z) z0
I
1
Res f (z) =
f (z) dz,
z=z0
2i
L
L 0 < |z z0 | < R , (L
z0 ).
f (z) (5.4) z0 :
X
f (z) =
ck (z z0 )k
k=
.. Res f (z) = c1 . ,
z=z0
79
(5.4) z z0 , z0
1
.
z z0
.
2.
2.1. 0.
2.2. z0 m 1
Res f (z) =
z=z0
1
dm1
lim
f (z)(z z0 )m .
m1
(m 1)! zz0 dz
(6.1)
f (z)
f (z) =
g(z)
,
(z)
g(z) (z) z0
g(z0 ) 6= 0, (z) z0 (
f (z) z0 ), (6.1)
:
g(z)
g(z0 )
Res
= 0
.
z=z0 (z)
(z0 )
z0 ,
(5.4) c1 .
z = .
r 0 . f (z) z
|z| r , |z| r ,
,
f (z) =
ck z k = F1 (z) + F2 (z) =
X
k=1
80
ck z k +
X
ck
k=0
zk
,
1
2i
I
f (z) dz = c1 ,
L
L ,
, |z| = r .
, z =
L . L
, z = . ,
, z = ,
;
) ck m, f (z) =
m
P
ck z k + F2 (z)
k=1
cm 6= 0. , ,
lim f (z) = .
I
f (z) dz =
I
ck
k=0
Z
= c1
dz X
+
ck
zk
k=1
z k dz =
dz
= 2ic1 ,
z
I
,
L
z k dz =
z k dz = 0, k 6= 1;
81
) z = ,
P
f (z) =
ck z k + F2 (z) ck ,
k=1
. - z .
I
f (z) dz =
k=
z k dz = 2ic1 .
ck
L
2.1. f (z)
I
1
f (z) dz,
Res f (z) =
z=
2i
L
L ,
, |z| > r (
P
f (z) ). , f (z) =
ck z k k=
|z| = r ,
Res f (z) = c1 .
z=
2.1. ( )
f (z) z ,
z1 , z2 , . . . , zN .
N
X
k=1
z=zk
z=
2.2. (
) f (z)
D , z1 , z2 , . . . , zN ,
D .
I
N
X
f () d = 2i
Res f (z),
k=1
82
z=zk
L D ,
.
.
2.1.
I
z7
I=
dz.
z 2 (z 1)(z 5i)
|zi|=2
|z i| = 2.
z1 = 0, z2 = 1
z3 = 5i. 5i .
z1 = 0 2- , z2 = 1 1- .
2.2
I = 2i Res f (z) + Res f (z) .
z=0
z=1
2-
0 !
(z 7)z 2
1
lim
=
Res f (z) =
z=0
1! z0
z 2 (z 1)(z 5i)
(z 1)(z 5i) (z 7)(2z 1 5i)
7 + 30i
=
.
(z 1)2 (z 5i)2
25
= lim
z0
z1
(z 7)(z 1)
6
=
.
z 2 (z 1)(z 5i)
1i
,
7 + 30i
6
24 106
I = 2i
i .
25
1i
5
25
3.
,
2.2.
83
, .
Z2
I=
F (cos , sin ) d.
(6.2)
z = ei
1
z+
,
z
i
1 i
1
sin =
e ei =
z
,
2i
2
z
1
1 i
cos =
e + ei =
2
2
d =
dz
iz
(6.2) . 0 2 |z| = 1 .
(6.2)
I
1
1
1 dz
I=
F z + ,z
.
i
z
z z
|z|=1
3.1.
Z2
dx
,
a + cos x
a > 1.
. eix = z . x 0
2 z |z| = 1
.
cos x =
z2 + 1
1 ix
e + eix =
,
2
2z
dz = ieix dx = izdx,
84
dx =
dz
.
iz
dz
I=
z2 + 1
+a
2z
iz
|z|=1
!=
2
i
dz
.
z 2 + 2az + 1
|z|=1
z1 = a + a2 1, z2 = a a2 1
, |z1 | < 1 z1 |z| = 1 :
Res f (z1 ) =
:
1
1
=
.
z z2 z=z1
2 a2 1
2i
2
2
=
.
i 2 a2 1
a2 1
2
.
a2 1
Z
3.2.
tg( + i) d .
0
. z = e2i .
0 z |z| = 1 .
2i = ln z,
d =
1 dz
,
2i z
tg( + i) =
ei e1 ei e
ei(+i) ei(+i)
=
=
i(+i)
i(+i)
i (ei e1 + ei e)
i e
+e
=
i
e
z
z e2
e
z
!=
.
i (z + e2 )
e
z
+
e
z
z = 0 z = e2 .
|z| = 1 z = 0 Res f (0) = 1.
85
I
1
1
z e2 dz
= 2i 2 (1) = i.
2i2
z + e2 z
2i
|z|=1
: i.
4.
[a, b] f (x). [a, b] C ,
D . , .
f (z) 2.1. C [a, b],
.
, ,
,
.
C
4.1, 4.2. f (z) z1 , . . . , zn , .
I
f (z) dz CR
CR , [R, R] .
4.1. M (R) f (z) R M (R) 0 R ,
I
f (z) dz 0 R .
CR
86
4.2. M (R) 0 R ,
I
f (z)eimz dz 0 R , m > 0.
CR
m < 0 4.2
. .
Z
dx
4.1. I =
.
x4 + 1
.
,
1
,
z4 + 1
, , 1- 4.1.
f (z) =
zk = e
i
4 (2k+1) ,
k = 0, 1,
1- .
1
X
2
I = 2i
Res f (zk ) =
.
2
k=0
4.2.
Z
I=
cos x
dx,
x2 + a2
a > 0, > 0.
. 2-
4.2, ,
Z
I = Re I1 = Re
87
eix
dx.
x2 + a2
eiz
I1 2
, z + a2
z1 = ia, .
2.2
iz
e
I1 = 2i Res
= ea I = ea .
2
2
z + a z=ia
a
a
5.
, ,
, , .
:
5.1. f (z)
D D z1 , z2 , . . . , zn , f (z) D ( )
2i f (z)
:
I
n
X
f (z) dz = 2i
Res f (zk ).
k=1
.
.
5.2. f (z)
z1 , z2 , . . . , zn z , ,
, :
n
X
k=1
88
, ,
,
I
f (z) dz = 2i Res f ().
m
, n m
,
I
f (z) dz = 2i
m
X
Res f (zk ),
k=1
I
f (z) dz = 2i
n
X
!
Res f (zk ) + Res f () .
k=m+1
.
I
5.1.
z 2 dz
.
(z 2 + 1)(z 2)
|z|=3
. i, i, 2 .
:
1
,
Res f (i) = lim (z i)f (z) =
zi
2i(2 i)
1
Res f (i) =
,
2i(2 + i)
4
Res f (2) = .
5
1
1
4
10 + 5i 10 + 5i + 40i
2i
+
= 2i
= 2i.
2i(2 i) 2i(2 + i) 5
2i(4 + 1)5
89
.
z2
!
!=
1
2
1+ 2
1
z
z
f (z) =
z3
1
z
1
2
1
1
+
.
.
.
1
+
+
.
.
.
= + ... .
2
z
z
z
Res f () = 1 2i.
: 2i.
5.2.
I
z 20 dz
.
(2z 3 + 1)2 (z 4 1)3
|z|=2
. zk = 4 1, 3 0, 5
|z| = 2. ,
I = 2i
k=1
4z 6
z2
4
1
1
1+ 3
2z
1
1
+ 6 ...
3
2z
4z
z 20
!2
z 12
1
1 4
z
1+
1
1
+ 8
4
z
z
2
!3 =
3
=
z2
1
+ ... .
4
4z
1
i
Res f () = 2i Res f () = .
4
2
i
: .
2
90
6.
1. . .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
91
. .
1. z = x + iy
p
) |z| = x2 + y 2 ,
) |z| = x + y ,
p
) |z| = x2 y 2 .
2. 1 + i
) 2, 90 ,
) 3, 45 ,
) 2, 135 .
3. z = a2 b2 + 2abi
) |z| = (a + b)2 ,
) |z| = a4 b4 4a2 b2 ,
) |z| = a2 + b2 .
4. i101 i100 i99
) i,
) i,
) 1.
5. z1 =
2 i 3 z2 = 2 + i 3
) z1 z2 = 1 ,
) z1 z2 = 5 ,
) z1 z2 = 5.
92
6. z1 = 2 + 3i z2 = 2i
) z 2 (6 4i)z + 2 + 5i = 0,
) z 2 + 2iz + 2 + 3i = 0,
) z 2 (2 + 5i)z 6 + 4i = 0 .
7. ei
) cos i sin ,
) cos i + sin i,
) cos + i sin .
8. (cos + i sin )n
) cosn + i sinn ,
) n cos + in sin ,
) cos n + i sin n .
9. |z 1| = 2 (x, y)
) (x 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 4,
) x2 + y 2 = 2,
) (x 1)2 + y 2 = 4.
10. z = x + iy Re (z 2 z)
) x2 y 2 xy ,
) x2 + y 2 x + y ,
) x2 y 2 x.
11. sin z
ez ez
) sin z =
,
2i
eiz + eiz
) sin z =
,
2
eiz eiz
) sin z =
.
2i
93
12. y = kx f (z) = iz
) k y ,
) ,
) 90 .
13.
u + iv
u
v u
v
)
=
,
= ,
x
x y
y
u
v u
v
)
= ,
=
,
x
y y
x
u
v u
v
)
=
,
= .
x
y y
x
14. |f 0 (z)|
) f (z),
) f (z),
) f (z).
15. ln z
) arg z + 2k ,
) iarg z ,
) arg z .
16. tg z
) tg z =
eiz eiz
,
(eiz + eiz )i
) tg z =
eiz + eiz
,
(eiz eiz )i
) tg z =
eiz eiz
.
(eiz + eiz )
94
17. w
w =
2iz 3
z + 4i
2i
z3
,
z 4i
2iz + 3
) w
=
,
z 4i
2iz 3
.
) w
=
z 4i
) w
=
18. - ,
w(0) = 0, w(i 1) = , w(1) = i
z
) w =
,
z+1i
z
) w =
,
z+1i
2z
) w =
.
z+1i
19. x + y = 1 w = z 2
w
1
) v = (u2 1),
2
1
) v = (u2 + 1),
2
) v = u2 1 .
20. 1 + 2i, i i
) w = (2 + i)z + 1 3i,
) w = (2 i)z + 1 3i,
) w = (2 + i)z + 1 + 3i.
95
Zi
|z| dz |z| = 1, Re z 0
21.
i
) 2i,
) 3i,
) 4i.
22.
Z1+i
z dz
0
) 2i,
) i,
) i.
23. , f (z) f (z)
L ,
I
f () d
,
) f (z) = 2i
z
L
I
n!
f () d
) f (z) =
,
2i
z
L
I
1
f () d
) f (z) =
.
2i
z
L
24.
)
)
)
X
n=1
X
n=1
1
1z
z n (1)n ,
z n ,
zn .
n=0
96
25.
X
n=0
cn
) R = lim
,
cn+1
cn+1
,
) R = lim
n
cn
cn
.
) R = lim
n cn+1
n
X
nz n
26.
2n
n=1
) 2n ,
) 2n ,
) 2.
27.
X
(z + i)n
1 + in
n=0
) |z + i| < 1,
) |z + i| < 2,
) |z + i| < 3.
Zz
28.
0
2n+1
(1)n
n=0
z
,
(2n + 1)!(2n + 1)
z 2n
,
(2n + 1)!(2n + 1)
n=0
X
n=0
(1)n
z 2n
.
(2n + 1)!(2n + 1)
97
sin z
dz
z
cn z n
29. f (z) =
sin z
(z )2
) z = ,
) z = 0 ,
) z = .
z+2
z(z 1)3
) z = 0 , z = 1 3 ,
30.
) z = 0 , z = 1 ,
) z = 0 1 , z = 1 3 .
31. ez cos
1
z
) z = ,
) z = ,
) z = .
32.
) z ,
) a1 ,
, .. a1 ,
) a1 .
1
z = 0
1 cos z
) z = 0 2 , Res f (0) = 0,
33.
) z = 0 2 , Res f (0) = 1,
) z = 0 1 , Res f (0) = 0.
98
I
34.
z5 + z3
dz
z4 + 1
|z|=1.1
) 2i,
) 3i,
) 2i.
I
35.
|z|=1.5
) 2i,
) 2i,
) 1 .
99
z3
dz z4 + 2
100
1. . . . .
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . .
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. ,
. . . . . . . .
5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . .
1. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. . . . . . . .
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
3
3
5
7
8
9
11
13
14
14
17
20
22
24
25
26
26
26
30
30
33
35
37
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . .
11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. . .
2. . . . . . . . . . .
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. . . . . . . . . . . .
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
38
39
45
49
50
50
51
53
54
57
58
59
60
60
61
62
62
63
66
68
74
76
78
79
79
2. . . . . . . . . . 80
3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4. . 86
5. . . . . . . . 88
6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
103