ECE 5317-6351

Microwave Engineering
Fall
2011
Prof. David
R. Jackson
Dept. of ECE

Notes
14Analysis
Network
Multiport Networks

Multiport Networks
A general circuit can be represented by a multi-port network,
where the ports are defined as access terminals at which we
can define voltages and currents.
Examples:
1)

Note: Equal and opposite

currents are assumed on the two
wires of a port.

One-port network

2) Two-port network

Multiport Networks (cont.)

3) N-port Network
To
-

represent multi-port networks we use:

Z (impedance) parameters
Y (admittance) parametersNot easily
measurable
h (hybrid) parameters
at high
ABCD parameters
frequency
S (scattering) parameters Measurable at high
frequency

Poynting Theorem (Phasor

Domain)
1
2 E J dV
S n dS
i*

1 2 1 2
c E H dV
2
2

V
1 2 1 2
2 j H c E dV
4
4

V
The last term is the
VARS consumed by
the region.

Ps Pf Pd j 2 Wm We

The notation < >

denotes timeaverage.
4

Self Impedance
Consider a general one-port
network

I1

V1

+
-

S
E, H

Complex power delivered to

network: 1
Pin
E H n ds Pd j 2 Wm We

S
2
Average
1
*
V1 I1
electric energy
2
(in [J]) stored
Average
inside
VW
W

e
e
power
dissipated
Pd Pd in
Average magnetic
[W]
energy (in [J]) stored
inside V
Wm Wm

Define Self Impedance

(Zin)

1
*
V
I
1
1
V1 V I
Pin
2
Z in

1
1 2
2
I1
I
I1
I1
2
2
Pd j 2 Wm We
Rin jX in
1 2
I1
2
2P
Rin d2
I1
*
1 1
2
1

X in

4 (Wm We )
I1

V1

I1

+
-

S
E, H

Self Impedance
(cont.)
We can show that for physically
realizable networks the
following apply:

V1 V1*

Please see the

Pozar book for a
proof.

Z in Z in*
I1 I1*

Rin is an even function of

Z in Rin jX in

X in is an odd function of
Note: Frequency is usually defined as a positive quantity.
However, we consider the analytic continuation of the functions
into the complex frequency plane.

Two-Port Networks
Consider a general 2-port linear
network:
I1

V1

+
-

I2

+
-

V2

In terms of Z-parameters, we have (from

superposition)
Impedance (Z) matrix
V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2

V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2
V1
Z11

Z
V
21
2

Z12 I1
Z 22 I 2

V Z I
8

Elements of Z-Matrix: ZParameters

(open-circuit
parameters )

V1 Z11 I1 Z12 I 2
V2 Z 21 I1 Z 22 I 2

Port 2 open
circuited

V1
Z11
I1
V2
Z 21
I1

Z ij

I 2 0

Vi
Ij

Port 1 open
circuited
I k 0 k j

I 2 0

V1

+
-

I2

I1

V1
I2

I1 0

V2
Z 22
I2

I1 0

Z12

+
-

V2
9

Z-Parameters (cont.)
N-port network

Z ij

Vi
Ij

I k 0 k j

We inject a current into port j and measure the voltage (with

an ideal voltmeter) at port i. All ports are open-circuited except
j.

10

Z-Parameters (cont.)
Z-parameters are convenient for series connected
networks.
V1 A
V1
V A
2
V2
Z A

V 1B
B
V 2
I A Z B

Z A Z B

Z A Z B

IB

I1
I
2

I
A
B 1

Z Z
I 2

Z11A Z11B
V1
V A
B
Z

Z
2
21
21

Z12A Z12B I1

A
B
Z 22 Z 22 I 2

Series

I1 I 1 A I1 B
I2 I2 A I2B
11

Admittance (Y)
Parameters
Consider a 2-port
network:

I2

I1

V1

+
-

V2

I1 Y11V1 Y12V2

Admittanc
e
matrix

I 2 Y21V1 Y22V2

or

I1
I
2

Y11 Y
12 V1

Y Y V I Y V

21
22 2

Yij

Ii
Vj

Vk 0 k j

Short-circuit
parameters
12

Y-Parameters (cont.)
N-port network

Yij

Ii
Vj

+
Vk 0 k j

We apply a voltage across port j and measure the current

(with an ideal current meter) at port i. All ports are shortcircuited except j.

13

Y-parameters
are convenient
for parallel
connected
networks.

I1A
I1
I I A
2
2

I1B

I 2B

Admittance (Y)
Parameters

Y11A Y11B
A
B
Y

Y
21 21

Y12A Y12B V1

Y22A Y22B V2

Parallel V1 V1 V1
A

V2 V2A V2B
14

Admittance (Y)
Parameters

Relation between [Z] and [Y] matrices:

V Z I

I Y V
Hence

V Z Y V
Z Y V

Z Y U Identity Matrix
Therefore

Y Z 1
15

Reciprocal Networks
If a network does not contain non-reciprocal devices or
materials* (i.e. ferrites, or active devices), then the
network is reciprocal.

Z ij Z ji

ij

Y ji

Note: The inverse

of a symmetric
matrix is
symmetric.

Z and Y are symmetric

* A reciprocal material is one that has reciprocal permittivity and
permeability tensors. A reciprocal device is one that is made from
reciprocal materials
Example of a nonreciprocal material: a biased ferrite
(This is very useful for making isolators and circulators.)
16

Reciprocal Materials
D E
B
xx
Dx
D
yx
y
zx
Dz

Reciprocal:

xy xz

yy yz
zy zz

Ex
E
y
Ez

xx
Bx
B
yx
y
zx
Bz

xy
yy
zy

xz

yz

zz

ij ji , ij ji

Ferrite: 0 j
0

0
0
1

is not symmetric!

17

Reciprocal Networks
(cont.)
We can show that the equivalent
circuits for reciprocal 2-port
networks are:

T-equivalent

Piequivalent
18

ABCDParameters
There are defined only
for 2-port
networks.

V1
A B V2
I C D I '

2
1
I 2' I 2

V1
A
V2
B

I 2' 0

V1
I 2' V 0
2

I1
C
V2
D

I 2' 0

I1
I 2' V 0
2

19

Cascaded
Networks

V
V1A
V1
2
A
I I A ABCD A '
1
I 2
1

V1B
ABCD B
I1
A

ABCD A

V1
I
1

B
ABCD

ABCD

AB

V2B
B '
I 2

A nice property of the

ABCD matrix is that it
is easy to use with
cascaded networks:
you simply multiply
the ABCD matrices
together.

V2
I'
2
20

Scattering Parameters
At high frequencies, Z, Y, h & ABCD parameters are difficult
(if not impossible) to measure.
o V and I are not uniquely defined
o Even if defined, V and I are extremely difficult
to measure (particularly I).
o Required open and short-circuit conditions are
often difficult to achieve.
Scattering (S) parameters are often the best
representation for multi-port networks at high frequency.

21

Scattering Parameters (cont.)

S-parameters are defined
assuming transmission lines are connected to
each port.

Local coordinates

On each transmission
line:
Vi zi Vi 0 e i zi Vi 0e i zi Vi zi Vi zi

Vi zi Vi zi
I i zi

Z 0i
Z 0i
Incoming wave function ai
Outgoing wave function

i 1, 2

zi Vi zi

Z 0i

bi zi Vi zi

Z 0i

22

For a One-Port Network

L

V1 0

V1 0

b1 0

a1 0

Z 01
Z 01

b1 0 L a1 0

S11 a1 0

S11
Incoming wave function ai
Outgoing wave function

For a one-port
network, S11 is
defined to be the
same as L.

zi Vi zi

Z 0i

bi zi Vi zi

Z 0i
23

For a Two-Port Network

b1 0 S11a1 0 S12a2 0

b2 0 S21a1 0 S22a2 0
b1 0
S11

S21
b2 0

S12

S22

Scattering
matrix

a1 0
b S a

a2 0

24

Scattering Parameters
b1 0 S11a1 0 S12a2 0

b2 0 S21a1 0 S22a2 0
b1 0
S11
a1 0
b1 0
S12
a2 0

a2 0

a1 0

b2 0
S21
a1 0

a2 0

b2 0
S22
a2 0

a1 0

Output
is
matche
d
Input is
matche
d
Output
is
matche
Input is
d
matche
d

input reflection coef.

w/ output matched
reverse transmission
coef.
w/ input matched
forward transmission
coef.
w/ output
matched
output reflection coef.

25

Scattering Parameters
(cont.)
For a general multiport
network:

bi 0
Sij
a j 0

All ports except j are semi-infinite (or

matched)
ak 0 k j

N-port network
Semi-infinite
Port j

Port i

26

Scattering Parameters
(cont.)
Illustration of a three-port network

27

Scattering Parameters
(cont.)
For reciprocal networks, the S-matrix is
symmetric.

Sij S ji

i j

Note: If all lines entering the network have the same characteristic impedance, t

Vi 0
Sij
V j 0

Vk 0 k j

28

Scattering Parameters
(cont.)
Why are the wave functions
(a and b) defined as
they are?

1
1 Vi 0

Pi 0 Re Vi 0 I i 0

2
2 Z 0i

Note:

ai 0 Vi 0
Pi 0

(assuming lossless lines)

Z 0i

2
1
ai 0
2

29

Scattering Parameters
(cont.)

Similarly,

Pi 0

1 Vi 0
2 Z 0i

1
bi 0
2

Also,

Vi li Vi 0 e i li
Vi li Vi 0 e i li
2
1
Pi li ai li
2
2
1

Pi li bi li
2

2 2 l
1
ai 0 e i i
2
2 2 l
1
bi 0 e i i
2

30

Example
Find the S parameters for a series impedance Z.

Note that two different coordinate systems are being used here!

31

Example (cont.)
Semi-infinite

S11 Calculation:

b1 0
S11
a1 0

a2 0

V1 0 Z in Z 0

V1 0 Z in Z 0

Z
S11
Z 2Z 0

Z Z0 Z0

Z Z0 Z0
a 0
2

By symmetry:

S 22 S11

32

Example (cont.)
S21 Calculation:

b2 0
S21
a1 0

a2 0

V2 0

V1 0

0 a1 0

Semi-infinite

a2 0 V2 0 V2 0

a2 0

Z0

Z0

Z Z 0

V2 0 V1 0

V1 0 a1 Z 0 1 S11

0 V2 0 a1

Z0
Z 0 1 S11

Z
0

33

Example (cont.)
Semi-infinite

a1 0
S21

Z0
Z 0 1 S11

Z Z 0
a1 0 Z 0

Z0
Z

Z
Z

2
Z
0

1 S11

Hence

S21

0
Z
2Z 2Z0
Z0

Z
Z
Z

2
Z
Z

Z0
0
0

2 Z0
Z 2 Z0

S12 S21
34

Exampl
e
Find the S parameters for a length L of transmission line.

Note that three different coordinate systems are being used here!

35

Example
(cont.)

S11 Calculation:

Z0 Z0s
Z0 Z0s

Semi-infinite

b
S11 1
a1

Z in a 0
2

a2 0

Z in a 0 Z 0
2

Z in a 0 Z 0

S22 (by symmetry )

Z jZ 0 s tan s L
Z0s 0
Z 0 s jZ 0 tan s L

Z0s

1 e
1 e
L

j 2 s L
j 2 s L

36

Example
(cont.)

Hence
Z 0 jZ 0 s tan s L

Z0s
Z0
Z

jZ
tan

L
0s

0
s
S11 S22
Z 0 jZ 0 s tan s L

Z0s
Z0
Z 0 s jZ 0 tan s L

Note: If

Z 0 s Z 0 Z in

a2 0

Z 0 S11 S 22 0
37

Example
(cont.)

S21 Calculation:

Z0 Z0s
Z0 Z 0s

Semi-infinite

b
S21 2
a1

a2 0

V2 0

V1 0

Z0
Z0

a2 0

V1 0 V1 0 1 S11

Hence, for the denominator of the S21 equation we have

V1 0
V1 0
1 S11

We now try to put the

numerator of the S21
equation in terms of V1
38
(0).

Example
(cont.)

V2 0 V2 0 V 0 V 0 1 L
Next, use

V z V 0 e j s z 1 Le j 2 s z

V1 0 V L V 0 e j s L 1 L e j 2 s L
V 0

Hence, we have

V1 0

e js L 1 Le j 2 s L

V1 0

j s L

1 e
L

j 2 s L

1 L
39

Example
(cont.)

V2 0

e js L 1 Le j 2 s L

Therefore, we have

V1 0

V2 0
S21
V1 0
so

1 S11 1 L e j L

a2 0

1 Le

V1 0
1 S11

1 Le j 2 s L

1 S11 1 L e j L

j 2 s L

1 L

S21

V1 0

S12 by symmetry
40

Example
(cont.)
Special cases:

a)

Z 0 s Z 0 S11 S 22 0,

L 0

S 21 S12 e j s L

g
2 g
b) L
s L

2
g 2
Z in

a2 0

Z0

e j s L 1

S11 S 22 0
S 21 1

0
j s L
e

e j s L

0 1
S

1
0

41

Example
Find the S parameters for a step-impedance discontinuity.

Z 02 Z 01
S11
Z 02 Z 01
Z 01 Z 02
S22
S11
Z 02 Z 01

S21

b2 0
a1 0

V2 0

a2 0

Z 02
V1 0
Z 01

a2 0

42

Example
(cont.)

S21 Calculation:

Semi-infinite

Because of continuity of the

voltage across the junction, we
have:

V2 0

a2 0

V2 0

V1 0

a2 0

V2 0
S21

V1 0 1 S11

Z 02
V1 0
Z 01

a2 0

V1 0 1 S11

a2 0

1 S11 1

Z 02
V1 0
Z 01

a2 0

Z 02 Z 01
Z 02 Z 01

2 Z 02
Z 02 Z 01

so
S21 1 S11

Z 01
Z 02

Hence

Z 01Z 02
S21 S12 2
Z 01 Z 02
43

Properties of the S
Matrix
For reciprocal networks, the S-matrix is
symmetric.

S S

Note :

If A B U
then

For lossless networks, the S-matrix is

unitary.

S S S U

Equivalently,

N-port network
Take (i, j ) element

B A U
Identity
matrix
Notation: S S S

S
N

k 1

T*

S S
T
ik

*
kj

so

k 1

S ki S kj* ij

1; i j
0; i j

ij

44

T*

Properties of the S Matrix

(cont.)

Example:

Unitary

S11
S S21
S31

S12
S22
S32

S13
S23
S33

*
*
S11S11* S21S21
S31S31
1

S S S 22 S
*
12 12

*
22

S S

*
32 32

*
*
S13 S13* S23 S23
S33 S33
1
*
*
S11S12* S21S22
S31S32
0
*
*
S11S13* S21S23
S31S33
0
*
*
S12 S13* S22 S23
S32 S33
0

The column vectors

form an orthogonal
set.
The rows also form
orthogonal sets (see
the note on the
previous slide).
45

Example

S50

j
2
j
2

j
2
0
0

j
2

Not unitary Not lossless

(For example, column 2 doted with the conjugate of column three is not zero.

1) Find the input impedance looking into port 1 when ports 2 and 3
are terminated in 50 [] loads.
2) Find the input impedance looking into port 1 when port 2 is
terminated in a 75 [] load and port 3 is terminated in a 50 []
load.
46

Example
(cont.)
(a = a = 0)
1 If ports 2 and 3 are terminated
2

in 50 []:

b1 S11a1 S12 a2 S13a3

in1

b1
S11 0
a1

Z in1 50[]

47

Example
(cont.)

2) If port 2 is terminated in 75 [] and port 3

in 50 []:
a2 75 50 1
2

b2 75 50 5

48

b1
b j
2
2

b3
j
2

j
2
0
0

in1

j
2

Example
(cont.)
a1
a
2
a3

a
b1
a
S11 S12 2 S13 3
a1
a1
a1

a2
a3

23
a1
a1

b2 / a1 S 21 S 22

b2
1
j 1 j
S12 2 S12 2 S 21

a
10
2
2

1
a2 2b2

1 in 1
Z in1 50
44.55[]
1 in

49

Transfer (T) Matrix

For cascaded 2-port
networks:

T Matrix:
a1 T11 T
12 b2

b T T a
1
21 22 2
b2
T
a2

S22
S 21

1
S
21

S11
S
21

S12
T21
T22

T122
T11 T
22

S11S22
S21

1
T22

T12
T22

(Derivation omitted)

50

Transfer (T) Matrix (cont.)

a1A
A
A T
b1

But

b

a

A
2
A
2

b2A

A
a
2

B
1
B
1

The T matrix of
a cascaded set
of networks is
the product of
the T matrices.

B
a1A

a
A
1
A T B
b1
b1
B
a1A

b
A
B
2
Hence A T T B
b1
a2

T AB
51

Conversion Between
Parameters

52

Example
Derive Sij from the Z parameters.
(The result is given inside row 1, column 2, of the previous table.)

S11 Calculation:

S11 in1

Z in Z 0
Z in Z 0

Z in Z11 Z 21 Z 21 || Z 22 Z 21 Z 0
53

Example (cont.)

Z in Z11 Z 21 Z 21 || Z 22 Z 21 Z 0
Z11 Z 21

Z 21 Z 22 Z 0 Z 21
Z 22 Z 0

Z11 Z 21 Z 22 Z 0 Z 21 Z 22 Z 0 Z 21
Z 22 Z 0

2
Z11Z 22 Z11Z 0 Z 21Z 22 Z 21Z 0 Z 21Z 22 Z 21Z 0 Z 21

Z 22 Z 0
2
Z11Z 22 Z11Z 0 Z 21

Z 22 Z 0

54

Example (cont.)

2
Z11 Z 0 Z 22 Z 21
Z in
Z 22 Z 0

S11

so
S11

Z in Z 0
Z in Z 0

2
Z11 Z 0 Z 22 Z 21
Z 0 Z 0 Z 22

2
Z11 Z 0 Z 22 Z 21
Z 0 Z 0 Z 22

55

Example (cont.)

2
Z11 Z 0 Z 22 Z 21
Z 0 Z 0 Z 22
S11
2
Z11 Z 0 Z 22 Z 21
Z 0 Z 0 Z 22
2
Z11Z 0 Z11Z 22 Z 21
Z 02 Z 0 Z 22

2
Z11Z 0 Z11Z 22 Z 21
Z 02 Z 0 Z 22
2
Z 0 Z 22 Z11 Z 0 Z 21

Z 0 Z 22 Z11 Z 0 Z 212

56

Example (cont.)

2
Z 0 Z 22 Z11 Z 0 Z 21

S11
Z 0 Z 22 Z11 Z 0 Z 212

Note: to get S22, simply let Z11 Z22 in the previous result.

S 22

2
Z 0 Z11 Z 22 Z 0 Z 21

Z 0 Z11 Z 22 Z 0 Z 212

57

Example (cont.)
S21 Calculation:

Assume V1 0 1 [V]

V1 0 1 S11

S 21 V2 0 V2 0

Use voltage divider equation twice:

Vc

Z 21 || Z 22 Z 21 Z 0
V1 0
Z11 Z 21 Z 21 || Z 22 Z 21 Z 0

V2 0 Vc

Z 22

Z0

Z 21 Z 0

58

Example (cont.)

Hence

Z 21 || Z 22 Z 21 Z 0
S 21 1 S11
Z11 Z 21 Z 21 || Z 22 Z 21 Z 0

Z 22

Z0

Z 21 Z 0

After simplifying, we should get the result in the table.

(You are welcome to check it!)

59