Solved Examples

Example 1:
(i)

limx (x4+ 2x3+3) / (2x4-x+2)

(ii)

limx x ((x+c)-x)

(iii)

limn (1-2+3-4+ ...(2n-1)-2n)/(n2+1)

(iv)

limx0 ((1+x)5-1)/3x+5x2

(v)

limx2 ((x+7)-3(2x-3))/((x+6)1/3-2 (3x-5)1/3)

Solution:
(i)
If we divide the polynomial in numerator and denominator by x4 (as x4 is highest
power of x in denominator and numerator.
=> limx (1+2/x+3/x4)/(2-1/x3+2/x4 ) = 1/2
(ii)

limx x((x+c)-x)

Rationalize the expression by multiplying and dividing by

((x+c)+x)
=> limx x ((x+c)-x)((x+c)+x) /((x+c)+x)
=>

limx (x (x+c-x))/((x+c)+x)

(Highest power of x in numerator and denominator is . Dividing numerator and

denominator by x)
= limx c /(1+(1+c/x)) c/2
(iii)

limn (1-2+3-4........+(2n-1)-2n)/(n2+1)
Observe that 1- 2 = -1
3-4 = -1
5-6 = -1, and so on.

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In numerator, each group of two terms is reduced to -1, and there are n groups.

Now the expressions becomes,

limn (-n)/(n2+1)
= limn (-1)/(1+1/n2 )
= (-1)/(1+0)
= -1
(iv) limx ((1+x)5-1)/(3x+5x2 )
(iv) limx ((1+x)5-1)/(3x+5x2 )
On expanding (1 + x)5 we get

Method 1:

= 5/3
Method 2: limx0 ((1+x)5-15)/((1+x)-1) . x/(3x+5x2 )
= 5.14. 1/(3+0) = 5/3

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Example 2:
(i)

limx (x+sin x+1)/(x+cos x )

(ii)

limx cos{log((x-1)/x) }

(iii)

limx ((3x2+2x2 )sin(1/x)+|x|3+5)/(|x|3+ |x|2+|x|+1)

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(iv)

limx0 (sin-1 x - tan-1 x)/x3

(v)

limxa (x sin sin x)/(x-)

Solution:
(i)

limx x(e1/x - e-1/x)

=> 1/x -> 0 let h = 1/x

Method 1:
= limn (1+1/2n)n
n->,

1/n ->0

Let h = 1/n

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= e1/2
Methods 2: We can use the result limx0 (1+1/x)x=e directly
L = limh0 ((1+h/2)2/h)1/2
= e1/2
(iii)

Let us do some analysis here

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Let g(x) = x2 + 5/2

So as x->, g(x) ->

Hence limx (1-1/g(x))g(x) is very similar to the expression limx (1-1/x)x and so
we can equate this to the expression of e-1. So the given limit is simplified to finding limit

of
x-> e
= e-8
(iv)

(v)

Method I:

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Do these problems using L' Hospital's Rule, if you know, otherwise we shall study this rule in
next chapter.
Method 2: limx1 x

cot x.......

here put x = (1 + h)

= limh0 (1+h)cot(+ h)
= limh0 [(1+h)1/h ]h/tan h
= limh0 eh/tan h .

(1/)

= e1/
Note: cot (+h) = cot h = 1/tan h
Example 4:
(i)
(ii)

limn (cos x/2 cos x/4 cos x/8......cos x/2n )

limn sin2n x

(iii) (1+ cos x) cot2 x

Solution:
(i)

Let P = cos x/2.cos x/x2 .cos x/23 ........cos x/2n

=>

P sin x/2n = cos(x/2).cos(x/22 ).cos(x/23 ).......cos(x/2n ).sin(x/2n )

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= 1/2.(cos /2)(cos x/22 )(cos x/23 )........cos x/2(n-1) .sin x/2(n-1)

= 1/22 .(cos x/2)(cos x/22 )(cos x/23 )........cos x/2(n-2) .sin x/2(n-2)
Proceeding similarly we get
P.sin x/2n =1/2n-1 .cos(x/2)sin x/2n-(n-1)
= 1/2n-1 cos x/2.sin x/2
= sin x/2n
=> P = sin x/(2n sin(x/2n ) )
=> limn P = limn {sin x/(2n sin(x/2n) )}
= limn sinx/x ((x/2n )/sin x/2n )
= sinx/x
(ii)

L = limn sin2n x
At sin x = 0; i.e. x = np
L = limn (0)2n=0
At sin x = (1) i.e. x = m p/2 (m is odd integer)
L= limn (1)2n=1
For other values of x we have
0<sin2 x <1
L= limn (sin2n x)=0
limx(2l+1)/2, n-> (sinl) 2n= Not defined. (indeterminated)

Where l I
Note:

(1.1)1 = 1.1
(1.1)2 = 1.21

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(1.1)3 = 1.331

(1.1)3 = 1.03
Thus we observe that limx1+, y xy approaches one if x->1+ faster than y->. And
limx1+, y xy approaches infinity if y-> faster than x->1+.

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