SIMULATION OF CHLOROBENZENE PLANT

IN ASPEN PLUS

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the Requirement for the

Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Chemical Engineering
By
ASHISH MISHRA
1100105008
Under Guidance of
MR. SUDEEP

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MURTHAL, SONIPAT-131039
April, 201

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge many people who knowingly and unwillingly helped me,
to complete my project.
I express my gratitude to Dr. D.P. Tiwari, Chairman, Department of Chemical Engineering for his
cooperation and encouragement during the completion of this course. I extend my utmost gratitude to
Mr.Sudeep , Teaching Associate, Department of Chemical Engineering, my project guide, who has
always stood by my side and guided, appreciated and encouraged me to get into more and more
ventures. I also thank all the faculty of department for their direct and indirect role in completion of this
project. Continuing the same they enlightened me in the various stages during the development of this
project and provided me with many insights and useful examples, which proved to be of immense help
in successful completion of this project.

ASHISH MISHRA
1100005008

CERTIFICATE
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. Major Project Report
entitled Simulation Of Chlorobenzene Production Plant in ASPEN PLUS, in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Chemical Engineering and submitted
to the Department of Chemical Engineering, Deenbandhu Chhoturam University Of Science and
Technology, Murthal is an authentic record of my own work carried out under the supervision of Mr.
Sudeep, Teaching Associate , Chemical Engineering Department.

The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other
degree elsewhere.

Signature of Candidate
ASHISH MISHRA
11001005008

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct
to the best of my knowledge.

Date:

MR. SUDEEP

Teaching Associate
Project Guide

CONTENT
Page no.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CERTIFICATE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

ABSTRACT
LITERATURE REVIEW
PROBLEM STATEMENT
FLOW SHEET
PROCESS SIMULATION OF ASPEN PLUS
RESULTS
SENSITVITY ANALYSIS
CONCLUSIONS
REFARENCES

6
7-9
10
11
12-20
21-24
25
27
28

LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPH

TABLES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Table 2.1 Chlorobenzene Properties

Table 5.1 Various Streams
Table 6.1,P-liq stream
Table 6.2,P-di stream
Table 6.3 mass balance
Table 7.1 sensitivity analysis

GRAPHS
1. Graph 7.1 sensitivity analysis monochlorobenzene
2. Graph 7.2 sensitivity analysis p-dichlorobenzene

1. ABSTRACT
Chlorobenzene is an aromatic organic compoundwith the chemical formula C6H5Cl. This colorless,
flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other
chemicals. Chlorobenzene can persist in soil for several months, in air for about 3.5 days, and in water
for less than one day. Humans may be exposed to this agent via breathing contaminated air (primarily
via occupational exposure), eating contaminated food or water, or by coming into contact with
contaminated soil (typically near hazardous waste sites). However, because it has only been found at 97
out of 1,177 NPL hazardous waste sites, it is not considered a widespread environmental contaminant.
Chlorobenzene is economically produced by the chlorination of benzene. This project simulate the
chlorobenzene plant in aspen plus .After reaction in reactor,first we remove HCL acid by using caustic
wash. Now our product stream contains unreacted benzene and chlorobenzene product.We know that
boiling point of benzene is 800C and monochlrobenzene is 1310C,so there is large difference in boling
points ,we can separate these by using simple distillation DSTWU block in aspen plus. Light component
is benzene and monochlorobenzene is component. Finally we separate out p-dichlorobenzene from
monochlorobenzene. Difference between the boiling point of the p-dichlorobenzene (174 0 C ) and
monochlorobenzene (1310C ) is large ,so we can separate easily by using simple distillation. After the
simulation we get desired 95 % pure monochlorobenzene product. Aspen plus gives an idea for NPSH
of pump ,number of minimum and actual stages for distillation column,reactor volume etc. At last we
use sensitivity analysis tool,in which we vary the flow rate of benzene and get effect of this variation on
chlorobenzene production.

2. LITRATURE REVIEW
I.

Chlrobenzene : Chlorobenzene is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula

C6H5Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in
the manufacture of other chemicals. Following are the some physical and chemical properties of
the chlorobenzene.

Table 2.1 Chlorobenzene Properties

Appearance
Molecular Weight
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Flash Point
Ignition Point
Solubility
II.

Colourless Liquid
112.56
-450C
1310C
270C
5900C
Water solubility :500 mg/L(at 200C)

Manufacturing Process of Chlorobenzene

The basic principle behind the manufacture of chlorobenzene is the chlorination of benzene with or
without the presence of a catalyst (Friedel-Craft reaction). The products of such a reaction would be
chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene and the higher chlorinated benzenes. In actual
practice in the industry, only chlorobenzene and small amounts of dichlorobenzene are formed. The
amounts of dichlorobenzene and higher substituted chlorobenzene formed can be reduced greatly by
using selective catalysts and modifying reaction conditions. Thus essentially chlorination of benzene can
be considered as taking place in three pairs of two stages each:
(1) Chlorination of benzene to monochlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene.
(2) Chlorination of dichlorobenzene to trichlorobenzene and tetrachlorobenzenes.
(3) Chlorination of tetrachlorobenzenes to pentachlorobenzenes and hexachlorobenzene.
Chlorination can be carried out either batch wise or continuously. When minimum formation of
dichlorobenzenes is required then the latter procedure is followed. In the batch process, benzene is
contained in a deep, iron or steel vessel, fitted with lead cooling coils. The chlorine feed-pipe enters at
the bottom of the chlorinator and the catalyst is ferric chloride. The temperature is maintained at less
than 45C. HCl produced in the reaction can be recovered after separation from benzene by washing
with a refrigerated solvent. A temperatures below 40C, the rate of formation of dichlorobenzene is very
low and this fact is used to suppress formation of dichlorobenzene in the continuous process. A typical
continuous process plant consists of a series of small, externally cooled steel vessels containing the
catalyst. Chlorine is supplied to each vessel through suitably placed inlets and the temperature of the
reaction is maintained between 20 - 40C.
As the chlorobenzene is formed, it leaves the chlorination zone at a speed that allows no further
chlorination to take place. Unreacted benzene and chlorobenzene are continuously separated by
fractional distillation, returning the benzene to the chlorination stage and the efficiency of this process
can be as high as 95%.
There are different ways in which the chlorination of benzene can be brought about and these form the
different processes for the manufacture of chlorobenzene

A. Raschig Process: In this process, benzene is chlorinated by chlorine that has been produced in
situ in the reactor by the catalytic oxidation of hydrogen chloride. A pre-heated mixture of
benzene vapour, air, steam, and HCl, at ordinary pressure, is brought into contact at 220- 260C
with a catalyst of copper oxide. 2% of the total benzene combusts, giving rise to about on quarter
of the total heat output of the process. The disadvantage of this process is that the high
temperature greatly favours high combustion rates of benzene and the reaction may become
uncontrollable. Moreover the high costs of this vapour phase chlorination process in comparison
with other available processes, allows it to be highly uneconomical for chlorobenzene
manufacture and thus renders it obsolete.
B. Loeser and Schmidt: In this process mixture of benzene vapour, HCl, and air is reacted at 150
300C in contact with a copper hydroxide-alumina catalyst (in the form of a fluidised mass),
may be regarded as a variant of Raschigs Process.
C. Quartz Tube Process: chlorination of benzene is carried out in a quartz tube at 400 - 500C.
Here the principal product obtained is chlorobenzene along with minor amounts of
dichlorobenzene.

The disadvantages of all these processes are low efficiency and high temperature, which may make the
reaction uncontrollable leading to formation of higher chlorobenzene. Based on all the above
considerations, the continuous liquid phase chlorination of benzene at a temperature of about 40C is
best suited for production of large amounts of monochlorobenzene in the industry. The process is
economically viable too making it the most popular process being used in the industry for the
manufacture of monochlorobenzene all over the world.
As already known, industrial chlorination of benzene is carried out in the liquid phase at moderate
temperature with the help of a catalyst to produce monochlorobenzene and minor amounts of
dichlorobenzene. Chlorobenzene and the o- and p-dichlorobenzene are the principal products. The
reaction is a consecutive, competitive reaction. Liquid benzene is fed to a chlorinator operating at 2.4
bars. The feed enters at 25C, at atmospheric pressure and also contains some water. Gaseous chlorine is
fed to this tank, also at atmospheric pressure and at 25C and is considered fully pure. There may be
several chlorinators operating in series or parallel depending upon the degree of chlorination of benzene
required. Ferric chloride is usually the catalyst. This can be added as a solution in benzene, or as iron
turnings, or scrap that provides the ferric chloride in the chlorinator. Since the reaction is exothermic
cooling is required to maintain the temperature at about 40C. The HCl gas (90% of the HCl formed)
leaving the reactor is first cooled to condense the impurities (benzene and chlorinated products) and then
it is scrubbed in a scrubber using refrigerated chlorobenzene. The crude chlorobenzene stream leaving
the reactor is washed with NaOH solution (20 wt%; maintained slightly alkaline to protect downstream
equipment from corrosion) in a pre-neutralizer. The product stream is free of HCL.The product is fed to
a benzene recovery column, which is a distillation column. Here the bottoms are almost 100 % pure
chlorobenzene. The tops contain 98 % by weight of benzene and 2% chlorobenzene and all of the
benzene is recycled to the benzene storage via a purifier. From the purifier the monochlorobenzene is
sent to the refrigeration system. The bottoms from the benzene column contain monochlorobenzene and
dichlorobenzene. This is fed to the chlorobenzene column, which is again a distillation column. This
may contain 12 to 20 trays and is operated at a pressure ranging from 37 lb/in.2 abs. The temperature
in the chlorobenzene column may be between 100 - 120C.Monochlorobenzene is the overhead
distillate product of a purity of 99% and dichlorobenzene is the bottom residue product of a purity of
97%.
The reactions involved in the process are as follows:
C6H6 + Cl2
C6H5Cl
+ HCl

C6H5Cl + Cl2

C6H5Cl2

HCl

Dichlorobenzene is assumed to be a para-isomer. Formation of trichloro isomers is neglected. When

concentrations of dissolved chlorine remains essentially constant then reactions are first order.
rb = -k1xb
rm = k1xb k2xm
rd = k2xm
where k1 = 1 x 10-4 s-1 at 55C , k2 = 0.15 x 10-4 s-1 at 55C, b = benzene, m = monochlorobenzene,
d = dichlorobenzene
III.

Reaction Mechanism : Chlorination of benzene is an example of electrophilic substitution.

These electrophilic substitution reactions involving the generation of a powerful electrophile
(electron pair acceptor) which subsequently attacks the electron rich (pi) electron system of
the double bond. Arenes tend to undergo substitution, rather than addition, because substitutions
allows the very stable benzene ring to remain intact.
Chlorine is bubbled into a mixture of the arene and anhydrous aluminium chloride catalyst.
Other catalysts like anhydrous iron(III) chloride can be used, and they are collectively known as
halogen carriers.

Electrophilic substitution by halogen in benzene ring

The non-polar and uncharged chlorine molecule is not a strong enough an electrophile to disrupt
the pi electron system of the benzene ring. The aluminium chloride reacts with a chlorine
molecule to form a positive chlorine ion Cl+ which is a much stronger electron pair
accepting electrophile and a tetrachloroaluminate(III) ion (either this or an AlCl 3-Cl2 complex details not needed for A level).

An electron pair from the delocalised pi electrons of the benzene ring forms a C-Cl bond with
the electron pair accepting positive chlorine ion forming a highly unstable carbocation. It is very
unstable because the stable electron arrangement of the benzene ring is partially broken to give a
'saturated' C (top right of ring).

The tetrachloroaluminate(III) ion, formed in step (1), abstracts a proton from the highly unstable
intermediate carbocation to give the chloro-aromatic product, hydrogen chloride gas and reform
the aluminium chloride catalyst.

IV.

Uses of Chlorobenzene

10

sChlorobenzene is mainly used as raw material for the synthesis of chemicals including
triphenylphosphine (catalyst for organic synthesis), phenylsilane, and thiophenol (pesticide and
pharmaceutical intermediate). It is also used as raw material for the synthesis of solvent for
organic synthesis reactions including methylenediphenyldiisocyanate, urethane raw material,
agriculturaladjuvants, paint and ink, and cleaning solvent for electronics. Chlorobenzene was
previously used as raw material for the synthesis of o- and p-nitrochlorobenzene and 2,4dinitrochlorobenzene.

1. Problem Statement
Model a Chlorobenzene production plant in Aspen Plus software utilizing the following design
specification and given parameters.
Design Specifications:
1. Produce more than 95 mol percent pure monochlorobenzene
2. Produce more than 80 mol percent pure p-dichlorobenzene
Given Parameters:
Reactions:
C6H6

+ Cl2

C6H5Cl

+ HCl

C6H5Cl + Cl2

C6H5Cl2

+ HCl

Feed:
a) Benzene:
Flow rate = 200 kmol/hr
Purity = 95 mol %
b) Chlorine gas:
Flow rate = 500 kmol/hr
Purity = 100 mol %
Conditions: ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure
Caustic:
Flow rate = 25 kmol/hr
Composition = 10 mol% NaOH (balance Water)

11

Conditions: ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure

4 .FLOW SHEET

Flow Sheet of Chlorobenzene Plant

5.Process Simulation in Aspen Plus

12

We have two reactant benzene and chlorine. Chlorine is in the vapour phase ,we have to compress it
upto 2.4 bar pressure ,for this purpose we are using compressor block in aspen plus.Benzene is in the
liquid phase ,for pumping benzene to the reactor at reaction pressure 2.4 bar we are using centrifugal
pump.
According to our literature review ,reaction will give maximum amount of monochlorobenzene at
400C.We are using heat exchanger to increase the temperature of the both streams, HEATER block will
be right choice because it perform simple energy balance and require only one process stream.
Now, two streams feed to the reactor one from the chlorine heater and other one from benzene
heater.First we have to select the right model for our reactor from seven reactor model in aspen plus. We
will use RCSTR block .In this reactor chlorination reaction occur. Reaction occur in two phase,in which
vapour is drawoff and liquid effulent move to washer.
In washer remaining hydrogen chloride react with the caustic solution. It is neutralisation reaction
between HCL and NaOH.Then we remove waste stream and from the washer a process stream is sent to
a benzene separator(DSTWU BLOCK) where unreacted benzene is drawoff and can be used as recycle
stream. Bottom product is sent to chlorobenzene separator(DSTWU BLCOK) which separate the
monochlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene. Following are the general steps for the simulation.
1. Start: Open new simulation tab in aspen plus and choose general metric unit. Specify the title of
the project Chlorobenzene Plant.
2. Components specification: Input the all the components of the chlorobenzene plant
benzene,chlorine , monochlorobenzene ,p-dichlorobenzene ,caustic soda, sodium chloride,water
and hydrogen chloride.

Figure 2. Component specification

3. Flowsheet window: We are using RCSTR block as main reactor,because rigorous simulation is
needed. RCSTR will perform simulation of ideal reactor under specific conditions. For the
CSTR two design variable are needed (pressure and temperature), specification of valid phases,
and a reactor specification.

13

We are using RSTOIC as a washer, for the neutralisation reaction between HCL and NAOH. We
are using HEATER block as heat exchanger because it perform simple energy balance and
require only one process stream. Use Heater block as a heat exchanger to provide the desired
temperature of the feed streams. We are using DSTWU block for the separation of the unreacted
benzene and separation of the monochlorobenzene and p-dichlorobenzene.DSTWU method is s
shortcut method for the simple separation.

Figures 3 flow-sheet window

Table 5.1 Various Streams
Stream Name
CL-Feed
BZ-Feed
CL-Feed1
BZ-Feed1
CL Feed2
BZ-Feed2
P-VAP
P-LIQ
CAUSTIC
WASTE
CRUDE
P-BZ
BTMS
P-MONO
P-DI

Attached Block
Inlet for chlorine compressor
Inlet for benzene pump
Inlet for chlorine heat exchanger
Inlet for benzene heat exchanger
Inlet for RCSTR reactor
Inlet for RCSTR reactor
Outlet from RCSTR ,vapour draw Off
Outlet from RCSTR (contain liquid product )
Inlet for Washer (contain caustic wash)
Outlet from Washer(contain water)
Inlet for benzene separator(contains unreacted
benzene and chlorobenzene product
Outlet from benzene separator(contain unreacted
benzene )
Outlet
from
benzene
separator(contain
chlorobenzene product)
Outlet from chlorobenzene separator(contain
monochlorobenzene)
Outlet from chlorobenzene separator(contain pdichlorobenzene)

4. Blocks In Aspen Plus

1) Reactor: Reactions are usually the heart of the chemical processes in which relatively
cheap raw materials are converted to more economically favorable products. In other
cases, reactions play essential safety and environmental protection roles. In any case,

14

proper design and operation of the reactor is required to provide the desired outcome.
Such design is usually based on thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and transport studies
coupled with experience and economic considerations. When studying chemical reactions
we need to determine what are the reactants and products needed, to what extent will the
reaction proceed, and how fast it will proceed. The study of such factors in addition to the
detailed design of the reactor consist the chemical reaction engineering field in which
process simulation can be of great help. There are seven blocks for reaction modeling in
Aspen that can perform calculations based on the stoichiometry, yield, equilibrium, and
Gibbs minimization, plus the kinetic models for CSTR and PFR. In addition, a batch
model is available for batch reactors.
RStoic: When the reaction stoichiometry is known but information on kinetics
isnot available (or not important). The block must have one or more feed streams,
one required output stream. Optional connections are the water decant and input
and output heat streams.We are using RStoic block as washer .In washer
neutralisation reaction between HCL and Caustic will occur
RYield: The second block in the Reactors library, RYield, performs the
calculations based on the yield. This block does not require exact information
about the stoichiometry or kinetics. Similar input to that of RStoic is needed here
for the exit stream. The yield is defined as mole or mass of each component per
total mass input to the block. Inert components can be defined in the same form
and will not be included in the yield. No heat of reaction can be calculated here
because the stoichiometry of the reaction is not known.
REquil: When one or more reactions involved are equilibrium reaction, the
REquil block can be used. The block requires knowledge of the reaction
stoichiometry, and performs chemical and phase equilibrium reactions. Unlike the
previous blocks, the REquil block has a vapour and liquid phase product streams
(both are required). The only required information for this block is the output
stream and the reaction.
RCSTR: When rigorous simulation of reactors is needed, the RCSTR is used.
This block perform simulation of ideal reactors operated under specific
conditions. For the CSTR two design variables are needed (pressure and
temperature or heat duty), specification of the valid phases, and a reactor
specification. For the plug reactor, a specification is needed for the type of the
reactor (specific temperature, adiabatic, or cooled). Depending on the type choice,
the required specification will vary temperature or temperature profile, no
specifications are needed or heat transfer coefficient.

5. Stream input: Provide the specification of the feed streams (Benzene feed, Chlorine feed, Caustic
material) according to the problem statement. Our benzene feed stream contain 95% pure
benzene at 293 K and 1 atm with the flow rate of 200 kmol/hr Our chlorine feed contains 100%
pure chlorine at 293 k temperature and 1 atm with flow rate of 500 kmol/hr. Caustic feed for the
washer contain 10% aq. NaOH with the flow rate of 25 kmol/hr.

15

Figures 4 benzene Feed

Figures 5 Caustic Feed Stream Input Window

16

Figure 6 Chlorine Feed Stream Window

6. Block Input: Specify the discharge pressure of 2.4 bar in pump and compressor block. Then
specify the input for the heater block with 328 K and 2.4 bar pressure. Now specify the input for
distillation block(DSTWU),first for the benzene separator(DIST1) use reflux ratio 1.5 and select
benzene as heavy component and chlorobenzene as light component. Then input the data for the
chlorobenzene separator(DIST1),here monochlorobenzene is light component and pdicholorobenzene as heavy component.

17

Figures 8 Chlorine Compressor Window

Figures 9 Benzene Pump window

18

Benzene Heat Exchanger

Chlorine Heat Exchanger

19

RCSTR Block Window

Reactions specification window

20

Washer Block

Benzene separator

21

Chlorobenzene separator
7. Run: After completion of all input, Aspen Plus will indicate all input are complete. After click on
the run button, Aspen Plus generates the results with stream table, individual block wise.

6. RESULTS
1. Streams Table: In Aspen Plus results tab we get stream table .In stream table various parameters of
different streams specify like temperature, pressure, mole flow,components flow rate in stream etc.
From stream table we can conclude how much reactant transform into useful product molar flow rate
table of P-liq stream is given below which comes from RCSTR block.Flow rate given in kmol/hr.
Total mole flow rate of P-liq
Benzene
chlorine
monochlorobenzene
p-dichlorobenzene
water
HCL

138.069
93.229
19.201
19.243
3.373
2.743
0.280
Table 6.1 P-liq stream

Similarly we can check purity of monchlorobenzene in P-mono stream.

Total flow rate of P-mono stream (kmol/hr)
Benzene
Chlorine
Monochlorobenzene
p-dichlorobenzene
water

19.449
0.932
trace
18.481
0.034
0.002

22

Purity of monochlorobenzene =

(18.481/19.449)*100 = 94.77% Purity

Similarly we can check purity of p-dichlorobenzene in P-Di stream

Total mole flow rate P-Di stream (kmol/hr)
6.217
p-dichlorobenzene
3.340
NaOH
2.220
NACL
0.280
Benzene
Trace
Chlorine
Trace
Table 6.2 P-di stream
2.Block results:
A. PUMP

B. Chlorine Compressor

C. Benzene Heater

23

D. Chlorine Heater

E. Reactor(RCSTR)

F. Washer

24

G. Benzene Separator(DIST1)

3.Overall Mass Balance

Components
Benzene
Chlorine
Mononchlorobenzene
p-dichlorobenzene
NaOH
NaCl
Water
HCL

In(kmol/hr)
190
500
0
0
2.50
0
32.50
0
Table 6.3 Overall Mass balance

TOTAL BALANCE
Moles(kmol/hr) in = 725.00

Out(kmol/hr)
164.828
471.365
21.7081
3.46342
2.21
0.280305
32.78033
28.3546

25

Moles (kmol/hr) out = 725.00

7.SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Aspen plus provide us sensitivity tool under model analysis tab.In sensitivity analysis we will vary flow
rate of benzene from 200 kmol/hr to 300 kmol/hr and effect of this variation on production of
monochlorobenzene and p-dichlorobenzene.

Benzene flow rate (kmol/hr)

200
220
240
260
280
300

Monochlorobenzene(mol frac)
0.9506
0.9512
0.9517
0.9520
0.9523
0.9525

p-dichlorobenezene(mol frac)
0.5573
0.5916
0.6196
0.6430
0.6627
0.6797

26

Graph 7.1

Sensitivity analysis

From this plot we can conclude molefraction of monchlorobenzene will increase in P-mono stream by
increase the moler flow rate of benzene from 200 to 300kmol/hr.

Graph 7.2 Sensitivity analysis

Similarly we can see ,by increasing flow rate of benzene from 200 to 300 kmol/hr ,mole fraction of pdichlorobenzene will increase in P-Di stream.

27

8.CONCLUSION
From this project work, it can be concluded that the simulation of chlorobenzene successfully done and
parameters and conditions obtained are practically feasible.For the design of production plant we got
various specification of process equipment like pump, reactor ,distillation column. Under the specified
condition we got 95% pure monochlorobenzene.

28

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1.

"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0121".National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH).

2. U. Beck, E. Lser "Chlorinated Benzenes and other Nucleus-Chlorinated Aromatic

Hydrocarbons" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2012, Wiley-VCH,
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3.

Rossberg, Manfred; Lendle, Wilhelm; Pfleiderer, Gerhard; Tgel, Adolf; Dreher, EberhardLudwig; Langer, Ernst; Rassaerts, Heinz; Kleinschmidt, Peter; Strack, Heinz; Cook, Richard;
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Booth, Gerald (2000). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry - Nitro Compounds,

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5. Weber, Manfred; Weber, Markus; Kleine-Boymann, Michael (2004). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia

of Industrial Chemistry - Phenol".doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_299.pub2. ISBN 3527306730.
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carbon
sources". Systematic
and
Applied
Microbiology 28 (8):
695
701. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2005.05.011. PMID 16261859. editErratum: Rehfuss, M. (2006).
"Erratum to "Rhodococcus phenolicussp. nov., a novel bioprocessor isolated actinomycete with
the ability to degrade chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and phenol as sole carbon sources"
[Systematic and Applied Microbiology 28 (2005) 695701]". Systematic and Applied
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CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

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McCabe, W., Smith, J. and Harriott, P. (2004). Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (7th
ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-284823-5.

9. Kister, Henry Z. (1992). Distillation Design (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-034909-6.
10. King, C.J. (1980). Separation Processes (2nd ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-034612-7.
11. Perry, Robert H. and Green, Don W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook (6th ed.).
McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-049479-7.
Felder, R., Roussea, W. (2005). Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes (3rd ed.).
Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-68757-3.
12. Beychok, Milton (May 1951). "Algebraic Solution of McCabe-Thiele Diagram". Chemical
Engineering Progress.
13. Seader, J. D., and Henley, Ernest J. (1998). Separation Process Principles. New York:
Wiley. ISBN 0-471-58626-9.
14. Process Simulation and Control Using Aspen plus, Jana AK
15. Distillation Design And Control Using ASEPN Simulation,William L. Luyben
16. Unit Process P.H. Groggins

29

17. Study Of Chlorobenzene Plant,Lafayette College