BSCS Final Exam Review

2014-2015

Exam Schedule
Wednesday 6/24
Book Return (11:50am 12:20pm)
Rm 351
Exam Period 2 (12:30-2:00pm)
C = Rm 260
G = Rm 261

What to bring to the exam:

Pen or pencil (GradeCam sheet uses
either)
Hard candy? Gum?
Water? (avoid diuretic just before/during
exam)
Make sure you get a good nights sleep!
In the morning eat a good breakfast
(high carb!)

Unit 1

EngagE/ Evolution

Scientific Method
1. Observe a
problem
2. Make a hypothesis
3. Perform an
experiment
4. Analyze data
5. Make a conclusion
6. Repeat or publish

What makes a good

expt?
One variable only
everything else is the
same: controlled
variables or constants
Control group
Experimental group
(has the one variable
youre testing)
Large sample size.

Review of Unit 1
Lab 1-1: The Roly Poly Lab
Controlled experiments (change only one
variable)

Lab 1-2: Becoming a Keen Observer

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Data
Observations/Evidence vs. Inferences

Journal 1-1: Lucy

Observations vs. Inferences

Journal 1-2: Modeling Earths History

Fossils and ages of the Earth; life or O 2
first?

Review of Unit 1
Journal 1-3: I Know Beans
OCVSRS (Natural Selection vs. Artificial
Selection)

Journal 1-4: Evolution in Action

- Bacteria can already be resistant (NOT
immune)
- Overuse of antibiotics causes natural
selection

Review Unit 1
Evidence for Change Across
Time
Developmental Biologists
Similarities between DNA
indicates relatedness
Similarities in embryonic
development between different
species shows relatedness

Paleontologists
Fossils show similarities to
currently living species (but
also show descent with
modification)
Where fossils are found in the
strata can indicate age

Review Unit 1
Evidence for Change Across Time
Evolutionary Biologists
Homologous structures
show descent with
modification (bone
structure)
Vestigial structures are now
useless, but tell us about
our ancestors

Physical Anthropologists
Hominid fossils are
examined to see
similarities and differences
between humans, other
primates, and these fossils
Brain size has increased

Review Unit 1
Describing Life &
Classification
Characteristics of life include:
DNA
Cells
Growth and development
Evolution
Homeostasis (ability to maintain a stable
internal environment)
Obtain and use energy
Reproduction

Review Unit 1
Evolution and Classification
Phylogenetic trees
Show relatedness of
organisms
Show when certain traits
developed

Some species go through

rapid diversification,
others stay the same for
long periods
Convergent evolution
start different, develop
similar traits because of
environmental pressure
Divergent evolution
start the same, traits
diverge (homologous
traits)

Review Unit 1
The Six Kingdoms
Archaebacteria are
primitive prokaryotes
that live in harsh places
Eubacteria are unicellular
prokaryotes (ex. E. coli)
Protists are eukaryotes
that dont fit into any
other category
Fungi are molds, yeast,
mushrooms that absorb
food (no
photosynthesis!)
Plants are photosynthetic
Animals are found in
MANY different forms

Case Study:
Im Looking Over a White Striped
Clover
Different varieties of
clover survive better
depending on the
conditions (Natural
Selection!)
Plain
Nonpoisonous (survive
cold, die from
predation)

White-striped
Poisonous (die with
cold, predators avoid)

Unit 2

Ecology and energy

Review of Unit 2
Journal 2-1: Interactions in the World
Around Us
Abiotic vs. Biotic; positive & negative influences

Vocab: Symbiosis and interactions

Competition, Symbiosis, and Predation

Fish Kill Mystery Lab 2-1 (pH Lab) and Lab

2-2
Scientists make hypotheses and predictions and
then test those predictions
pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, greater
than 7 is basic

Review of Unit 2
Journal 2-2: Mystery on Easter Island
Logistic vs. Exponential Growth
Carrying capacity
Limiting Factors
Journal 2-3: Energy Inc.
10% rule
Lab 2-2: Owl Pellets
Food Webs, Ecological Pyramids,
Biological Magnification

Review of Unit 2
Photosynthesis Notes
Plants do photosynthesis to convert light energy
into chemical energy (sugar)

6COreactions
O then
C6 H
6O2
Light
Calvin
2 6H 2first,
12 O 6 Cycle

Lab 2-3: Elodea Lab

Plants need carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll, and
light to do photosynthesis
Plants can do cellular respiration, too just like the
snails.
BTB = indicator of acid (CO2 production)

Photosynthesis

Review of Unit 2
Cellular Respiration Notes
ALL cells do cellular respiration to convert
chemical energy (sugar) into a form of usable
energy (ATP)
C 6 H12O 6 6O 2 6CO 2 6H 2 O

Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport

Fermentation Notes
Produce lactic acid or alcohol

Lab 2-4: Clothespin Olympics

Intense exercise depletes oxygen in muscles,
causing cells to switch to fermentation

Cellular Respiration

Review of Unit 2
Journal 2-4: Releasing Energy
Organisms use cellular respiration to
release energy in grain slowly

Summary:
Everything is connected through food
webs and other interactions
The sun is the ultimate energy source

Review of Unit 2
Nutrient Cycle Notes
Water, Carbon, and Nitrogen cycles
Energy DOES NOT recycle, it flows

Unit 3

Biochemistry and
Digestion

Review of Unit 3
Journal 3-1: The molecules in your food
Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
Dehydration synthesis and Hydrolysis

Lab 3-1: Nutrient Testing Lab

Positive/Negative control groups
What nutrients are in different foods

Journal 3-2: Calculating Nutrients in Fast

Food
Journal 3-3: Protein Folding
Protein structure (primary, secondary, etc)

Review of Unit 3
Journal 3-4: Enzyme Structure and
Function
How enzymes work

Lab 3-2: Enzyme Lab

Optimum conditions for certain enzymes
(catalase)
Denaturation

Lab 3-3: Glucose Testing Lab

Control groups
Salivary amylase and biosynthesis

Unit 4

Internal Environment of
Organisms

Journal 4-1: Can you stand the

heat?
Homeostasis keeping the internal
environment constant
We have to monitor
Temperature
pH
Nutrient levels (like blood
sugar)
Blood pressure

Lab 4-1: Egg Osmosis

Journal 4-2: Diffusion Demos
Eggs: Water moves in and/or out to
maintain homeostasis
Dialysis tube: Membranes are
selectively permeable (only let iodine
through)
Plant cell: Water moves in and/or out
to maintain homeostasis

Journal 4-3: Bubble

Membranes

Cell membranes are fluid and flexible

Cell membranes are selectively permeable
They allow through small, hydrophobic things
They stop larger, hydrophilic, or charged things

Transport proteins help substances through

that otherwise wouldnt be allowed

Notes: Membranes and

Transport
Membrane structure
Diffusion movement down
a gradient using no energy
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis (water diffusion)

Notes: Membranes and

Transport
Osmosis
Water moves when the solute cant
Water moves towards the area of more
solute

Notes: Membranes and

Transport
Active Transport
Needs energy
Usually goes up a gradient

Protein pumps
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

Lab 4-2: Cell Size and

Diffusion
Cells must remain small
As a cell gets bigger it needs more
nutrients
The cells surface area doesnt get big
enough fast enough
A large cell cant get enough nutrients
Think of heat vents in this room and the
gym

Journal 4-3: Putting

Cells in Perspective
Prokaryotes
Simple, bacterial cells
No membrane-bound organelles
(including nucleus)

Eukaryotes
Plants, animals, fungi, protists
Membrane-bound organelles
are present

Both have DNA, cell membrane,

ribosomes, and cytoplasm

Journal 4-3: Putting Cells in

Perspective
Plant Cell

Animal Cell

Journal 4-5: Cell Organelles

Organelles:

Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Golgi Body
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Lysosome
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Centriole

Journal 4-6:
Regulating the Internal
Environment

Homeostasis
Respiratory System
gas exchange
between capillary &
alveoli
Digestive System
absorbs nutrients
via villi
Urinary System
gets rid of wastes

Digestive System
Journal 3-5:
Digestive system
Mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small
intestine, large
intestine, liver,
gallbladder,
pancreas, pepsin,
amylase, lipase,
protease, lactase

Journal 4-6:
Regulating the Internal
Environment

Circulatory System
Transports
materials
Structure and
function of the
heart

Unit 5

Gene action

Journal 5-1: DNA Extraction

To see DNA, we have to get rid of
everything else in the cell
Soap is hydrophobic so it breaks open
the membrane
Ethanol attracts the DNA because it has
similar properties

DNA is tiny and hard to see, but with

LOTS of DNA it becomes visible to the
naked eye

Journal 5-2: Nature vs.

Nurture
Many traits are determined by a
combination of genes and the environment
Chromosomes are coiled and compacted
DNA
Humans have 23 chromosome pairs

Chromosomes contain genes (segments of

DNA with instructions to build protein)
Alleles are different versions of
the genes
Genotype = which alleles you have
Phenotype = your observable trait

Journal 5-3:
DNA modeling with
LEGOS
DNA is a nucleic acid made of nucleotides

A nucleotide is made of 3 parts: Sugar,

Phosphate group, and a Nitrogenous base
(A, T, C, G, U)
DNA is a double-stranded helix
Sugar-phosphate backbone
The bases connect the strands

Base-pairing rules
(complementary bases):
Adenine and Thymine
Cytosine and Guanine

Journal 5-4
History of
DNA
Griffith
Conclusion: Some
chemical factor is
transferred from
dead S bacteria into
living R bacteria (transforming them into S)

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

Isolated DNA, RNA, and protein from bacteria
Conclusion: DNA is necessary for transformation
to occur (DNA is the molecule of heredity)

Journal 5-4
History of DNA
Hershey and
Chase
Conclusion:
viruses inject DNA
(not protein) into
the host
DNA contains the
hereditary
material (not
protein)

Journal 5-5 and 5-6:

Genes, Proteins, and
Disease

The sequence of bases in your DNA (a

gene) determines the RNA that will be
built
The RNA is then used as a template to
build a specific protein
The protein has a specific shape
important for its function
The shape of the protein could affect the
shape and/or function of the cell
The shape and/or function of the cell
could affect the whole organism
A change (mutation) in the original DNA
may affect phenotype

Journal 5-7:
A Closer Look at Protein
Synthesis
Transcription Making RNA
using DNA as a template
The RNA strand is
complementary to the DNA

RNA is made of
nucleotides, but has a
different sugar, Uracil
instead of Thymine, is only
single stranded, and
travels out of the nucleus
into the cytoplasm.

Journal 5-7:
A Closer Look at Protein
Synthesis

Translation Using mRNA as a

template to make a protein

Occurs at the ribosome

The ribosome reads the 3-letter
words on the RNA (codons)
tRNA brings the amino acid that
corresponds to that codon and
adds it to the growing amino acid chain

Mutations change the codon, so they

can: change the amino acid, have no
effect, or add a stop codon (ending the
protein early)

Journal 5-7:
A Closer Look at Protein
Synthesis
Mutations change the codon, so they
can:
change the amino acid (missense)
have no effect (silent)
or add a stop codon (nonsense ending the protein early)

Journal 5-8: Biotech Web

Lesson
Gel Electrophoresis
sorts DNA pieces by
size
DNA is cut with
restriction enzymes and
then run through the
gel
DNA moves because it
has a negative charge
Large pieces of DNA get
caught in the agar and
move more slowly

Lab 5-1: Testing for

hypercholesterolemia gene
Gel electrophoresis can be used to
diagnose disease (LDLR mutation)
We were NOT testing for symptoms of
hypercholesterolemia!
Lanes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Markers
2 Normal genes
2 Mutated genes
Mom
Sally
Dad

Unit 6

Reproduction and
Development

Journal 6-1:
A Zillion Ways to Make More
There are lots of different ways to
reproduce in nature

Journal 6-2
Reproductive Strategies

Lab 6-1: Planaria

Regeneration Lab
Planaria use both sexual and
asexual reproduction
They use regeneration as
asexual reproduction
When using regeneration,
the new planaria is identical to
the parent
Asexual reproduction is advantageous
because it is quick and uses less energy
than sexual
Sexual reproduction provides variation that
asexual does not

Mitosis vocabulary
Centrioles create
spindle fiber
Spindle pull sister
chromatids apart
Sister Chromatids
attached pieces of a
replicated
chromosome
(identical)
Centromere piece of
the chromosome that
holds the sister
chromatids together

Journal 6-3:
Mitosis Internet Lesson
Cell Cycle is the life
cycle of a cell
Interphase is the
growth phase
Cell division

Mitosis is the division

of the nucleus
Cytokinesis is division
of the cytoplasm
Cell division includes
both Mitosis and
Cytokinesis

DNA Replication S phase of

Interphase
DNA Replication is semiconservative (each new
DNA molecule contains half
of the original DNA
molecule)
Enzymes control this:
Helicase unzips the DNA
strands
DNA Polymerase adds
complementary bases to each
strand

Journal 6-3: Mitosis Web

Lesson

Mitosis:

Prophase (longest)
Metaphase:
chromosomes line in
the center of the cell
Anaphase: Sister
chromatids split and
go to opposite ends
Telophase: Opposite
of prophase, plus
cytokinesis

Mitosis
Identify cells in
different phases
Interphase is NOT
part of mitosis
Interphase takes the
longest as shown by
the large number of
cells seen in this
phase
Within mitosis,
prophase takes the
longest because a
lot is happening

Journal 6-4: Faces of Cancer

Cancer occurs more
later in life as
mutations accumulate
There are lots of
different kinds of
cancers
There are factors that
can put you at higher
risk of cancer
(including family
history, smoking, diet,
etc)

Journal 6-4b:
Cancer and the Cell Cycle
Cancer is caused by
mutations in the genes
that control cell
division
Proto-oncogenes get
turned on permanently,
like a gas pedal telling
the cell to keep dividing
Tumor suppressor genes
get turned off, like a
brake pedal that doesnt
work, allowing the cell to
keep dividing

Reproductive System
Organs

Journal 6-5: Hormonal

Control of the Reproductive
Cycle
Endocrine system
produces
hormones
Pituitary gland,
hypothalamus,
ovaries, testes
Hormones send
messages through
the circulatory
system

Journal 6-5: Hormonal

Control of the Reproductive
Cycle
Males:
LH from pituitary
stimulates testes to
release testosterone
FSH from pituitary
stimulates sperm
production
Testosterone from
testes stimulates
sperm production
and turns off the
pituitary

Journal 6-5: Hormonal

Control of the Reproductive
Cycle
Females
FSH (pituitary) stimulates the
egg to develop (ovary)
An LH spike (pituitary)
stimulates ovulation from the
ovary
The ovary releases estrogen to
thicken the uterine lining
After ovulation, the corpus
luteum produces progesterone,
thickening the uterine lining

Pregnant - fetus makes HCG

to keep the corpus luteum
around
Not pregnant - the corpus
luteum disintegrates and
the uterine lining sheds
(Menstruation)

Journal 6-6: Gamete

Formation
Meiosis formation of
gametes (sperm and
egg)
Halves the number of
chromosomes (diploid to
haploid)
Tetrad set of replicated,
homologous
chromosomes
Homologous
chromosomes - same
genes, different alleles

Journal 6-5:
Gamete Formation
Meiosis 1
Crossing over (DNA pieces
swap) occurs
Homologous
chromosomes separate
Cells go from diploid to
haploid

Meiosis 2
Sister chromatids
separate
Cells remain haploid

Oogenesis egg
formation (1 usable egg)
Spermatogenesis
sperm formation

Journal 6-7: Birth Control

Method
Physical barriers stop sperm from reaching
the egg (condom, sterilization, diaphragm,
etc)
Chemical methods kill sperm (spermicide)
or use hormones to prevent a woman from
ovulating (The pill, injections, IUD, etc)
Behavioral methods are changes in
behavior to prevent pregnancy (abstinence,
family planning)
Pregnancy prevention and STD protection
are NOT the same thing!

Lab 6-3:
Flowering Plant
Reproduction
Non-reproductive
structures
Sepals
Petals

Male structures
(stamen)
Anther (C)
Filament (B)
Pollen (D)

Female structures
(Pistil)
Stigma (G)
Style (F)
Ovary (E) and Ovule (H)

Unit 7

Continuity of information
through inheritance

Lab 7-1: Effects of Heredity

and Environment on Corn
Albinism is recessive in
corn
Two carrier parents are
expected to have
albino offspring
Plants needs light to
produce chlorophyll,
even if they have the
allele
Deviations from
expected ratios are
usually due to sample
size

Journal 7-1:
Chances
Choices
Punnett squares help

predict outcomes of
matings
There is a biochemical
basis for dominance
Every egg and sperm
contains only one
copy of each gene
Pedigrees can be
useful in tracking a
trait

Journal 7-2:
Probability and Genetics
Genes vs. alleles
Genotype vs. phenotype
Heterozygous 2
different alleles
Homozygous 2 identical
alleles
Dominant vs. recessive
Dominant more common!

Probability is just chance

the actual outcome
could differ from
predicted
Larger sample sizes bring
us closer to predicted
numbers

Journal 7-3:
Genetics Problem Solving
Using Punnett squares

Make an allele key

Write parent genotypes
Make a Punnett square
Each column/row
represents one sperm
or egg
Each box represents a
baby

More than 1 gene

use probability!
Remember that each
gamete has one copy
of each gene

Multiply probabilities
when two (or more)
events BOTH happen

Journal 7-3: Solving

Pedigrees
Pedigrees are like family
trees
Shaded symbols mean
they have a certain trait
Figure out the genotypes
by looking at the parents
and offspring of each
person
If you cant tell what the
genotype is, dont guess
(leave it as Dd or DD
OR D__)

Types of Genetics Problems

Mendelian Laws
Dominance vs.
recessive
Alleles segregate/
separate from each
other
Genes on different
chromosomes
independently assort
(move around
separately in meiosis)

Mendelian problems
1-factor crosses Bb x bb
2-factor crosses SsRr x
ssrr

Incomplete Dominance
3 phenotypes
3rd is heterozygous/ blend
ex. Brown, white, tan

Co-dominance
See both traits
Ex. cats with both orange
and black fur

Multiple (>2) Alleles

Blood Types
A, B, O alleles

Polygenic
Many genes control a trait