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МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ
МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ
I
1. . .
.
. .
X Y
x X f
y Y . ,
y x y = f ( x ). x
( ), y
, X - ()
, Y () .
xOy,
y = f (x ),
.
. :
y = y( x ), y = F (x ), y = g ( x ).
U
, ,
,
()
.
: ,
.
U
y=const, x
x
- ),
y = a (0 < a 1),
log a x(0 < a 1), sin x, cos x, tgx, ctgx
:
f (x ) = x 1 x 3 , f (x ) = log 2 sin x e x , f (x ) = arctg 3 x .
,
:
1.
P ( x ) = a 0 x n + a1 x n 1 + a 2 x n 2 + K + a n 1 x + a n ,
n 0 - , a 0 = 0, a1 , a 2 , K , a n -
(), ,
n .
(
).
2.
a x n + a1 x n1 + K + a n1 x + a n
R(x ) = 0 m
b0 x + b1 x m1 + K + bm1 x + bm
.
3. ,
,
.
4. ,
, .
U
5. ( ).
u, u
x, x.
y = F (u ) u = (x ) . x
U
y = F [ (x )] - .
.
1 , 2 , , x n , ,
> 0 N = N(), x n a < n
> N.
lim x n = a .
U
, x a .
y = f ( x )
.
1. y = f ( x ) b
U
( y b ) ( x a ),
U
>0
> 0, ,
x a < f ( x ) b < . b
y = f ( x ) x a ,
lim f ( x ) = b .
x a
1. f ( x ) b1 x a ,
, lim f ( x ) = b1 , b 1
B
x a 0
.
, lim f ( x ) = b2 b 2
U
xa +0
. x 0 + 0 x 0 0 ,
x +0 x 0 .
2. f (x ) b
x , > 0
N > 0, ,
x > N f ( x ) b < .
U
2. .
.
,
, x a x .
x a , x ,
.
1. ,
:
lim (u1 + u 2 + ... + u k ) = lim u1 + lim u 2 + ... + lim u k
xa
xa
xa
xa
2. ,
.
lim u1 u 2 ... u k = lim u1 lim u 2 ... lim u k
.
:
lim u1 = a1 , lim cu1 = lim c lim u1 = c lim u1 . .
3.
, 0:
u lim u
=
lim v 0 .
v lim v
4.
u = u( x ); z = z ( x ); v = v ( x )
u z v , u v x a x
b, z = z(x) x a ( x )
.
5. x a ( x ) y
y 0 y b , b
b 0 .
6.
u = u(x ) v=v(x), x a
lim
( x ) u( x ) v ( x ) ,
lim u( x ) lim v ( x ) .
xa
x a
7. v , ..
, ,
, .. v < M,
lim v = a , < M.
-0, - .
0
, , {0 }, { }, 1
0
.
{ }
)
U
lim
x 0
sin x
x 0 (
x
U
sin x
= 1.
x
e.
1. 1 +
n
= lim 1 + .
n
n
.
: =2, 7182818284...
n :
U
.
1 +
x
, :
x
lim 1 + = .
x
x
3.
, .
.
. .
.
, y = f (x )
.
1. f (x ) x , ..
,
>0, > 0,
, x a < ,
U
f (x) > M .
f (x ) x a , lim f ( x ) = .
xa
f (x )
, , f (x ) + ,
, - f (x ) .
2. f (x )
,
M > 0 , ,
, f ( x ) M .
, f (x )
.
U
3. f (x )
x a , ,
.
U
4. f (x )
x , N > 0 ,
,
U
| x |> N , f (x ) .
1. lim f ( x ) = b b ,
x a
f (x ) x a .
3. f (x )
, lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = , .. f (x )
x a
, .
1. (x )
x a x , lim ( x ) = 0 , lim ( x ) = 0 .
U
x a
1. = ( x ) 0 x a ( x )
0, y = 1 .
2.
.
3. (x )
z = z (x ) x a ( x ),
.
C 1. lim = 0 , lim = 0 , lim = 0 .
2. lim = 0 , c = const , lim c = 0 .
( x)
5.
z( x)
(x ) , 0,
.
U
,
, ,
.
1. /
, .. lim / = const 0, A = const ,
xa
, lim / = 1 / A 0 ,
xa
.
2. /
, .. lim / = 0 (
lim / = ),
, ,
,
.
3.
k- ,
k , ..
k
lim / = A 0.
U
x a
4. /
, .. lim / = 1 ,
x a
( ~ ).
U
= f(x)
0 0 .
0 = f(x 0 ).
= 0 +,
. ,
:
0 + = f(x 0 +).
= f(x 0 +)
f(x 0 ).
B
. = f(x)
= 0 ( 0 ),
0
lim y = 0
U
UBU
UBU
UBU
UBU
x 0
, ,
lim [ f ( x 0 + x ) f ( x 0 )] = 0 .
x 0
lim f ( x 0 + x ) = f ( x 0 ) .
x 0
. = f () 0
U
UBU
:
1) 0,
2) lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) ,
B
x x0 + 0
x x0 0
3)
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ).
x x0 + 0
x x0 0
, 0 = f () . = 0
.
. = f () ,
lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 + 0) lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 0) ,
B
x x0 + 0
x x0 0
1) lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) , = 0
x x0 + 0
x x0 0
1- ,
2) lim f ( x) = lim
x x0 +0
x x0 0
f ( x) ,
= 0 , = 0 .
, .
B
1. = f ()
[a,b], [a,b]
= 1 ,
f ( 1 ) f (),
, = 2 ,
B
f ( 2 ) f (). f ( 1 )
= f () [a,b], f
( 2 ) = f ()
[a,b].
2. = f ()
[a,b],
, a b
=, .
3. = f ()
[a,b].
f ()= , f (b) =B, ,
, =,
b , f ()= .
B
4. . ,
.
.
.
.
.
y ,
, x , x 0, ..
f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 )
y
= lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
lim
f(x) x.
dy
.
f ( x), y ,
dx
.
,
=f (x) ,
. .
U
y=f(x) x 0 , ..
B
f ( x 0 + x )
y
= lim
,
x 0 x
x 0
x
lim
f(x)
x 0 .
[a ,b], [a,
b].
. f(x)
x 0 , .
, , , ,
, ..
.
U
UBU
UBU
1. 0, ..
, = const , y = 0 .
2.
, ..
y=c
, = const , y = cf (x ) .
3.
, ..
y = u( x ) + v ( x ) , y = u ( x ) + v ( x ) .
y = cf (x )
4.
, ..
y = u v, y = u v + v u .
5.
,
,
,
..
y=
u
v
, y = u v v u .
2
v
=f(x), .. ,
: y=F(u), u =(x) y=F((x)).
y=F(u) u
.
. u=(x) x
u x = ( x ) , F(u) u
y u = F (u ) , y=F((x))
x ,
y x = Fu (u ) x ( x ) , u
u=(x).
1. y = const ,
n
2. y = x ,
y' = 0 .
y ' = nx n 1 .
3. y = x ,
y' = 1 .
4. y = x ,
y' =
1
,
x
6. y = sin x ,
7. y = cos x ,
5. y =
8. y = tgx ,
9. y = ctgx ,
10. y = arcsin x ,
11. y = arccos y ,
12. y = arctgx ,
13. y = arcctgx ,
14. y = a x ,
15. y = e x ,
16. y = log a x ,
17. y = ln x ,
.
2 x
1
y' = 2 .
x
y ' = cos x .
y ' = sin x .
1
.
y' =
cos 2 x
1
.
y' =
sin 2 x
1
.
y' =
1 x2
1
.
y' =
1 x2
1
.
y' =
1+ x2
1
.
y' =
1 + x2
y ' = a x ln a .
y' = e x .
1
y ' = log a e .
x
1
y' = .
x
1. y = Cu(x ) ,
2. y = u( x ) + v ( x ) ,
3. y = u( x )v ( x ) ,
y ' = Cu ( x ) .
y = u ( x ) + v ( x ) .
y = u ( x )v ( x ) + u( x )v ( x ) .
4. y =
u( x )
,
v( x)
y' =
u ( x)v( x) u ( x)v ( x)
v 2 ( x)
5. y = f (u ), u = ( x ). y = f u (u ) x ( x ) .
1
y = f ( x)
f ' x ( x) =
6.
,
.
x' y
x = ( y)
y (x)
y = (t ), x = (t ) , t 0 t < T .
,
x = (t ) t = (x ) , y = [(x )]
:
'
y'
1
y' x = t = t .
,
y ' x = ' t ' ( x ) ,
' x =
' t x' t
't
5.
.
.
.
.
y=f(x)
[a,b].
y
.
, y = f ( x ) = lim
x 0 x
, , ,
y
= y + ,
x
, .. 0 0.
y = y x + x .
y ,
,
x .
y x
dy.
dy= y x .
. .
dy = f ( x )dx .
dy
, f ( x ) = ,
dx
U
y=f(x) [a,b].
y x.
,
. y f (x ) .
U
y . y IV , y V , y VI .
n- f(x)
(n-1)-
y ( n ) . y ( n ) = ( y ( n 1) ) -
.
6. , , .
.
7. .
.
8.
.
. , ,
. .
.
,
.
.
1. 1) f(x),
[a,b], ,
[a,b] , .. f ( x ) 0 .
2) f(x) [a,b]
(a,b), f ( x ) > 0 x (a,b),
[a,b].
() , :
2. 1) f(x),
[a,b], ,
[a,b] f ( x ) 0 .
2) f(x) [a,b]
(a,b), f ( x ) < 0 x (a,b),
[a,b].
1. f(x) x=a ,
f(a+x)<f(a) x.
2. f(x) x=a ,
f(a+x)>f(a) x.
.
1
(
). f(x)
x=x 1 ,
, .. f (x 1 )=0.
,
x.
B
, ,
.
.
, : f () =0
f () .
B
, f () =0 f ()
, .
2. ( ).
f(x) ,
x 1
( , x 1 ).
+
, x=x 1 .
+, x=x 1 .
B
, .
1. ,
(a,b),
.
2. ,
(a,b),
.
1. (a,b)
f`(x) , .. f ( x ) <0,
.
2. (a,b)
f ( x ) >0, .
. ,
, .
,
.
3. y=f(x).
f (a)=0 f (a) x=a
, x=a
.
. L ,
M ,
M L 0 .
.
1. . ,
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = , x=a
x a +0
x a 0
, ,
.
x=a , x a
f(x) , x=a .
2. .
y=f(x) ,
: =kx+b.
k b: k = lim
f ( x)
; b = lim [ f ( x ) kx ].
x
x
, .
,
:
1) ;
2) ;
3) (, ,
);
4) (, );
5) ( f (x)=0 f (x)` );
6) ( f (x)=0
f (x) );
7) ;
8) ;
9) , .
.
9. .
. .
.
: F(x)
() (a, b), F(x)
(a, b) F (x ) = f (x ) dF(x)=(x)dx
x (a, b) .
() F(x),
.
1. F(x) ()
(a, b), F() + C , C -
.
2. F(x) ()
() (a, b),
: () F(x) = C x (a, b) .
. F(x)
(), F (x ) + c
()
f ( x)dx .
F(x) (),
:
f (x )dx = F (x ) + c .
() ().
, , .
1.
f (x )dx = f (x ) .
2.
:
d
f (x )dx = f (x )dx .
3.
:
dF(x) = F(x) + .
x a +1
1. x a dx =
+ c (a 1) .
a +1
dx
2.
= ln x + c (x 0) .
x
ax
3. a x dx =
+ c (a > 0; a 1) .
ln a
4. e dx = e + c .
5. sin xdx = cos x + c .
6. cos xdx = sin x + c .
dx
7.
= tgx + c .
cos x
x
dx
8.
sin
9.
10.
x
dx
1 x
dx
1+ x
11.
12.
13.
= ctgx + c .
= arcsin x + c .
arccos x + c
= arctgx + c .
arcctgx + c
dx
2
x a
dx
2
= ln x + x 2 a 2 + c .
1
a+x
ln
+c.
2a a x
arcsin + c
dx
a
=
2
2
a x
arccos x + c
x
1
arctg + c
dx
a
a
=
14. 2
2
a +x
1 arcctg x + c
a
a
1.
:
Af (x )dx = A f (x )dx .
2.
:
( ).
3.
f (x )dx = F (x ) + c ,
1
f (x )dx = f [ (t )] (t )dt .
x = (t) ,
,
.
u = u(x) v = v(x)
.
udv = uv vdu .
.
udv
vdu, .
10.
.
. .
- :
Pn (x )
Qm ( x )
(m>n) :
R( x ) =
)(
Qm ( x ) = a m (x x1 )k (x x2 )l ... x 2 + p1 x + q1 x 2 + p 2 x + q 2 ...
:
Pn (x )
Ak
A1
A2
=
+
+ ... +
+
2
Qm (x ) x x1 ( x x1 )
(x x1 )k
Bl
B1
B2
+
+
+ ... +
+
2
( x x2 ) ( x x2 )
(x x2 )l
+
+
M 1 x + N1
x 2 + p1 x + q1
P1 x + Q1
2
x + p2 x + q2
M 2x + N2
(x
(x
+ p1 x + q1
P2 x + Q2
+ ... +
+ p2 x + q2
(x
+ ... +
M S + NS
2
(x
+ p1 x + q1
PP + QP
2
+ p2 x + q2
+ ...
11. .
1.
, sinx cosx:
tg
x
=t .
2
R(t )dt.
3) tgx,
dt
tgx = t , x = arctgt , dx =
1+ t2
.
sin
x cos n xdx , m n ,
. , n
. n=2+1 :
2p
x cos xdx =
) dt,
p
t.
)
sin
x cos n xdx , m n .
m =2p, n =2q.
:
1
1
sin 2 x = (1 cos 2 x), cos 2 x = (1 + cos 2 x).
2
2
,
sin
2p
x cos2q xdx =
2 p q (1 cos2x)
+
, ,
cos 2x .
, ).
.
,
.
1. R(x, n x, m x , )
k 1/m, 1/n, ...
x= t k , dx = kt k 1dt.
t
t.
2.
ax + b n ax + b
R x; m
;
;... .
cx + d cx + d
,
. :
ax + b
= tN,
cx + d
N m, n,
12. . .
. .
.
: , ,
.
, .
y = f(x) [a,b],
f(x) >0. , , y =
f(x), : x = a x = b.
,
[a,b] .
.
,
S n , [a, b]
( ):
B
n1
S=
lim
max xk 0
f (
k ) x k
(1)
k =0
max x k - .
f(x)
[a, b ]
k .
.
(1) max x k 0
,
k ,
f(x) [a, b ] :
b
f ( x)dx .
a
, b
. , :
b
n1
f ( x)dx =
lim
max xk 0
f (
k ) x k
k =0
,
f(x) a b.
.
,
b
dx = b a .
a
Af ( x)dx = A f ( x)dx .
2. f(x) g(x) [a, b ] ,
:
b
[a, b]
(a<b),
f ( x)dx 0 .
a
m(b a)
f ( x)dx M (b a) .
a
7. f(x) [a, b ] ,
(c (a, b )) ,
:
b
f ( x)dx = f (c)(b a) .
a
[a, x ] , a x b .
[a, b ] , [a, x ] ,
:
x
f ( x)dx = f (t )dt .
:
x
( x) =
f (t )dt
(a x b ) .
. f(x) [a, b ] ,
(x) [a, b ] ,
( x ) = f ( x ) .
-.
. f(x) [a, b ]
F(x) - f(x) [a, b ] ,
:
b
-.
b
F (b) F ( a ) = F ( x) a - .
u(x) v(x)
[a, b] .
udv = uv a vdu .
a
, ,
.
f ( x)dx ,
f(x)
.
x = (t ) .
:
. :
1. f(x) [a, b ] .
2. (t ) (t ) [ , ]
a (t ) b t ( ) = a; ( ) = b .
3. f [ (t )] [ , ]
a f ( x)dx = f [ (t ) (t )dt ] .
1. f ( x) 0 [a, b ] ,
b
S=
f ( x)dx .
a
2.
b
s=
1 + [ f ( x )]2 dx .
3. y = f(x) Ox
b
Vx =
[ f ( x)] dx .
2
13.
. .
b
f ( x)dx , :
a
1. [a, b ] .
2. f(x) [a, b ]
( ).
,
.
( )
1. f(x)
a x < +
N + :
f ( x)dx = lim
N +
f ( x)dx .
a
,
. ,
.
.
( )
.
f(x) ( , a ) , :
a
f ( x)dx = lim
f ( x)dx .
f(x) ,
, , ,
,
.
,
.
.
1. x [a,+ ) :
0 f ( x) g ( x) ,
:
+
1.
g ( x)dx ,
a
+
2.
f ( x)dx .
a
f ( x)dx , g ( x)dx .
a
( )
f(x) [a, b ]
( ),
[a, b] d ,
f(x) .
a b
.
b
f ( x)dx =
f ( x)dx +
f ( x)dx +
f ( x)dx .
d
0 ,
:
lim
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx .
,
.
. f(x) a < x b , =
,
b
a+
2. a x < b ,
0 f ( x) g ( x) , f(x) g(x) a x < b ,
x=b . :
1.
2.
a
b
g ( x)dx , f ( x)dx ;
b
f ( x)dx , g ( x)dx .
a
II
14. .
,
, .
.
(, ), ,
z, z
:
z = f (x, y).
2
2
: z =ln ( x + y 2) .
z.
D z. (,
) (, ).
. - M 0 ( 0 , 0 )
M 0. M0
( 0 , 0 )
( x x 0 ) + ( y y 0 ) < ..
1 D,
,
.
2 D,
D, .
D
.
B
D ( D ),
. D ,
.
z = f (, )
, ..
z = f (,)
D.
, .
n=2.
.
f (, ) 0 , y 0 ( 0 ),
B
>0 > 0 , -
B
0 ( 0 , 0 )
B
f ( x, y ) A < ,
:
lim f ( x, y ) = A .
x x0
y y0
lim f ( x ) = A ,
x x0
lim
x x0 + 0
f ( x) = A ,
lim
x x0 0
f ( x) = A .
f (, )
,
.
f(,) ,
lim f ( M ) = 0 .
M M 0
f (,) 0 ( 0 , 0 ),
0
B
lim f ( x, y ) = f ( x 0 , y 0 )
x x0
y y0
f (, ) ,
.
1 ( 1 , 1 ) f (, ),
,
1
.
B
z =f (, )
0 ( 0 , 0 ) . = 0 ,
. z =f (,
0 ). 1 ( +, 0 ).
B
z = f ( 1 ) - f ( 0 )= f ( +, 0 ) - f ( 0 , 0 ).
B
z
z.
B
xz
x
0 , z
0 ( 0 , 0 ).
.
z x , f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) ,
z f ( x0 , y 0 )
,
. ,
x
x
z
z
= lim x =
x x 0 x
f ( x0 + x, y 0 ) f ( x0 , y 0 )
= lim
= = f x ( x0 , y 0 ) .
x 0
x
: , .
0 ( 0 , 0 ) 2 ( 0 , 0 +)
z
( = 0 , : z= f( 0 , )).
B
y z = f ( 2 ) - f ( 0 )= f ( 0 ,y 0 + ) - f ( 0 , 0 ).
B
yz
0,
, z
.
z y , f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) ,
z f ( x 0 , y 0 )
,
.
y
y
yz
f ( x 0 , y 0 + y ) f ( x 0 , y 0 )
z
= lim
= lim
= f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) .
y
0
x 0
y
y
y
z
z
x
y
z 0 ( 0 , 0 )
.
,
.
z
,
y
L
:
z
= tg .
y M 0
z
x
z =f (, )
= 0 , ..
B
z
= tg .
x M 0
15. .
. ,
. .
f (x,).
0 ( 0 , 0 )
. 0 ( 0 , 0 ) ( ,)
B
= x 0 + x, = 0 +
:
B
z = f () - f ( 0 ) = f (x 0 + x, 0 + ) - f (x 0 , 0 ),
B
.. , , ,
.
z = f (x, )
0 ( 0 , 0 ), ,
:
B
z = x + y + , 0 0
. x + y x
y f (x, )
0 ( 0 , 0 )
dz = x + y.
:
z
z
dz=
x +
y. x =d y= d.
x
y
d z = f x ( x, y ) d x + f y ( x, y ) d y (
B
(, ). , d z =
dx z +
d y z -
.
.
.
z = f (u, v),
u v , ,
:
u (x, )
v (x, )
z
, x :
z = f [u(x, ), v(x, )].
z z u z v
+
=
;
x u x v x
z z u z v
=
+
.
y u y v y
1.
:
w = f ( x, y , z ), x = x (t ); y = y (t ); z = z (t ).
, , w = f ( x , y , z ),
t: w=w(t),
dw w dx w dy w dz
=
+
+
dt x dt y dt z dt
.
2.
.
w = f (t , x , y , z ), x = x (t ); y = y (t ); z = z (t ).
f dx f dy f dz
dw f
=
1 +
+
+
x dt y dt z dt
dt t
.
.
z = f (u,v), u =u (x, ), v =v (x, )
.
z
z
dz = du + dv .
u
v
,
, u v .
,
, u v
. .
z = f (u,v).
:
z
z
= f x ( x, y )
= f y ( x, y ) .
x
y
, ,
: .
.
:
2z
z
2 z z
( x, y ) ;
xx ( x, y ) ;
= = f xy
=
f
=
2
y x
x x
xy
x
2z
yx
z
2z
z
( x, y ) ;
( x , y ) .
= f yx
=
= f yy
2
x y
y y
y
( x, y ) , f xy
( x, y ) ,
f yx
, .
.
,
2z
2z
=
.
yx
xy
dz = f x ( x, y )dx + f y ( x, y )dy .
.
d 2 z = d [dz ] .
( x, y )dxdy + f yy
( x, y )dy 2 .
( x, y )dx 2 +2 f xy
d 2 z = f xx
,
F(x,y,z)=0,
D z= f(x,y),
: F(x,y, f(x,y))=0.
, :
Fx x x + Fz z x = 0 , .. Fx + Fz z x = 0
Fx ( x, y , z )
.
Fz ( x, y , z )
:
z x =
z y =
F y ( x, y , z )
.
Fz ( x, y , z )
,
Fz ( x , y , z ) 0 .
16. , .
.
.
:
u=f(x, y, z).
u
,
y
u
,
x
.
:
l 0 ,
.
0 (x 0 ,y 0 ,z 0 )
B
r
l0 .
1 ( 0 + x, y 0 + y, z 0 + z)
B
= x 2 + y 2 + z 2
0 . 0 1 u=f(M)
u= f(M 1 ) f(M 2 ).
u f ( x 0 + x , y 0 + y , z 0 + z ) f ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )
,
, u = f(M) 0
l .
u
u
: ul ;
; u lr ; r .
l
l
, :
B
u( x 0 + x, y 0 + y, z 0 + z ) f ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 )
u
= lim
l 0
l0 :
r
l 0 = {cos , cos , cos }.
u u
u
u
=
cos +
cos +
cos .
l x
y
z
u=f(x,y,z)
u=f(x,y,z). M 0 (x 0 ,y 0 ,z 0 )
.
.
.
u=f(x,y,z) M 0 (x 0 ,y 0 ,z 0 )
. 0
:
B
f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) f ( x0 , y0 , z0 ) f ( x0 , y0 , z0 )
;
;
.
x
y
z
0 ,
.
grad u (M 0 )
B
grad f ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) .
,
u r u r u r
i+
j+
k.
x
y
z
.
,
gradu ( M ) =
( =
) , ..
.
. u=f(x,y,z)
0 (x 0 ,y 0 ,z 0 )
,
.
.
B
.
z= f(x,y), 0 (x 0 ,y 0 )
.
0 (x 0 ,y 0 ))
z = f(), 0
(0< d (M 0 M) < )
B
f () <f ( 0 ) z = f () f ( 0 ) <0.
B
0 (x 0 ,y 0 )
z=f(), 0
(0< d (M 0 M) < )
B
f () > f ( 0 )
B
z = f () f ( 0 ) > 0.
.
:
1 0.
B
. ( ). z= f(x,y)
0 (x 0 ,y 0 ) ,
f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 ; f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 .
B
,
,
.
().
, .
.
. z= f(, )
0 ( 0 , 0 ), 0
f y ( x 0 , y 0 ) = 0
(.. 0
f x ( x 0 , y 0 ) = 0 ;
B
). :
( x 0 , y 0 ) = B , f yy
( x 0 , y 0 ) = C .
( x 0 , y 0 ) = A , f xy
f xx
:
1. = AC B 2 >0, 0 ( 0 , 0 ) f(,
) , , < 0 ,
> 0.
2. = AC B 2 <0, 0 ( 0 , 0 )
.
3. = AC B 2 =0, .
B
17. .
.
.
. z
=x+iy, x y , i
: i 2 = 1.
y , ,
z :
x = Re z , y = Im z.
1)
z = x + iy.
z 1 = x 1 + iy 1 z 2 = x 2 + iy 2
(z 1 = z 2 ) ,
P
x1 = x 2, y1 = y2.
B
z = x + iy,
z = x i y.
2)
r - - z ,
O. (. 1).
r , ,
z :
r = | z |; = Arg z.
r = | r | = x2 + y2 .
tg =
y
.
x
z:
= Arg z ( < Arg z < + ) .
,
, 2.
Arg z
:
= arg z ( < ) (0 < 2 ) .
.
:
z = r (cos + i sin ) .
,
.
z1 = x1 + i y1 z 2 = x 2 + i y 2 .
)
:
z1 z 2 = ( x1 x 2 ) + i ( y1 y 2 ) ,
)
, , i 2 = -1:
z1 z 2 = ( x1 + i y1 )( x 2 + i y 2 ) =
= (x1 x 2 y1 y 2 ) + i ( x1 y 2 + x 2 y1 ).
P
) ,
:
:
z1
x + iy1 ( x1 x 2 + y1 y 2 ) + i ( y1 x 2 x1 y 2 )
= 1
=
.
z 2 x 2 + iy 2
x 22 + y 22
) .
z :
z = r (cos + i sin ) .
: z n = r n (cos n + i sin n ) .
) .
n- z
w (w= n z ), w n =z.
z w :
z = r (cos + i sin ) w = (cos + i sin ).
.
w n = z, n (cos n + i sin n ) = r (cos + i sin )
n = r , n = + 2k (k = 0 , 1,...).
P
= n r -
+ 2k
(k= 0,1,2,... ).
r, =
n
+ 2k
+ 2k
wk = n z = n r cos
+ i sin
.
n
n
, z 0 n
n, .
18.
. . .
.
.
, ,
= f(x) y , y ,..., y ( n ) .
:
F ( x, y , y , y ,..., y ( n ) ) = 0.
= f(x)
, .
.
,
.
.
= f(x), ,
, .
F ( x, y , y ) = 0.
y ,
= f(x, ). ,
.
.
= (, ),
:
)
;
) = 0 = 0 ,
= 0 , = (, 0 )
.
(, , ) = 0,
B
.
.
.
= (, 0 ), = (, ),
.
(, , 0 )=0
.
,
.
.
,
.
B
dy
= f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( y ),
(1)
dx
, ,
, .
, (, f 2 ( y ) 0) :
1
dy = f 1 ( x )dx. .
(2)
f 2 ( y)
,
,
. , ,
1
dy = f1 ( x)dx + C .
f 2 ( y)
(2)
, (1)
.
19.
.
. .
. f(x, y)
n- ,
f( x, y) = n f( x, y).
.
dy
= f ( x, y )
dx
, f (x, y)
.
= 1 / x
.
.
.
dy
+ P( x ) y = Q ( x ) ,
(3)
dx
P(x ) Q ( x ) - .
:
= u (x) v (x) .
,
(3).
.
20.
.
.
,
.
n-
F ( x, y , y , y ,..., y ( n ) ) = 0
, n- ,
y (n) = f ( x, y, y , y ,..., y (n1) ) .
.
n-
y = ( x , C1 , C 2 ,..., C n ) ,
n C1 , C 2 ,..., C n , :
)
C1 , C 2 ,..., C n ;
)
y x = x0 = y 0 ,
y x= x0 = y 0 , ... ,
y (n1) x= x0 = y 0 (n1)
C1 , C 2 ,..., C n ,
y = ( x , C1 , C 2 ,..., C n ) .
( x , C1 , C 2 ,..., C n ) = 0
.
,
C1 , C 2 ,..., C n ,
.
,
1.
d2y
dy
= f ( x, ) ,
2
dx
dx
.
dy
d 2 y dp
= p . 2 =
.
dx
dx
dx
,
dp
= f ( x, p )
dx
. ,
dy
= p
= (, 1 ),
dx
B
y =
p( x, C )dx + C
1
2.
d2y
dy
),
dx
dx
.
dy
= p,
dx
.
d 2 y dp dp dy dp
=
=
=
p.
dx dy dx dy
dx 2
,
dp
p
= f ( y, p) .
dy
,
1 :
= (, 1 ).
,
,
.
2
= f ( y,
21.
.
.
.
. n-
,
y , y ,..., y ( n ) , ..
a 0 y ( n ) + a1 y ( n 1) + ... + a n y = f ( x ) ,
(4)
a 0 , a1 ,..., a n f (x ) - ,
a 0 0 ,
. ,
a 0 , a1 ,..., a n f (x ) ,
a 0 = 1 ( 1,
). f (x ) ,
, .
f (x ) 0,
.
f (x ) 0,
y ( n ) + a1 y ( n 1) + ... + a n y = 0
.
1. 1 2
y + a1 y + a 2 y = 0 ,
1 + 2 .
2. 1
, 1
.
B
. (4) 1 2
[,b],
y
, .. 1 const .
y2
.
3. 1 2
(4),
= 1 1 + 2 2
1 2 ,
.
B
y + py + q y = 0 ,
(5)
p q .
y = e kx , k = const;
y = ke kx ; y = k 2 e kx .
(5),
k 2 + pk + q = 0.
(6)
(6)
(5).
, ; k 1
k 2 .
B
p
p2
p
p2
+
q, k 2 =
q
.
2
4
2
4
:
1. k 1 k 2
;
2. k 1 k 2 ;
3. k 1 k 2 .
k1 =
.
1.
: k 1 k 2 .
y = C1 e k1 x + C 2 e k 2 x .
B
2.
. k 1 = k 2.
y = C1 e k1 x + C 2 xe k1 x = e k1 x (C1 + xC 2 ) .
B
3. .
,
k 1 = + i ,
k 2 = i ,
p2
.
4
(5)
y = e x (C1 cos x + C 2 sin x ) ,
1 2 - .
= p / 2,
= q
(7)
y + a1 y + a 2 y = f ( x ).
:
.
-
* y
y + a1 y + a 2 y = 0.
= y + *
(7).
(8)
(9)
y + py + qy = f (x ) ,
p q - .
,
.
1. (9)
, ..
f ( x ) = Pn ( x )e x ,
Pn ( x ) - n . :
)
k 2 + pk + q = 0.
y = Q n ( x ) e x .
)
:
)
:
y = xQ n ( x )e x .
y = x 2 Q n ( x )e x .
2.
f ( x ) = P( x )e x cos x + Q ( x )e x sin x ,
P ( x ), Q ( x ) - ,
:
) + i
, (9)
y = U ( x )e x cos x + V ( x )e x sin x ,
U ( x ), V ( x ) - ,
P ( x ), Q ( x ) ;
) + i
, (9)
y = x[U ( x )e x cos x + V ( x )e x sin x ] .
,
, (9)
P ( x ), Q ( x ) , ..,
P ( x )e x cos x Q ( x )e x sin x .